Determining the functional properties of food components in the gastrointestinal tract

Technology of Functional Cereal Products

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 126-156

  Champ, M ^a  

^a HÔTEL DIEU   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FOOD COMPONENTS; FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT;

EID: 84902913776     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1533/9781845693886.1.126     Document Type: Chapter

References (120)

1. AFSSA (Agence Francaise de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments) Rapport Glucides et Santé: Etat des Lieux, Evaluation et Recommandations 2004, AFSSA, Maisons-Alfort, France.
2. Ahmed F.E. Development of novel diagnostic and prognostic molecular markers for sporadic colon cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2005, 5:337-352.
3. Åkerberg A.K.E., Liljeberg H.G.M., Granfeldt Y.E., Drews A.W., Björck I.M.E. An in vitro method, based on chewing, to predict resistant starch content in foods allows parallel determination of potentially available starch and dietary fiber. J Nutr 1998, 128:651-660.
4. Alessandri C., Pignatelli P., Loffredo L., Lenti L., Del Ben M., Carnevale R., Perrone A., Ferro D., Angelico F., Violi F. Alpha-linolenic acid-rich wheat germ oil decreases oxidative stress and CD40 ligand in patients with mild hypercholesterolemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006, 26:2577-2578.
5. Alrawi S.J., Schiff M., Carroll R.E., Dayton M., Gibbs J.F., Kulavlat M., Tan D., Berman K., Stoler D.L., Anderson G.R. Aberrant crypt foci. Anticancer Res 2006, 26:107-119.
6. Alvarez P., Alvarado C., Mathieu F., Jimenez L., De la Fuente M. Diet supplementation for 5 weeks with polyphenol-rich cereals improves several functions and the redox state of mouse leucocytes. Eur J Nutr 2006, 45:428-438.
7. Anderson J.W., Hanna T.J., Peng X., Kryscio R.J. Whole grain foods and heart disease risk. J Am Coll Nutr 2000, 19:291S-299S.
8. Arkbåge K., Verwei M., Havenaar R., Witthöft C. Folic acid and (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolate bioaccessibility decreases after addition of folate-binding protein to yogurt as studied in a dynamic in vitro gastrointestinal model. J Nutr 2003, 133:3678-3683.
9. Armand M., Pasquier B., Andre M., Borel P., Senft M., Peyrot J., Salducci J., Portugal H., Jaussan V., Lairon D. Digestion and absorption of 2 fat emulsions with different droplet sizes in the human digestive tract. Am J Clin Nutr 1999, 70:1096-1106.
10. Asp N.G. Resistant starch - Proceedings from the second plenary meeting of EURESTA: European FLAIR Concerted Action No. 11 on physiological implications of the consumption of resistant starch in man. Eur J Clin Nutr 1992, 46(Suppl. 2):S1.
11. Asp N.G., Johansson G.G., Hallmer H., Siljeström M. Rapid enzymatic assay of insoluble and soluble dietary fiber. J Agric Food Chem 1983, 31:476-482.
12. Athukorala Y., Kim K.N., Jeon Y.J. Antiproliferative and antioxidant properties of an enzymatic hydrolysate from brown alga. Ecklonia cava' Food Chem Toxicol 2006, 44:1065-1074.
13. Bach-Knudsen K.E., Hessov I. Recovery of inulin from Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) in the small intestine of man. Br J Nutr 1995, 74:101-113.
14. Barry J.L., Hoebler C., Macfarlane G.T., Macfarlane S., Mathers J.C., Reed K.A., Mortensen P.B., Nordgaard I., Rowland I.R., Rumney C.J. Estimation of the fermentability of dietary fibre in vitro: a European interlaboratory study. Br J Nutr 1995, 74:303-322.
15. Bellisle F., Diplock A.T., Hornstra G., Koletzkos B., Roberfroid M., Salminen S., Saris W.H.M. Functional food science in Europe. Br J Nutr 1998, 80:S1-S193.
