Optimizing adequacy of bowel cleansing for colonoscopy: Recommendations from the US multi-society task force on colorectal cancer

Gastroenterology

Volumn 147, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 903-924

  Johnson, David A ^a   Barkun, Alan N ^b   Cohen, Larry B ^c   Dominitz, Jason A ^d   Kaltenbach, Tonya ^e   Martel, Myriam ^b   Robertson, Douglas J ^f,g   Boland, C Richard ^h   Giardello, Frances M ⁱ   Lieberman, David A ^j   Levin, Theodore R ^k   Rex, Douglas K ^l  

^a EASTERN VIRGINIA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b MCGILL UNIVERSITY HEALTH CENTRE   (Canada)

^c MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^e STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^f VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^g DARTMOUTH MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^h BAYLOR UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

ⁱ JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^j OREGON HEALTH AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^k KAISER PERMANENTE MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^l INDIANA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

Bowel Preparations; Colon Cancer Screening; Colon Polyp Detection; Colonoscopy; Preparation; Quality

Indexed keywords

BICARBONATE PLUS BISACODYL PLUS MACROGOL 3350 PLUS POTASSIUM CHLORIDE PLUS SODIUM CHLORIDE; BICARBONATE PLUS MACROGOL 3350 PLUS POTASSIUM CHLORIDE PLUS SODIUM CHLORIDE; BISACODYL; COLYTE; DISODIUM HYDROGEN PHOSPHATE; GOLYTELY; MACROGOL; MACROGOL 3350; MAGNESIUM CITRATE; PICOSULFATE SODIUM; SODIUM DIHYDROGEN PHOSPHATE; SODIUM SULFATE; SULFATE; LAXATIVE;

ADENOMATOUS POLYP; ARTICLE; BARIATRIC SURGERY; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COLON LAVAGE; COLONOSCOPY; COLORECTAL CANCER; CONSENSUS; DIET; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; FOLLOW UP; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; HUMAN; INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE; INTESTINE PREPARATION; MEDICAL SOCIETY; PATIENT EDUCATION; PATIENT PREFERENCE; PATIENT SAFETY; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); COLON; COLORECTAL TUMOR; DEFECATION; DRUG ADMINISTRATION; DRUG EFFECTS; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; LAVAGE; META ANALYSIS; PATHOLOGY; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREDICTIVE VALUE; STANDARDS;

CATHARTICS; COLON; COLONOSCOPY; COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; CONSENSUS; DEFECATION; DRUG ADMINISTRATION SCHEDULE; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; THERAPEUTIC IRRIGATION;

EID: 84921636434     PISSN: 00165085     EISSN: 15280012     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.07.002     Document Type: Article

References (253)

1. R. Siegel, D. Naishadham, and A. Jemal Cancer statistics, 2012 CA Cancer J Clin 62 2012 10 29
2. F. Froehlich, V. Wietlisbach, and J.J. Gonvers Impact of colonic cleansing on quality and diagnostic yield of colonoscopy: the European Panel of Appropriateness of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy European multicenter study Gastrointest Endosc 61 2005 378 384
3. G.C. Harewood, V.K. Sharma, and P. de Garmo Impact of colonoscopy preparation quality on detection of suspected colonic neoplasia Gastrointest Endosc 58 2003 76 79
4. W.K. Chan, A. Saravanan, and J. Manikam Appointment waiting times and education level influence the quality of bowel preparation in adult patients undergoing colonoscopy BMC Gastroenterol 11 2011 86
5. D.K. Rex, T.F. Imperiale, and D.R. Latinovich Impact of bowel preparation on efficiency and cost of colonoscopy Am J Gastroenterol 97 2002 1696 1700
6. C. Senore, A. Ederle, and A. Fantin Acceptability and side-effects of colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy in a screening setting J Med Screen 18 2011 128 134
7. J.H. Bond Jr., and M.D. Levitt Factors affecting the concentration of combustible gases in the colon during colonoscopy Gastroenterology 68 1975 1445 1448
8. G.H. Guyatt, A.D. Oxman, and G.E. Vist GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations BMJ 336 2008 924 926
9. K. Dickersin, R. Scherer, and C. Lefebvre Identifying relevant studies for systematic reviews BMJ 309 1994 1286 1291
10. E.A. Sherer, T.D. Imler, and T.F. Imperiale The effect of colonoscopy preparation quality on adenoma detection rates Gastrointest Endosc 75 2012 545 553
11. B. Lebwohl, F. Kastrinos, and M. Glick The impact of suboptimal bowel preparation on adenoma miss rates and the factors associated with early repeat colonoscopy Gastrointest Endosc 73 2011 1207 1214
12. R.V. Chokshi, C.E. Hovis, and T. Hollander Prevalence of missed adenomas in patients with inadequate bowel preparation on screening colonoscopy Gastrointest Endosc 75 2012 1197 1203
13. S.N. Hong, I.K. Sung, and J.H. Kim The effect of the bowel preparation status on the risk of missing polyp and adenoma during screening colonoscopy: a tandem colonoscopic study Clin Endosc 45 2012 404 411
14. S. Ben-Horin, S. Bar-Meir, and B. Avidan The impact of colon cleanliness assessment on endoscopists' recommendations for follow-up colonoscopy Am J Gastroenterol 102 2007 2680 2685
15. S.D. Saini, R.S. Nayak, and L. Kuhn Why don't gastroenterologists follow colon polyp surveillance guidelines?: results of a national survey J Clin Gastroenterol 43 2009 554 558
16. D.F. Ransohoff, B. Yankaskas, and Z. Gizlice Recommendations for post-polypectomy surveillance in community practice Dig Dis Sci 56 2011 2623 2630
17. E.R. Kim, D.H. Sinn, and J.Y. Kim Factors associated with adherence to the recommended postpolypectomy surveillance interval Surg Endosc 26 2012 1690 1695
18. R. Marmo, G. Rotondano, and G. Riccio Effective bowel cleansing before colonoscopy: a randomized study of split-dosage versus non-split dosage regimens of high-volume versus low-volume polyethylene glycol solutions Gastrointest Endosc 72 2010 313 320
19. C.S. Eun, D.S. Han, and Y.S. Hyun The timing of bowel preparation is more important than the timing of colonoscopy in determining the quality of bowel cleansing Dig Dis Sci 56 2011 539 544
20. A.A. Siddiqui, K. Yang, and S.J. Spechler Duration of the interval between the completion of bowel preparation and the start of colonoscopy predicts bowel-preparation quality Gastrointest Endosc 69 2009 700 706
21. T.W. Kilgore, A.A. Abdinoor, and N.M. Szary Bowel preparation with split-dose polyethylene glycol before colonoscopy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Gastrointest Endosc 73 2011 1240 1245
22. L.B. Cohen Split dosing of bowel preparations for colonoscopy: an analysis of its efficacy, safety, and tolerability Gastrointest Endosc 72 2010 406 412
23. B.K. Enestvedt, C. Tofani, and L.A. Laine 4-Liter split-dose polyethylene glycol is superior to other bowel preparations, based on systematic review and meta-analysis Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 10 2012 1225 1231
24. C. Menard, A. Barkun, and M. Martel A meta-analysis of colon cleansing with PEG compared to other bowel preparations Gastrointest Endosc 2014 In press
25. R. Jover, P. Zapater, and E. Polania Modifiable endoscopic factors that influence the adenoma detection rate in colorectal cancer screening colonoscopies Gastrointest Endosc 77 2013 381 389
