Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn , Issue 1, 2006, Pages

  Birks, Jacqueline ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Alzheimer disease *drug therapy ; Cholinesterase inhibitors *therapeutic use ; Galantamine therapeutic use ; Indans therapeutic use ; Nootropic agents *therapeutic use ; Phenylcarbamates therapeutic use

Indexed keywords

CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR; DONEPEZIL; GALANTAMINE; PLACEBO; RIVASTIGMINE;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANOREXIA; ASTHENIA; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; CHEMOTHERAPY INDUCED EMESIS; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITION; COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS; DAILY LIFE ACTIVITY; DATA ANALYSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIARRHEA; DISEASE SEVERITY; DIZZINESS; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; ELDERLY CARE; ENDOCRINE DISEASE; FALLING; FATIGUE; FUNCTION TEST; HEART FAILURE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPOTHYROIDISM; INSOMNIA; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; META ANALYSIS; MINI MENTAL STATE EXAMINATION; MUSCLE CRAMP; NAUSEA; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; NURSING HOME; PATIENT SELECTION; PERIPHERAL EDEMA; RANDOMIZATION; RATING SCALE; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SYNCOPE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREMOR; UNPLEASANT DREAM; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; VERTIGO; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

EID: 42749100518     PISSN: 1469493X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005593     Document Type: Review

References (154)

1. * Bullock R, Touchon J, Bergman H, Gambina G, He Y, Rapatz G, Nagel J, Lane R. Rivastigmine and donepezil treatment in moderate to moderately severe Alzheimer's disease over a 2-year period. Current Medical Research and Opinions 2005;21(8):1317-1327.
2. Doody RS, Geldmacher DS, Gordon B, Perdomo CA, Pratt RD, Donepezil Study Group. Open-label, multicenter, phase 3 extension study of the safety and efficacy of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer disease. Archives of Neurology 2001;58(3):427-33.
3. Feldman H. Gauthier S. Hecker J. Vellas B. Subbiah P. Whalen E. Donepezil MSAD Study Investigators Group. Erratum: a 24-week, randomized, double-blind study of donepezil in moderate to severe alzheimer's disease. Neurology 2001; Vol. 57, issue 11:2153.
4. Friedhoff LT, Rogers L. Donepezil lengthens time to loss of activities of daily living in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease - results of a preliminary evaluation. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Neurology. Boston. Neurology 1997;48 (3):A100.
5. Friedhoff LT, Rogers SL. Donepezil lengthens time to loss of activities of daily living and cognition in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. Proceedings of the 10th European College of Neuropsychopharmacology Congress; 1997 Sep 13-17, Vienna, Austria 1997.
6. Friedhoff LT, Rogers SL. Donepezilmaintains activities of daily living in patients with mild to moderately severe Alzheimer's disease: results of a retrospective analysis. Eur J Neurology 1997;4, Suppl 1:S9.
7. Rogers SL. Donepezil new clinical trials support long term use. Proceedings of the Sixth International Stockholm/Springfield Symposium on Advances in Alzheimer Therapy; 2000 Apr 5-8, Stockholm. 2000:133.
8. Rogers SL, Doody R, Mohs R, Friedhoff LT. E2020 produces both clinical, global and cognitive test improvement in patients with mild to moderately severe Alzheimer's disease: Results of a 30-week phase III trial. Neurology 1996;46:A217 S14.001 ARI-8.
9. Rogers SL, Doody R, Mohs R, Friedhoff T, Donepezil Study Group. E2020 (Aricept TM) improves global and cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer's Disease. Results of a 30-week trial. unpublished paper 1996b.
10. Rogers SL, Farlow MR, Doody RS, Mohs R, Friedhoff LT, and the Donepezil Study Group. A 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1998;50(1):136-145.
11. Rogers SL, Friedhoff LT, Farlow MR, Doody RS, Mohs R. Efficacy of donepezil in Alzheimer's disease: Fact or artifact? [Reply]. Neurology 1999; Vol. 52, issue 1:218-9.
12. Rogers SL, Mohs RC, Friedhoff LT. Donepezil (E2020) improves cognition and function in patients with mild to moderately severe Alzheimer's disease. Results from Phase III trials. American Psychiatric Association 150th Annual Meeting, San Diego 1997.
13. Bayer AJ, Rossor M, Hecker J, Gauthier S, Burns A, Petite H, Moller HJ, Rogers SL, Friedhoff LT, International Donepezil Study Group. Donepezil improves functional activity in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Proceedings of the 21st Collegium Internationale Neuro psychopharmacologicum; 1998 Jul 12-16, Glasgow, Scotland 1998.
14. * Burns A, Rossor M, Hecker J, Gauthier S, Petit H, Möller HJ, Rogers SL, Friedhoff LT and the International Donepezil Study Group. The effects of donepezil in Alzheimer's disease - results from a multinational trial. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 1999;10(3):237-244.
