mTOR: A link from the extracellular milieu to transcriptional regulation of oligodendrocyte development

ASN Neuro

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 63-79

  Wood, Teresa L ^a   Bercury, Kathryn K ^b   Cifelli, Stacey E ^a   Mursch, Lauren E ^a   Min, Jungsoo ^a   Dai, Jinxiang ^b   Macklin, Wendy B ^b  

^a RUTGERS NEW JERSEY MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR); mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1); mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2); Myelin; Myelination; Oligodendrocyte

Indexed keywords

G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR 17; INHIBITOR OF DIFFERENTIATION 2; INHIBITOR OF DIFFERENTIATION 4; INHIBITOR OF DIFFERENTIATION PROTEIN; MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN; MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN INHIBITOR; NEU DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; PROTEIN KINASE B; RAPAMYCIN; SOMATOMEDIN; THYROID HORMONE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 7 LIKE 2; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR YY1; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL SURVIVAL; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMAN; INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING; LIPOGENESIS; MYELINATION; NERVE CELL DIFFERENTIATION; NONHUMAN; OLIGODENDROGLIA; ORGANOGENESIS; PROMOTER REGION; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION; WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY;

EID: 84876783653     PISSN: 17590914     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1042/AN20120092     Document Type: Review

References (203)

1. Ahlgren SC, Wallace H, Bishop J, Neophytou C, Raff MC (1997) Effects of thyroid hormone on embryonic oligodendrocyte precursor cell development in vivo and in vitro. Mol Cell Neurosci 9:420-432.
2. Almazan G, Honegger P, Matthieu JM (1985) Triiodothyronine stimulation of oligodendroglial differentiation and myelination. A developmental study. Dev Neurosci 7:45-54.
3. Araki K, Ellebedy AH, Ahmed R (2011) TOR in the immune system. Curr Opin Cell Biol 23:707-715.
4. Arulrajah S, Ertan G, Jordan L, Tekes A, Khaykin E, Izbudak I, Huisman TA (2009) Magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging of normal-appearing white matter in children and young adults with tuberous sclerosis complex. Neuroradiology 51:781-786.
5. Avruch J, Hara K, Lin Y, Liu M, Long X, Ortiz-Vega S, Yonezawa K (2006) Insulin and amino-acid regulation of mTOR signaling and kinase activity through the Rheb GTPase. Oncogene 25:6361-6372.
6. Balazs R, Brooksbank BW, Davison AN, Eayrs JT, Wilson DA (1969) The effect of neonatal thyroidectomy on myelination in the rat brain. Brain Res 15:219-232.
7. Baracho GV, Miletic AV, Omori SA, Cato MH, Rickert RC (2011) Emergence of the PI3-kinase pathway as a central modulator of normal and aberrant B cell differentiation. Curr Opin Immunol 23:178-183.
8. Baron W, Colognato H, ffrench-Constant C (2005) Integrin-growth factor interactions as regulators of oligodendroglial development and function. Glia 49:467-479.
9. Baron W, Decker L, Colognato H, ffrench-Constant C (2003) Regulation of integrin growth factor interactions in oligodendrocytes by lipid raft microdomains. Curr Biol 13:151-155.
10. Barres BA, Lazar MA, Raff MC (1994) A novel role for thyroid hormone, glucocorticoids and retinoic acid in timing oligodendrocyte development. Development 120:1097-1108.
11. Bateman JM, McNeill H (2004) Temporal control of differentiation by the insulin receptor/tor pathway in Drosophila. Cell 119:87-96.
12. Beck K, Powell-Braxton L, Widmer H, Valverde J, Hefti F (1995) Igf1 gene disruption results in reduced brain size, CNS hypomyelination, and loss of hippocampal granule and striatal parvalbumin-containing neurons. Neuron 14:717-730.
13. Bhat NR, Rao GS, Pieringer RA (1981) Investigations on myelination in vitro. Regulation of sulfolipid synthesis by thyroid hormone in cultures of dissociated brain cells from embryonic mice. J Biol Chem 256:1167-1171.
14. Bhat NR, Zhang P, Mohanty SB (2007) p38 MAP kinase regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation with CREB as a potential target. Neurochem Res 32:293-302.
15. Bhat NR, Sarlieve LL, Rao GS, Pieringer RA (1979) Investigations on myelination in vitro. Regulation by thyroid hormone in cultures of dissociated brain cells from embryonic mice. J Biol Chem 254:9342-9344.
16. Bibollet-Bahena O, Almazan G (2009) IGF-1-stimulated protein synthesis in oligodendrocyte progenitors requires PI3K/mTOR/Akt and MEK/ERK pathways. J Neurochem 109:1440-1451.
17. Bogazzi F, Hudson LD, Nikodem VM (1994) A novel heterodimerization partner for thyroid hormone receptor. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor. J Biol Chem 269:11683-11686.
18. Bottenstein J, Skaper S, Baron S, Sato G (1980) Selective survival of neurons from chick embryo sensory ganglionic dissociates utilizing serum-free supplemented medium. Exp Cell Res 125:183-190.
19. Brinkmann BG, Agarwal A, Sereda MW, Garratt AN, Muller T, Wende H, Stassart RM, Nawaz S, Humml C, Velanac V, Radyushkin K, Goebbels S, Fischer TM, Franklin RJ, Lai C, Ehrenreich H, Birchmeier C, Schwab MH, Nave KA (2008) Neuregulin-1/ErbB signaling serves distinct functions in myelination of the peripheral and central nervous system. Neuron 59:581-595.
20. Burden S, Yarden Y (1997) Neuregulins and their receptors: a versatile signaling module in organogenesis and oncogenesis. Neuron 18:847-855.
21. Canoll PD, Kraemer R, Teng KK, Marchionni MA, Salzer JL (1999) GGF/neuregulin induces a phenotypic reversion of oligodendrocytes. Mol Cell Neurosci 13:79-94.
22. Canoll PD, Musacchio JM, Hardy R, Reynolds R, Marchionni MA, Salzer JL (1996) GGF/neuregulin is a neuronal signal that promotes the proliferation and survival and inhibits the differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitors. Neuron 17:229-243.