26. S.R. Gurudu, F.C. Ramirez, and M.E. Harrison Increased adenoma detection rate with system-wide implementation of a split-dose preparation for colonoscopy Gastrointest Endosc 76 2012 603 608
27. S.D. Wexner, D.E. Beck, and T.H. Baron A consensus document on bowel preparation before colonoscopy: prepared by a task force from the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS), the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE), and the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) Gastrointest Endosc 63 2006 894 909
28. D.A. Lieberman, D.K. Rex, and S.J. Winawer Guidelines for colonoscopy surveillance after screening and polypectomy: a consensus update by the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer Gastroenterology 143 2012 844 857
29. D.K. Rex, D.A. Johnson, and J.C. Anderson American College of Gastroenterology guidelines for colorectal cancer screening 2008 Am J Gastroenterol 104 2009 739 750
30. C. Hassan, M. Bretthauer, and M.F. Kaminski Bowel preparation for colonoscopy: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) guideline Endoscopy 45 2013 142 150
31. C. Rodriguez De Miguel, A. Serradesanferm, and S. Del Manzano Timing of polyethylene glycol administration is a key factor in the tolerability and efficacy of colon preparation in colorectal cancer screening Gastroenterol Hepatol 35 2012 236 242
32. J.M. Church Effectiveness of polyethylene glycol antegrade gut lavage bowel preparation for colonoscopy-timing is the key! Dis Colon Rectum 41 1998 1223 1225
33. R. Matro, A. Shnitser, and M. Spodik Efficacy of morning-only compared with split-dose polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution for afternoon colonoscopy: a randomized controlled single-blind study Am J Gastroenterol 105 2010 1954 1961
34. S. Varughese, A.R. Kumar, and A. George Morning-only one-gallon polyethylene glycol improves bowel cleansing for afternoon colonoscopies: a randomized endoscopist-blinded prospective study Am J Gastroenterol 105 2010 2368 2374
35. G. Longcroft-Wheaton, and P. Bhandari Same-day bowel cleansing regimen is superior to a split-dose regimen over two days for afternoon colonoscopy: results from a large prospective series J Clin Gastroenterol 46 2012 57 61
36. Practice guidelines for preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration: application to healthy patients undergoing elective procedures: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Committee on Standards and Practice Parameters Anesthesiology 114 2011 495 511
37. D. Agrawal, R. Robbins, and D.C. Rockey Gastric residual volume is trivial soon after polyethylene glycol bowel preparation Gastrointest Endosc 77 2013 AB149 AB150
38. M. Huffman, R.Z. Unger, and C. Thatikonda Split-dose bowel preparation for colonoscopy and residual gastric fluid volume: an observational study Gastrointest Endosc 72 2010 516 522
39. R.Z. Unger, S.P. Amstutz, and H. Seo da Willingness to undergo split-dose bowel preparation for colonoscopy and compliance with split-dose instructions Dig Dis Sci 55 2010 2030 2034
40. M.A. Khan, Z. Piotrowski, and M.D. Brown Patient acceptance, convenience, and efficacy of single-dose versus split-dose colonoscopy bowel preparation J Clin Gastroenterol 44 2010 310 311
41. J. Belsey, C. Crosta, and O. Epstein Meta-analysis: the relative efficacy of oral bowel preparations for colonoscopy 1985-2010 Aliment Pharmacol Ther 35 2012 222 237
42. K.L. Wu, C.K. Rayner, and S.K. Chuah Impact of low-residue diet on bowel preparation for colonoscopy Dis Colon Rectum 54 2011 107 112
43. D.H. Koh, H.L. Lee, and Y.I. Kwon The effect of eating lunch before an afternoon colonoscopy Hepatogastroenterology 58 2011 775 778
44. A.M. Soweid, A.A. Kobeissy, and F.R. Jamali A randomized single-blind trial of standard diet versus fiber-free diet with polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution for colonoscopy preparation Endoscopy 42 2010 633 638
45. D.I. Park, S.H. Park, and S.K. Lee Efficacy of prepackaged, low residual test meals with 4L polyethylene glycol versus a clear liquid diet with 4L polyethylene glycol bowel preparation: a randomized trial J Gastroenterol Hepatol 24 2009 988 991
46. E. Aoun, H. Abdul-Baki, and C. Azar A randomized single-blind trial of split-dose PEG-electrolyte solution without dietary restriction compared with whole dose PEG-electrolyte solution with dietary restriction for colonoscopy preparation Gastrointest Endosc 62 2005 213 218
47. M. Delegge, and R. Kaplan Efficacy of bowel preparation with the use of a prepackaged, low fibre diet with a low sodium, magnesium citrate cathartic vs. a clear liquid diet with a standard sodium phosphate cathartic Aliment Pharmacol Ther 21 2005 1491 1495
48. B.W. Sipe, M. Fischer, and A.R. Baluyut A low-residue diet improved patient satisfaction with split-dose oral sulfate solution without impairing colonic preparation Gastrointest Endosc 77 2013 932 936
49. G. Abuksis, M. Mor, and N. Segal A patient education program is cost-effective for preventing failure of endoscopic procedures in a gastroenterology department Am J Gastroenterol 96 2001 1786 1790
50. J.W. Tae, J.C. Lee, and S.J. Hong Impact of patient education with cartoon visual aids on the quality of bowel preparation for colonoscopy Gastrointest Endosc 76 2012 804 811
51. A.H. Calderwood, E.J. Lai, and O.K. Fix An endoscopist-blinded, randomized, controlled trial of a simple visual aid to improve bowel preparation for screening colonoscopy Gastrointest Endosc 73 2011 307 314
52. S.G. Smith, C. von Wagner, and L.M. McGregor The influence of health literacy on comprehension of a colonoscopy preparation information leaflet Dis Colon Rectum 55 2012 1074 1080
53. B.M. Spiegel, J. Talley, and P. Shekelle Development and validation of a novel patient educational booklet to enhance colonoscopy preparation Am J Gastroenterol 106 2011 875 883
54. D. Nash, S. Azeez, and D. Vlahov Evaluation of an intervention to increase screening colonoscopy in an urban public hospital setting J Urban Health 83 2006 231 243
55. L.A. Chen, S. Santos, and L. Jandorf A program to enhance completion of screening colonoscopy among urban minorities Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 6 2008 443 450
56. L. Jandorf, L.M. Stossel, and J.L. Cooperman Cost analysis of a patient navigation system to increase screening colonoscopy adherence among urban minorities Cancer 119 2013 612 620
57. D. Lieberman, M. Nadel, and R.A. Smith Standardized colonoscopy reporting and data system: report of the Quality Assurance Task Group of the National Colorectal Cancer Roundtable Gastrointest Endosc 65 2007 757 766
58. D.K. Rex, J.L. Petrini, and T.H. Baron Quality indicators for colonoscopy Am J Gastroenterol 101 2006 873 885
59. D.K. Rex, J.H. Bond, and S. Winawer Quality in the technical performance of colonoscopy and the continuous quality improvement process for colonoscopy: recommendations of the U.S. Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer Am J Gastroenterol 97 2002 1296 1308
60. D.K. Rex, and D. Lieberman ACG colorectal cancer prevention action plan: update on CT-colonography Am J Gastroenterol 101 2006 1410 1413
61. C. Hassan, L. Fuccio, and M. Bruno A predictive model identifies patients most likely to have inadequate bowel preparation for colonoscopy Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 10 2012 501 506