15. Gauthier S, Rosser M, Hecker J, Petite H, Rogers S, Mohr E, Burns A, Friedhoff LT, Rogers S. Donepezil Produces Both Clinical Global and Cognitive Test Improvement in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. Proceedings of the 151st Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 1998 May 30-Jun 4, Toronto, Canada 1998b.
16. Gauthier S, Rossor M, Hecker J, et al. Results from a multinational Phase III clinical trial of donepezil in Alzheimer's disease. [abstract] [poster presentation at 5th International Geneva/Springfield Symposium on Advances in Alzheimer therapy] April 15-18 1998.
17. Pratt RD, Gauthier S, Burns A, Perdomo CA. Donepezil provides long-term clinical benefits for patients with Alzheimers Disease. Proceedings of the World Alzheimer Congress; 2000 Jul 9-13, Washington 2000a.
18. Finucane TE, Tariot PN, Cummings JL, Katz IR, Mintzer J, Perdomo CA, Schwam EM, Whalen E. Getting donepezil into the nursing home. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease in the nursing home setting. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003; Vol. 51, issue 1:133-134.
19. Steinman MA, Covinsky KE, Tariot PN, Cummings JL, Katz IR, Mintzer J, Perdomo CA, Schwam EM, Whalen E. Donepezil for nursing home patients with dementia: a reinterpretation of the evidence. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease in the nursing home setting J Am Geriatr Soc 2001;49:1590-9. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003;51(1):132-133.
20. Tariot P, Cummings JL, Katz IR, Perdomo CA, Whalen E, Sovel MA, Schwam EM. Donepezil was well-tolerated and enhanced cognition in nursing home patients with alzheimer's disease. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1999; Vol. 47:S3.
21. * Tariot P, Perdomo CA, Whalen E, Sovel MA, Scham EM. Age is not a barrier to donepezil treatment of Alzheimer's disease in the long-term care setting. International Psychogeriatrics. 1999; Vol. 11, issue Supplement 1:134.
22. Tariot PN, Cummings JL, Katz IR, Mintzer J, Perdomo CA, Schwam EM, Whalen E. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of Donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease in the nursing home setting. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2001; Vol. 49, issue 12:1590-9.
23. Seltzer B, Zolnouni P, Nunez M, Goldman R, Kumar D, Ieni J, Richardson S, Donepezil 402 Study Group. Efficacy of donepezil in early-stage Alzheimer disease. Archives of Neurolology 2004;61:1852-6.
24. Feldman H. Therapeutic benefits of acetylcholinesterase inhibitor therapy in the moderate to severe stage of alzheimer's disease. Proceedings of the Sixth International Stockholm/Springfield Symposium on Advances in Alzheimer Therapy; 2000 Apr 5-8, Stockholm 2000:59.
25. Feldman H, Gauthier S, Hecker J, Vellas B, Emir B, Mastey V, Subbiah P, and the Donepezil Study Group. Efficacy of donepezil on maintenance of activities of daily living in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease and the effect on caregiver burden. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003;51:737-744.
26. Feldman H, Gauthier S, Hecker J, Vellas B, Hux M, Emir B, Subbiah P, Mastery V. Improved health outcomes with donepezil in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease are associated with economic benefits. The 8th conference on Alzheimer's disease and related disorders, July 20-25, 2002, Stockholm, Sweden. 2002:285.
27. Feldman H, Gauthier S, Hecker J, Vellas B, Hux M, Xu Y, Schwam EM, Shah S, Mastey V, Donepezil MSAD Study Investigators Group. Economic evaluation of donepezil in moderate to severe Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2004;63(4):644-650.
28. Feldman H, Gauthier S, Hecker J, Vellas B, Ieni J, Xu Y, Schwam E. Treatment Benefits of Donepezil in Patients with Severe Alzheimer's Disease and Their Caregivers. 57th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Neurology, Miami Beach, April 2005 2005b:P02.097. 2005.
29. Feldman H, Gauthier S, Hecker J, Vellas B, Subbiah P, Whalen E. Donepezil's benefits on cognition, global function, activities of daily living and behavior in patients with moderate to severe alzheimer's disease. Proceedings of the Sixth International Stockholm/Springfield Symposium on Advances in Alzheimer Therapy; 2000 Apr 5-8, Stockholm 2000:174.
30. Feldman H, Gauthier S, Hecker J, Vellas B, Subbiah P, Whalen E. Donepezil provides benefits in global function in moderate to severe Alzheimer's Disease. Proceedings of the World Alzheimer Congress; 2000 Jul 9-13, Washington DC 2000.
31. Feldman H, Gauthier S, Hecker J, Vellas B, Subbiah P, Whalen E, Donepezil MSAD Study Group. Benefits of Donepezil on global function, behavior, cognition and ADLs in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 2000; Vol. 54, issue Suppl 3:A469.
32. Feldman H, Gauthier S, Hecker J, Vellas B, Subbiah P, Whalen E, Donepezil MSAD Study Investigators Group. A 24-week, randomized, double-blind study of donepezil in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 2001a; Vol. 57, issue 4:613-20.
