Nutritional challenges and health implications of takeaway and fast food

Nutrition Reviews

Volumn 71, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 310-318

  Jaworowska, Agnieszka ^a   Blackham, Toni ^a   Davies, Ian G ^a   Stevenson, Leonard ^a  

^a LIVERPOOL JOHN MOORES UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Chronic disease; Dietary intake; Fast food; Takeaway food

Indexed keywords

SATURATED FATTY ACID; TRANS FATTY ACID;

ARTICLE; BODY MASS; BODY WEIGHT; ENERGY CONSUMPTION; ENERGY EXPENDITURE; FAST FOOD; FAT INTAKE; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FOOD INTAKE; HEALTH; HUMAN; MEDLINE; NUTRIENT; NUTRITION; NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT; OBESITY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PUBLIC HEALTH; RISK FACTOR; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

CHRONIC DISEASE; DIETARY FATS; ENERGY INTAKE; FAST FOODS; HEALTH STATUS; HUMANS; NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; NUTRITIVE VALUE; OBESITY;

EID: 84876440399     PISSN: 00296643     EISSN: 17534887     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/nure.12031     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Jabs JT, Devine CM. Time scarcity and food choices: an overview. Appetite. 2006;47:196-204.
2. Naska A, Fouskakis D, Oikonomou E, etal. Dietary patterns and their socio-demographic determinants in 10 European countries: data from the DAFNE databank. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60:181-190.
3. Uauy R, Monteiro CA. The challenge of improving food and nutrition in Latin America. Food Nutr Bull. 2004;25:175-182.
4. Kearney J. Food consumption trends and drivers. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2010;365:2793-2807.
5. Bowers DE. Cooking trends echo changing roles of women. Food Rev. 2000;23:23-29.
6. Hawkes C. Marketing activities of global soft drink and fast food companies in emerging markets: a review. In: Globalization, Diets and Noncommunicable Diseases. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2002. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/9241590416.pdf. Accessed 27 November 2011.
7. Jekanowski MD. Causes and consequences of fast food sales growth. Food Rev. 1999;22:11-16.
8. Denton SL. Adding eldercare questions to the American Time Use Survey. Monthly Labor Review Online. November 2012. Available at: http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2012/11/art3full.pdf. Accessed 21 March 2013.
9. Orfanos P, Naska A, Trichopoulos D, etal. Eating out of home and its correlates in 10 European countries. The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Public Health Nutr. 2007;10:1515-1525.
10. Guthrie JF, Lin BH, Frazao E. Role of food prepared away from home in the American diet, 1977-78 versus 1994-96: changes and consequences. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2002;34:140-150.
11. Food Standards Agency. Consumer Attitudes to Food Standards: Wave 8. January 2008; Available at: http://tna.europarchive.org/20111116080332/http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/cas2007ukreport.pdf. Accessed 23 March 2013.
12. Smith KJ, McNaughton SA, Gall SL, etal. Takeaway food consumption and its associations with diet quality and abdominal obesity: a cross-sectional study of young adults. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2009;6:29.
13. Paeratakul S, Ferdinand DP, Champagne CM, etal. Fast-food consumption among US adults and children: dietary and nutrient intake profile. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:1332-1338.
14. French SA, Story M, Neumark-Sztainer D, etal. Fast food restaurant use among adolescents: associations with nutrient intake, food choices and behavioural and psychosocial variables. Int J Obes. 2001;25:1823-1833.
15. Cimadon HM, Geremia R, Pellanda LC. Dietary habits and risk factors for atherosclerosis in students from Bento Gonçalves (state of Rio Grande do Sul). Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;95:166-172.
16. Poti JM, Popkin BM. Trends in energy intake among US children by eating location and food source, 1977-2006. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011;111:1156-1164.