62. Available: http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm094900.htm. Accessed: January 31, 2014.
63. E. Abut, H. Guveli, and B. Yasar Administration of olive oil followed by a low volume of polyethylene glycol-electrolyte lavage solution improves patient satisfaction with right-side colonic cleansing over administration of the conventional volume of polyethylene glycol-electrolyte lavage solution for colonoscopy preparation Gastrointest Endosc 70 2009 515 521
64. W.J. Adams, A.P. Meagher, and D.Z. Lubowski Bisacodyl reduces the volume of polyethylene glycol solution required for bowel preparation Dis Colon Rectum 37 1994 229 233 discussion 233-234
65. P. Cesaro, C. Hassan, and C. Spada A new low-volume isosmotic polyethylene glycol solution plus bisacodyl versus split-dose 4 L polyethylene glycol for bowel cleansing prior to colonoscopy: a randomised controlled trial Dig Liver Dis 45 2013 23 27
66. S. Corporaal, J.H. Kleibeuker, and J.J. Koornstra Low-volume PEG plus ascorbic acid versus high-volume PEG as bowel preparation for colonoscopy Scand J Gastroenterol 45 2010 1380 1386
67. G. Di Febo, G. Gizzi, and G. Calo Comparison of a new colon lavage solution (Iso-Giuliani) with a standard preparation for colonoscopy: a randomized study Endoscopy 22 1990 214 216
68. J.A. DiPalma, B.G. Wolff, and A. Meagher Comparison of reduced volume versus four liters sulfate-free electrolyte lavage solutions for colonoscopy colon cleansing Am J Gastroenterol 98 2003 2187 2191
69. B.K. Enestvedt, M.B. Fennerty, and G.M. Eisen Randomised clinical trial: MiraLAX vs. Golytely - a controlled study of efficacy and patient tolerability in bowel preparation for colonoscopy Aliment Pharmacol Ther 33 2011 33 40
70. M. Gentile, M. De Rosa, and G. Cestaro 2 L PEG plus ascorbic acid versus 4 L PEG plus simethicon for colonoscopy preparation: a randomized single-blind clinical trial Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 23 2013 276 280
71. M.M. Haapamaki, M. Lindstrom, and B. Sandzen Low-volume bowel preparation is inferior to standard 4 l polyethylene glycol Surg Endosc 25 2011 897 901
72. P.J. Hangartner, R. Munch, and J. Meier Comparison of three colon cleansing methods: evaluation of a randomized clinical trial with 300 ambulatory patients Endoscopy 21 1989 272 275
73. M. Hjelkrem, J. Stengel, and M. Liu MiraLAX is not as effective as GoLytely in bowel cleansing before screening colonoscopies Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 9 2011 326 332.e1
74. L.C. Hookey, W.T. Depew, and S.J. Vanner Combined low volume polyethylene glycol solution plus stimulant laxatives versus standard volume polyethylene glycol solution: a prospective, randomized study of colon cleansing before colonoscopy Can J Gastroenterol 20 2006 101 105
75. G. Huppertz-Hauss, M. Bretthauer, and J. Sauar Polyethylene glycol versus sodium phosphate in bowel cleansing for colonoscopy: a randomized trial Endoscopy 37 2005 537 541
76. S.V. Jansen, J.G. Goedhard, and B. Winkens Preparation before colonoscopy: a randomized controlled trial comparing different regimes Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 23 2011 897 902
77. D. Kao, E. Lalor, and G. Sandha A randomized controlled trial of four precolonoscopy bowel cleansing regimens Can J Gastroenterol 25 2011 657 662
78. T.S. Ker Comparison of reduced volume versus four-liter electrolyte lavage solutions for colon cleansing Am Surg 72 2006 909 911
79. E.M. Mathus-Vliegen, and K. van der Vliet Safety, patient's tolerance, and efficacy of a 2-liter vitamin C-enriched macrogol bowel preparation: a randomized, endoscopist-blinded prospective comparison with a 4-liter macrogol solution Dis Colon Rectum 56 2013 1002 1012
80. T. McKenna, A. Macgill, and G. Porat Colonoscopy preparation: polyethylene glycol with Gatorade is as safe and efficacious as four liters of polyethylene glycol with balanced electrolytes Dig Dis Sci 57 2012 3098 3105
81. S.S. Park, D.H. Sinn, and Y.-H. Kim Efficacy and tolerability of split-dose magnesium citrate: low-volume (2 liters) polyethylene glycol vs. single- or split-dose polyethylene glycol bowel preparation for morning colonoscopy Am J Gastroenterol 105 2010 1319 1326
82. T. Ponchon, C. Boustiere, and D. Heresbach A low-volume polyethylene glycol plus ascorbate solution for bowel cleansing prior to colonoscopy: the NORMO randomised clinical trial Dig Liver Dis 45 2013 820 826
83. S. Pontone, R. Angelini, and M. Standoli Low-volume plus ascorbic acid vs high-volume plus simethicone bowel preparation before colonoscopy World J Gastroenterol 17 2011 4689 4695
84. J.B. Samarasena, V.R. Muthusamy, and M.M. Jamal Split-dosed MiraLAX/Gatorade is an effective, safe, and tolerable option for bowel preparation in low-risk patients: a randomized controlled study Am J Gastroenterol 107 2012 1036 1042
85. E.H. Seo, T.O. Kim, and M.J. Park Low-volume morning-only polyethylene glycol with specially designed test meals versus standard-volume split-dose polyethylene glycol with standard diet for colonoscopy: a prospective, randomized trial Digestion 88 2013 110 118
86. V.K. Sharma, S.K. Chockalingham, and E.A. Ugheoke Prospective, randomized, controlled comparison of the use of polyethylene glycol electrolyte lavage solution in four-liter versus two-liter volumes and pretreatment with either magnesium citrate or bisacodyl for colonoscopy preparation Gastrointest Endosc 47 1998 167 171
87. V.K. Sharma, J.W. Schaberg, and S.K. Chockalingam The effect of stimulant laxatives and polyethylene glycol-electrolyte lavage solution for colonoscopy preparation on serum electrolytes and hemodynamics J Clin Gastroenterol 32 2001 238 239
88. F. Valiante, S. Pontone, and C. Hassan A randomized controlled trial evaluating a new 2-L PEG solution plus ascorbic acid vs 4-L PEG for bowel cleansing prior to colonoscopy Dig Liver Dis 44 2012 224 227
89. M. Vilien, and M. Rytkonen Golytely preparation for colonoscopy - 1.5 liters is enough for outpatients Endoscopy 22 1990 168 170
90. H. Abdul-Baki, J.G. Hashash, and I.I. ElHajj A randomized, controlled, double-blind trial of the adjunct use of tegaserod in whole-dose or split-dose polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution for colonoscopy preparation Gastrointest Endosc 68 2008 294 300
91. B.J. Chakravarty, A. Fraser, and I. Hamilton A randomised blinded study in colonic lavage for colonoscopy Aust N Z J Med 21 1991 769 771