33. Gauthier S, Feldman H, Hecker J, Vellas B, Ames D, Subbiah P, Whalen E, Emir B, Donepezil MSAD Study Investigators Group. Efficacy of donepezil on behavioral symptoms in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. International Psychogeriatrics 2002;14(4):389-404.
34. Gauthier S, Feldman H, Hecker J, Vellas B, Emir B, McGill PS. Exploratory analysis of the effects af donepezil in moderate and severe Alzheimer's disease patients. The 8th conference on Alzheimer's disease and related disorders, July 20-25, 2002, Stockholm, Sweden 2002:277.
35. Gauthier S, Feldman H, Hecker J, Vellas B, Emir B, Subbiah P, The Donepezil MSAD Study Investigators' Group. . 2002a, 18(6): 347-54. Functional, cognitive and behavioral effects of donepezil in patients with moderate Alzheimer's disease. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 2002;18(6):347-354.
36. Gauthier S, Feldman H, Hecker J, Vellas B, Subbiah P, Whalen E. Benefits of Donepezil on performance of basic and instrumental activities of daily living in moderate to sever Alzheimer's Disease. Proceedings of the World Alzheimer Congress; 2000 Jul 9-13, Washington DC 2000a.
37. Gauthier S, Feldman H, Hecker J, Vellas B, Subbiah P, Whalen E. Effects of donepezil on behaviour and other domains in moderate to severe alzheimer's disease. Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000b; Vol. 10, issue Suppl 3:S359.
38. Gauthier S, Feldman H, Vellas B, Subbiah P. Efficacy of donepezil on functional, behavioural and cognitive symptoms in patients with moderate to severe alzheimer's disease. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2000; Vol. 48, issue 8:S2.
39. Hecker J, Foti D, Gauthier S, Vellas B, Subbiah P, Whalen E. Benefits of Donepezil in the treatment of behavioural problems in moderate to severe Alzheimer's Disease. Proceedings of the World Alzheimer Congress; 2000 Jul 9-13, Washington DC 2000.
40. Luckmann R. Donepezil improved the clinical state and quality of life in moderate-to-severe Alzheimer disease. ACP-Journal-Club 2002; Vol. 136, issue 2:59.
41. Panisset M, Feldman H, Gauthier S, Hecker J, Vellas B, Subbiah P, Whalen E. Use of the severe impairment battery in a clinical trial of Donepezil in moderate to severe Alzheimers Disease. Proceedings of the World Alzheimer Congress; 2000 Jul 9-13, Washington 2000.
42. Shah SN, Feldman H, Gauthier S, Hecker J, Vellas B, Hux M, Xu Y, Schwam E, Leaderer M, Pfizer Inc, New York, NY, USA. Pharmacoeconomic Benefits of Donepezil Treatment in Severe Alzheimer's Disease. NeuroBiology of Aging 2004;25(S2):208.
43. Vellas B, Feldman H, Gauthier S, Hecker J, Subbiah P, Whalen E, Mastey V. Donepezil treatment in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's Disease reduces caregiver stress. Proceedings of the World Alzheimer Congress; 2000 Jul 9-13, Washington 2000.
44. Engedal K, Soininen H, Verhey F, Waldemar G, Winblad B, Wimo A, Wetterholm AL, Zhang R, Haglund A, Subbiah P. Donepezil improved or stabilized cognition over one year in patients with mild and moderate alzheimer's disease. Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology 2000;10(Suppl 3):S368.
45. Mastey V, Wimo A, Winblad B, Haglund A, Jacobson L, Miceli R, Zhang R, Subbiah P. An economic evaluation of donepezil in mild to moderate alzheimer's disease: results of a one year, double-blind, randomized trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2001;49(4):S131.
46. Mastey V, Wimo A, Winblad B, Haglund A, Jacobson L, Miceli R, Zhang R, Subbiah P. Donepezil reduces the time caregivers spend providing care: results of a one-year, double-blind, randomized trial in patients withmild tomoderate Alzheimer's disease. Proceedings of the 14th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry; 2001 Feb 23-26, San Francisco 2001.
47. Soininen H, Winblad B, Engedal K, Verhey F, Waldemar G, Wimo A, Wetterholme AL, Zhang R, Hugland A, Subbiah P. Long term benefits of donepezil on ADLs in AD patients. Proceedings of the Annual Scientific Meeting of the American Geriatric Society and the American Federation for Aging Research; 2000 May 17-21, Nashville 2000:171.
48. Soininen H, Winblad B, Engedal K, Verhey F, Waldemar G, Wimo A, Zhang R, Subbiah P, Donepezil Nordic Study Group. Response to Donepezil is not predicted by apolipoprotein E genotype and/or gender. Proceedings of the World Alzheimer Congress; 2000 Jul 9-13, Washington 2000.
49. Waldemar G, Winblad B, Engedal K, Soininen H, Donepezil Nordic Study Group et al. Benefits of Donepezil on cognition, function and/or neuropsychiatric symtoms in patients with Alzheimers Disease over one year. Proceedings of the World Alzheimer Congress; 2000 Jul 9-13, Washington DC 2000.