23. Carson M, Behringer R, Brinster R, McMorris F (1993) Insulin-like growth factor I increases brain growth and central nervous system myelination in transgenic mice. Neuron 10:729-740.
24. Carson RP, Fu C, Winzenburger P, Ess KC (2013) Deletion of Rictor in neural progenitor cells reveals contributions of mTORC2 signaling to tuberous sclerosis complex. Hum Mol Genet 22:140-152.
25. Ceruti S, Vigano F, Boda E, Ferrario S, Magni G, Boccazzi M, Rosa P, Buffo A, Abbracchio MP (2011) Expression of the new P2Y-like receptor GPR17 during oligodendrocyte precursor cell maturation regulates sensitivity to ATP-induced death. Glia 59:363-378.
26. Chen CH, Sarbassov DD (2011) The mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) kinase maintains integrity of mTOR complex 2. J Biol Chem 286:40386-40394.
27. Chen XS, Zhang YH, Cai QY, Yao ZX (2012) ID2: a negative transcription factor regulating oligodendroglia differentiation. J Neurosci Res 90:925-932.
28. Chen Y, Wu H, Wang S, Koito H, Li J, Ye F, Hoang J, Escobar SS, Gow A, Arnett HA, Trapp BD, Karandikar NJ, Hsieh J, Lu QR (2009) The oligodendrocyte-specific G protein-coupled receptor GPR17 is a cell-intrinsic timer of myelination. Nat Neurosci 12:1398-1406.
29. Cheng X, Wang Y, He Q, Qiu M, Whittemore SR, Cao Q (2007) Bone morphogenetic protein signaling and olig1/2 interact to regulate the differentiation and maturation of adult oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Stem Cells 25:3204-3214.
30. Chew LJ, Coley W, Cheng Y, Gallo V (2010) Mechanisms of regulation of oligodendrocyte development by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. J Neurosci 30:11011-11027.
31. Cho HJ, Park J, Lee HW, Lee YS, Kim JB (2004) Regulation of adipocyte differentiation and insulin action with rapamycin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 321:942-948.
32. Colognato H, Tzvetanova ID (2011) Glia unglued: how signals from the extracellular matrix regulate the development of myelinating glia. Dev Neurobiol 71:924-955.
33. Coolican SA, Samuel DS, Ewton DZ, McWade FJ, Florini JR (1997) The mitogenic and myogenic actions of insulin-like growth factors utilize distinct signaling pathways. J Biol Chem 272:6653-6662.
34. Cotter L, Ozcelik M, Jacob C, Pereira JA, Locher V, Baumann R, Relvas JB, Suter U, Tricaud N (2010) Dlg1-PTEN interaction regulates myelin thickness to prevent damaging peripheral nerve overmyelination. Science 328:1415-1418.
35. Cui QL, Almazan G (2007) IGF-I-induced oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation requires PI3K/Akt, MEK/ERK, and Src-like tyrosine kinases. J Neurochem 100:1480-1493.
36. Cunningham JT, Rodgers JT, Arlow DH, Vazquez F, Mootha VK, Puigserver P (2007) mTOR controls mitochondrial oxidative function through a YY1-PGC-1alpha transcriptional complex. Nature 450:736-740.
37. Dalle Pezze P, Sonntag AG, Thien A, Prentzell MT, Godel M, Fischer S, Neumann-Haefelin E, Huber TB, Baumeister R, Shanley DP, Thedieck K (2012) A dynamic network model of mTOR signaling reveals TSC-independent mTORC2 regulation. Sci Signaling 5:ra25.
38. Dann SG, Thomas G (2006) The amino acid sensitive TOR pathway from yeast to mammals. FEBS Lett 580:2821-2829.
39. De Luca A, Maiello MR, D'Alessio A, Pergameno M, Normanno N (2012) The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK and the PI3K/AKT signalling pathways: role in cancer pathogenesis and implications for therapeutic approaches. Expert Opin Ther Targets 16 (Suppl 2):S17-S27.
40. Dibble CC, Asara JM, Manning BD (2009) Characterization of Rictor phosphorylation sites reveals direct regulation of mTOR complex 2 by S6K1. Mol Cell Biol 29:5657-5670.
41. Donohoe ME, Zhang X, McGinnis L, Biggers J, Li E, Shi Y (1999) Targeted disruption of mouse Yin Yang 1 transcription factor results in peri-implantation lethality. Mol Cell Biol 19:7237-7244.
42. Dudek H, Datta SR, Franke TF, Birnbaum MJ, Yao R, Cooper GM, Segal RA, Kaplan DR, Greenberg ME (1997) Regulation of neuronal survival by the serine-threonine protein kinase Akt. Science 275:661-665.
43. Dunlop EA, Tee AR (2009) Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1: signalling inputs, substrates and feedback mechanisms. Cell Signal 21:827-835.
44. Duvel K, Yecies JL, Menon S, Raman P, Lipovsky AI, Souza AL, Triantafellow E, Ma Q, Gorski R, Cleaver S, Vander Heiden MG, MacKeigan JP, Finan PM, Clish CB, Murphy LO, Manning BD (2010) Activation of a metabolic gene regulatory network downstream of mTOR complex 1. Mol Cell 39:171-183.
45. Ebner S, Dunbar M, McKinnon RD (2000) Distinct roles for PI3K in proliferation and survival of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. J Neurosci Res 62:336-345.
46. Emery B (2010a) Regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination. Science 330:779-782.
47. Emery B (2010b) Transcriptional and post-transcriptional control of CNS myelination. Curr Opin Neurobiol 20:601-607.
48. Eyermann C, Czaplinski K, Colognato H (2012) Dystroglycan promotes filopodial formation and process branching in differentiating oligodendroglia. J Neurochem 120:928-947.
49. Facchinetti V, Ouyang W, Wei H, Soto N, Lazorchak A, Gould C, Lowry C, Newton AC, Mao Y, Miao RQ, Sessa WC, Qin J, Zhang P, Su B, Jacinto E (2008) The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 controls folding and stability of Akt and protein kinase C. EMBO J 27:1932-1943.