92. J.A. Di Palma, R. Rodriguez, and J. McGowan A randomized clinical study evaluating the safety and efficacy of a new, reduced-volume, oral sulfate colon-cleansing preparation for colonoscopy Am J Gastroenterol 104 2009 2275 2284
93. D.K. Rex, J.A. Di Palma, and R. Rodriguez A randomized clinical study comparing reduced-volume oral sulfate solution with standard 4-liter sulfate-free electrolyte lavage solution as preparation for colonoscopy Gastrointest Endosc 72 2010 328 336
94. M. Dakkak, K. Aziz, and J.R. Bennett Comparison of two orally administered bowel preparations for colonoscopy-polyethylene glycol and sodium picosulphate Aliment Pharmacol Ther 6 1992 513 519
95. D. Hamilton, D. Mulcahy, and D. Walsh Sodium picosulphate compared with polyethylene glycol solution for large bowel lavage: a prospective randomised trial Br J Clin Pract 50 1996 73 75
96. P.O. Katz, D.K. Rex, and M. Epstein A dual-action, low-volume bowel cleanser administered the day before colonoscopy: results from the SEE CLEAR II study Am J Gastroenterol 108 2013 401 409
97. I.C. Lawrance, R.P. Willert, and K. Murray Bowel cleansing for colonoscopy: prospective randomized assessment of efficacy and of induced mucosal abnormality with three preparation agents Endoscopy 43 2011 412 418
98. G. Manes, A. Amato, and M. Arena Efficacy and acceptability of sodium picosulphate/magnesium citrate versus low-volume PEG-ascorbic acid for colon cleansing: a randomized controlled trial Colorectal Dis 15 2013 1145 1153
99. A. Regev, G. Fraser, and G. Delpre Comparison of two bowel preparations for colonoscopy: sodium picosulphate with magnesium citrate versus sulphate-free polyethylene glycol lavage solution Am J Gastroenterol 93 1998 1478 1482
100. D.K. Rex, P.O. Katz, and G. Bertiger Split-dose administration of a dual-action, low-volume bowel cleanser for colonoscopy: the SEE CLEAR I study Gastrointest Endosc 78 2013 132 141
101. B.P. Saunders, T. Masaki, and M. Fukumoto The quest for a more acceptable bowel preparation: comparison of a polyethylene glycol/electrolyte solution and a mannitol/Picolax mixture for colonoscopy Postgrad Med J 71 1995 476 479
102. T. Voiosu, I. Ratiu, and A. Voiosu Time for individualized colonoscopy bowel-prep regimens? A randomized controlled trial comparing sodium picosulphate and magnesium citrate versus 4-liter split-dose polyethylene glycol J Gastrointest Liver Dis 22 2013 129 134
103. J. Worthington, M. Thyssen, and G. Chapman A randomised controlled trial of a new 2 litre polyethylene glycol solution versus sodium picosulphate + magnesium citrate solution for bowel cleansing prior to colonoscopy Curr Med Res Opin 24 2008 481 488
104. K. Yoshioka, A.B. Connolly, and O.A. Ogunbiyi Randomized trial of oral sodium phosphate compared with oral sodium picosulphate (Picolax) for elective colorectal surgery and colonoscopy Dig Surg 17 2000 66 70
105. L.M. Schmidt, P. Williams, and D. King Picoprep-3 (TM) is a superior colonoscopy preparation to Fleet (TM): a randomized, controlled trial comparing the two bowel preparations Dis Colon Rectum 47 2004 238 242
106. J.J. Tjandra, M. Chan, and P.P. Tagkalidis Oral sodium phosphate (Fleet) is a superior colonoscopy preparation to Picopre (sodium picosulfate-based preparation) Dis Colon Rectum 49 2006 616 620
107. A.J. Renaut, S. Raniga, and F.A. Frizelle A randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacy and acceptability of phospo-soda buffered saline (Fleet®) with sodium picosulphate/ magnesium citrate (Picoprep®) in the preparation of patients for colonoscopy Colorectal Dis 10 2008 503 505
108. H. Aihara, S. Saito, and H. Arakawa Comparison of two sodium phosphate tablet-based regimens and a polyethylene glycol regimen for colon cleansing prior to colonoscopy: a randomized prospective pilot study Int J Colorectal Dis 24 2009 1023 1030
109. L.C. Hookey, and S.J. Vanner Pico-Salax plus two-day bisacodyl is superior to Pico-Salax alone or oral sodium phosphate for colon cleansing before colonoscopy Am J Gastroenterol 104 2009 703 709
110. J.A. Flemming, S.J. Vanner, and L.C. Hookey Split-dose picosulfate, magnesium oxide, and citric acid solution markedly enhances colon cleansing before colonoscopy: a randomized, controlled trial Gastrointest Endosc 75 2012 537 544
111. G.S. Markowitz, M.B. Stokes, and J. Radhakrishnan Acute phosphate nephropathy following oral sodium phosphate bowel purgative: an underrecognized cause of chronic renal failure J Am Soc Nephrol 16 2005 3389 3396
112. G.S. Markowitz, and M.A. Perazella Acute phosphate nephropathy Kidney Int 76 2009 1027 1034
113. S.M. Brunelli, J.D. Lewis, and M. Gupta Risk of kidney injury following oral phosphosoda bowel preparations J Am Soc Nephrol 18 2007 3199 3205
114. C.J. Young, R.R. Simpson, and D.W. King Oral sodium phosphate solution is a superior colonoscopy preparation to polyethylene glycol with bisacodyl Dis Colon Rectum 43 2000 1568 1571
115. S.J. Vanner, P.H. MacDonald, and W.G. Paterson A randomized prospective trial comparing oral sodium phosphate with standard polyethylene glycol-based lavage solution (Golytely) in the preparation of patients for colonoscopy Am J Gastroenterol 85 1990 422 427
116. A. Thomson, P. Naidoo, and B. Crotty Bowel preparation for colonoscopy: a randomized prospective trial comparing sodium phosphate and polyethylene glycol in a predominantly elderly population J Gastroenterol Hepatol 11 1996 103 107
117. I. Tasci, E. Altinli, and F. Sirin Bowel cleansing for diagnostic colonoscopy: which method is preferable? Istanbul experience Tech Coloproctol 7 2003 18 21
118. E.H. Seo, T.O. Kim, and T.G. Kim Efficacy and tolerability of split-dose PEG compared with split-dose aqueous sodium phosphate for outpatient colonoscopy: a randomized, controlled trial Dig Dis Sci 56 2011 2963 2971
119. S. Schanz, W. Kruis, and O. Mickisch Bowel preparation for colonoscopy with sodium phosphate solution versus polyethylene glycol-based lavage: a multicenter trial Diagn Ther Endosc 2008 2008 713521
120. A. Rostom, E. Jolicoeur, and C. Dube A randomized prospective trial comparing different regimens of oral sodium phosphate and polyethylene glycol-based lavage solution in the preparation of patients for colonoscopy Gastrointest Endosc 64 2006 544 552
121. D.N. Reddy, G.V. Rao, and P.V.J. Sriram Efficacy and safety of oral sodium phosphate versus polyethylene glycol solution for bowel preparation for colonoscopy Indian J Gastroenterol 21 2002 219 221