50. Waldemar G, Winblad B, Engedal K, Soininen HS, Verhey FR, Wimo A, Wetterholm AL, Zhang R, Haglund AA, Subbiag P, Donepezil Nordic Study Group. Donepezil benefits patients with either mild of moderate Alzheimer's disease over one year. Neurology 2000; Vol. 54, issue Suppl 3:A470.
51. Wimo A. Erratum: an economic evaluation of donepezil in mild to moderate alzheimer's disease: results of a 1-year, double-blind, randomized trial (dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders (2003) 15 (44-54)). Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 2003;16(2):102.
52. Wimo A, Winblad B, Engedal K, Soininen H, Verhey F, Waldemar G, Wetterholm AL, Mastey V, Haglund A, Zhang R, Miceli R, Chin W, Subbiah P, Donepezil Nordic Study Group. An economic evaluation of donepezil in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: results of a 1-year, double-blind, randomized trial. Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders 2003;15(1):44- 54.
53. Wimo A, Winblad B, Mastey V, Haglund A, Hertzman P, Miceli R, Jacobson L, Subbiah P. An economic evaluation of donepezil in mild tomoderate alzheimer's disease patients: results of a one-year, double-blind, randomized trial. Proceedings of the 153rd Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 2000 May 13-18, Chicago, Illionois 2000.
54. Wimo A, Winblad B, Mastey V, et al. An economic evaluation of Donepezil in mild to moderate Alzheimers Disease: Results of a one-year, double-blind, randomized trial. Proceedings of the World Alzheimer Congress; 2000 Jul 9-13, Washington DC 2000.
55. Winblad B. Long term therapeutic benefits of acetylcholinesterase inhibitor therapy in patients with alzheimer's disease. Proceedings of the Sixth International Stockholm/Springfield Symposium on Advances in Alzheimer Therapy; 2000 Apr 5-8, Stockholm 2000:164.
56. Winblad B, Engedal K, Soininen H, Verhey F, Waldemar G, Wimo A, Wetterholm A, Zhang R, Haglund A, Subbiah P. A 1-year, randomized, placebo-controlled study of donepezil in patients with mild to moderate AD. Neurology 2001; Vol. 57, issue 3:489-95.
57. Winblad B, Engedal K, Soininen H, Verhey F, Waldemar G, Wimo A, Wetterholm AL, Zhang R, Haglund A, Subbiah P. Donepezil enhances global function, cognition and activities of daily living compared with placebo in a one-year, double-blind trial in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. International Psychogeriatrics 1999;11(Supplement 1):138.
58. Winblad B, Engedal K, Soininen H, Verhey F, Waldemar G, Wimo A, Wetterholm AL, Zhang R, Haglund A, Subbiah P. Donepezil enhances global function and acitivities of daily living compared with placebo in a one-year, double-blind trial in patients with mild to moderate alzheimer's disease. Proceedings of the Quality Research in Dementia Conference; 2000 Nov 19-22, London 2000.
59. Wilcock GK. Erratum: Efficacy and safety of galantamine in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: Multicentre randomised controlled trial (BritishMedical Journal (December 9)(1445-1449)). BR-MED-J: British-Medical-Journal 2001;322(7278):90.
60. Wilcock GK. GALANTAMINE ALLEVIATES CAREGIVER BURDEN IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: A 6-MONTH PLACEBO-CONTROLLED STUDY. Conference Proceedings World Alzheimer Congress; 9-13 July, 2000, Washington. 2000.
61. Wilcock GK, Lilienfeld S, Gaens E on behalf of the Galantamine International-1 Study Group. Efficacy and safety of galantamine in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal 2000;321:1-7.
62. * Raskind MA, Peskind ER, Wessel T, Yuan W, Galantamine USA-1 Study Group. Galantamine in AD: A 6-month randomized placebo-controlled trial with a 6-month extension. Neurology 2000;54(12):2261-2268.
63. * Tariot PN, Solomon PR, Morris JC, Kershaw P, Lilienfeld S, Ding C, Galantamine USA-10 Study Group. A 5-month, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of galamtine in AD. Neurology 2000;54(12):2269-2276.
64. Anand R, Hartman R, Graham S. Effects dof Alzheimer's disease severity on activities of daily living with long-term rivastigmine treatment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2001;49(4):S151.
65. Anand R, Messina J, Veach J, Hartman R. Effects of Rivastigmine in patients with moderately severe Alzheimer's disease. Sixth International Stockholm/Springfield Symposium on Advances in Alzheimer Therapy; April 5-8, 2000; Stockholm, Sweden. 2000:199.
66. Farlow M, Anand R, Messina J, Hartman R. Increased cognitive efficacy of rivastigmine in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease with co-existing vascular risk. Sixth International Stockholm/Springfield Symposium on Advances in Alzheimer Therapy; April 5-8, 2000; Stockholm, Sweden. 2000:206.