16. Bjarnason I., MacPherson A., Hollander D. Intestinal permeability: an overview. Gastroenterology 1995, 108:1566-1581.
17. Björck I., Nyman M., Pedersen B., Siljeström M., Asp N.G., Eggum B.O. On the digestibility of starch in wheat bread - studies in vitro and. in vivo' J Cereal Sci 1986, 4:1-11.
18. Boirie Y., Dangin M., Gachon P., Vasson M.P., Maubois J.L., Beaufrère B. Slow and fast dietary proteins differently modulate postprandial protein accretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997, 94:14930-14935.
19. Bornet F.R.J., Fontvieille A.M., Rizkalla S., Colonna P., Blayo A., Mercier C., Slama G. Insulin and glycemic responses in healthy humans to native starches processed in different ways: correlation with in vitro α-amylase hydrolysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1989, 50:315-323.
20. Branch W., Cummings J.H. Comparison of radio-opaque pellets and chromium sesquioxide as inert markers in studies requiring accurate faecal collections. Gut 1978, 19:371-376.
21. Brighenti F., Pellegrini N., Casiraghi M.C., Testolin G. In vitro studies to predict physiological effects of dietray fibre. Eur J Clin Nutr 1995, 49:S81-S88.
22. Brouns F., Bjorck I., Frayn K.N., Gibbs A.L., Lang V., Slama G., Wolever T.M.S. Glycaemic index methodology. Nutr Res Rev 2005, 18:145-171.
23. Calvert R.J., Klurfeld D.M., Subramaniam S., Vahouny G.V., Kritchevsky D. Reduction of colonic carcinogenesis by wheat bran independent of fecal bile acid concentration. J Natl Cancer Inst 1987, 79:875-880.
24. Champ M. Determination of resistant starch in foods and food products: interlaboratory study. Eur J Clin Nutr 1992, 46(Suppl. 2):S51-S62.
25. Champ M., Langkilde A.M., Brouns F., Kettlitz B., Le Bail-Collet Y. Advances in dietary fibre characterisation. 2. Consumption, chemistry, physiology and measurement of resistant starch; implications for health and food labelling. Nutr Res Rev 2003, 16:143-161.
26. Champ M., Langkilde A.M., Brouns F., Kettlitz B., Le Bail-Collet Y. Advances in dietary fibre characterisation. 1. Definition of dietary fibre, physiological relevance, health benefits and analytical aspects. Nutr Res Rev 2003, 16:71-82.
27. Champ M.M. The analysis of complex carbohydrates: relevance of values obtained. in vitro' Proc Nutr Soc 1996, 55:863-880.
28. Champ M.M. Physiological aspects of resistant starch and in vivo measurements. J AOAC Int 2004, 87:749-755.
29. Christian M.T., Amarri S., Franchini F., Preston T., Morrison D.J., Dodson B., Edwards C.A., Weaver L.T. Modeling 13C breath curves to determine site and extent of starch digestion and fermentation in infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2002, 34:158-164.
30. Clydesdale F. A proposal for the establishment of scientific criteria for health claims for functional foods. Nutr Rev 1997, 55:413-422.
31. Cummings J.H., Antoine J.M., Azpiroz F., Bourdet-Sicard R., Brandzaeg P., Calder P.C., Gibson G.R., Guarner F., Isolauri E., Pannemans D., Shortt C., Tuijelaars S., Watzl B. PASSCLAIM - Gut health and immunity. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004, 43(suppl 2):II/118-II/173.
32. Cummings J.H., Jenkins D.J., Wiggins H.S. Measurement of the mean transit time of dietary residue through the human. Gut 1976, 17:210-218.
33. Cummings J.H., Wiggins H.S. Transit through the gut measured by analysis of a single stool. Gut 1976, 17:219-223.
34. Dangin M., Boirie Y., Garcia-Rodenas C., Gachon P., Fauquant J., Callier P., Ballèvre O., Beaufrère B. The digestion rate of protein is an independent regulating factor of postprandial protein retention. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001, 280:E340-E348.