122. C.M. Poon, D.W.H. Lee, and S.K. Mak Two liters of polyethylene glycol-electrolyte lavage solution versus sodium phosphate as bowel cleansing regimen for colonoscopy: a prospective randomized controlled trial Endoscopy 34 2002 560 563
123. M. Picchio, L. Gallinaro, and F. Ceci Comparison of standard polyethylene glycol and two doses of oral sodium phosphate solution in precolonoscopy bowel preparation: a randomized controlled trial Acta Gastroenterol Belg 71 2008 15 20
124. A. Parra-Blanco, D. Nicolas-Perez, and A. Gimeno-Garcia The timing of bowel preparation before colonoscopy determines the quality of cleansing, and is a significant factor contributing to the detection of flat lesions: a randomized study World J Gastroenterol 12 2006 6161 6166
125. E.M.H. Mathus-Vliegen, and U.M. Kemble A prospective randomized blinded comparison of sodium phosphate and polyethylene glycol-electrolyte solution for safe bowel cleansing Aliment Pharmacol Ther 23 2006 543 552
126. J. Martinek, J. Hess, and J. Delarive Cisapride does not improve precolonoscopy bowel preparation with either sodium phosphate or polyethylene glycol electrolyte lavage Gastrointest Endosc 54 2001 180 185
127. J.B. Marshall, J.J. Pineda, and J.S. Barthel Prospective, randomized trial comparing sodium phosphate solution with polyethylene glycol-electrolyte lavage for colonoscopy preparation Gastrointest Endosc 39 1993 631 634
128. J.C. Marin Gabriel, S. Rodriguez Munoz, and J. de la Cruz Bertolo Electrolytic disturbances and colonoscopy: bowel lavage solutions, age and procedure [Spanish, English] Rev Esp Enferm Dig 95 2003 863 875
129. P. Malik, D.H. Balaban, and W.O. Thompson Randomized study comparing two regimens of oral sodium phosphates solution versus low-dose polyethylene glycol and bisacodyl Dig Dis Sci 54 2009 833 841
130. E.P. Macedo, and A.P. Ferrari Comparative study among three methods for oral colonoscopy preparation: mannitol, polyethylene glycol and oral sodium phosphate enema Dig Endosc 15 2003 43 47
131. J. Lee, K. McCallion, and A.G. Acheson A prospective randomised study comparing polyethylene glycol and sodium phosphate bowel cleansing solutions for colonoscopy Ulster Med J 68 1999 68 72
132. W.L. Law, H.K. Choi, and K.W. Chu Bowel preparation for colonoscopy: a randomized controlled trial comparing polyethylene glycol solution, one dose and two doses of oral sodium phosphate solution Asian J Surg 27 2004 120 124
133. M.G. Lapalus, J.L. Gaudin, and T. Lemkecher Prospective randomized single-blind trial comparing oral sodium phosphate with polyethylene glycol-based solution for colonoscopy preparation. [French] Gastroenterol Clin Biol 25 2001 29 34
134. J. Kossi, I. Kontula, and M. Laato Sodium phosphate is superior to polyethylene glycol in bowel cleansing and shortens the time it takes to visualize colon mucosa Scand J Gastroenterol 38 2003 1187 1190
135. M.A. Korsten, A.M. Spungen, and A.R. Rosman A prospective assessment of renal impairment after preparation for colonoscopy: oral sodium phosphate appears to be safe in well-hydrated subjects with normal renal status Dig Dis Sci 55 2010 2021 2029
136. B.E. Kolts, W.E. Lyles, and S.R. Achem A comparison of the effectiveness and patient tolerance of oral sodium phosphate, castor oil, and standard electrolyte lavage for colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy preparation Am J Gastroenterol 88 1993 1218 1223
137. D. Kastenberg, R. Chasen, and C. Choudhary Efficacy and safety of sodium phosphate tablets compared with PEG solution in colon cleansing: two identically designed, randomized, controlled, parallel group, multicenter phase III trials Gastrointest Endosc 54 2001 705 713
138. D. Kastenberg, C. Barish, and H. Burack Tolerability and patient acceptance of sodium phosphate tablets compared with 4-L PEG solution in colon cleansing: combined results of 2 identically designed, randomized, controlled, parallel group, multicenter phase 3 trials J Clin Gastroenterol 41 2007 54 61
139. H. Kambe, Y. Yamaji, and T. Sugimoto A randomized controlled trial of sodium phosphate tablets and polyethylene glycol solution for polyp detection J Dig Dis 13 2012 374 380
140. J.F. Johanson, J.W. Popp Jr., and L.B. Cohen A randomized, multicenter study comparing the safety and efficacy of sodium phosphate tablets with 2L polyethylene glycol solution plus bisacodyl tablets for colon cleansing Am J Gastroenterol 102 2007 2238 2246
141. K.L. Hwang, W.T.L. Chen, and K.H. Hsiao Prospective randomized comparison of oral sodium phosphate and polyethylene glycol lavage for colonoscopy preparation World J Gastroenterol 11 2005 7486 7493
142. L.C. Hookey, W.T. Depew, and S.J. Vanner A prospective randomized trial comparing low-dose oral sodium phosphate plus stimulant laxatives with large volume polyethylene glycol solution for colon cleansing Am J Gastroenterol 99 2004 2217 2222
143. J.M. Henderson, J.L. Barnett, and D.K. Turgeon Single-day, divided-dose oral sodium phosphate laxative versus intestinal lavage as preparation for colonoscopy: efficacy and patient tolerance Gastrointest Endosc 42 1995 238 243
144. D. Frommer Cleansing ability and tolerance of three bowel preparations for colonoscopy Dis Colon Rectum 40 1997 100 104
145. C. Ell, W. Fischbach, and R. Keller A randomized, blinded, prospective trial to compare the safety and efficacy of three bowel-cleansing solutions for colonoscopy (HSG-01) Endoscopy 35 2003 300 304
146. S.M. Cohen, S.D. Wexner, and S.R. Binderow Prospective, randomized, endoscopic-blinded trial comparing precolonoscopy bowel cleansing methods Dis Colon Rectum 37 1994 689 696
147. W.K. Clarkston, T.N. Tsen, and D.F. Dies Oral sodium phosphate versus sulfate-free polyethylene glycol electrolyte lavage solution in outpatient preparation for colonoscopy: a prospective comparison Gastrointest Endosc 43 1996 42 48
148. Y.W. Chia, L.C. Cheng, and P.M.Y. Goh Role of oral sodium phosphate and its effectiveness in large bowel preparation for out-patient colonoscopy J R Coll Surg Edinb 40 1995 374 376
149. T.A. Chen, H.Y. Wong, and C.K. Lin High-dose bisacodyl plus water lavage compared with oral sodium phosphate as bowel preparation for outpatient colonoscopy J Chin Med Assoc 72 2009 402 407
150. J.M. Canard, D. Gorce, and B. Napoleon Fleet Phospho-soda for a better acceptability of colon preparation prior to colonoscopy: a single-blind, randomized, comparative study versus polyethylene glycol. [French] Acta Endoscopica 31 2001 703 708