67. Farlow M, Messina J, Anand R, Hartman R, Veach J. Dose dependent effect of rivastigmine on progression of cognitive deterioration in Alzheimer's disease. In: Sixth International Stockholm/Springfield Symposium on Advances in Alzheimer Therapy; April 5-8, 2000; Stockholm, Sweden. 2000. 2000:172.
68. Hebert M. [Alzheimer disease: efficacy and tolerance of rivastigmine] [Maladie d'Alzheimer: efficacite et tolerance de la rivastigmine]. Presse Medicale 1999;28(32):1757-8.
69. Kumar V, Messina J, Hartman R, Anand R. Long-term cognitive benefits of rivastigmine in Alzheimer's disease patients with vascular risk. Sixth International Stockholm/Springfield Symposium on Advances in Alzheimer Therapy; April 5-8, 2000; Stockholm, Sweden. 2000:215.
70. Lindesay J. An open label one-year extension of SDZ-ENA-713 studies B303, B304 and B305 to prospectively evaluate long-term safety, tolerability and efficacy of SDZ-ENA-713 in out-patients with probable Alzheimer's disease. National Research Register 2000.
71. Roesler M, Retz W, Retz Junginger P, Dennler HJ. Effect of two-year treatment with the cholinesterase inhibitor rivastigmine on behavioural symptoms in Alzheimer's disease. Behavioural-Neurology 1998;11(4):211-6.
72. Rösler M. Efficacy and safety of rivastigmine in patients with Alzheimer's disease: International randomised controlled trial [Erratum]. British Medical Journal 2001; Vol. 322, issue 7300:1456.
73. Rösler M, Anand R, Cicin-Sain A, Gauthier S, Agid Y, Dal-Bianco P, Stähelin HB, Hartman R, Gharabawi M on behalf of the B303 Exelon Study Group. Efficacy and safety of rivastigmine in patients with Alzheimer's disease: international randomised controlled trial. BMJ 1999;318(7184): 633-638.
74. Rösler M, Dennler H, Retz W, Gastpar W. A double-blind placebo controlled study of ENA 713 in Alzheimer's disease (DAT). Pharmacopsychiatry 1997;30:212.
75. Rösler M, Retz W, Retz Junginger P, Dennler HJ. Effects of two-year treatment with the cholinesterase inhibitor rivastigmine on behavioural symptoms in Alzheimer's disease. Behavioural-Neurology 1998;11(4):211-6.
76. Vincent S, Andrews C, Lane R. Rivastigmine shows particular efficacy in Alzheimer patients with concomitant hypertension. Proceedings of the 7th International Geneva/Springfield Symposiumon Advances in Alzheimer therapy, 2002 Apr 3-6, Geneva. 2002:253.
77. Wilkinson DG. Rivastigmine was effective and safe in Alzheimer disease. ACP Journal Club 1999;131(2):34.
78. Lindesay J. An open label one-year extension of SDZ-ENA-713 studies B303, B304 and B305 to prospectively evaluate long-term safety, tolerability and efficacy of SDZ-ENA-713 in out-patients with probable Alzheimer's disease. National Research Register 2000.
79. Novartis. No title. Unpublished. Data provided by Novartis No year.
80. Novartis Pharmaceuticals. ADENA Programme. Unpublished Data 1998.
81. Novartis. No title. Unpublished. Data provided by Novartis No year.
82. Novartis Pharmaceuticals. ADENA Programme. Unpublished Data 1998.
83. Corey-Bloom J, Anand R and Veach J for ENA 713 B352 Study Group. A randomized trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of ENA 713 (rivastigmine tartrate), a new acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, in patients with mild to moderately severe Alzheimer's disease. Int J Ger Psychopharmacology 1998;1:55-65.
84. Doraiswamy M. The effects of rivastigmine on the alzheimer's disease assessment scale-cognitive subscale items scores of patients with alzheimer's disease. Health in aging the challenge and promise of new decade. Proceedings of the annual scientific meeting of the American geriatrics society and the American federation for aging research; 2000 May 17-21, Nashville. 2000:173.
85. Doraiswamy PM, Anand R, Hartman R. Cognitive effects of rivastigmine in patients with mild to moderate alzheimer's disease compared to those with moderately-severe to severe AD. Clinical Neuropschological Assessment 2000;1(6):12.
86. Doraiswamy PM, Anand R, Hartman R. Long term cognitive effects in Alzheimer's disease patients stratified by vascular risk score and treated for 1 year with rivastigmine. Clinical Neuropschological Assessment 2000;1(6):14.
87. Farlow M, Hake A, Messina J, Veach J, Anand R. The response of patients with Alzheimer's disease to rivastigmine treatment is predicted by the rate of disease progression. Neurology 2000; Vol. 54, issue Suppl 3:A469.
88. Farlow M, Messina J, Anand R. Long term cognitive benefits associated with the use of rivastigmine in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease results following two years of treatment. Proceedings of the Annual Scientific Meeting of the American Geriatric Society and the American Federation for Aging Research; 2000 May 17-21, Nashville. 2000:172.
