Prospects for improving brain function in individuals with down syndrome

CNS Drugs

Volumn 27, Issue 9, 2013, Pages 679-702

  Costa, Alberto C S ^a   Scott Mckean, Jonah J ^a  

^a CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID A RECEPTOR; 4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID A RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; 4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID B RECEPTOR; ADENOSYLHOMOCYSTEINASE; ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN[1-40]; AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN[1-42]; CARBIDOPA; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR; CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; COPPER ZINC SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; DONEPEZIL; EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE; FLUOXETINE; GREEN TEA EXTRACT; GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE FACTOR; MEMANTINE; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR; NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; NEUROTROPHIN; OLIGODENDROCYTE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 2; PENTETRAZOLE; PHYSOSTIGMINE; PLACEBO; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; RG 1662; SONIC HEDGEHOG PROTEIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VESICULAR GLUTAMATE TRANSPORTER 1; XAMOTEROL;

AMNESIA; AMYLOID PLAQUE; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL ARTIFICIAL CHROMOSOME; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN SIZE; CHROMOSOME 21; CHROMOSOME DUPLICATION; CHROMOSOME MOSAICISM; CONGENITAL HEART MALFORMATION; DAILY LIFE ACTIVITY; DENTATE GYRUS; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DOWN SYNDROME; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; ENZYME ACTIVITY; GENE DOSAGE; HUMAN; INDUCED HYPOTHERMIA; INTELLECTUAL IMPAIRMENT; LOCUS CERULEUS; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MITOGENESIS; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLE; NEUROMUSCULAR SYNAPSE; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RECIPROCAL CHROMOSOME TRANSLOCATION; RNA PROCESSING; ROBERTSONIAN CHROMOSOME TRANSLOCATION; SEROTONIN UPTAKE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STRATUM LACUNOSUM MOLECULARE; STRATUM RADIATUM; SUPERNUMERARY CHROMOSOME; TRISOMY 21; WORKING MEMORY;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; DOWN SYNDROME; HUMANS; LEARNING; MEMORY; MICE; QUALITY OF LIFE;

EID: 84883244927     PISSN: 11727047     EISSN: 11791934     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s40263-013-0089-3     Document Type: Article

References (207)

1. Lejeune J, Turpin R, Gautier M. Le mongolism: premier exemple d'aberration autosomique humaine. Ann Genet. 1959;1(4):1-49.
2. Patterson D, Costa AC. Down syndrome and genetics - a case of linked histories. Nat Rev Genet. 2005;6(2):137-47.
3. Canfield MA, Honein MA, Yuskiv N, Xing J, Mai CT, Collins JS, et al. National estimates and race/ethnic-specific variation of selected birth defects in the United States, 1999-2001. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2006;76(11):747-56.
4. CDC. Improved national prevalence estimates for 18 selected major birth defects - United States, 1999-2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006;54(51):1301-5.
5. Roizen NJ, Patterson D. Down's syndrome. Lancet. 2003;361(9365):1281-9.
6. Turner S, Alborz A. Academic attainments of children with Down's syndrome: a longitudinal study. Br J Educ Psychol. 2003;73(Pt 4):563-83.
7. Abbeduto L, Warren SF, Conners FA. Language development in Down syndrome: from the prelinguistic period to the acquisition of literacy. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2007;13(3):247-61.
8. Chapman RS. Language learning in Down syndrome: the speech and language profile compared to adolescents with cognitive impairment of unknown origin. Downs Syndr Res Pract. 2006;10(2):61-6.
9. Chapman RS, Hesketh LJ. Behavioral phenotype of individuals with Down syndrome. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2000;6(2):84-95.
10. Pennington BF, Moon J, Edgin J, Stedron J, Nadel L. The neuropsychology of Down syndrome: evidence for hippocampal dysfunction. Child Dev. 2003;74(1):75-93.
11. Leverenz JB, Raskind MA. Early amyloid deposition in the medial temporal lobe of young Down syndrome patients: a regional quantitative analysis. Exp Neurol. 1998;150(2):296-304.
12. Zigman W, Schupf N, Haveman M, Silverman W. The epidemiology of Alzheimer disease in intellectual disability: results and recommendations from an international conference. J Intellect Disabil Res. 1997;41(Pt 1):76-80.
13. Carter G, Jancar J. Mortality in the mentally handicapped: a 50 year survey at the Stoke Park group of hospitals (1930-1980). J Ment Defic Res. 1983;27(Pt 2):143-56.
14. Puri BK, Lekh SK, Langa A, Zaman R, Singh I. Mortality in a hospitalized mentally handicapped population: a 10-year survey. J Intellect Disabil Res. 1995;39(Pt 5):442-6.
15. Morris JK, Alberman E, Mutton D, Jacobs P. Cytogenetic and epidemiological findings in Down syndrome: England and Wales 1989-2009. Am J Med Genet A. 2012;158A(5):1151-7.
16. Epstein CJ. The conceptual bases for the phenotypic mapping of conditions resulting from aneuploidy. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1993;384:1-18.
17. Shapiro BL. Down syndrome - a disruption of homeostasis. Am J Med Genet. 1983;14(2):241-69.
18. Hattori M, Fujiyama A, Taylor TD, Watanabe H, Yada T, Park HS, et al. The DNA sequence of human chromosome 21. Nature. 2000;405(6784):311-9.
19. Sturgeon X, Gardiner KJ. Transcript catalogs of human chromosome 21 and orthologous chimpanzee and mouse regions. Mamm Genome. 2008;22(5-6):261-71.
20. Griffiths-Jones S, Saini HK, van Dongen S, Enright AJ. miRBase: tools for microRNA genomics. Nucleic Acids Res. 2008;36(Database issue):D154-8.
21. Kuhn DE, Nuovo GJ, Martin MM, Malana GE, Pleister AP, Jiang J, et al. Human chromosome 21-derived miRNAs are overexpressed in Down syndrome brains and hearts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008;370(3):473-7.