50. Fancy SP, Baranzini SE, Zhao C, Yuk DI, Irvine KA, Kaing S, Sanai N, Franklin RJ, Rowitch DH (2009) Dysregulation of the Wnt pathway inhibits timely myelination and remyelination in the mammalian CNS. Genes Dev 23:1571-1585.
51. Fancy SP, Harrington EP, Yuen TJ, Silbereis JC, Zhao C, Baranzini SE, Bruce CC, Otero JJ, Huang EJ, Nusse R, Franklin RJ, Rowitch DH (2011) Axin2 as regulatory and therapeutic target in newborn brain injury and remyelination. Nat Neurosci 14:1009-1016.
52. Farsetti A, Mitsuhashi T, Desvergne B, Robbins J, Nikodem VM (1991) Molecular basis of thyroid hormone regulation of myelin basic protein gene expression in rodent brain. J Biol Chem 266:23226-23232.
53. Farsetti A, Desvergne B, Hallenbeck P, Robbins J, Nikodem VM (1992) Characterization of myelin basic protein thyroid hormone response element and its function in the context of native and heterologous promoter. J Biol Chem 267:15784-15788.
54. Fauquier T, Romero E, Picou F, Chatonnet F, Nguyen XN, Quignodon L, Flamant F (2011) Severe impairment of cerebellum development in mice expressing a dominant-negative mutation inactivating thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 isoform. Dev Biol 356:350-358.
55. Feigenson K, Reid M, See J, Crenshaw EB, 3rd, Grinspan JB (2009) Wnt signaling is sufficient to perturb oligodendrocyte maturation. Mol Cell Neurosci 42:255-265.
56. Feigenson K, Reid M, See J, Crenshaw EB, Grinspan JB (2011) Canonical Wnt signalling requires the BMP pathway to inhibit oligodendrocyte maturation. ASN NEURO 3(3):art:e00061.doi:10.1042/AN20110004.
57. Fernandez A, Yakar S, Stannard B, LeRoith D (2000) A dominant-negative insulin-like growth factor-I receptor in skeletal muscle causes early postnatal growth retardation in mice. In: Endocrine Society 82nd Annual Meeting, p.234. The Endocrine Society, Toronto, Canada.
58. Fishwick KJ, Li RA, Halley P, Deng P, Storey KG (2010) Initiation of neuronal differentiation requires PI3-kinase/TOR signalling in the vertebrate neural tube. Dev Biol 338:215-225.
59. Flores AI, Mallon BS, Matsui T, Ogawa W, Rosenzweig A, Okamoto T, Macklin WB (2000) Akt-mediated survival of oligodendrocytes induced by neuregulins. J Neurosci 20:7622-7630.
60. Flores AI, Narayanan SP, Morse EN, Shick HE, Yin X, Kidd G, Avila RL, Kirschner DA, Macklin WB (2008) Constitutively active Akt induces enhanced myelination in the CNS. J Neurosci 28:7174-7183.
61. Fragoso G, Haines JD, Roberston J, Pedraza L, Mushynski WE, Almazan G (2007) p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase is required for central nervous system myelination. Glia 55:1531-1541.
62. Franke TF, Kaplan DR, Cantley LC (1997) PI3K: downstream AKTion blocks apoptosis. Cell 88:435-437.
63. Franke TF, Yang SI, Chan TO, Datta K, Kazlauskas A, Morrison DK, Kaplan DR, Tsichlis PN (1995) The protein kinase encoded by the Akt proto-oncogene is a target of the PDGF-activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Cell 81:727-736.
64. Frederick TJ, Wood TL (2004) IGF-I and FGF-2 coordinately enhance cyclin D1 and cyclin E-cdk2 association and activity to promote G(1) progression in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 25:480-492.
65. Frederick TJ, Min J, Altieri SC, Mitchell NE, Wood TL (2007) Synergistic induction of cyclin D1 in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells by IGF-I and FGF-2 requires differential stimulation of multiple signaling pathways. Glia 55:1011-1022.
66. Fu H, Cai J, Clevers H, Fast E, Gray S, Greenberg R, Jain MK, Ma Q, Qiu M, Rowitch DH, Taylor CM, Stiles CD (2009) A genome-wide screen for spatially restricted expression patterns identifies transcription factors that regulate glial development. J Neurosci 29:11399-11408.
67. Fyffe-Maricich SL, Karlo JC, Landreth GE, Miller RH (2011) The ERK2 mitogen-activated protein kinase regulates the timing of oligodendrocyte differentiation. J Neurosci 31:843-850.
68. Gardner S, Anguiano M, Rotwein P (2012) Defining Akt actions in muscle differentiation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 303:C1292-C1300.
69. Goebbels S, Oltrogge JH, Kemper R, Heilmann I, Bormuth I, Wolfer S, Wichert SP, Mobius W, Liu X, Lappe-Siefke C, Rossner MJ, Groszer M, Suter U, Frahm J, Boretius S, Nave KA (2010) Elevated phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate in glia triggers cell-autonomous membrane wrapping and myelination. J Neurosci 30:8953-8964.
70. Gomes WA, Mehler MF, Kessler JA (2003) Transgenic overexpression of BMP4 increases astroglial and decreases oligodendroglial lineage commitment. Dev Biol 255:164-177.
71. Goto J, Talos DM, Klein P, Qin W, Chekaluk YI, Anderl S, Malinowska IA, Di Nardo A, Bronson RT, Chan JA, Vinters HV, Kernie SG, Jensen FE, Sahin M, Kwiatkowski DJ (2011) Regulable neural progenitor-specific Tsc1 loss yields giant cells with organellar dysfunction in a model of tuberous sclerosis complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:E1070-E1079.
72. Grinspan JB, Edell E, Carpio DF, Beesley JS, Lavy L, Pleasure D, Golden JA (2000) Stage-specific effects of bone morphogenetic proteins on the oligodendrocyte lineage. J Neurobiol 43:1-17.
73. Gu Y, Lindner J, Kumar A, Yuan W, Magnuson MA (2010) Rictor/mTORC2 is essential for maintaining a balance between beta-cell proliferation and cell size. Diabetes 60:827-837.