151. A. Bitoun, T. Ponchon, and M. Barthet Results of a prospective randomised multicentre controlled trial comparing a new 2-L ascorbic acid plus polyethylene glycol and electrolyte solution vs. sodium phosphate solution in patients undergoing elective colonoscopy Aliment Pharmacol Ther 24 2006 1631 1642
152. H. Bektas, E. Balik, and Y. Bilsel Comparison of sodium phosphate, polyethylene glycol and senna solutions in bowel preparation: a prospective, randomized controlled clinical study Dig Endosc 17 2005 290 296
153. C.A. Aronchick, W.H. Lipshutz, and S.H. Wright A novel tableted purgative for colonoscopic preparation: efficacy and safety comparisons with Colyte and Fleet Phospho-Soda Gastrointest Endosc 52 2000 346 352
154. A. Arezzo Prospective randomized trial comparing bowel cleaning preparations for colonoscopy Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 10 2000 215 217
155. N. Antonakopoulos, I. Kyrlagkitsis, and V. Xourgias Comparison of two cathartic preparations, peg-electrolytes solution and sodium phosphate salts, as means for large bowel preparation for colonoscopy Ann Gastroenterol 17 2004 276 279
156. S.A. Afridi, J.S. Barthel, and P.D. King Prospective, randomized trial comparing a new sodium phosphate-bisacodyl regimen with conventional PEG-ES lavage for outpatient colonoscopy preparation Gastrointest Endosc 41 1995 485 489
157. R.W. Golub, B.A. Kerner, and W.E. Wise Colonoscopic bowel preparations-which one? A blinded, prospective, randomized trial Dis Colon Rectum 38 1995 594 599
158. S. Unal, U.B. Dogan, and Z. Ozturk A randomized prospective trial comparing 45 and 90-ml oral sodium phosphate with X-Prep in the preparation of patients for colonoscopy Acta Gastroenterol Belg 61 1998 281 284
159. L. Wruble, M. Demicco, and J. Medoff Residue-free sodium phosphate tablets (OsmoPrep) versus Visicol for colon cleansing: a randomized, investigator-blinded trial Gastrointest Endosc 65 2007 660 670
160. Available: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/DevelopmentResources/Over-the CounterOTCDrugs/StatusofOTCRulemakings/ucm093981.pdf. Accessed June 19, 2014.
161. D.P. Gerard, J.L. Holden, and D.B. Foster Randomized trial of Gatorade/polyethylene glycol with or without bisacodyl and NuLYTELY for colonoscopy preparation Clin Transl Gastroenterol 3 2012 e16
162. P. Schoenfeld Safety of MiraLAX/Gatorade bowel preparation has not been established in appropriately designed studies Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 11 2013 582
163. S. Vradelis, E. Kalaitzakis, and Y. Sharifi Addition of senna improves quality of colonoscopy preparation with magnesium citrate World J Gastroenterol 15 2009 1759 1763
164. Y.S. Choi, J.P. Suh, and J.K. Kim Magnesium citrate with a single dose of sodium phosphate for colonoscopy bowel preparation World J Gastroenterol 17 2011 242 248
165. C. Berkelhammer, A. Ekambaram, and R.G. Silva Low-volume oral colonoscopy bowel preparation: sodium phosphate and magnesium citrate Gastrointest Endosc 56 2002 89 94
166. J.R. Schelling Fatal hypermagnesemia Clin Nephrol 53 2000 61 65
167. M. Kontani, A. Hara, and S. Ohta Hypermagnesemia induced by massive cathartic ingestion in an elderly woman without pre-existing renal dysfunction Intern Med 44 2005 448 452
168. A. Shavakhi, M. Kianinia, and G. Torabi High dose senna or poly ethylene glycol (PEG) for elective colonoscopy preparation: a prospective randomized investigator-blinded clinical trial J Res Med Sci 16 2011 149 155
169. A. Amato, F. Radaelli, and S. Paggi Half doses of PEG-ES and senna vs. high-dose senna for bowel cleansing before colonoscopy: a randomized, investigator-blinded trial Am J Gastroenterol 105 2010 675 681
170. F. Radaelli, G. Meucci, and G. Imperiali High-dose senna compared with conventional PEG-ES lavage as bowel preparation for elective colonoscopy: a prospective, randomized, investigator-blinded trial Am J Gastroenterol 100 2005 2674 2680
171. M. Rasmussen, K. Bohlbro, and N. Qvist Oral sodium phosphate compared with water enemas combined with bisacodyl as bowel preparation for elective colonoscopy Scand J Gastroenterol 38 2003 1090 1094
172. L. Wu, Y. Cao, and C. Liao Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of Simethicone for gastrointestinal endoscopic visibility Scand J Gastroenterol 46 2011 227 235
173. S. Tongprasert, A. Sobhonslidsuk, and S. Rattanasiri Improving quality of colonoscopy by adding simethicone to sodium phosphate bowel preparation World J Gastroenterol 15 2009 3032 3037
174. R.H. Sudduth, S. DeAngelis, and K.E. Sherman The effectiveness of simethicone in improving visibility during colonoscopy when given with a sodium phosphate solution: a double-bind randomized study Gastrointest Endosc 42 1995 413 415
175. M.R. Sanaka, D.M. Super, and K.D. Mullen Use of tegaserod along with polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution for colonoscopy bowel preparation: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study Aliment Pharmacol Ther 23 2006 669 674
176. Y. Mishima, Y. Amano, and K. Okita Efficacy of prokinetic agents in improving bowel preparation for colonoscopy Digestion 77 2008 166 172
177. M. Tajika, Y. Niwa, and V. Bhatia Efficacy of mosapride citrate with polyethylene glycol solution for colonoscopy preparation World J Gastroenterol 18 2012 2517 2525
178. H.J. Kim, T.O. Kim, and B.C. Shin Efficacy of prokinetics with a split-dose of polyethylene glycol in bowel preparation for morning colonoscopy: a randomized controlled trial Digestion 86 2012 194 200
179. Y. Beyazit, S. Koklu, and Z.A. Ozturk Inclusion of a spasmolytic in bowel cleansing: a prospective randomized study Gastroenterol Nurs 34 2011 352 355
180. A. Repici, R. Cestari, and V. Annese Randomised clinical trial: low-volume bowel preparation for colonoscopy - a comparison between two different PEG-based formulations Aliment Pharmacol Ther 36 2012 717 724
181. L.B. Cohen, S.M. Sanyal, and C. Von Althann Clinical trial: 2-L polyethylene glycol-based lavage solutions for colonoscopy preparation - a randomized, single-blind study of two formulations Aliment Pharmacol Ther 32 2010 637 644
182. A.I. Sharara, M.M. El-Halabi, and C.G. Abou Fadel Sugar-free menthol candy drops improve the palatability and bowel cleansing effect of polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution Gastrointest Endosc 78 2013 866 891
183. H. Lee, Y.H. Kim, and J.H. Kim A feasibility study of probiotics pretreatment as a bowel preparation for colonoscopy in constipated patients Dig Dis Sci 55 2010 2344 2351