22. Keck-Wherley J, Grover D, Bhattacharyya S, Xu X, Holman D, Lombardini ED, et al. Abnormal microRNA expression in Ts65Dn hippocampus and whole blood: contributions to Down syndrome phenotypes. Dev Neurosci. 2011;33(5):451-67.
23. Waterston RH, Lindblad-Toh K, Birney E, Rogers J, Abril JF, Agarwal P, et al. Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome. Nature. 2002;420(6915):520-62.
24. van der Worp HB, Howells DW, Sena ES, Porritt MJ, Rewell S, O'Collins V, et al. Can animal models of disease reliably inform human studies? PLoS Med. 2010;7(3):e1000245.
25. Gardiner K. Predicting pathway perturbations in Down syndrome. J Neural Transm Suppl. 2003;67:21-37.
26. Sommer CA, Henrique-Silva F. Trisomy 21 and Down syndrome: a short review. Braz J Biol. 2008;68(2):447-52.
27. Cox DR, Smith SA, Epstein LB, Epstein CJ. Mouse trisomy 16 as an animal model of human trisomy 21 (Down syndrome): production of viable trisomy 16 diploid mouse chimeras. Dev Biol. 1984;101(2):416-24.
28. Gropp A, Kolbus U, Giers D. Systematic approach to the study of trisomy in the mouse, II. Cytogenet Cell Genet. 1975;14(1):42-62.
29. Davisson MT, Costa ACS. Mouse models of Down syndrome. In: Popko B, editor. Advances in neurochemisty. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 1999. p. 297-327.
30. Davisson MT, Schmidt C, Akeson EC. Segmental trisomy of murine chromosome 16: a new model system for studying Down syndrome. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1990;360:263-80.
31. Davisson MT, Schmidt C, Reeves RH, Irving NG, Akeson EC, Harris BS, et al. Segmental trisomy as a mouse model for Down syndrome. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1993;384:117-33.
32. Reeves RH, Irving NG, Moran TH, Wohn A, Kitt C, Sisodia SS, et al. A mouse model for Down syndrome exhibits learning and behaviour deficits. Nat Genet. 1995;11(2):177-84.
33. Akeson EC, Lambert JP, Narayanswami S, Gardiner K, Bechtel LJ, Davisson MT. Ts65Dn - localization of the translocation breakpoint and trisomic gene content in a mouse model for Down syndrome. Cytogenet Cell Genet. 2001;93(3-4):270-6.
34. Gardiner K, Slavov D, Bechtel L, Davisson M. Annotation of human chromosome 21 for relevance to Down syndrome: gene structure and expression analysis. Genomics. 2002;79(6):833-43.
35. Duchon A, Raveau M, Chevalier C, Nalesso V, Sharp AJ, Herault Y. Identification of the translocation breakpoints in the Ts65Dn and Ts1Cje mouse lines: relevance for modeling Down syndrome. Mamm Genome. 2011;22(11-12):674-84.
36. Baxter LL, Moran TH, Richtsmeier JT, Troncoso J, Reeves RH. Discovery and genetic localization of Down syndrome cerebellar phenotypes using the Ts65Dn mouse. Hum Mol Genet. 2000;9(2):195-202.
37. Sago H, Carlson EJ, Smith DJ, Kilbridge J, Rubin EM, Mobley WC, et al. Ts1Cje, a partial trisomy 16 mouse model for Down syndrome, exhibits learning and behavioral abnormalities. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998;95(11):6256-61.
38. Siddiqui A, Lacroix T, Stasko MR, Scott-McKean JJ, Costa AC, Gardiner KJ. Molecular responses of the Ts65Dn and Ts1Cje mouse models of Down syndrome to MK-801. Genes Brain Behav. 2008;7(7):810-20.
39. Siarey RJ, Villar AJ, Epstein CJ, Galdzicki Z. Abnormal synaptic plasticity in the Ts1Cje segmental trisomy 16 mouse model of Down syndrome. Neuropharmacology. 2005;49(1):122-8.
40. O'Doherty A, Ruf S, Mulligan C, Hildreth V, Errington ML, Cooke S, et al. An aneuploid mouse strain carrying human chromosome 21 with Down syndrome phenotypes. Science. 2005;309(5743):2033-7.
41. Olson LE, Richtsmeier JT, Leszl J, Reeves RH. A chromosome 21 critical region does not cause specific Down syndrome phenotypes. Science. 2004;306(5696):687-90.
42. Olson LE, Roper RJ, Sengstaken CL, Peterson EA, Aquino V, Galdzicki Z, et al. Trisomy for the Down syndrome 'critical region' is necessary but not sufficient for brain phenotypes of trisomic mice. Hum Mol Genet. 2007;16(7):774-82.
43. Belichenko NP, Belichenko PV, Kleschevnikov AM, Salehi A, Reeves RH, Mobley WC. The "Down syndrome critical region" is sufficient in the mouse model to confer behavioral, neurophysiological, and synaptic phenotypes characteristic of Down syndrome. J Neurosci. 2009;29(18):5938-48.
44. Yu T, Li Z, Jia Z, Clapcote SJ, Liu C, Li S, et al. A mouse model of Down syndrome trisomic for all human chromosome 21 syntenic regions. Hum Mol Genet. 2010;19(14):2780-91.
45. Costa AC, Scott-McKean JJ, Stasko MR. Acute injections of the NMDA receptor antagonist memantine rescue performance deficits of the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome on a fear conditioning test. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008;33(7):1624-32.
46. Costa AC, Stasko MR, Schmidt C, Davisson MT. Behavioral validation of the Ts65Dn mouse model for Down syndrome of a genetic background free of the retinal degeneration mutation Pde6b(rd1). Behav Brain Res. 2010;206(1):52-62.