17. World Health Organization. Diet, Nutrition, and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. Technical Report Series 916. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2003.
18. Pereira MA, Kartashov AI, Ebbeling CB, etal. Fast-food habits, weight gain, and insulin resistance (the CARDIA study): 15-year prospective analysis. Lancet. 2005;365:36-42.
19. Bowman SA, Vinyard BT. Fast food consumption of U.S. adults: impact on energy and nutrient intakes and overweight status. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004;23:163-168.
20. Duffey KJ, Gordon-Larsen P, Jacobs DR Jr, etal. Differential associations of fast food and restaurant food consumption with 3-y change in body mass index. The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85:201-208.
21. Krishnan S, Coogan PF, Boggs DA, etal. Consumption of restaurant foods and incidence of type 2 diabetes in African American women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91:465-471.
22. Duffey KJ, Gordon-Larsen P, Steffen LM, etal. Regular consumption from fast food establishments relative to other restaurants is differentially associated with metabolic outcomes in young adults. J Nutr. 2009;139:2113-2118.
23. Clemens LH, Slawson DL, Klesges RC. The effect of eating out on quality of diet in premenopausal women. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99:442-444.
24. Bowman SA, Gortmaker SL, Ebbeling CB, etal. Effects of fast-food consumption on energy intake and diet quality among children in a national household survey. Pediatrics. 2004;113:112-118.
25. Rolls BJ, Bell EA, Castellanos VH, etal. Energy density but not fat content of foods affected energy intake in lean and obese women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:863-871.
26. Bell EA, Castellanos VH, Pelkman CL, etal. Energy density of foods affects energy intake in normal-weight women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;67:412-420.
27. Rolls BJ. The role of energy density in the overconsumption of fat. J Nutr. 2000;130(2S Suppl):S268-S271.
28. Seagle H, Davy B, Grunwald G, etal. Energy density of self-reported food intake: variation and relationship to other food components [Abstract]. Obes Res. 1997;5:78S.
29. Poppitt SD, Prentice AM. Energy density and its role in the control of food intake: evidence from metabolic and community studies. Appetite. 1996;26:153-174.
30. Stubbs RJ, Harbron CG, Prentice AM. Covert manipulation of the dietary fat to carbohydrate ratio of isoenergetically dense diets: effect on food intake in feeding men ad libitum. Int J Obes. 1996;20:651-660.
31. Saltzman E, Dallal GE, Roberts SB. Effect of high-fat and low-fat diets on voluntary energy intake and substrate oxidation: studies in identical twins consuming diets matched for energy density, fiber and palatability. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;66:1332-1339.
32. Burns C, Jackson M, Gibbons C, etal. Foods prepared outside the home: association with selected nutrients and body mass index in adult Australians. Public Health Nutr. 2002;5:441-448.
33. Schröder H, Fïto M, Covas MI. Association of fast food consumption with energy intake, diet quality, body mass index and the risk of obesity in a representative Mediterranean population. Br J Nutr. 2007;98:1274-1280.
34. Kjøllesdal MR, Holmboe-Ottesen G, Wandel M. Frequent use of staff canteens is associated with unhealthy dietary habits and obesity in a Norwegian adult population. Public Health Nutr. 2010;14:133-141.
35. Rouhani MH, Mirseifinezhad M, Omrani N, etal. Fast food consumption, quality of diet, and obesity among Isfahanian adolescent girls. J Obes. 2012;No. 2012: doi:10.1155/2012/597924.
36. French SA, Harnack L, Jeffery RW. Fast food restaurant use among women in the Pound of Prevention study: dietary, behavioral and demographic correlates. Int J Obes. 2000;24:1353-1359.
37. Christiansen E, Garby L, Sorensen TI. Quantitative analysis of the energy requirements for development of obesity. J Theor Biol. 2005;234:99-106.
38. Ball K, Brown W, Crawford D. Who does not gain weight? Prevalence and predictors of weight maintenance in young women. Int J Obes. 2002;26:1570-1578.