35. Dangin M., Boirie Y., Guillet C., Beaufrère B. Influence of the protein digestion rate on protein turnover in young and elderly subjects. J Nutr 2002, 132:3228S-3233S.
36. Dangin M., Guillet C., Garcia-Rodenas C., Gachon P., Bouteloup-Demange C., Reiffers-Magnani K., Fauquant J., Ballèvre O., Beaufrère B. The rate of protein digestion affects protein gain differently during aging in humans. J Physiol 2003, 549(2):635-644.
37. Daniel M., Wisker E., Rave G., Feldheim W. Fermentation in human subjects of nonstarch polysaccharides in mixed diets, but not in a barley fiber concentrate, could be predicted by in vitro fermentation using human fecal inocula. J Nutr 1997, 127:1981-1988.
38. Darragh A.J., Hodgkinson S.M. Quantifying the digestibility of dietary protein. J Nutr 2000, 13:1850S-1856S.
39. De Preter V., Geboes K., Verbrugghe K., De Vuyst L., Vanhoutte T., Huys G., Swings J., Pot B., Verbeke K. The in vivo use of the stable isotope-labelled biomarkers lactose-[15N]ureide and [2H4]tyrosine to assess the effects of pro- and prebiotics on the intestinal flora of healthy human volunteers. Br J Nutr 2004, 92:439-446.
40. Edwards C.A., Zavoshy R., Khanna S., Slater C., Morrison D.J., Preston T., Weaver L.T. Production of 13C labelled pea flour for use in human digestion and fermentation. Isotopes Environ Health Stud 2002, 38:139-147.
41. El Oufir L., Barry J.L., Flourie B., Cherbut C., Cloarec D., Bornet F., Galmiche J.P. Relationships between transit time in man and in vitro fermentation of dietary fiber by fecal bacteria. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000, 54:603-609.
42. Englyst H.N., Kingman S.M., Cummings J.H. Classification and measurement of nutritionally important starch fractions. Eur J Clin Nutr 1992, 46(Suppl 2):S33-S50.
43. Englyst H.N., Kingman S.M., Hudson G.J., Cummings J.H. Measurement of resistant starch in vitro and. in vivo' Br J Nutr 1996, 75:749-755.
44. Englyst K.N., Englyst H.N., Hudson G.J., Cole T.J., Cummings J.H. Rapidly available glucose in foods: an in vitro measurement that reflects the glycemic response. Am J Clin Nutr 1999, 69:448-454.
45. Carbohydrates in human nutrition - Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation, Rome, 14-18 April 1997 1998, FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), FAO Food and Nutrition Paper No. 66. FAO, Rome, Italy.
46. Feillet-Coudray C., Coudray C. The stable isotope use in the exploration of bioavailability and metabolism of magnesium. Curr Nutr Food Sci 2005, 1:63-70.
47. Foster-Powell K., Holt S.H.A., Brand-Miller J.C. International table of glycaemic load values. Am J Clin Nutr 2002, 76:5-56.
48. Geboes K.P., De Preter V., Luypaerts A., Bammens B., Evenepoel P., Ghoos Y., Rutgeerts P., Verbeke K. Validation of lactose[15N, 15N]ureide as a tool to study colonic nitrogen metabolism. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2005, 288:G994-G999.
49. Gilani G.S., Cockell K.A., Sepehr E. Effects of antinutritional factors on protein digestibility and amino acid availability in foods. J AOAC Int 2005, 88:967-987.
50. Goni I., Manas E., Garcia-Diz L., Saura-Calixto F. Analysis of resistant starch: a method for food and food products. Food Chem 1996, 56:445-449.
51. Granfeldt Y., Björck I., Drews A., Tovar J. An in vitro procedure based on chewing to predict metabolic response to starch in cereal and legume products. Eur J Clin Nutr 1992, 46:649-660.