47. Demas GE, Nelson RJ, Krueger BK, Yarowsky PJ. Spatial memory deficits in segmental trisomic Ts65Dn mice. Behav Brain Res. 1996;82(1):85-92.
48. Demas GE, Nelson RJ, Krueger BK, Yarowsky PJ. Impaired spatial working and reference memory in segmental trisomy (Ts65Dn) mice. Behav Brain Res. 1998;90(2):199-201.
49. Dowdy-Sanders NC, Wenger GR. Working memory in the Ts65Dn mouse, a model for Down syndrome. Behav Brain Res. 2006;168(2):349-52.
50. Escorihuela RM, Vallina IF, Martinez-Cue C, Baamonde C, Dierssen M, Tobena A, et al. Impaired short- and long-term memory in Ts65Dn mice, a model for Down syndrome. Neurosci Lett. 1998;247(2-3):171-4.
51. Hampton TG, Stasko MR, Kale A, Amende I, Costa AC. Gait dynamics in trisomic mice: quantitative neurological traits of Down syndrome. Physiol Behav. 2004;82(2-3):381-9.
52. Fernandez F, Morishita W, Zuniga E, Nguyen J, Blank M, Malenka RC, et al. Pharmacotherapy for cognitive impairment in a mouse model of Down syndrome. Nat Neurosci. 2007;10(4):411-3.
53. Costa AC, Walsh K, Davisson MT. Motor dysfunction in a mouse model for Down syndrome. Physiol Behav. 1999;68(1-2):211-20.
54. Parsons T, Ryan TM, Reeves RH, Richtsmeier JT. Microstructure of trabecular bone in a mouse model for Down syndrome. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2007;290(4):414-21.
55. Hill CA, Reeves RH, Richtsmeier JT. Effects of aneuploidy on skull growth in a mouse model of Down syndrome. J Anat. 2007;210(4):394-405.
56. Richtsmeier JT, Baxter LL, Reeves RH. Parallels of craniofacial maldevelopment in Down syndrome and Ts65Dn mice. Dev Dyn. 2000;217(2):137-45.
57. Williams AD, Mjaatvedt CH, Moore CS. Characterization of the cardiac phenotype in neonatal Ts65Dn mice. Dev Dyn. 2008;237(2):426-35.
58. Moore CS. Postnatal lethality and cardiac anomalies in the Ts65Dn Down syndrome mouse model. Mamm Genome. 2006;17(10):1005-12.
59. Scott-McKean JJ, Chang B, Hurd RE, Nusinowitz S, Schmidt C, Davisson MT, et al. The mouse model of Down syndrome Ts65Dn presents visual deficits as assessed by pattern visual evoked potentials. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51(6):3300-8.
60. Begenisic T, Spolidoro M, Braschi C, Baroncelli L, Milanese M, Pietra G, et al. Environmental enrichment decreases GABAergic inhibition and improves cognitive abilities, synaptic plasticity, and visual functions in a mouse model of Down syndrome. Front Cell Neurosci. 2011;5:29.
61. Malinow R, Malenka RC. AMPA receptor trafficking and synaptic plasticity. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2002;25:103-26.
62. Collingridge GL, Isaac JT, Wang YT. Receptor trafficking and synaptic plasticity. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2004;5(12):952-62.
63. Costa AC, Grybko MJ. Deficits in hippocampal CA1 LTP induced by TBS but not HFS in the Ts65Dn mouse: a model of Down syndrome. Neurosci Lett. 2005;382(3):317-22.
64. Kleschevnikov AM, Belichenko PV, Villar AJ, Epstein CJ, Malenka RC, Mobley WC. Hippocampal long-term potentiation suppressed by increased inhibition in the Ts65Dn mouse, a genetic model of Down syndrome. J Neurosci. 2004;24(37):8153-60.
65. Siarey RJ, Stoll J, Rapoport SI, Galdzicki Z. Altered long-term potentiation in the young and old Ts65Dn mouse, a model for Down syndrome. Neuropharmacology. 1997;36(11-12):1549-54.
66. Siarey RJ, Carlson EJ, Epstein CJ, Balbo A, Rapoport SI, Galdzicki Z. Increased synaptic depression in the Ts65Dn mouse, a model for mental retardation in Down syndrome. Neuropharmacology. 1999;38(12):1917-20.
67. Scott-McKean JJ, Costa AC. Exaggerated NMDA mediated LTD in a mouse model of Down syndrome and pharmacological rescuing by memantine. Learn Mem. 2011;18(12):774-8.
68. Bear MF, Huber KM, Warren ST. The mGluR theory of fragile X mental retardation. Trends Neurosci. 2004;27(7):370-7.
69. Strydom A, Dickinson MJ, Shende S, Pratico D, Walker Z. Oxidative stress and cognitive ability in adults with Down syndrome. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2009;33(1):76-80.
70. Tan YH, Tischfield J, Ruddle FH. The linkage of genes for the human interferon-induced antiviral protein and indophenol oxidase-B traits to chromosome G-21. J Exp Med. 1973;137(2):317-30.
71. Groner Y, Elroy-Stein O, Avraham KB, Yarom R, Schickler M, Knobler H, et al. Down syndrome clinical symptoms are manifested in transfected cells and transgenic mice overexpressing the human Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase gene. J Physiol (Paris). 1990;84(1):53-77.
72. Busciglio J, Yankner BA. Apoptosis and increased generation of reactive oxygen species in Down's syndrome neurons in vitro. Nature. 1995;378(6559):776- 9.
73. Borg J, London J. Copper/zinc superoxide dismutase overexpression promotes survival of cortical neurons exposed to neurotoxins in vitro. J Neurosci Res. 2002;70(2):180-9.
74. Nikonenko AG, Radenovic L, Andjus PR, Skibo GG. Structural features of ischemic damage in the hippocampus. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2009;292(12):1914-21.