74. Guardiola-Diaz HM, Ishii A, Bansal R (2012) Erk1/2 MAPK and mTOR signaling sequentially regulates progression through distinct stages of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Glia 60:476-486.
75. Guertin DA, Guntur KV, Bell GW, Thoreen CC, Sabatini DM (2006a) Functional genomics identifies TOR-regulated genes that control growth and division. Curr Biol 16:958-970.
76. Guertin DA, Stevens DM, Thoreen CC, Burds AA, Kalaany NY, Moffat J, Brown M, Fitzgerald KJ, Sabatini DM (2006b) Ablation in mice of the mTORC components raptor, rictor, or mLST8 reveals that mTORC2 is required for signaling to Akt-FOXO and PKCalpha, but not S6K1. Dev Cell 11:859-871.
77. Guertin DA, Stevens DM, Saitoh M, Kinkel S, Crosby K, Sheen JH, Mullholland DJ, Magnuson MA, Wu H, Sabatini DM (2009) mTOR complex 2 is required for the development of prostate cancer induced by Pten loss in mice. Cancer Cell 15:148-159.
78. Haines JD, Fragoso G, Hossain S, Mushynski WE, Almazan G (2008) p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase regulates myelination. J Mol Neurosci 35:23-33.
79. Hannan KM, Brandenburger Y, Jenkins A, Sharkey K, Cavanaugh A, Rothblum L, Moss T, Poortinga G, McArthur GA, Pearson RB, Hannan RD (2003) mTOR-dependent regulation of ribosomal gene transcription requires S6K1 and is mediated by phosphorylation of the carboxy-terminal activation domain of the nucleolar transcription factor UBF. Mol Cell Biol 23:8862-8877.
80. Hara K, Maruki Y, Long X, Yoshino K, Oshiro N, Hidayat S, Tokunaga C, Avruch J, Yonezawa K (2002) Raptor, a binding partner of target of rapamycin (TOR), mediates TOR action. Cell 110:177-189.
81. Harrington EP, Zhao C, Fancy SP, Kaing S, Franklin RJ, Rowitch DH (2010) Oligodendrocyte PTEN is required for myelin and axonal integrity, not remyelination. Ann Neurol 68:703-716.
82. He Y, Casaccia-Bonnefil P (2008) The Yin and Yang of YY1 in the nervous system. J Neurochem 106:1493-1502.
83. He Y, Kim JY, Dupree J, Tewari A, Melendez-Vasquez C, Svaren J, Casaccia P (2010) Yy1 as a molecular link between neuregulin and transcriptional modulation of peripheral myelination. Nat Neurosci 13:1472-1480.
84. He Y, Dupree J, Wang J, Sandoval J, Li J, Liu H, Shi Y, Nave KA, Casaccia-Bonnefil P (2007) The transcription factor Yin Yang 1 is essential for oligodendrocyte progenitor differentiation. Neuron 55:217-230.
85. Hoshii T, Tadokoro Y, Naka K, Ooshio T, Muraguchi T, Sugiyama N, Soga T, Araki K, Yamamura K, Hirao A (2012) mTORC1 is essential for leukemia propagation but not stem cell self-renewal. J Clin Invest 122:2114-2129.
86. Hu JG, Fu SL, Wang YX, Li Y, Jiang XY, Wang XF, Qiu MS, Lu PH, Xu XM (2008) Platelet-derived growth factor-AA mediates oligodendrocyte lineage differentiation through activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathway. Neuroscience 151:138-147.
87. Huang J, Dibble CC, Matsuzaki M, Manning BD (2008) The TSC1-TSC2 complex is required for proper activation of mTOR complex 2. Mol Cell Biol 28:4104-4115.
88. Hudson CC, Liu M, Chiang GG, Otterness DM, Loomis DC, Kaper F, Giaccia AJ, Abraham RT (2002) Regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha expression and function by the mammalian target of rapamycin. Mol Cell Biol 22:7004-7014.
89. Huo Y, Iadevaia V, Proud CG (2011) Differing effects of rapamycin and mTOR kinase inhibitors on protein synthesis. Biochem Soc Trans 39:446-450.
90. Hwang M, Perez CA, Moretti L, Lu B (2008) The mTOR signaling network: insights from its role during embryonic development. Curr Med Chem 15:1192-1208.
91. Ikenoue T, Inoki K, Yang Q, Zhou X, Guan KL (2008) Essential function of TORC2 in PKC and Akt turn motif phosphorylation, maturation and signalling. EMBO J 27:1919-1931.
92. Ishii A, Fyffe-Maricich SL, Furusho M, Miller RH, Bansal R (2012) ERK1/ERK2 MAPK signaling is required to increase myelin thickness independent of oligodendrocyte differentiation and initiation of myelination. J Neurosci 32:8855-8864.
93. Jacinto E, Loewith R, Schmidt A, Lin S, Ruegg MA, Hall A, Hall MN (2004) Mammalian TOR complex 2 controls the actin cytoskeleton and is rapamycin insensitive. Nat Cell Biol 6:1122-1128.
94. Jiang F, Frederick TJ, Wood TL (2001) IGF-I synergizes with FGF-2 to stimulate oligodendrocyte progenitor entry into the cell cycle. Dev Biol 232:414-423.
95. Julien LA, Carriere A, Moreau J, Roux PP (2010) mTORC1-activated S6K1 phosphorylates Rictor on threonine 1135 and regulates mTORC2 signaling. Mol Cell Biol 30:908-921.
96. Kalaitzidis D, Sykes SM, Wang Z, Punt N, Tang Y, Ragu C, Sinha AU, Lane SW, Souza AL, Clish CB, Anastasiou D, Gilliland DG, Scadden DT, Guertin DA, Armstrong SA (2012) mTOR complex 1 plays critical roles in hematopoiesis and Pten-loss-evoked leukemogenesis. Cell Stem Cell 11:429-439.
97. Kantidakis T, Ramsbottom BA, Birch JL, Dowding SN, White RJ (2010) mTOR associates with TFIIIC, is found at tRNA and 5S rRNA genes, and targets their repressor Maf1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:11823-11828.