52. Hagander B., Björck I., Asp N.G., Efendic S., Holm J., Nilsson-Ehle P., Lundquist I., Schersten B. Rye products in the diabetic diet. Postprandial glucose and hormonal responses in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients as compared to starch availability in vitro and experiments in rats'. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1987, 3:85-96.
53. Hill A.J., Magson L.D., Blundell J.E. Hunger and palatability: tracking ratings of subjective experience before, during and after the consumption of preferred and less preferred food. Appetite 1984, 5:361-371.
54. Hoebler C., Lecannu G., Belleville C., Devaux M.F., Popineau Y., Barry J.L. Development of an in vitro system simulating bucco-gastric digestion to assess the physical and chemical changes of food. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2002, 53:389-402.
55. Holm J., Lundquist I., Björck I., Eliasson A.C., Asp N.G. Degree of starch gelatinization, digestion rate of starch in vitro, and metabolic response in rats. Am J Clin Nutr 1988, 47:1010-1016.
56. Jacobs D.R., Meyer K.A., Kushi L.H., Folsom A.R. Whole-grain intake may reduce the risk of ischemic heart disease death in postmenopausal women: the Iowa Women's Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr 1998, 68:248-257.
57. Johnsen N.F., Hausner H., Olsen A., Tetens I., Christensen J., Knudsen K.E., Overvad K., Tjonneland A. Intake of whole grains and vegetables determines the plasma enterolactone concentration of Danish women. J Nutr 2004, 134:2691-2697.
58. Juhel C., Armand M., Pafumi Y., Rosier C., Vandermander J., Lairon D. Green tea extract (AR25) inhibits lipolysis of triglycerides in gastric and duodenal medium. in vitro', J Nutr Biochem 2000, 11:45-51.
59. Kies A.K., De Jonge L.H., Kemme P.A., Jongbloed A.W. Interaction between protein, phytate, and microbial phytase. In vitro studies. J Agric Food Chem 2006, 54:1753-1758.
60. Kloots W., Op den Kamp D., Abrahamse L. In vitro iron availability from ironfortified whole-grain wheat flour. J Agric Food Chem 2004, 52:8132-8136.
61. Koh-Banerjee P., Franz M., Sampson L., Liu S., Jacobs D.R., Spiegelman D., Willett W., Rimm E. Changes in whole-grain, bran, and cereal fiber consumption in relation to 8-y weight gain among men. Am J Clin Nutr 2004, 80:1237-1245.
62. Krevsky B., Malmud L.S., D'Ercole F., Maurer A.H., Fisher R.S. Colonic scintigraphy - a physiologic approach to the quantitative measurement of colonic transit in humans. Gastroenterology 1986, 91:1102-1112.
63. Lichtman S.M. Bacterial translocation in humans. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001, 33:389-395.
64. Liu S., Sesso H.D., Manson J.E., Willett W.C., Buring J.E. Is intake of breakfast cereals related to total and cause-specific mortality in men. Am J Clin Nutr 2003, 77:594-599.
65. Lopez-Varela S., Gonzales-Gross M., Marcos A. Functional foods and the immune system: a review. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002, 56(Suppl 3):S29-S33.
66. Luceri C., Guglielmi F., Lodovici M., Giannini L., Messerini L., Dolara P. Plant phenolic 4-coumaric acid protects against intestinal inflammation in rats. Scand J Gastroenterol 2004, 39:1128-1133.
67. Lugea A., Salas A., Casalot J., Guarner F., Malagelada J.R. Surface hydrophobicity of the rat colonic mucosa is a defensive barrier against macromolecules and toxins. Gut 2000, 46:515-521.
68. Lupton J.R. Determining the strentgh of the relationship between a food, food component, or dietary supplement ingredient and reduced risk of a disease or healthrelated condition. J Nutr 2005, 135:340-342.
69. McBurney M.I., Thompson L.U. Effect of human faecal donor on in vitro fermentation variables. Scand J Gastroenterol 1989, 24:359-367.