184. J.S. Park, C.I. Sohn, and S.J. Hwang Quality and effect of single dose versus split dose of polyethylene glycol bowel preparation for early-morning colonoscopy Endoscopy 39 2007 616 619
185. P. Miki Jr., C.R. Lemos, and P. Popoutchi Comparison of colon-cleansing methods in preparation for colonoscopy-comparative efficacy of solutions of mannitol, sodium picosulfate and monobasic and dibasic sodium phosphates Acta Cir Bras 23 Suppl 1 2008 108 111
186. C.W. Ko, S. Riffle, and J.A. Shapiro Incidence of minor complications and time lost from normal activities after screening or surveillance colonoscopy Gastrointest Endosc 65 2007 648 656
187. F.J. Lukens, D.S. Loeb, and V.I. Machicao Colonoscopy in octogenarians: a prospective outpatient study Am J Gastroenterol 97 2002 1722 1725
188. S.M. Jafri, K. Monkemuller, and F.J. Lukens Endoscopy in the elderly: a review of the efficacy and safety of colonoscopy, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography J Clin Gastroenterol 44 2010 161 166
189. L. Seinela, E. Pehkonen, and T. Laasanen Bowel preparation for colonoscopy in very old patients: a randomized prospective trial comparing oral sodium phosphate and polyethylene glycol electrolyte lavage solution Scand J Gastroenterol 38 2003 216 220
190. Y. Beloosesky, J. Grinblat, and A. Weiss Electrolyte disorders following oral sodium phosphate administration for bowel cleansing in elderly patients Arch Intern Med 163 2003 803 808
191. Y. Gumurdulu, E. Serin, and B. Ozer Age as a predictor of hyperphosphatemia after oral phosphosoda administration for colon preparation J Gastroenterol Hepatol 19 2004 68 72
192. J.M. Ho, D.N. Juurlink, and R.B. Cavalcanti Hypokalemia following polyethylene glycol-based bowel preparation for colonoscopy in older hospitalized patients with significant comorbidities Ann Pharmacother 44 2010 466 470
193. J.M. Ho, A. Gruneir, and H.D. Fischer Serious events in older Ontario residents receiving bowel preparations for outpatient colonoscopy with various comorbidity profiles: a descriptive, population-based study Can J Gastroenterol 26 2012 436 440
194. ASGE Standards of Practice Committee K.K. Lee, and M.A. Anderson Modifications in endoscopic practice for pediatric patients Gastrointest Endosc 67 2008 1 9
195. G.R. Lichtenstein, L.B. Cohen, and J. Uribarri Review article: bowel preparation for colonoscopy-the importance of adequate hydration Aliment Pharmacol Ther 26 2007 633 641
196. A. Hunter, and P. Mamula Bowel preparation for pediatric colonoscopy procedures J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 51 2010 254 261
197. V.L. Fox Lower gastrointestinal endoscopy W.A. Walker, P.R. Durie, J.R. Hamilton, Pediatric gastrointestinal disease 2000 BC Decker Hamilton, Ontario 1415
198. A.L. Trautwein, L.A. Vinitski, and S.N. Peck Bowel preparation before colonoscopy in the pediatric patient: a randomized study Gastroenterol Nurs 19 1996 137 139
199. J.M. Sondheimer, R.J. Sokol, and S.F. Taylor Safety, efficacy, and tolerance of intestinal lavage in pediatric patients undergoing diagnostic colonoscopy J Pediatr 119 1991 148 152
200. A. Dahshan, C.H. Lin, and J. Peters A randomized, prospective study to evaluate the efficacy and acceptance of three bowel preparations for colonoscopy in children Am J Gastroenterol 94 1999 3497 3501
201. D.S. Pashankar, A. Uc, and W.P. Bishop Polyethylene glycol 3350 without electrolytes: a new safe, effective, and palatable bowel preparation for colonoscopy in children J Pediatr 144 2004 358 362
202. S. Safder, Y. Demintieva, and M. Rewalt Stool consistency and stool frequency are excellent clinical markers for adequate colon preparation after polyethylene glycol 3350 cleansing protocol: a prospective clinical study in children Gastrointest Endosc 68 2008 1131 1135
203. T. Adamiak, M. Altaf, and M.K. Jensen One-day bowel preparation with polyethylene glycol 3350: an effective regimen for colonoscopy in children Gastrointest Endosc 71 2010 573 577
204. U.P. Phatak, S. Johnson, and S.Z. Husain Two-day bowel preparation with polyethylene glycol 3350 and bisacodyl: a new, safe, and effective regimen for colonoscopy in children J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 53 2011 71 74
205. D. Turner, E.I. Benchimol, and H. Dunn Pico-Salax versus polyethylene glycol for bowel cleanout before colonoscopy in children: a randomized controlled trial Endoscopy 41 2009 1038 1045
206. A. Pinfield, and M.D. Stringer Randomised trial of two pharmacological methods of bowel preparation for day case colonoscopy Arch Dis Child 80 1999 181 183
207. D.A. Gremse, A.I. Sacks, and S. Raines Comparison of oral sodium phosphate to polyethylene glycol-based solution for bowel preparation for colonoscopy in children J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 23 1996 586 590
208. M.M. da Silva, G.L. Briars, and M.K. Patrick Colonoscopy preparation in children: safety, efficacy, and tolerance of high- versus low-volume cleansing methods J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 24 1997 33 37
209. M. Sabri, C. Di Lorenzo, and W. Henderson Colon cleansing with oral sodium phosphate in adolescents: dose, efficacy, acceptability, and safety Am J Gastroenterol 103 2008 1533 1539
210. M.F. El-Baba, M. Padilla, and C. Houston A prospective study comparing oral sodium phosphate solution to a bowel cleansing preparation with nutrition food package in children J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 42 2006 174 177
211. D. Turner, A. Levine, and B. Weiss Evidence-based recommendations for bowel cleansing before colonoscopy in children: a report from a national working group Endoscopy 42 2010 1063 1070
212. J.L. Meisel, D. Bergman, and D. Graney Human rectal mucosa: proctoscopic and morphological changes caused by laxatives Gastroenterology 72 1977 1274 1279
213. R.J. Atkinson, V. Save, and J.O. Hunter Colonic ulceration after sodium phosphate bowel preparation Am J Gastroenterol 100 2005 2603 2605
214. D.A. Watts, A.M. Lessells, and I.D. Penman Endoscopic and histologic features of sodium phosphate bowel preparation-induced colonic ulceration: case report and review Gastrointest Endosc 55 2002 584 587
215. L.J. Hixson Colorectal ulcers associated with sodium phosphate catharsis Gastrointest Endosc 42 1995 101 102
216. F.R. Zwas, N.W. Cirillo, and H.B. el-Serag Colonic mucosal abnormalities associated with oral sodium phosphate solution Gastrointest Endosc 43 1996 463 466