98. Kao SC, Wu H, Xie J, Chang CP, Ranish JA, Graef IA, Crabtree GR (2009) Calcineurin/NFAT signaling is required for neuregulin-regulated Schwann cell differentiation. Science 323:651-654.
99. Kasai M, Satoh K, Akiyama T (2005) Wnt signaling regulates the sequential onset of neurogenesis and gliogenesis via induction of BMPs. Genes Cells 10:777-783.
100. Kennedy SG, Wagner AJ, Conzen SD, Jordan J, Bellacosa A, Tsichlis PN, Hay N (1997) The PI 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway delivers an anti-apoptotic signal. Genes Dev 11:701-713.
101. Kim DH, Sarbassov DD, Ali SM, King JE, Latek RR, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Sabatini DM (2002) mTOR interacts with raptor to form a nutrient-sensitive complex that signals to the cell growth machinery. Cell 110:163-175.
102. Kim DH, Sarbassov DD, Ali SM, Latek RR, Guntur KV, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Sabatini DM (2003) GbetaL, a positive regulator of the rapamycin-sensitive pathway required for the nutrient-sensitive interaction between raptor and mTOR. Mol Cell 11:895-904.
103. Kim JE, Chen J (2004) regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma activity by mammalian target of rapamycin and amino acids in adipogenesis. Diabetes 53:2748-2756.
104. Kovacina KS, Park GY, Bae SS, Guzzetta AW, Schaefer E, Birnbaum MJ, Roth RA (2003) Identification of a proline-rich Akt substrate as a 14-3-3 binding partner. J Biol Chem 278:10189-10194.
105. Kumar A, Harris TE, Keller SR, Choi KM, Magnuson MA, Lawrence, Jr, JC (2008) Muscle-specific deletion of rictor impairs insulin-stimulated glucose transport and enhances Basal glycogen synthase activity. Mol Cell Biol 28:61-70.
106. Kumar A, Lawrence JC, Jr., Jung DY, Ko HJ, Keller SR, Kim JK, Magnuson MA, Harris TE (2010) Fat cell-specific ablation of rictor in mice impairs insulin-regulated fat cell and whole-body glucose and lipid metabolism. Diabetes 59:1397-1406.
107. Lafrenaye AD, Fuss B (2010) Focal adhesion kinase can play unique and opposing roles in regulating the morphology of differentiating oligodendrocytes. J Neurochem 115:269-282.
108. Lang CH, Frost RA, Bronson SK, Lynch CJ, Vary TC (2010) Skeletal muscle protein balance in mTOR heterozygous mice in response to inflammation and leucine. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 298:E1283-E1294.
109. Laplante M, Sabatini DM (2009) An emerging role of mTOR in lipid biosynthesis. Curr Biol 19:R1046-R1052.
110. Lee K, Gudapati P, Dragovic S, Spencer C, Joyce S, Killeen N, Magnuson MA, Boothby M (2010) Mammalian target of rapamycin protein complex 2 regulates differentiation of Th1 and Th2 cell subsets via distinct signaling pathways. Immunity 32:743-753.
111. Lehman JA, Gomez-Cambronero J (2002) Molecular crosstalk between p70S6k and MAPK cell signaling pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 293:463-469.
112. Lemke G (1996) Neuregulins in development. Mol Cell Neurosci 7:247-262.
113. LeRoith D, Werner H, Beitner-Johnson D, Roberts CJ (1995) Molecular and cellular aspects of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor. Endocr Rev 16:143-163.
114. Li H, He Y, Richardson WD, Casaccia P (2009) Two-tier transcriptional control of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Curr Opin Neurobiol 19:479-485.
115. Liang X, Draghi NA, Resh MD (2004) Signaling from integrins to Fyn to Rho family GTPases regulates morphologic differentiation of oligodendrocytes. J Neurosci 24:7140-7149.
116. Ligon KL, Fancy SP, Franklin RJ, Rowitch DH (2006) Olig gene function in CNS development and disease. Glia 54:1-10.
117. Liu L, Chen L, Chung J, Huang S (2008) Rapamycin inhibits F-actin reorganization and phosphorylation of focal adhesion proteins. Oncogene 27:4998-5010.
118. Liu Q, Chang JW, Wang J, Kang SA, Thoreen CC, Markhard A, Hur W, Zhang J, Sim T, Sabatini DM, Gray NS (2010) Discovery of 1-(4-(4-propionylpiperazin-1-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-9-(quinolin-3-yl)benz o[h][1,6]naphthyridin-2(1H)-one as a highly potent, selective mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor for the treatment of cancer. J Med Chem 53:7146-7155.
119. Liu Q, Kirubakaran S, Hur W, Niepel M, Westover K, Thoreen CC, Wang J, Ni J, Patricelli MP, Vogel K, Riddle S, Waller DL, Traynor R, Sanda T, Zhao Z, Kang SA, Zhao J, Look AT, Sorger PK, Sabatini DM, Gray NS (2012) Kinome-wide selectivity profiling of ATP-competitive mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors and characterization of their binding kinetics. J Biol Chem 287:9742-9752.
120. Lu QR, Sun T, Zhu Z, Ma N, Garcia M, Stiles CD, Rowitch DH (2002) Common developmental requirement for Olig function indicates a motor neuron/oligodendrocyte connection. Cell 109:75-86.
121. Mabie PC, Mehler MF, Marmur R, Papavasiliou A, Song Q, Kessler JA (1997) Bone morphogenetic proteins induce astroglial differentiation of oligodendroglial-astroglial progenitor cells. J Neurosci 17:4112-4120.
122. Makki MI, Chugani DC, Janisse J, Chugani HT (2007) Characteristics of abnormal diffusivity in normal-appearing white matter investigated with diffusion tensor MR imaging in tuberous sclerosis complex. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 28:1662-1667.
123. Marin-Husstege M, He Y, Li J, Kondo T, Sablitzky F, Casaccia-Bonnefil P (2006) Multiple roles of Id4 in developmental myelination: predicted outcomes and unexpected findings. Glia 54:285-296.
124. Maurel P, Salzer JL (2000) Axonal regulation of Schwann cell proliferation and survival and the initial events of myelination requires PI 3-kinase activity. J Neurosci 20:4635-4645.