70. McCleary B.V., Monaghan D.A. Measurement of resistant starch. J AOAC Int 2002, 85:665-675.
71. McDougall G.J., Dobson P., Smith P., Blake A., Stewart D. Assessing potential bioavailability of raspberry anthocyanins using in vitro digestion system. J Agric Food Chem 2005, 53:5896-5904.
72. McDougall G.J., Fyffe S., Dobson P., Stewart D. Anthocyanins from red-wine - Their stability under simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Phytochemistry 2005, 66:2540-2548.
73. McIntyre A., Gibson P.R., Young G.P. Butyrate production from dietary fibre and protection against large bowel cancer in a rat model. Gut 1993, 34:386-391.
74. Millward D.J., Fereday A., Gibson N.R., Cox M.C., Pacy P.J. Efficiency of utilization of wheat and milk protein in healthy adults and apparent lysine requirements determined by a single-meal [1-13C]leucine balance protocol. Am J Clin Nutr 2002, 76:1326-1334.
75. Minekus M. Development and validation of a dynamic model of the gastrointestinal tract 1998, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands, PhD thesis.
76. Minekus M., Jelier M., Xiao J., Kondo S., Iwatsuki K., Kokubo S., Bos M., Dunnewind B., Havenaar R. Effect of partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) on the bioaccessibility of fat and cholesterol. Biosc Biotechnol Biochem 2005, 69:932-938.
77. Minekus M., Smeets-Peeters M., Bernalier A., Marol-Bonnin S., Havenaar R., Marteau P., Alric M., Fonty G., Huis in't Veld J.H. A computer-controlled system to simulate conditions of the large intestine with peristaltic mixing, water absorption and absorption of fermentation products. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1999, 53:108-114.
78. Molly K., Vande Woestyne M., Verstraete W. Development of a 5-step multichamber reactor as a simulation of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1993, 39:254-258.
79. Moreno F.J., Mackie A.R., Mills E.N. Phospholipid interactions protect the milk allergen alpha-lactalbumin from proteolysis during in vitro digestion. J Agric Food Chem 2005, 53:9810-9816.
80. Moreno F.J., Maldonado B.M., Wellner N., Mills E.N. Thermostability and in vitro digestibility of a purified major allergen 2S albumin (Ses I 1) from white sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum L.). Biochim Biophys Acta 2005, 1752:142-153.
81. Moreno F.J., Mellon F.A., Wickham M.S., Bottrill A.R., Mills E.N. Stability of the major allergen Brazil nut 2S albumin (Ber e 1) to physiologically relevant in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. FEBS J 2005, 272:341-352.
82. Muir J.G., O'Dea K. Measurement of resistant starch: factors affecting the amount of starch escaping digestion. in vitro' Am J Clin Nutr 1992, 56:123-127.
83. Muir J.G., O'Dea K. Validation of an in vitro assay for predicting the amount of starch that escapes digestion in the small intestine of humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1993, 57:540-546.
84. Murtagh G.J., Archer D.B., Dumoulin M., Ridout S., Matthews S., Arshas S.H., Alcocer M.J. In vitro stability and immunoreactivity of the native and recombinant plant food 2S albumins Ber e 1 and SFA-8. Clin Exp Allergy 2003, 33:1147-1152.
85. Navarro M., Wood R.J. Plasma changes in micronutrients following a multivitamin and mineral supplement in healthy adults. J Am Coll Nutr 2003, 22:124-132.
86. Olsson M.E., Andersson C.S., Oredsson S., Berglund R.H., Gustavsson K.E. Antioxidant levels and inhibition of cancer cell proliferation in vitro by extracts from organically and conventionally cultivated strawberries. J Agric Food Chem 2006, 54:1248-1255.
87. Pedrero Z., Madrid Y., Camara C. Selenium species bioaccessibility in enriched radish (Raphanus sativus): a potential dietary source of selenium. J Agric Food Chem 2006, 54:2412-2417.