75. Lockrow J, Prakasam A, Huang P, Bimonte-Nelson H, Sambamurti K, Granholm AC. Cholinergic degeneration and memory loss delayed by vitamin E in a Down syndrome mouse model. Exp Neurol. 2009;216(2):278-89.
76. Shichiri M, Yoshida Y, Ishida N, Hagihara Y, Iwahashi H, Tamai H, et al. Alpha-tocopherol suppresses lipid peroxidation and behavioral and cognitive impairments in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome. Free Radic Biol Med. 2011;50(12):1801-11.
77. Tanzi RE, Gusella JF, Watkins PC, Bruns GA, St George-Hyslop P, Van Keuren ML, et al. Amyloid beta protein gene: cDNA, mRNA distribution, and genetic linkage near the Alzheimer locus. Science. 1987;235(4791):880-4.
78. Goldgaber D, Lerman MI, McBride OW, Saffiotti U, Gajdusek DC. Characterization and chromosomal localization of a cDNA encoding brain amyloid of Alzheimer's disease. Science. 1987;235(4791):877-80.
79. Robakis NK, Ramakrishna N, Wolfe G, Wisniewski HM. Molecular cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding the cerebrovascular and the neuritic plaque amyloid peptides. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1987;84(12):4190-4.
80. Goate A, Chartier-Harlin MC, Mullan M, Brown J, Crawford F, Fidani L, et al. Segregation of a missense mutation in the amyloid precursor protein gene with familial Alzheimer's disease. Nature. 1991;349(6311):704-6.
81. Sleegers K, Brouwers N, Gijselinck I, Theuns J, Goossens D, Wauters J, et al. APP duplication is sufficient to cause early onset Alzheimer's dementia with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Brain. 2006;129(Pt 11):2977-83.
82. Gyure KA, Durham R, Stewart WF, Smialek JE, Troncoso JC. Intraneuronal abeta-amyloid precedes development of amyloid plaques in Down syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2001;125(4):489-92.
83. Holtzman DM, Santucci D, Kilbridge J, Chua-Couzens J, Fontana DJ, Daniels SE, et al. Developmental abnormalities and age-related neurodegeneration in a mouse model of Down syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996;93(23):13333-8.
84. Cooper JD, Salehi A, Delcroix JD, Howe CL, Belichenko PV, Chua-Couzens J, et al. Failed retrograde transport of NGF in a mouse model of Down's syndrome: reversal of cholinergic neurodegenerative phenotypes following NGF infusion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001;98(18):10439-44.
85. Seo H, Isacson O. Abnormal APP cholinergic and cognitive function in Ts65Dn Down's model mice. Exp Neurol. 2005;193(2):469-80.
86. Salehi A, Delcroix JD, Belichenko PV, Zhan K, Wu C, Valletta JS, et al. Increased App expression in a mouse model of Down's syndrome disrupts NGF transport and causes cholinergic neuron degeneration. Neuron. 2006;51(1):29-42.
87. Netzer WJ, Powell C, Nong Y, Blundell J, Wong L, Duff K, et al. Lowering beta-amyloid levels rescues learning and memory in a Down syndrome mouse model. PLoS One. 2010;5(6):e10943.
88. Choi JH, Berger JD, Mazzella MJ, Morales-Corraliza J, Cataldo AM, Nixon RA, et al. Age-dependent dysregulation of brain amyloid precursor protein in the Ts65Dn Down syndrome mouse model. J Neurochem. 2009;110(6):1818-27.
89. Arron JR, Winslow MM, Polleri A, Chang CP, Wu H, Gao X, et al. NFAT dysregulation by increased dosage of DSCR1 and DYRK1A on chromosome 21. Nature. 2006;441(7093):595-600.
90. Chen-Hwang MC, Chen HR, Elzinga M, Hwang YW. Dynamin is a minibrain kinase/dual specificity Yak1-related kinase 1A substrate. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(20):17597-604.
91. Yang EJ, Ahn YS, Chung KC. Protein kinase Dyrk1 activates cAMP response element-binding protein during neuronal differentiation in hippocampal progenitor cells. J Biol Chem. 2001;276(43):39819-24.
92. Guedj F, Sebrie C, Rivals I, Ledru A, Paly E, Bizot JC, et al. Green tea polyphenols rescue of brain defects induced by overexpression of DYRK1A. PLoS One. 2009;4(2):e4606.
93. Ahn KJ, Jeong HK, Choi HS, Ryoo SR, Kim YJ, Goo JS, et al. DYRK1A BAC transgenic mice show altered synaptic plasticity with learning and memory defects. Neurobiol Dis. 2006;22(3):463-72.
94. Park J, Song WJ, Chung KC. Function and regulation of Dyrk1A: towards understanding Down syndrome. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2009;66(20):3235-40.
95. Bain J, McLauchlan H, Elliott M, Cohen P. The specificities of protein kinase inhibitors: an update. Biochem J. 2003;371(Pt 1):199-204.
96. Noll C, Planque C, Ripoll C, Guedj F, Diez A, Ducros V, et al. DYRK1A, a novel determinant of the methionine-homocysteine cycle in different mouse models overexpressing this Down-syndrome-associated kinase. PLoS One. 2009;4(10):e7540.
97. Kobayashi T, Washiyama K, Ikeda K. Inhibition of G protein-activated inwardly rectifying K + channels by fluoxetine (Prozac). Br J Pharmacol. 2003;138(6):1119-28.
98. Yamada M, Inanobe A, Kurachi Y. G protein regulation of potassium ion channels. Pharmacol Rev. 1998;50(4):723-60.
99. Cramer NP, Best TK, Stoffel M, Siarey RJ, Galdzicki Z. GABAB-GIRK2-mediated signaling in Down syndrome. Adv Pharmacol. 2012;58:397-426.