125. McCarthy K, de Vellis J (1980) Preparation of separate astroglial and oligodendroglial cell cultures from rat cerebral tissue. J Cell Biol 85:890-902.
126. McMorris F, McKinnon R (1996) Regulation of oligodendrocyte development and CNS myelination by growth factors: Prospects for therapy of demyelinating disease. Brain Pathol 6:313-329.
127. McMorris F, Smith T, DeSalvo S, Furlanetto R (1986) Insulin-like growth factor I/somatomedin C: a potent inducer of oligodendrocyte development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:822-826.
128. McMorris F, Mozell R, Carson M, Shinar Y, Meyer R, Marchetti N (1993) Regulation of oligodendrocyte development and central nervous system myelination by insulin-like growth factors. Ann New York Acad Sci 692:321-334.
129. Mekki-Dauriac S, Agius E, Kan P, Cochard P (2002) Bone morphogenetic proteins negatively control oligodendrocyte precursor specification in the chick spinal cord. Development 129:5117-5130.
130. Mendoza MC, Er EE, Blenis J (2011) The Ras-ERK and PI3K-mTOR pathways: cross-talk and compensation. Trends Biochem Sci 36:320-328.
131. Michailov GV, Sereda MW, Brinkmann BG, Fischer TM, Haug B, Birchmeier C, Role L, Lai C, Schwab MH, Nave KA (2004) Axonal neuregulin-1 regulates myelin sheath hickness. Science 304:700-703.
132. Michlewski G, Sanford JR, Caceres JF (2008) The splicing factor SF2/ASF regulates translation initiation by enhancing phosphorylation of 4E-BP1. Mol Cell 30:179-189.
133. Miller RH (2002) Regulation of oligodendrocyte development in the vertebrate CNS. Prog Neurobiol 67:451-467.
134. Min J, Singh S, Fitzgerald-Bocarsly P, Wood TL (2012) Insulin-like growth factor I regulates G2/M progression through mammalian target of rapamycin signaling in oligodendrocyte progenitors. Glia 60:1684-1695.
135. Narayanan SP, Flores AI, Wang F, Macklin WB (2009) Akt signals through the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway to regulate CNS myelination. J Neurosci 29:6860-6870.
136. Nave KA, Salzer JL (2006) Axonal regulation of myelination by neuregulin 1. Curr Opin Neurobiol 16:492-500.
137. Ness JK, Wood TL (2002) Insulin-like growth factor I, but not neurotrophin-3, sustains Akt activation and provides long-term protection of immature oligodendrocytes from glutamate-mediated apoptosis. Mol Cell Neurosci 20:476-488.
138. Ness JK, Mitchell NE, Wood TL (2002) IGF-I and NT-3 signaling pathways in developing oligodendrocytes: differential regulation and activation of receptors and the downstream effector Akt. Dev Neurosci 24:437-445.
139. Ness JK, Scaduto, Jr, RC, Wood TL (2004) IGF-I prevents glutamate-mediated bax translocation and cytochrome C release in O4+ oligodendrocyte progenitors. Glia 46:183-194.
140. Newbern J, Birchmeier C (2010) Nrg1/ErbB signaling networks in Schwann cell development and myelination. Semin Cell Dev Biol 21:922-928.
141. Parekh D, Ziegler W, Yonezawa K, Hara K, Parker PJ (1999) Mammalian TOR controls one of two kinase pathways acting upon nPKCdelta and nPKCepsilon. J Biol Chem 274:34758-34764.
142. Pearce LR, Komander D, Alessi DR (2010) The nuts and bolts of AGC protein kinases. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 11:9-22.
143. Pearce LR, Sommer EM, Sakamoto K, Wullschleger S, Alessi DR (2011) Protor-1 is required for efficient mTORC2-mediated activation of SGK1 in the kidney. Biochem J 436:169-179.
144. Pearce LR, Huang X, Boudeau J, Pawlowski R, Wullschleger S, Deak M, Ibrahim AF, Gourlay R, Magnuson MA, Alessi DR (2007) Identification of Protor as a novel Rictor-binding component of mTOR complex-2. Biochem J 405:513-522.
145. Peng T, Golub TR, Sabatini DM (2002) The immunosuppressant rapamycin mimics a starvation-like signal distinct from amino acid and glucose deprivation. Mol Cell Biol 22:5575-5584.
146. Peterson TR, Sengupta SS, Harris TE, Carmack AE, Kang SA, Balderas E, Guertin DA, Madden KL, Carpenter AE, Finck BN, Sabatini DM (2011) mTOR complex 1 regulates lipin 1 localization to control the SREBP pathway. Cell 146:408-420.
147. Pfeiffer SE, Warrington AE, Bansal R (1993) The oligodendrocyte and its many cellular processes. Trends Cell Biol 3:191-197.
148. Picou F, Fauquier T, Chatonnet F, Flamant F (2012) A bimodal influence of thyroid hormone on cerebellum oligodendrocyte differentiation. Mol Endocrinol 26:608-618.
149. Porstmann T, Santos CR, Griffiths B, Cully M, Wu M, Leevers S, Griffiths JR, Chung YL, Schulze A (2008) SREBP activity is regulated by mTORC1 and contributes to Akt-dependent cell growth. Cell Metab 8:224-236.
150. Rajasekharan S, Bin JM, Antel JP, Kennedy TE (2010) A central role for RhoA during oligodendroglial maturation in the switch from netrin-1-mediated chemorepulsion to process elaboration. J Neurochem 113:1589-1597.
151. Risson V, Mazelin L, Roceri M, Sanchez H, Moncollin V, Corneloup C, Richard-Bulteau H, Vignaud A, Baas D, Defour A, Freyssenet D, Tanti JF, Le-Marchand-Brustel Y, Ferrier B, Conjard-Duplany A, Romanino K, Bauche S, Hantai D, Mueller M, Kozma SC, Thomas G, Ruegg MA, Ferry A, Pende M, Bigard X, Koulmann N, Schaeffer L, Gangloff YG (2009) Muscle inactivation of mTOR causes metabolic and dystrophin defects leading to severe myopathy. J Cell Biol 187:859-874.