88. Perales S., Barbera R., Lagarda M.J., Farre R. Bioavailability of calcium from milkbased formulas and fruit juices containing milk and cereals estimated by in vitro methods (solubility, dialyzability, and uptake and transport by Caco-2 cells). J Agric Food Chem 2005, 53:3721-3726.
89. Pierre F., Perrin P., Champ M., Bornet F., Meflah K., Menanteau J. Short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides reduce the occurrence of colon tumors and develop gut-associated lymphoid tissue in Min mice. Cancer Res 1997, 57:225-228.
90. Perrin P., Pierre F., Patry Y., Champ M., Berreur M., Pradal G., Bornet F., Meflah K., Menanteau J. Only fibres promoting a stable butyrate producing colonic ecosystem decrease the rate of aberrant crypt foci in rats. Gut 2001, 48:53-61.
91. Pouteau E., Vahedi K., Messing B., Flourie B., Nguyen P., Darmaun D., Krempf M. Production rate of acetate during colonic fermentation of lactulose: a stable-isotope study in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1998, 68:1276-1283.
92. Promchan J., Shiowatana J. A dynamic continuous-flow dialysis system with online electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric and pH measurements for in vitro determination of iron bioavailability by simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005, 382:1360-1367.
93. Raben A., Agerholm-Larsen L., Flint A., Holst J., Astrup A. Meals with similar energy densities but rich in protein, fat, carbohydrate, or alcohol have different effects on energy expenditure and substrate metabolism but not on appetite and energy intake. Am J Clin Nutr 2003, 77:91-100.
94. Reddy B.S., Hirose Y., Cohen L.A., Simi B., Cooma I., Rao C.V. Preventive potential of wheat bran fractions against experimental colon carcinogenesis: implications for human colon cancer prevention. Cancer Res 2000, 60:4792-4797.
95. Reyes L.H., Encinar J.R., Marchante-Gayon J.M., Alonso J.I., Sanz-Medel A. Selenium bioaccessibility assessment in selenized yeast after 'in vitro' gastrointestinal digestion using two-dimensional chromatography and mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006, 1110:108-116.
96. Roberfroid M.B. Concepts in functional foods: the case of inulin and oligofructose. J Nutr 1999, 129:1398S-1401S.
97. Salminen S., Bouley C., Boutron-Ruault M.C., Cummings J.H., Franck A., Gibson G.R., Isolauri E., Moreau M.C., Roberfroid M., Rowland I. Functional food science and gastrointestinal physiology and function. Br J Nutr 1998, 80(Suppl 1):S147-S171.
98. Sandberg A.S. Methods and options in vitro dialyzability; benefits and limitations. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2005, 75:395-404.
99. Schaafsma G. The Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) - a concept for describing protein quality in foods and food ingredients: a critical review. J AOAC Int 2005, 88:988-994.
100. Slavin J.L. Mechanisms for the impact of whole grain foods on cancer risk. J Am Coll Nutr 2000, 19:300S-307S.
101. Soderholm J.D., Perdue M.H. Stress and gastrointestinal tract. II. Stress and intestinal barrier function. Am J Physiol Gastrointestinal Liver Physiol 2001, 280:G7-G13.
102. Such J., Frances R., Munoz C., Zapater P., Casellas J.A., Cifuentes A., Rodriguez-Valera F., Pascual S., Sola-Vera J., Canicer F., Uceda F., Palazon J.M., Perez-Mateo M. Detection and identification of bacterial DNA in patients with cirrhosis and culturenegative, nonneutrocytic ascites. Hepatology 2002, 36:135-141.
103. Tarozzi A., Marchesi A., Cantelli-Forti G., Hrelia P. Cold-storage affects antioxidant properties of apples in Caco-2 cells. J Nutr 2004, 134:1105-1109.