39. Prentice AM, Jebb SA. Fast foods, energy density and obesity: a possible mechanistic link. Obes Rev. 2003;4:187-194.
40. Isganaitis E, Lustig RH. Fast food, central nervous system insulin resistance, and obesity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25:2451-2462.
41. Bauer KW, Hearst MO, Earnest AA, etal. Energy content of U.S. fast-food restaurant offerings: 14-year trends. Am J Prev Med. 2012;43:490-497.
42. Mancino L, Todd J, Lin BH. Separating what we eat from where: measuring the effect of food away from home on diet quality. Food Policy. 2009;34:557-562.
43. Alfieri M, Pomerleau J, Grace DM. A comparison of fat intake of normal weight, moderately obese and severely obese subjects. Obes Surg. 1997;7:9-15.
44. Satia-Abouta J, Patterson RE, Schiller RN, etal. Energy from fat is associated with obesity in U.S. men: results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. Prev Med. 2002;34:493-501.
45. Larson DE, Hunter GR, Williams MJ, etal. Dietary fat in relation to body fat and intraabdominal adipose tissue: a cross-sectional analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;64:677-684.
46. Cotton JR, Burley VJ, Weststrate JA, etal. Dietary fat and appetite: similarities and differences in the satiating effect of meals supplemented with either fat or carbohydrate. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2007;20:186-199.
47. Bennett C, Reed GW, Peters JC, etal. Short-term effects of dietary-fat ingestion on energy expenditure and nutrient balance. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;55:1071-1077.
48. Horton TJ, Drougas H, Brachey A, etal. Fat and carbohydrate overfeeding in humans: different effects on energy storage. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995;62:19-29.
49. Raben A, Agerholm-Larsen L, Flint A, etal. Meals with similar energy densities but rich in protein, fat, carbohydrate, or alcohol have different effects on energy expenditure and substrate metabolism but not on appetite and energy intake. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77:91-100.
50. Griffiths AJ, Humphreys SM, Clark ML, etal. Immediate metabolic availability of dietary fat in combination with carbohydrate. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;59:53-59.
51. Lammert O, Grunnet N, Faber P, etal. Effects of isoenergetic overfeeding of either carbohydrate or fat in young men. Br J Nutr. 2000;84:233-245.
52. Warwick ZS, Schiffman SS. Role of dietary fat in calorie intake and weight gain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1992;16:585-596.
53. Zandstra EH, De Graaf C, Meal DJ, etal. Short- and long-term effects of changes in pleasantness on food intake. Appetite. 2000;34:253-260.
54. De Castro JM, Bellisle F, Dalix A, etal. Palatability and intake relationship in free-living humans: characterization and independence of influence in North Americans. Physiol Behav. 2000;70:343-350.
55. De Castro JM, Bellisle F, Dalix A. Palatability and intake relationships in free-living humans: measurement and characterization in the French. Physiol Behav. 2000;68:271-277.
56. Yeomans MR, Gray RW, Mitchell CJ, etal. Independent effects of palatability and within-meal pauses on intake and appetite ratings in human volunteers. Appetite. 1997;29:61-76.
57. Sørensen LB, Møller P, Flint A, etal. Effect of sensory perception of foods on appetite and food intake: a review of studies on humans. Int J Obes. 2003;27:1152-1166.
58. Hunter JE, Zhang J, Kris-Etherton PM. Cardiovascular disease risk of dietary stearic acid compared with trans, other saturated, and unsaturated fatty acids: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91:46-63.
59. Mensink RP, Zock PL, Kester AD, etal. Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77:1146-1155.
60. Parodi PW. Has the association between saturated fatty acids, serum cholesterol and coronary heart disease been over emphasized? Int Dairy J. 2009;19:345-361.
61. Astrup A, Dyerberg J, Elwood P, etal. The role of reducing intakes of saturated fat in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: where does the evidence stand in 2010? Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93:684-688.