152. Rodriguez-Pena A (1999) Oligodendrocyte development and thyroid hormone. J Neurobiol 40:497-512.
153. Romanelli RJ, Mahajan KR, Fulmer CG, Wood TL (2009) Insulin-like growth factor-I-stimulated Akt phosphorylation and oligodendrocyte progenitor cell survival require cholesterol-enriched membranes. J Neurosci Res 87:3369-3377.
154. Romanelli RJ, Lebeau AP, Fulmer CG, Lazzarino DA, Hochberg A, Wood TL (2007) IGF type-I receptor internalization and recycling mediate the sustained phosphorylation of AKT. J Biol Chem 282:22513-22524.
155. Rosner M, Hengstschlager M (2008) Cytoplasmic and nuclear distribution of the protein complexes mTORC1 and mTORC2: rapamycin triggers dephosphorylation and delocalization of the mTORC2 components rictor and sin1. Hum Mol Genet 17:2934-2948.
156. Rowitch DH (2004) Glial specification in the vertebrate neural tube. Nat Rev Neurosci 5:409-419.
157. Rowitch DH, Lu QR, Kessaris N, Richardson WD (2002) An 'oligarchy' rules neural development. Trends Neurosci 25:417-422.
158. Saher G, Brugger B, Lappe-Siefke C, Mobius W, Tozawa R, Wehr MC, Wieland F, Ishibashi S, Nave KA (2005) High cholesterol level is essential for myelin membrane growth. Nat Neurosci 8:468-475.
159. Saito M, Chakraborty G, Mao RF, Vadasz C (2009) Developmental profiles of lipogenic enzymes and their regulators in the neonatal mouse brain. Neurochem Res 34:1945-1954.
160. Samanta J, Kessler JA (2004) Interactions between ID and OLIG proteins mediate the inhibitory effects of BMP4 on oligodendroglial differentiation. Development 131:4131-4142.
161. Sancak Y, Thoreen CC, Peterson TR, Lindquist RA, Kang SA, Spooner E, Carr SA, Sabatini DM (2007) PRAS40 is an insulin-regulated inhibitor of the mTORC1 protein kinase. Mol Cell 25:903-915.
162. Sarbassov DD, Peterson CA (1998) Insulin receptor substrate-1 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulate extracellular signal-regulated kinase-dependent and -independent signaling pathways during myogenic differentiation. Mol Endocrinol 12:1870-1878.
163. Sarbassov DD, Ali SM, Sabatini DM (2005a) Growing roles for the mTOR pathway. Curr Opin Cell Biol 17:596-603.
164. Sarbassov DD, Guertin DA, Ali SM, Sabatini DM (2005b) Phosphorylation and regulation of Akt/PKB by the rictor-mTOR complex. Science 307:1098-1101.
165. Sarbassov DD, Ali SM, Kim DH, Guertin DA, Latek RR, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Sabatini DM (2004) Rictor, a novel binding partner of mTOR, defines a rapamycin-insensitive and raptor-independent pathway that regulates the cytoskeleton. Curr Biol 14:1296-1302.
166. Sarbassov DD, Ali SM, Sengupta S, Sheen JH, Hsu PP, Bagley AF, Markhard AL, Sabatini DM (2006) Prolonged rapamycin treatment inhibits mTORC2 assembly and Akt/PKB. Mol Cell 22:159-168.
167. Sarlieve LL, Rodriguez-Pena A, Langley K (2004) Expression of thyroid hormone receptor isoforms in the oligodendrocyte lineage. Neurochem Res 29:903-922.
168. See J, Zhang X, Eraydin N, Mun SB, Mamontov P, Golden JA, Grinspan JB (2004) Oligodendrocyte maturation is inhibited by bone morphogenetic protein. Mol Cell Neurosci 26:481-492.
169. Sekulic A, Hudson CC, Homme JL, Yin P, Otterness DM, Karnitz LM, Abraham RT (2000) A direct linkage between the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-AKT signaling pathway and the mammalian target of rapamycin in mitogen-stimulated and transformed cells. Cancer Res 60:3504-3513.
170. Sengupta S, Peterson TR, Laplante M, Oh S, Sabatini DM (2010) mTORC1 controls fasting-induced ketogenesis and its modulation by ageing. Nature 468:1100-1104.
171. Sherman DL, Krols M, Wu LM, Grove M, Nave KA, Gangloff YG, Brophy PJ (2012) Arrest of myelination and reduced axon growth when Schwann cells lack mTOR. J Neurosci 32:1817-1825.
172. Shimizu T, Kagawa T, Wada T, Muroyama Y, Takada S, Ikenaka K (2005) Wnt signaling controls the timing of oligodendrocyte development in the spinal cord. Dev Biol 282:397-410.
173. Shor B, Wu J, Shakey Q, Toral-Barza L, Shi C, Follettie M, Yu K (2010) Requirement of the mTOR kinase for the regulation of Maf1 phosphorylation and control of RNA polymerase III-dependent transcription in cancer cells. J Biol Chem 285:15380-15392.
174. Siuta MA, Robertson SD, Kocalis H, Saunders C, Gresch PJ, Khatri V, Shiota C, Kennedy JP, Lindsley CW, Daws LC, Polley DB, Veenstra-Vanderweele J, Stanwood GD, Magnuson MA, Niswender KD, Galli A (2010) Dysregulation of the norepinephrine transporter sustains cortical hypodopaminergia and schizophrenia-like behaviors in neuronal rictor null mice. PLoS Biol 8:e1000393.
175. Soliman GA, Acosta-Jaquez HA, Dunlop EA, Ekim B, Maj NE, Tee AR, Fingar DC (2010) mTOR Ser-2481 autophosphorylation monitors mTORC-specific catalytic activity and clarifies rapamycin mechanism of action. J Biol Chem 285:7866-7879.
176. Song J, Goetz BD, Baas PW, Duncan ID (2001) Cytoskeletal reorganization during the formation of oligodendrocyte processes and branches. Mol Cell Neurosci 17:624-636.
177. Sparks CA, Guertin DA (2010) Targeting mTOR: prospects for mTOR complex 2 inhibitors in cancer therapy. Oncogene 29:3733-3744.