104. Thomas K., Aalbers M., Bannon G.A., Bartels M., Dearman R.J., Esdaile D.J., Fu T.J., Glatt C.M., Hadfield N., Hatzos C., Hefle S.L., Heylings J.R., Goodman R.E., Henry B., Herouet C., Holsapple M., Ladics G.S., Landry T.D., MacIntosh S.C., Rice E.A., Privalle L.S., Steiner H.Y., Teshima R., Van Ree R., Woolhiser M., Zawodny J. A multi-laboratory evaluation of a common in vitro pepsin digestion assay protocol used in assessing the safety of novel proteins. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2004, 39:87-98.
105. Tovar J., Björck I., Asp N.G. Digestibility of starch in legumes using the rat. Eur J Clin Nutr 1992, 46(S2):S141-142.
106. Truswell A.S. Cereal grains and coronary heart disease. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002, 56:1-14.
107. Tuohy K.M., Kolida S., Lustenberger A.M., Gibson G.R. The prebiotic effects of biscuits containing partially hydrolysed guar gum and fructo-oligosaccharides - a human volunteer study. Br J Nutr 2001, 86:341-348.
108. Unal G., El S.N., Kilic S. In vitro determination of calcium bioavailability of milk, dairy products and infant formulas. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2005, 56:13-22.
109. Vallejo F., Gil-Izquierdo A., Perez-Vicente A., Garcia-Viguera C. In vitro gastrointestinal digestion study of broccoli inflorescence phenolic compounds, glucosinolates, and vitamin C. J Agric Food Chem 2004, 52:135-138.
110. Van Loo J., Coussement P., de Leenheer L., Hoebregs H., Smits G. On the presence of inulin and oligofructose as natural ingredients in the western diet. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1995, 35:525-552.
111. Vassilopoulou E., Rigby N., Moreno F.J., Zuidmeer L., Akkerdaas J., Tassios I., Papadopoulos N.G., Saxoni-Papageorgiou P., van Ree R., Mills C. Effect of in vitro gastric and duodenal digestion on the allergenicity of grape lipid transfer protein. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006, 118:473-480.
112. Verwei M., Arkbåge K., Mocking H., Havenaar R., Groten J. The binding of folic acid and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to folate-binding proteins during gastric passage differs in a dynamic in vitro gastrointestinal model. J Nutr 2004, 134:31-37.
113. Verwei M., Arkbåge K., Havenaar R., van den Berg H., Witthöft C., Schaafsma G. Folic acid and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in fortified milk are accessible as determined in a dynamic in vitro gastrointestinal model. J Nutr 2003, 133:2377-2383.
114. Viadel B., Barbera R., Farre R. Effect of cooking and legume species upon calcium, iron and zinc uptake by Caco-2 cells. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2006, 20:115-120.
115. Wisker E., Daniel M., Rave G., Feldheim W. Fermentation of non-starch polysaccharides in mixed diets and single fibre sources: comparative studies in human subjects and. in vitro' Br J Nutr 1998, 80:253-261.
116. Wolever T.M., Vorster H.H., Bjorck I., Brand-Miller J., Brighenti F., Mann J.I., Ramdath D.D., Granfeldt Y., Holt S., Perry T.L., Venter C., Xiaomei W. Determination of the glycaemic index of foods: interlaboratory study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003, 57(3):475-482.
117. Wrick K., Robertson J.B., Van Soest P.J., Lewis B.A., Rivers J.M., Roe D.A., Hackler L.R. The influence of dietary fiber source on human intestinal transit and stool output. J Nutr 1983, 113:1464-1479.
118. Zangenberg N.H., Mullertz A., Kristensen H.G., Hovgaard L. A dynamic in vitro lipolysis model. I. Controlling the rate of lipolysis by continuous addition of calcium. Eur J Pharm Sci 2001, 14:115-122.
119. Zangenberg N.H., Mullertz A., Kristensen H.G., Hovgaard L. A dynamic in vitro lipolysis model. II. Evaluation of the model. Eur J Pharm Sci 2001, 14:237-244.
120. Zeijdner E.E., Havenaar R. The fate of orally administered compounds during passage through the gastrointestinal tract simulated in a dynamic in vitro model (TIM). Eur. Pharmaceut Contractor 2000, 76-81. February.