100. Clark S, Schwalbe J, Stasko MR, Yarowsky PJ, Costa AC. Fluoxetine rescues deficient neurogenesis in hippocampus of the Ts65Dn mouse model for Down syndrome. Exp Neurol. 2006;200(1):256-61.
101. Eisch AJ, Cameron HA, Encinas JM, Meltzer LA, Ming GL, Overstreet-Wadiche LS. Adult neurogenesis, mental health, and mental illness: hope or hype? J Neurosci. 2008;28(46):11785-91.
102. Virji-Babul N, Eichmann A, Kisly D, Down J, Haslam RH. Use of health care guidelines in patients with Down syndrome by family physicians across Canada. Paediatr Child Health. 2007;12(3):179-83.
103. Myers BA, Pueschel SM. Major depression in a small group of adults with Down syndrome. Res Dev Disabil. 1995;16(4):285-99.
104. Costa AC, Stasko MR, Stoffel M, Scott-McKean JJ. G-protein-gated potassium (GIRK) channels containing the GIRK2 subunit are control hubs for pharmacologically induced hypothermic responses. J Neurosci. 2005;25(34):7801-4.
105. Stasko MR, Scott-McKean JJ, Costa AC. Hypothermic responses to 8-OH-DPAT in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome. Neuroreport. 2006;17(8):837-41.
106. Artigas F, Romero L, de Montigny C, Blier P. Acceleration of the effect of selected antidepressant drugs in major depression by 5-HT1A antagonists. Trends Neurosci. 1996;19(9):378-83.
107. Bianchi P, Ciani E, Guidi S, Trazzi S, Felice D, Grossi G, et al. Early pharmacotherapy restores neurogenesis and cognitive performance in the Ts65Dn mouse model for Down syndrome. J Neurosci. 2010;30(26):8769-79.
108. Heinen M, Hettich MM, Ryan DP, Schnell S, Paesler K, Ehninger D. Adult-onset fluoxetine treatment does not improve behavioral impairments and may have adverse effects on the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome. Neural Plast. 2012;2012:467251.
109. Murchison CF, Zhang XY, Zhang WP, Ouyang M, Lee A, Thomas SA. A distinct role for norepinephrine in memory retrieval. Cell. 2004;117(1):131-43.
110. Mann DM, Yates PO, Marcyniuk B, Ravindra CR. Pathological evidence for neurotransmitter deficits in Down's syndrome of middle age. J Ment Defic Res. 1985;29(Pt 2):125-35.
111. German DC, Manaye KF, White CL 3rd, Woodward DJ, McIntire DD, Smith WK, et al. Disease-specific patterns of locus coeruleus cell loss. Ann Neurol. 1992;32(5):667-76.
112. Hoogendijk WJ, Pool CW, Troost D, van Zwieten E, Swaab DF. Image analyser-assisted morphometry of the locus coeruleus in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain. 1995;118(Pt 1):131-43.
113. Zarow C, Lyness SA, Mortimer JA, Chui HC. Neuronal loss is greater in the locus coeruleus than nucleus basalis and substantia nigra in Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases. Arch Neurol. 2003;60(3):337-41.
114. Grudzien A, Shaw P, Weintraub S, Bigio E, Mash DC, Mesulam MM. Locus coeruleus neurofibrillary degeneration in aging, mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2007;28(3):327-35.
115. Dierssen M, Vallina IF, Baamonde C, Garcia-Calatayud S, Lumbreras MA, Florez J. Alterations of central noradrenergic transmission in Ts65Dn mouse, a model for Down syndrome. Brain Res. 1997;749(2):238-44.
116. Salehi A, Faizi M, Colas D, Valletta J, Laguna J, Takimoto-Kimura R, et al. Restoration of norepinephrine-modulated contextual memory in a mouse model of Down syndrome. Sci Transl Med. 2009;1(7):7ra17.
117. Tohgi H, Abe T, Takahashi S. The effects of l-threo-3,4- dihydroxyphenylserine on the total norepinephrine and dopamine concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid and freezing gait in parkinsonian patients. J Neural Transm Park Dis Dement Sect. 1993;5(1):27-34.
118. Faizi M, Bader PL, Tun C, Encarnacion A, Kleschevnikov A, Belichenko P, et al. Comprehensive behavioral phenotyping of Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome: activation of beta1-adrenergic receptor by xamoterol as a potential cognitive enhancer. Neurobiol Dis. 2011;43(2):397-413.
119. Best TK, Siarey RJ, Galdzicki Z. Ts65Dn, a mouse model of Down syndrome, exhibits increased GABAB-induced potassium current. J Neurophysiol. 2007;97(1):892-900.
120. Kleschevnikov AM, Belichenko PV, Gall J, George L, Nosheny R, Maloney MT, et al. Increased efficiency of the GABAA and GABAB receptor-mediated neurotransmission in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome. Neurobiol Dis. 2012;45(2):683-91.
121. Best TK, Cramer NP, Chakrabarti L, Haydar TF, Galdzicki Z. Dysfunctional hippocampal inhibition in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome. Exp Neurol. 2012;233(2):749-57.
122. Coyle JT, Oster-Granite ML, Gearhart JD. The neurobiologic consequences of Down syndrome. Brain Res Bull. 1986;16(6):773-87.
123. Pinter JD, Eliez S, Schmitt JE, Capone GT, Reiss AL. Neuroanatomy of Down's syndrome: a high-resolution MRI study. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(10):1659-65.
124. Aylward EH, Li Q, Honeycutt NA, Warren AC, Pulsifer MB, Barta PE, et al. MRI volumes of the hippocampus and amygdala in adults with Down's syndrome with and without dementia. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(4):564-8.
125. Rigoldi C, Galli M, Condoluci C, Carducci F, Onorati P, Albertini G. Gait analysis and cerebral volumes in Down's syndrome. Funct Neurol. 2009;24(3):147-52.