62. Risérus U, Willett WC, Hu FB. Dietary fats and prevention of type 2 diabetes. Prog Lipid Res. 2009;48:44-51.
63. Thanopoulou AC, Karamanos BG, Angelico FV, etal. Dietary fat intake as risk factor for the development of diabetes: multinational, multicenter study of the Mediterranean Group for the Study of Diabetes (MGSD). Diabetes Care. 2003;26:302-307.
64. Wang L, Folsom AR, Zheng ZJ, etal. Plasma fatty acid composition and incidence of diabetes in middle-aged adults: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78:91-98.
65. Siri-Tarino PW, Sun Q, Hu FB, etal. Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies evaluating the association of saturated fat with cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91:535-546.
66. Kurahashi N, Inoue M, Iwasaki M, etal. Dairy product, saturated fatty acid, and calcium intake and prostate cancer in a prospective cohort of Japanese men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008;17:930-937.
67. Gerber M. Background review paper on total fat, fatty acid intake and cancers. Ann Nutr Metab. 2009;55:140-161.
68. Matthäus B. Use of palm oil for frying in comparison with other high-stability oils. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol. 2007;109:400-409.
69. Berger KG. The use of palm oil in frying. In: Frying Oil Series. Selangor, Malaysia; Malaysian Palm Oil Promotion Council. Available at: http://www.americanpalmoil.com/publications/Palm%20Oil%20in%20Frying.pdf. Accessed 22 March 2013.
70. Vega-López S, Ausman LM, Jalbert SM, etal. Palm and partially hydrogenated soybean oils adversely alter lipoprotein profiles compared with soybean and canola oils in moderately hyperlipidemic subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84:54-62.
71. Vessby B, Uusitupa M, Hermansen K, etal. Substituting dietary saturated for monounsaturated fat impairs insulin sensitivity in healthy men and women: the KANWU Study. Diabetologia. 2001;44:312-319.
72. Stender S, Dyerberg J, Astrup A. Fast food: unfriendly and unhealthy. Int J Obes. 2007;31:887-890.
73. Dunford E, Webster J, Barzi F, etal. Nutrient content of products served by leading Australian fast food chains. Appetite. 2010;55:484-489.
74. Mendis S, Cruz-Hernandez C, Ratnayake WM. Fatty acid profile of Canadian dairy products with special attention to the trans-octadecenoic acid and conjugated linoleic acid isomers. J AOAC Int. 2008;91:811-819.
75. Motard-Bélanger A, Charest A, Grenier G, etal. Study of the effect of trans fatty acids from ruminants on blood lipids and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87:593-599.
76. Hulshof KF, van Erp-Baart MA, Anttolainen M, etal. Intake of fatty acids in Western Europe with emphasis on trans fatty acids: the TRANSFAIR Study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999;53:143-157.
77. Doell D, Folmer D, Lee H, etal. Updated estimate of trans fat intake by the US population. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2012;29:861-874.
78. Kris-Etherton PM, Lefevre M, Mensink RP, etal. Trans fatty acid intakes and food sources in the U.S. population: NHANES 1999-2002. Lipids. 2012;47:931-940.
79. Pot GK, Prynne CJ, Roberts C, etal. National Diet and Nutrition Survey: fat and fatty acid intake from the first year of the rolling programme and comparison with previous surveys. Br J Nutr. 2012;107:405-415.
80. Teegala SM, Willett WC, Mozaffarian D. Consumption and health effects of trans fatty acids: a review. J AOAC Int. 2009;92:1250-1257.
81. Mozaffarian D, Aro A, Willett WC. Health effects of trans-fatty acids: experimental and observational evidence. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009;63(Suppl 2):S5-S21.
82. Mozaffarian D, Clarke R. Quantitative effects on cardiovascular risk factors and coronary heart disease risk of replacing partially hydrogenated vegetable oils with other fats and oils. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009;63(Suppl 2):S22-S33.
83. Esmaillzadeh A, Azadbakht L. Home use of vegetable oils, markers of systemic inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction among women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88:913-921.