178. Takebayashi H, Nabeshima Y, Yoshida S, Chisaka O, Ikenaka K (2002) The basic helix-loop-helix factor olig2 is essential for the development of motoneuron and oligodendrocyte lineages. Curr Biol 12:1157-1163.
179. Tang F, Wu Q, Ikenoue T, Guan KL, Liu Y, Zheng P (2012) A critical role for Rictor in T lymphopoiesis. J Immunol 189:1850-1857.
180. Taveggia C, Thaker P, Petrylak A, Caporaso GL, Toews A, Falls DL, Einheber S, Salzer JL (2008) Type III neuregulin-1 promotes oligodendrocyte myelination. Glia 56:284-293.
181. Thoreen CC, Kang SA, Chang JW, Liu Q, Zhang J, Gao Y, Reichling LJ, Sim T, Sabatini DM, Gray NS (2009) An ATP-competitive mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor reveals rapamycin-resistant functions of mTORC1. J Biol Chem 284:8023-8032.
182. Tyler WA, Gangoli N, Gokina P, Kim HA, Covey M, Levison SW, Wood TL (2009) Activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is essential for oligodendrocyte differentiation. J Neurosci 29:6367-6378.
183. Tyler WA, Jain MR, Cifelli SE, Li Q, Ku L, Feng Y, Li H, Wood TL (2011) Proteomic identification of novel targets regulated by the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway during oligodendrocyte differentiation. Glia 59:1754-1769.
184. Vander Haar E, Lee SI, Bandhakavi S, Griffin TJ, Kim DH (2007) Insulin signalling to mTOR mediated by the Akt/PKB substrate PRAS40. Nat Cell Biol 9:316-323.
185. Vartanian T, Goodearl A, Viehover A, Fischbach G (1997) Axonal neuregulin signals cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage through activation of HER4 and Schwann cells through HER2 and HER3. J Cell Biol 137:211-220.
186. Verga Falzacappa C, Petrucci E, Patriarca V, Michienzi S, Stigliano A, Brunetti E, Toscano V, Misiti S (2007) Thyroid hormone receptor TRbeta1 mediates Akt activation by T3 in pancreatic beta cells. J Mol Endocrinol 38:221-233.
187. Wang BT, Ducker GS, Barczak AJ, Barbeau R, Erle DJ, Shokat KM (2011) The mammalian target of rapamycin regulates cholesterol biosynthetic gene expression and exhibits a rapamycin-resistant transcriptional profile. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:15201-15206.
188. Wang S, Sdrulla A, Johnson JE, Yokota Y, Barres BA (2001) A role for the helix-loop-helix protein Id2 in the control of oligodendrocyte development. Neuron 29:603-614.
189. Wegner M (2008) A matter of identity: transcriptional control in oligodendrocytes. J Mol Neurosci 35:3-12.
190. White ES, Sagana RL, Booth AJ, Yan M, Cornett AM, Bloomheart CA, Tsui JL, Wilke CA, Moore BB, Ritzenthaler JD, Roman J, Muro AF (2010) Control of fibroblast fibronectin expression and alternative splicing via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Exp Cell Res 316:2644-2653.
191. Willis IM, Moir RD (2007) Integration of nutritional and stress signaling pathways by Maf1. Trends Biochem Sci 32:51-53.
192. Wullschleger S, Loewith R, Hall MN (2006) TOR signaling in growth and metabolism. Cell 124:471-484.
193. Yang Q, Inoki K, Ikenoue T, Guan KL (2006a) Identification of Sin1 as an essential TORC2 component required for complex formation and kinase activity. Genes Dev 20:2820-2832.
194. Yang Q, Inoki K, Kim E, Guan KL (2006b) TSC1/TSC2 and Rheb have different effects on TORC1 and TORC2 activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:6811-6816.
195. Ye F, Chen Y, Hoang T, Montgomery RL, Zhao XH, Bu H, Hu T, Taketo MM, van Es JH, Clevers H, Hsieh J, Bassel-Duby R, Olson EN, Lu QR (2009) HDAC1 and HDAC2 regulate oligodendrocyte differentiation by disrupting the beta-catenin-TCF interaction. Nat Neurosci 12:829-838.
196. Ye P, Carson J, D'Ercole AJ (1995) In vivo actions of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on brain myelination: studies of IGF-I and IGF binding protein (IGFBP-1) transgenic mice. J Neurosci 15:7344-7356.
197. Ye P, Li L, Richards G, DiAugustine RP, D'Ercole AJ (2002) Myelination is altered in insulin-like growth factor-I null mutant mice. J Neurosci 22:6041-6051.
198. Yuan M, Pino E, Wu L, Kacergis M, Soukas AA (2012) Identification of Akt-independent regulation of hepatic lipogenesis by mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 2. J Biol Chem 287:29579-29588.
199. Zaka M, Rafi MA, Rao HZ, Luzi P, Wenger DA (2005) Insulin-like growth factor-1 provides protection against psychosine-induced apoptosis in cultured mouse oligodendrocyte progenitor cells using primarily the PI3K/Akt pathway. Mol Cell Neurosci 30:398-407.
200. Zeger M, Popken G, Zhang J, Xuan S, Lu QR, Schwab MH, Nave KA, Rowitch D, D'Ercole AJ, Ye P (2007) Insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor signaling in the cells of oligodendrocyte lineage is required for normal in vivo oligodendrocyte development and myelination. Glia 55:400-411.
201. Zhou Q, Anderson DJ (2002) The bHLH transcription factors OLIG2 and OLIG1 couple neuronal and glial subtype specification. Cell 109:61-73.
202. Zolova OE, Wight PA (2011) YY1 negatively regulates mouse myelin proteolipid protein (Plp1) gene expression in oligodendroglial cells. ASN NEURO 3:art:e00067, doi:10.1042/AN20110021.
203. Zou J, Zhou L, Du XX, Ji Y, Xu J, Tian J, Jiang W, Zou Y, Yu S, Gan L, Luo M, Yang Q, Cui Y, Yang W, Xia X, Chen M, Zhao X, Shen Y, Chen PY, Worley PF, Xiao B (2011) Rheb1 is required for mTORC1 and myelination in postnatal brain development. Dev Cell 20:97-108.