126. Roper RJ, Baxter LL, Saran NG, Klinedinst DK, Beachy PA, Reeves RH. Defective cerebellar response to mitogenic Hedgehog signaling in Down [corrected] syndrome mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006;103(5):1452-6.
127. Wechsler-Reya RJ, Scott MP. Control of neuronal precursor proliferation in the cerebellum by Sonic Hedgehog. Neuron. 1999;22(1):103-14.
128. Wallace VA. Purkinje-cell-derived Sonic hedgehog regulates granule neuron precursor cell proliferation in the developing mouse cerebellum. Curr Biol. 1999;9(8):445-8.
129. Lewis PM, Gritli-Linde A, Smeyne R, Kottmann A, McMahon AP. Sonic hedgehog signaling is required for expansion of granule neuron precursors and patterning of the mouse cerebellum. Dev Biol. 2004;270(2):393-410.
130. Pasca di Magliano M, Hebrok M. Hedgehog signalling in cancer formation and maintenance. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003;3(12):903-11.
131. Trazzi S, Mitrugno VM, Valli E, Fuchs C, Rizzi S, Guidi S, et al. APP-dependent up-regulation of Ptch1 underlies proliferation impairment of neural precursors in Down syndrome. Hum Mol Genet. 2011;20(8):1560-73.
132. Goodrich LV, Jung D, Higgins KM, Scott MP. Overexpression of ptc1 inhibits induction of Shh target genes and prevents normal patterning in the neural tube. Dev Biol. 1999;211(2):323-34.
133. Taipale J, Cooper MK, Maiti T, Beachy PA. Patched acts catalytically to suppress the activity of Smoothened. Nature. 2002;418(6900):892-7.
134. Black IB. Trophic regulation of synaptic plasticity. J Neurobiol. 1999;41(1):108-18.
135. Schinder AF, Poo M. The neurotrophin hypothesis for synaptic plasticity. Trends Neurosci. 2000;23(12):639-45.
136. Shooter EM. Early days of the nerve growth factor proteins. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2001;24:601-29.
137. Yates CM, Simpson J, Gordon A, Maloney AF, Allison Y, Ritchie IM, et al. Catecholamines and cholinergic enzymes in pre-senile and senile Alzheimer-type dementia and Down's syndrome. Brain Res. 1983;280(1):119-26.
138. Holtzman DM, Li Y, Chen K, Gage FH, Epstein CJ, Mobley WC. Nerve growth factor reverses neuronal atrophy in a Down syndrome model of age-related neurodegeneration. Neurology. 1993;43(12):2668-73.
139. Tuszynski MH. Growth-factor gene therapy for neurodegenerative disorders. Lancet Neurol. 2002;1(1):51-7.
140. Blanchard J, Bolognin S, Chohan MO, Rabe A, Iqbal K, Grundke-Iqbal I. Rescue of synaptic failure and alleviation of learning and memory impairments in a trisomic mouse model of Down syndrome. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2011;70(12):1070-9.
141. Whittle N, Sartori SB, Dierssen M, Lubec G, Singewald N. Fetal Down syndrome brains exhibit aberrant levels of neurotransmitters critical for normal brain development. Pediatrics. 2007;120(6):e1465-71.
142. Casanova MF, Walker LC, Whitehouse PJ, Price DL. Abnormalities of the nucleus basalis in Down's syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1985;18(3):310-3.
143. Granholm AC, Sanders LA, Crnic LS. Loss of cholinergic phenotype in basal forebrain coincides with cognitive decline in a mouse model of Down's syndrome. Exp Neurol. 2000;161(2):647-63.
144. Hunter CL, Bimonte HA, Granholm AC. Behavioral comparison of 4 and 6 month-old Ts65Dn mice: age-related impairments in working and reference memory. Behav Brain Res. 2003;138(2):121-31.
145. Contestabile A, Fila T, Bartesaghi R, Ciani E. Choline acetyltransferase activity at different ages in brain of Ts65Dn mice, an animal model for Down's syndrome and related neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurochem. 2006;97(2):515-26.
146. Rueda N, Florez J, Martinez-Cue C. Chronic pentylenetetrazole but not donepezil treatment rescues spatial cognition in Ts65Dn mice, a model for Down syndrome. Neurosci Lett. 2008;433(1):22-7.
147. Chang Q, Gold PE. Age-related changes in memory and in acetylcholine functions in the hippocampus in the Ts65Dn mouse, a model of Down syndrome. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2008;89(2):167-77.
148. de Souza FM, Busquet N, Blatner M, Maclean KN, Restrepo D. Galantamine improves olfactory learning in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome. Sci Rep. 2012;1:137.
149. Small G, Bullock R. Defining optimal treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7(2):177-84.
150. Lieberman DN, Mody I. Regulation of NMDA channel function by endogenous Ca(2+)-dependent phosphatase. Nature. 1994;369(6477):235-9.
151. Tong G, Jahr CE. Regulation of glycine-insensitive desensitization of the NMDA receptor in outside-out patches. J Neurophysiol. 1994;72(2):754-61.
152. Tong G, Shepherd D, Jahr CE. Synaptic desensitization of NMDA receptors by calcineurin. Science. 1995;267(5203):1510-2.
153. Miyakawa T, Leiter LM, Gerber DJ, Gainetdinov RR, Sotnikova TD, Zeng H, et al. Conditional calcineurin knockout mice exhibit multiple abnormal behaviors
154. Rueda N, Llorens-Martin M, Florez J, Valdizan E, Banerjee P, Trejo JL, et al. Memantine normalizes several phenotypic features in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;21(1):277-90.
155. Lockrow J, Boger H, Bimonte-Nelson H, Granholm AC. Effects of long-term memantine on memory and neuropathology in Ts65Dn mice, a model for Down syndrome. Behav Brain Res. 2011;221(2):610-22.