217. S. Rejchrt, J. Bures, and M. Siroky A prospective, observational study of colonic mucosal abnormalities associated with orally administered sodium phosphate for colon cleansing before colonoscopy Gastrointest Endosc 59 2004 651 654
218. A. Chan, W. Depew, and S. Vanner Use of oral sodium phosphate colonic lavage solution by Canadian colonoscopists: pitfalls and complications Can J Gastroenterol 11 1997 334 338
219. D.K. Driman, and H.G. Preiksaitis Colorectal inflammation and increased cell proliferation associated with oral sodium phosphate bowel preparation solution Hum Pathol 29 1998 972 978
220. N.A. Wong, I.D. Penman, and S. Campbell Microscopic focal cryptitis associated with sodium phosphate bowel preparation Histopathology 36 2000 476 478
221. D. Heber, F.L. Greenway, and L.M. Kaplan Endocrine and nutritional management of the post-bariatric surgery patient: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95 2010 4823 4843
222. ASGE Standard of Practice Committee A.K. Shergill, and T. Ben-Menachem Guidelines for endoscopy in pregnant and lactating women Gastrointest Endosc 76 2012 18 24
223. G. Nardulli, F. Limongi, and G. Sue Use of polyethylene glycol in the treatment of puerperal constipation G E N 49 1995 224 226
224. P. Rimensberger, G. Schubiger, and U. Willi Connatal rickets following repeated administration of phosphate enemas in pregnancy: a case report Eur J Pediatr 151 1992 54 56
225. U. Mahadevan, and S. Kane American Gastroenterological Association Institute medical position statement on the use of gastrointestinal medications in pregnancy Gastroenterology 131 2006 278 282
226. J. Vinod, J. Bonheur, and B.I. Korelitz Choice of laxatives and colonoscopic preparation in pregnant patients from the viewpoint of obstetricians and gastroenterologists World J Gastroenterol 13 2007 6549 6552
227. S. Ben-Horin, S. Bar-Meir, and B. Avidan The outcome of a second preparation for colonoscopy after preparation failure in the first procedure Gastrointest Endosc 69 2009 626 630
228. H. Fatima, C.S. Johnson, and D.K. Rex Patients' description of rectal effluent and quality of bowel preparation at colonoscopy Gastrointest Endosc 71 2010 1244 1252
229. A. Horiuchi, Y. Nakayama, and M. Kajiyama Colonoscopic enema as rescue for inadequate bowel preparation before colonoscopy: a prospective, observational study Colorectal Dis 14 2012 e735 e739
230. N. Sohn, and M.A. Weinstein Management of the poorly prepared colonoscopy patient: colonoscopic colon enemas as a preparation for colonoscopy Dis Colon Rectum 51 2008 462 466
231. M. Ibanez, A. Parra-Blanco, and P. Zaballa Usefulness of an intensive bowel cleansing strategy for repeat colonoscopy after preparation failure Dis Colon Rectum 54 2011 1578 1584
232. S. Hwang, J. Oh, and W. Tavanapong Stool detection in colonoscopy videos Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2008 2008 3004 3007
233. A. Rostom, and E. Jolicoeur Validation of a new scale for the assessment of bowel preparation quality Gastrointest Endosc 59 2004 482 486
234. Aronchick C, Lipshutz W, Wright S, et al. Validation of an instrument to assess colon cleansing. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:2667.
235. E.J. Lai, A.H. Calderwood, and G. Doros The Boston bowel preparation scale: a valid and reliable instrument for colonoscopy-oriented research Gastrointest Endosc 69 2009 620 625
236. A.H. Calderwood, and B.C. Jacobson Comprehensive validation of the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale Gastrointest Endosc 72 2010 686 692
237. E. Anderson, and J.D. Baker Bowel preparation effectiveness: inpatients and outpatients Gastroenterol Nurs 30 2007 400 404
238. P.J. Athreya, G.N. Owen, and S.W. Wong Achieving quality in colonoscopy: bowel preparation timing and colon cleanliness Aust N Z J Surg 81 2011 261 265
239. B.B. Borg, N.K. Gupta, and G.R. Zuckerman Impact of obesity on bowel preparation for colonoscopy Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 7 2009 670 675
240. Y.W. Chung, D.S. Han, and K.H. Park Patient factors predictive of inadequate bowel preparation using polyethylene glycol: a prospective study in Korea J Clin Gastroenterol 43 2009 448 452
241. G.C. Harewood, C.A. Wright, and T.H. Baron Assessment of patients' perceptions of bowel preparation quality at colonoscopy Am J Gastroenterol 99 2004 839 843
242. P.O. Hendry, J.T. Jenkins, and R.H. Diament The impact of poor bowel preparation on colonoscopy: a prospective single centre study of 10,571 colonoscopies Colorectal Dis 9 2007 745 748
243. B. Lebwohl, T.C. Wang, and A.I. Neugut Socioeconomic and other predictors of colonoscopy preparation quality Dig Dis Sci 55 2010 2014 2020
244. R.M. Ness, R. Manam, and H. Hoen Predictors of inadequate bowel preparation for colonoscopy Am J Gastroenterol 96 2001 1797 1802
245. D.L. Nguyen, and M. Wieland Risk factors predictive of poor quality preparation during average risk colonoscopy screening: the importance of health literacy J Gastrointest Liver Dis 19 2010 369 372
246. A. Qureshi, S. Ismail, and A. Azmi Poor bowel preparation in patients undergoing colonoscopy Med J Malaysia 55 2000 246 248
247. T. Reilly, and G. Walker Reasons for poor colonic preparation with inpatients Gastroenterol Nurs 27 2004 115 117
248. C. Taylor, and M.L. Schubert Decreased efficacy of polyethylene glycol lavage solution (golytely) in the preparation of diabetic patients for outpatient colonoscopy: a prospective and blinded study Am J Gastroenterol 96 2001 710 714
249. A. Hayes, M. Buffum, and J. Hughes Diabetic colon preparation comparison study Gastroenterol Nurs 34 2011 377 382
250. S.W. Lim, Y.W. Seo, and D.H. Sinn Impact of previous gastric or colonic resection on polyethylene glycol bowel preparation for colonoscopy Surg Endosc 26 2012 1554 1559
251. S.A. Stiens, S.B. Bergman, and L.L. Goetz Neurogenic bowel dysfunction after spinal cord injury: clinical evaluation and rehabilitative management Arch Phys Med Rehabil 78 1997 S86 S102
252. H.R. Ancha, A.M. Spungen, and W.A. Bauman Clinical trial: the efficacy and safety of routine bowel cleansing agents for elective colonoscopy in persons with spinal cord injury - a randomized prospective single-blind study Aliment Pharmacol Ther 30 2009 1110 1117
253. D.B. Barber, S.J. Rogers, and J.T. Chen Pilot evaluation of a nurse-administered carepath for successful colonoscopy for persons with spinal cord injury SCI Nurs 16 1999 14 15 20