84. Lopez-Garcia E, Schulze MB, Meigs JB, etal. Consumption of trans fatty acids is related to plasma biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. J Nutr. 2005;135:562-566.
85. Ganguly R, Pierce GN. Trans fat involvement in cardiovascular disease. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2012;56:1090-1096.
86. Micha R, Mozaffarian D. Trans fatty acids: effects on cardiometabolic health and implications for policy. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2008;79:147-152.
87. Laake I, Pedersen JI, Selmer R, etal. A prospective study of intake of trans-fatty acids from ruminant fat, partially hydrogenated vegetable oils, and marine oils and mortality from CVD. Br J Nutr. 2012;108:743-754.
88. Koh-Banerjee P, Chu NF, Spiegelman D, etal. Prospective study of the association of changes in dietary intake, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and smoking with 9-y gain in waist circumference among 16 587 US men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78:719-727.
89. Mojska H. Influence of trans fatty acids on infant and fetus development. Acta Microbiol Pol. 2003;52(Suppl):67-74.
90. Mojska H, Socha P, Socha J, etal. Trans fatty acids in human milk in Poland and their association with breastfeeding mothers' diets. Acta Paediatr. 2003;92:1381-1387.
91. Anderson AK, McDougald DM, Steiner-Asiedu M. Dietary trans fatty acid intake and maternal and infant adiposity. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010;64:1308-1315.
92. Wagner KH, Plasser E, Proell C, etal. Comprehensive studies on the trans fatty acid content of Austrian foods: convenience products, fast food and fats. Food Chem. 2008;108:1054-1060.
93. New South Wales Food Authority. Report on 2009 Trans Fatty Acid Survey - Analytical Results. A survey conducted under the Coordinated Food Survey Plan with participation from food regulatory jurisdiction in NSW, SA, WA and NZ. Food Standards Australia New Zealand, 2009; Available at: http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/_srcfiles/TFA_survey_analytical_2009.pdf. Accessed 19 March 2013.
94. Tyburczy C, Delmonte P, Fardin-Kia AR, etal. Profile of trans fatty acids (FAs) including trans polyunsaturated FAs in representative fast food samples. J Agric Food Chem. 2012;60:4567-4577.
95. Department of Health. Dietary Reference Values for Food Energy and Nutrients for the United Kingdom. Report of the Panel on DRVs of the Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy (COMA), Report of Health and Social Subjects No 41. London: The Stationary Office; 1991.
96. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. The Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease at a Population Level. 2010; Available at: http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CVDEP9TransFats.pdf. Accessed 19 March 2013.
97. Lichtenstein AH. New York City trans fat ban: improving the default option when purchasing foods prepared outside of the home. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157:144-145.
98. Angell SY, Cobb LK, Curtis CJ, etal. Change in trans fatty acid content of fast-food purchases associated with New York City's restaurant regulation: a pre-post study. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157:81-86.
99. Jaworowska A, Blackham T, Stevenson L. Nutritional composition of takeaway meals served by independent small outlets. [Abstract]. Proc Nutr Soc. 2011;70(OCE4):E166.
100. Jaworowska A, Blackham T, Stevenson L, etal. Determination of salt content in hot takeaway meals in the United Kingdom. Appetite. 2012;59:517-522.
101. Blackham T, Abayomi JC, Davies IG. Comparison of the nutritional quality of Indian takeaway and supermarket ready meals. [Abstract]. Proc Nutr Soc. 2012;71(OCE2):E159.
102. Stevenson L, Jaworowska A, Blackham T. Comparison of the nutritional quality of takeaway and ready to eat meals. [Abstract]. Proc Nutr Soc. 2011;70(OCE4):E160.
103. Pietinen P, Valsta LM, Hirvonen T, etal. Labelling the salt content in foods: a useful tool in reducing sodium intake in Finland. Public Health Nutr. 2007;11:335-340.
104. Leth T, Jensen HG, Mikkelsen AA, etal. The effect of the regulation on trans fatty acid content in Danish food. Atheroscler Suppl. 2006;7:53-56.