156. Tolias KF, Bikoff JB, Burette A, Paradis S, Harrar D, Tavazoie S, et al. The Rac1-GEF Tiam1 couples the NMDA receptor to the activity-dependent development of dendritic arbors and spines. Neuron. 2005;45(4):525-38.
157. Tolias KF, Bikoff JB, Kane CG, Tolias CS, Hu L, Greenberg ME. The Rac1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor Tiam1 mediates EphB receptor-dependent dendritic spine development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104(17):7265-70.
158. Nishimura T, Yamaguchi T, Tokunaga A, Hara A, Hamaguchi T, Kato K, et al. Role of numb in dendritic spine development with a Cdc42 GEF intersectin and EphB2. Mol Biol Cell. 2006;17(3):1273-85.
159. Ultanir SK, Kim JE, Hall BJ, Deerinck T, Ellisman M, Ghosh A. Regulation of spine morphology and spine density by NMDA receptor signaling in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104(49):19553-8.
160. Nakazawa T, Kuriu T, Tezuka T, Umemori H, Okabe S, Yamamoto T. Regulation of dendritic spine morphology by an NMDA receptor-associated Rho GTPase-activating protein, p250GAP. J Neurochem. 2008;105(4):1384-93.
161. Vastagh C, Gardoni F, Bagetta V, Stanic J, Zianni E, Giampa C, et al. N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor composition modulates dendritic spine morphology in striatal medium spiny neurons. J Biol Chem. 2012;287(22):18103-14.
162. Marin-Padilla M. Structural abnormalities of the cerebral cortex in human chromosomal aberrations: a Golgi study. Brain Res. 1972;44(2):625-9.
163. Marin-Padilla M. Pyramidal cell abnormalities in the motor cortex of a child with Down's syndrome. A Golgi study. J Comp Neurol. 1976;167(1):63-81.
164. Purpura DP. Normal and aberrant neuronal development in the cerebral cortex of human fetus and young infant. UCLA Forum Med Sci. 1975;18:141-69.
165. Suetsugu M, Mehraein P. Spine distribution along the apical dendrites of the pyramidal neurons in Down's syndrome. A quantitative Golgi study. Acta Neuropathol. 1980;50(3):207-10.
166. Takashima S, Becker LE, Armstrong DL, Chan F. Abnormal neuronal development in the visual cortex of the human fetus and infant with Down's syndrome. A quantitative and qualitative Golgi study. Brain Res. 1981;225(1):1-21.
167. Dierssen M, Benavides-Piccione R, Martinez-Cue C, Estivill X, Florez J, Elston GN, et al. Alterations of neocortical pyramidal cell phenotype in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome: effects of environmental enrichment. Cereb Cortex. 2003;13(7):758-64.
168. Belichenko PV, Masliah E, Kleschevnikov AM, Villar AJ, Epstein CJ, Salehi A, et al. Synaptic structural abnormalities in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome. J Comp Neurol. 2004;480(3):281-98.
169. Belichenko PV, Kleschevnikov AM, Salehi A, Epstein CJ, Mobley WC. Synaptic and cognitive abnormalities in mouse models of Down syndrome: exploring genotype-phenotype relationships. J Comp Neurol. 2007;504(4):329-45.
170. Snyder EM, Nong Y, Almeida CG, Paul S, Moran T, Choi EY, et al. Regulation of NMDA receptor trafficking by amyloid-beta. Nat Neurosci. 2005;8(8):1051-8.
171. Roberson R, Toso L, Abebe D, Spong CY. Altered expression of KIF17, a kinesin motor protein associated with NR2B trafficking, may mediate learning deficits in a Down syndrome mouse model. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;198(3):313e1-4.
172. Altafaj X, Ortiz-Abalia J, Fernandez M, Potier MC, Laffaire J, Andreu N, et al. Increased NR2A expression and prolonged decay of NMDA-induced calcium transient in cerebellum of TgDyrk1A mice, a mouse model of Down syndrome. Neurobiol Dis. 2008;32(3):377-84.
173. Yashiro K, Philpot BD. Regulation of NMDA receptor subunit expression and its implications for LTD, LTP, and metaplasticity. Neuropharmacology. 2008;55(7):1081-94.
174. Incerti M, Toso L, Vink J, Roberson R, Nold C, Abebe D, et al. Prevention of learning deficit in a Down syndrome model. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117(2 Pt 1):354-61.
175. Busciglio J, Pelsman A, Helguera P, Ashur-Fabian O, Pinhasov A, Brenneman DE, et al. NAP and ADNF-9 protect normal and Down's syndrome cortical neurons from oxidative damage and apoptosis. Curr Pharm Des. 2007;13(11):1091-8.
176. Toso L, Cameroni I, Roberson R, Abebe D, Bissell S, Spong CY. Prevention of developmental delays in a Down syndrome mouse model. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;112(6):1242-51.
177. Hanson JE, Weber M, Meilandt WJ, Wu T, Luu T, Deng L, et al. GluN2B antagonism affects interneurons and leads to immediate and persistent changes in synaptic plasticity, oscillations, and behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013;38(7):1221-33.
178. Lott IT, Doran E, Nguyen VQ, Tournay A, Head E, Gillen DL. Down syndrome and dementia: a randomized, controlled trial of antioxidant supplementation. Am J Med Genet A. 2011;155A(8):1939-48.
179. Ellis JM, Tan HK, Gilbert RE, Muller DP, Henley W, Moy R, et al. Supplementation with antioxidants and folinic acid for children with Down's syndrome: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2008;336(7644):594-7.
180. Birks J. Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(1):CD005593.
181. Kishnani PS, Sommer BR, Handen BL, Seltzer B, Capone GT, Spiridigliozzi GA, et al. The efficacy, safety, and tolerability of donepezil for the treatment of young adults with Down syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2009;149A(8):1641-54.