89. Farlow MR, Hake A, Messina J, Hartman R, Veach J, Anand R. Response of patients with Alzheimer disease to rivastigmine treatment is predicted by the rate of disease progression. Archives of Neurology 2001;58(3):417- 22.
90. Ferris S. Improving day to day functioning in patients with AD. Proceedings of the Ninth Congress of the International Psychogeriatric Association; 1999 Aug 15-20, Vancouver. 1999:77.
91. Krishnan KR, Dorasiswamy PM, Messina J, Veach J, ENA 713 B352 Study Group. Rivastigmine slows stage specific global deterioration in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1999;47:S3.
92. Kumar V, Anand R, Messina J, Hartman R, Veach J. An efficacy and safety analysis of Exelon in Alzheimer's disease patients with concurrent vascular risk factors. European Journal of Neurology 2000;7(2):159-69.
93. Veach KR, Doraiswamy PM. Rivastigmine slows stage-specific global deterioration in Alzheimer's disease. Proceedings of the 152nd Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 1999 May 15-20, Washington DC. 1999.
94. AD2000 Collaborative Group. Long-term donepezil treatment in 565 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD2000): randomised double-blind trial. Lancet 2004;363:2105-15.
95. Bentham P, Gray R, Hill R, Sellwood E, Courtney C. Twelve week respone to cholinesterase inhibitors dose not predict future benefit the AD2000 trial experiance. The 8th conference on Alzheimer's disease and related disorders, July 20-25, 2002, Stockholm, Sweden. 2002:337.
96. Lendon CL. Determination of respones to anticholinesterase therapy in the treatment of Alzheimer's disaese. The 8th conference on Alzheimer's disease and related disorders, July 20-25, 2002, Stockholm, Sweden 2002:1287.
97. Lendon CL. Determination of responses to anticholinesterase therapy in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders; 2002 July 20-25, Stockholm, Sweden: Abstract No 1287. 2002.
98. Roberts N. A reliable assessment of the efficacy and safety of donepezil and aspirin in Alzheimer's disease (AD2000). National Research Register 2001.
99. Schneider LS. AD2000: donepezil in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 2004; Vol. 363, issue 9427:2100-1.
100. Waghray S. AD2000 A reliable assessment of the efficacy and safety of donepezil and aspirin in Alzheimer's disease. National Research Register 2000.
101. * Jones RW, Soininen H, Hager K, Aarsland D, Passmore P, The DONGAL Study Group, Murthy A, Zhang R, Bahra R. A multinational, randomised, 12-week study comparing the effects of donepezil and galantamine in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2004;19:58-67.
102. * Wilcock G, Howe I, Coles H, Lilienfeld S, Truyen L, Young Z, Bullock R, and members of the GAL-GBR-2 Study Group. A long-term comparison of galantamine and donepezil in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Drugs Aging 2003;20(10):777-789.
103. Böttcher-Buhler E. [Well tolerated, effective and inexpensive therapy of Alzheimer's dementia with donepezil] [Therapie der Alzheimer-Demenz mit Donepezil: gut vertraglich, wirksam und kostengunstig]. Neurologie und Rehabilitation 2000; Vol. 6, issue 6:332-3.
104. Bullock R, Passmore F, Potocnik F, Hock C. The tolerability, ease of use and efficacy of donepezil and rivastigmine in alzeimer's disease patients: a 12-week, multinational, comparative study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2001; Vol. 49, issue 4:S19.
105. Bullock R, Wilkinson DG, Passmore P, Hopker SW, Smith R, Potocnik FC, Maud CM, Hock C. Caregiver and physician determination of satisfaction with and ease of use of donepezil and rivastigamine treatment in alzheimer's disease patients. Proceedings of the 17th Alzheimer's Disease International Conference; 2001 Oct 25-27, Christchurch, New Zealand 2001:39.
106. Potocnik FC, Smith R, Passmore P, Hock C, Wilkinson D, Maud CM, Hopker S. Tolerability, ease of use, and efficacy of donepezil and rivastigmine in alzheimer's disease patients. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 2001 May 5-10; New Orleans 2001.
107. Wilkinson D, Passmore P, Potocnik F, Maud C, Hock C. Donepezil compared to rivastigmine in Alzheimer's disease: similar efficacy but better tolerability and physician and caregiver satisfaction in a multinational randomized trial. Proceedings of the 14th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry; 2001 Feb 23-26, San Francisco 2001.
108. * Wilkinson DG, Passmore AP, Bullock R, Hopker SW, Smith R, Potocnik FCV, Maud CM, Engelbrecht I, Hock C, Ieni JR, Bahra RS. A multinational, randomised, 12-week, comparative study of donepezil and rivastigmine in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. International Journal of Clinical Practice 2002;56(6):441-446.
109. Tune L, Tiseo P, Hoffman J, Perdomo C, Votaw J, Rogers S, Friedhoff L. PET in AD: Donepezil HCl (E2020) maintains functional brain activity in patients with Alzheimer's disease: results of a 24-week study. Proceedings of the 14th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry; 2001 Feb 23-26 San Francisco. 2001.