182. Kishnani PS, Heller JH, Spiridigliozzi GA, Lott I, Escobar L, Richardson S, et al. Donepezil for treatment of cognitive dysfunction in children with Down syndrome aged 10-17. Am J Med Genet A. 2010;152A(12):3028-35.
183. Kondoh T, Kanno A, Itoh H, Nakashima M, Honda R, Kojima M, et al. Donepezil significantly improves abilities in daily lives of female Down syndrome patients with severe cognitive impairment: a 24-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2011;41(1):71-89.
184. Costa AC. On the promise of pharmacotherapies targeted at cognitive and neurodegenerative components of Down syndrome. Dev Neurosci. 2011;33(5):414-27.
185. Boada R, Hutaff-Lee C, Schrader A, Weitzenkamp D, Benke TA, Goldson EJ, et al. Antagonism of NMDA receptors as a potential treatment for Down syndrome: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Transl Psychiatry. 2012;2:e141.
186. Phillips RG, LeDoux JE. Differential contribution of amygdala and hippocampus to cued and contextual fear conditioning. Behav Neurosci. 1992;106(2):274-85.
187. Fernandez G, Weyerts H, Schrader-Bolsche M, Tendolkar I, Smid HG, Tempelmann C, et al. Successful verbal encoding into episodic memory engages the posterior hippocampus: a parametrically analyzed functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Neurosci. 1998;18(5):1841-7.
188. Alexander MP, Stuss DT, Fansabedian N. California verbal learning test: performance by patients with focal frontal and non-frontal lesions. Brain. 2003;126(Pt 6):1493-503.
189. Reeves CB, Palmer SL, Reddick WE, Merchant TE, Buchanan GM, Gajjar A, et al. Attention and memory functioning among pediatric patients with medulloblastoma. J Pediatr Psychol. 2006;31(3):272-80.
190. Cherney LR, Halper AS. Performance on the California verbal learning test following right hemisphere stroke: a longitudinal study. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2007;14(1):21-5.
191. Lekeu F, Magis D, Marique P, Delbeuck X, Bechet S, Guillaume B, et al. The California verbal learning test and other standard clinical neuropsychological tests to predict conversion from mild memory impairment to dementia. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2010;32(2):164-73.
192. Hanney M, Prasher V, Williams N, Jones EL, Aarsland D, Corbett A, et al. Memantine for dementia in adults older than 40 years with Down's syndrome (MEADOWS): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2012;379(9815):528-36.
193. Margallo-Lana ML, Ballard C, Morris C, Kay D, Tyrer S, Moore B. Cognitive decline in Down syndrome. Arch Neurol. 2003;60(7):1024 (author reply).
194. Costa AC. Alzheimer disease: treatment of Alzheimer disease in Down syndrome. Nat Rev Neurol. 2012;8(4):182-4.
195. Jacquemont S, Curie A, des Portes V, Torrioli MG, Berry-Kravis E, Hagerman RJ, et al. Epigenetic modification of the FMR1 gene in fragile X syndrome is associated with differential response to the mGluR5 antagonist AFQ056. Sci Transl Med. 2011;3(64):64ra1.
196. Krab LC, de Goede-Bolder A, Aarsen FK, Pluijm SM, Bouman MJ, van der Geest JN, et al. Effect of simvastatin on cognitive functioning in children with neurofibromatosis type 1: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;300(3):287-94.
197. de Vries PJ. Targeted treatments for cognitive and neurodevelopmental disorders in tuberous sclerosis complex. Neurotherapeutics. 2010;7(3):275-82.
198. Xie W, Ramakrishna N, Wieraszko A, Hwang YW. Promotion of neuronal plasticity by (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Neurochem Res. 2008;33(5):776-83.
199. Mazur-Kolecka B, Golabek A, Kida E, Rabe A, Hwang YW, Adayev T, et al. Effect of DYRK1A activity inhibition on development of neuronal progenitors isolated from Ts65Dn mice. J Neurosci Res. 2012;90(5):999-1010.
200. Guidi S, Stagni F, Bianchi P, Ciani E, Ragazzi E, Trazzi S, et al. Early pharmacotherapy with fluoxetine rescues dendritic pathology in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome. Brain Pathol. 2013;23:129-43.
201. Vidal V, Garcia S, Martinez P, Corrales A, Florez J, Rueda N, et al. Lack of behavioral and cognitive effects of chronic ethosuximide and gabapentin treatment in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome. Neuroscience. 2012;220:158-68.
202. Moon J, Chen M, Gandhy SU, Strawderman M, Levitsky DA, Maclean KN, et al. Perinatal choline supplementation improves cognitive functioning and emotion regulation in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome. Behav Neurosci. 2010;124(3):346-61.
203. Hunter CL, Bachman D, Granholm AC. Minocycline prevents cholinergic loss in a mouse model of Down's syndrome. Ann Neurol. 2004;56(5):675-88.
204. Fukuda Y, Berry TL, Nelson M, Hunter CL, Fukuhara K, Imai H, et al. Stimulated neuronal expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor by neurotropin. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2010;45(3):226-33.
205. Vink J, Incerti M, Toso L, Roberson R, Abebe D, Spong CY. Prenatal NAP + SAL prevents developmental delay in a mouse model of Down syndrome through effects on N-methyl-d-aspartic acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;200(5):524 e1-4.
206. Braudeau J, Dauphinot L, Duchon A, Loistron A, Dodd RH, Herault Y, et al. Chronic treatment with a promnesiant GABA-A alpha5-selective inverse agonist increases immediate early genes expression during memory processing in mice and rectifies their expression levels in a down syndrome mouse model. Adv Pharmacol Sci. 2011;2011:153218.
207. Braudeau J, Delatour B, Duchon A, Pereira PL, Dauphinot L, de Chaumont F, et al. Specific targeting of the GABA-A receptor alpha5 subtype by a selective inverse agonist restores cognitive deficits in Down syndrome mice. J Psychopharmacol. 2011;25(8):1030-42.