110. Tune L, Tiseo PJ, Ieni J, Perdomo C, Pratt RD, Votaw JR, Jewart RD, Hoffman JM. Donepezil HCl (E2020) maintains functional brain activity in patients with Alzheimer disease: results of a 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2003;11(2):169-177.
111. Tune LE, Tiseo PJ, Hoffman JM, Perdomo CA, Votow JR, Rogers SL, Friedhoff LT. Functional Brain Activity in Alzheimer's Disease. Proceedings of the 151st Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 1998 May 30- Jun 4, Toronto. 1998:NR345.
112. * Anon. No title. Eisai Inc.
113. Fuschillo C, La Pia S, Campana F, Pinto A, De Simone L. Cognitive deficits in alzheimer's disease: treatment with acetylcholinesterase inhibitor agents. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 2001;33(Suppl 1):151-8.
114. * Brodaty H, Corey-Bloom J, Potocnik FCV, Truyen L, Gold M, Damaraju CRV. Galantamine Prolonged-Release Formulation in the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2005;20(2-3):120-132.
115. Erkinjuntti T, Kurz A, Gauthier S, Bullock R, Lilienfeld S, Damaraju CV. Efficacy of galantamine in probable vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease combined with cerebrovascular disease: a randomised trial. Lancet 2002;359:1283-1290..
116. Erkinjuntti T, Kurz A, Gauthier S, Bullock R, Lilienfeld S, Damaraju CV. The safety and efficacy of Galantamine in the treatment of vascular and mixed dementia (Double-blind part only). (GAL-INT-6). Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development January 2004.
117. Krishnan KR, Charles HC, Doraiswamy PM, Mintzer J, Weisler R, Yu X, Perdomo C, Ieni JR, Rogers S. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the effects of donepezil on neuronalmarkers and hippocampal volumes in Alzheimer's disease. American journal of psychiatry, The 2003;160(11):2003-11.
118. Mega M, Dinov I, Manese M, Felix J, O'Connor S, Toga A, Cummings J. Cerebral metabolic activation with cholinesterase inhibitor therapy in Alzheimer's disease. The 8th conference on Alzheimer's disease and related disorders, July 20-25, 2002, Stockholm, Sweden 2002:430.
119. Rozzini L, Bargnani C, Bosio A, Chia F, Franzani S, Leonardi R, Ranzenigo A, Rozzini R, Saviotti FM, Turla M, Trabucchi m, Ghianda D, Borroni B, Chilovi BV, Padovani A. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are effective in real world patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease evidence from a large population treated with rivastigmine or donepezil. The 8th conference on Alzheimer's disease and related disorders, July 20-25, 2002, Stockholm, Sweden. 2002:329.
120. Rozzini L, Bargnani C, Bosio A, Chia F, Franzoni S, Leonardi R, Ranzenigo A, Rozzini R, Saviotti FM, Turla M, Trabucchi M, Vicini B, Borroni B, Padovani A. Comparison of efficacy and safety of rivastigmine and donepezil in patients withmild tomoderate alzheimer disease: results from a multicentre randomised trial. The 8th conference on Alzheimer's disease and related disorders, July 20-25, 2002, Stockholm, Sweden. 2002:240.
121. Shua-Haim J, Smith J, Potel S. A head to study of donepezitl aricept rivastigmine exlon and galantamine reminyl for the treatment of Alzheimer's
122. Ebell M. Does donepezil help patients with moderate Alzheimer's dementia preserve their ability to function independently?. Evidence Based Practice 2002.
123. Mohs R, Doody R, Morris J, Ieni J, Perdomo C, Pratt R, Rogers S. Donepezil preserves activities of daily living in alzheimer's disease patients: results from a one-year placebo-controlled functional survival study. Neurology 2000; Vol. 54, issue Suppl 3:A415.
124. Mohs R, Doody R, Morris J, Ieni J, Rogers S, Perdomo C, Pratt R. Donepezil preserves functional status and improves cognition in alzheimer's disease patients: results from a 1-year propective placebo-controlled study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2000; Vol. 48, issue 8:S46.
125. Mohs R, Doody R, Morris J, Ieni JR, Rogers SL, Perdomo CA, Pratt RD. Donepezil preserves functional status in Alzheimer's disease patients: results from a 1-year prospective placebo-controlled attrition study. Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology 1999;9(Suppl 5):S328.
126. Mohs R, Doody R, Morris J, Ieni JR, Rogers SL, Perdomo CA, Pratt RD. Donepezil preserves functional status in Alzheimer's disease patients: results from a 1-year prospective placebo-controlled study. Proceedings of the Quality Research in Dementia Conference; 2000 Nov 19-22, London. 2000.
127. Mohs RC, Doody RS, Morris JC, Ieni JR, Rogers SL, Perdomo C, Pratt RD, 312 Study Group. A 1-year, placebo-controlled preservation of function survival study of donepezil in AD patients [Erratum]. Neurology 2001; Vol. 57, issue 10:1942.
128. Mohs RC, Doody RS, Morris JC, Ieni JR, Rogers SL, Perdomo CA, Pratt RD. A 1-year, placebo-controlled preservation of function survival study of donepezil in AD patients. Neurology 2001; Vol. 57, issue 3:481-8.
129. Mohs RC, Doody RS, Morris JC, Leni JR, Rogers SL, Perdomo CA, Pratt RD. Donepezil preserves functional status in Alzheimer's disease. Proceedings of the 153rd Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 2000 May 13-18, Chicago, Illionois. 2000.
130. Pratt R, Mohs R, Doody R, Morris J, Rogers S, Ieni J, Perdomo C. Donepezil preserves functional status in Alzheimer's disease patients results from a 1-year prospective placebo controlled functional study. Proceedings of the 6th International Stockholm/Springfield Symposium on Advances in Alzheimer Therapy; April 5-8, 2000; Stockholm, Sweden 2000b:178.
131. Tsolaki M, Gerothanassis D, Aristotle CP. Efficacy and safety of cholinesterase inhibitors a longitudinal comparative study between donepezil and rivastigmine. The 8th conference on Alzheimer's disease and related disorders, July 20-25, 2002, Stockholm, Sweden 2002:2038.
132. Wang Y, Chen Q, Zhang Z, et al. The treatment by using rivastigmine for patients with alzheimer disease: results of a multicenter, randomized, open-labeled, controlled clinical trial. Chinese Journal of Neurology 2001;34(4):210-3.
133. Werber EA, Klein C, Rabey MJ. Evaluation of cholinergic treatment in demented by p300 evoked related potentials. The 8th conference on Alzheimer's disease and related disorders, July 20-25, 2002, Stockholm, Sweden 2002:442.
134. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 3rd Edition. Washington DC: APA, 1987: American Psychiatric Association.
135. Birks JS, Harvey R. Donepezil for dementia due to Alzheimer's disease (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, 3, 2005. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
136. Birks J, Grimley Evans J, iakovidou V, Tsolaki M. Rivastigmine for Alzheimer's disease (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, 3, 2005. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
137. Bucks RS, Ashworth DL, Wilcock GK, Siegfried K. Assessment of activities of daily living in dementia: development of the Bristol activities of daily living scale. Age Ageing 1996;25:113-120.
138. Cummings JL, Mega M, Gray K, Rosenburg-Thompson S, Carusi DA, Gornbein J. The neuropsychiatric Inventory: Comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia. Neurology 1994;44:2308-2313.
139. DeJong R, Osterlund OW, Roy GW. Measurement of quality-of-life changes in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Clin Ther 1989;11(4):545-554.
140. Erkinjuntti T, Skoog I, Lane R, Andrews C. Rivastigmine in patients with Alzheimer's disease and concurrent hypertension. International Journal of Clinical Practice 2002;56(10):791-796.
141. Folstein NF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. Mini-Mental State: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 1975;12:189-198.
142. Galasko D, Bennett D, Sano M, et al. An inventory to assess activities of daily living for clinical trials in Alzheimer's disease. The Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1997;11(Suppl 2):533-539.
143. Gottfries CG, Brane G, Gullberg B, Steen G. A new rating scale for dementia syndromes. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 1982;1:311-330.
144. Gélinas I, Gauthier L, McIntyre M, et al. Development of a functional measure for persons with Alzheimer's disease: the Disability Assessment for Dementia. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 1999;53:471-481.
145. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 2003;327:557-560.
146. Kumar V, Anand R, Messina J, Hartman R, Veach J. An efficacy and safety analysis of Exelon in Alzheimer's disease patients with concurrent vascular risk factors. European Journal of Neurology 2000; 7(2):159-169.
147. Loy C, Schneider L. Galantamine for Alzheimer's disease (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, 3, 2005. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
148. McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price D, Stadlan EM. Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDAWork Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology 1984;4:939-944.
149. Olin J, Schneider L. Galantamine for Alzheimer's disease (Cochrane Library). In: The Cochrane Library, 3, 2005. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
150. Panisset M, Roudier M, Saxton J, Boller F. Severe impairment battery. A neurological test for severely demented patients. Archives of Neurology 1994;51:41-45.
151. Reisberg B, Ferris SH, De Leon MJ, Crook T. the global deterioration sclae for assessment of primary degenerative dementia. Am J Psychiatry 1982;139:1136-1139.
152. Rosen WG, Mohs RC, Davis K. A new rating scale for Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry 1984;141:1356-1364.
153. Schneider LS, Olin JT, Doody RS, et al. Validity and reliability of the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study - Clinical Global Impression of Change. AD Assoc Dis 1997;11(suppl 2):S22-32.
154. Wimo A, Wetterholm AL, Mastey V, Winblad B. Evaluation of the healthcare resource utilization and caregiver time in anti-dementia drug trials. In: Wimo A, Jönsson B, Karlsson G, Winblad B editor(s). Health Economics in Dementia. Chichester: Wiley, 1998:465-477.