Imaging of hypoxia using PET and MRI

Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 552-570

  Gaertner, F C ^a   Souvatzoglou, M ^a   Brix, G ^b   Beer, A J ^a  

^a TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^b BUNDESAMT FÜR STRAHLENSCHUTZ   (Germany)

Author keywords

Hypoxia; MRI; PET

Indexed keywords

1 FLUORO 3 (2 NITRO 1 IMIDAZOLYL) 2 PROPANOL F 18; FLUORO 2,3 DIHYDROXYL 1 (2' NITRO 1' IMIDAZOLYL)BUTANE F 18; FLUOROAZOMYCIN ARABINOFURANOSIDE F 18; FLUOROCARBON; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; FLUOROERYTHRONITROIMIDAZOLE F 18; FLUOROETANIDAZOLE F 18; MISONIDAZOLE; NITROIMIDAZOLE; TRACER; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ARTICLE; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; COMPUTER ASSISTED EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; DRUG SYNTHESIS; HUMAN; HYPOXIA; ISOTOPE LABELING; LIPOPHILICITY; NON INVASIVE MEASUREMENT; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OXYGEN TISSUE LEVEL; POLAROGRAPHY; PREDICTIVE VALUE; TISSUE OXYGENATION; TREATMENT RESPONSE; TUMOR HYPOXIA;

ANIMALS; ANOXIA; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; NEOPLASMS; OXYGEN; POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY;

EID: 84857761280     PISSN: 13892010     EISSN: 18734316     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138920112799436267     Document Type: Article

References (170)

1. Fyles, A.W.; Milosevic, M.; Wong, R.; Kavanagh, M.C.; Pintilie, M.; Sun, A.; Chapman, W.; Levin, W.; Manchul, L.; Keane, T.J.; Hill, R.P. Oxygenation predicts radiation response and survival in patients with cervix cancer. Radiother. Oncol., 1998, 48(2), 149-156.
2. Hockel, M.; Schlenger, K.; Aral, B.; Mitze, M.; Schaffer, U.; Vaupel, P. Association between tumor hypoxia and malignant progression in advanced cancer of the uterine cervix. Cancer Res., 1996, 56(19), 4509-4515.
3. Brizel, D.M.; Sibley, G.S.; Prosnitz, L.R.; Scher, R.L.; Dewhirst, M.W. Tumor hypoxia adversely affects the prognosis of carcinoma of the head and neck. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 1997, 38(2), 285-289.
4. Nordsmark, M.; Bentzen, S.M.; Rudat, V.; Brizel, D.; Lartigau, E.; Stadler, P.; Becker, A.; Adam, M.; Molls, M.; Dunst, J.; Terris, D.J.; Overgaard, J. Prognostic value of tumor oxygenation in 397 head and neck tumors after primary radiation therapy. An international multi-center study. Radiother. Oncol., 2005, 77(1), 18-24.
5. Nordsmark, M.; Overgaard, M.; Overgaard, J. Pretreatment oxygenation predicts radiation response in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Radiother. Oncol., 1996, 41(1), 31-39.
6. Brizel, D.M.; Scully, S.P.; Harrelson, J.M.; Layfield, L.J.; Bean, J.M.; Prosnitz, L.R.; Dewhirst, M.W. Tumor oxygenation predicts for the likelihood of distant metastases in human soft tissue sarcoma. Cancer Res., 1996, 56(5), 941-943.
7. Hockel, M.; Vaupel, P. Tumor hypoxia: definitions and current clinical, biologic, and molecular aspects. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 2001, 93(4), 266-276.
8. Vaupel, P.; Harrison, L. Tumor hypoxia: causative factors, compensatory mechanisms, and cellular response. Oncologist, 2004, 9(Suppl 5), 4-9.
9. Vaupel, P.; Mayer, A. Hypoxia in cancer: significance and impact on clinical outcome. Cancer Metastasis Rev., 2007, 26(2), 225-239.
10. Harris, A.L. Hypoxia-a key regulatory factor in tumour growth. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2002, 2(1), 38-47.
11. Semenza, G.L. HIF-1, O(2), and the 3 PHDs: how animal cells signal hypoxia to the nucleus. Cell, 2001, 107(1), 1-3.
12. Mees, G.; Dierckx, R.; Vangestel, C.; Van De Wiele, C. Molecular imaging of hypoxia with radiolabelled agents. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2009, 36(10), 1674-1686.
13. Grosu, A.L.; Piert, M.; Weber, W.A.; Jeremic, B.; Picchio, M.; Schratzenstaller, U.; Zimmermann, F.B.; Schwaiger, M.; Molls, M. Positron emission tomography for radiation treatment planning. Strahlenther Onkol., 2005, 181(8), 483-499.
14. Mueller-Klieser, W.; Schlenger, K.H.; Walenta, S.; Gross, M.; Karbach, U.; Hoeckel, M.; Vaupel, P. Pathophysiological approaches to identifying tumor hypoxia in patients. Radiother Oncol., 1991, 20 (Suppl 1), 21-28.
15. Hockel, M.; Vaupel, P. Biological consequences of tumor hypoxia. Semin. Oncol., 2001, 28(2 Suppl 8), 36-41.
16. Vaupel, P.W.; Hoeckel, M. Oxygenation status of human tumours: a reappraisal using computerised histography. In: Tumour reoxygenation, Vaupel, P.W. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Marburg, 1995, 219-232.
17. Epstein, A.C.; Gleadle, J.M.; Mcneill, L.A.; Hewitson, K.S.; O'rourke, J.; Mole, D.R.; Mukherji, M.; Metzen, E.; Wilson, M.I.; Dhanda, A.; Tian, Y.M.; Masson, N.; Hamilton, D.L.; Jaakkola, P.; Barstead, R.; Hodgkin, J.; Maxwell, P.H.; Pugh, C.W.; Schofield, C.J.; Ratcliffe, P.J. C. elegans EGL-9 and mammalian homologs define a family of dioxygenases that regulate HIF by prolyl hydroxylation. Cell, 2001, 107(1), 43-54.
18. Krohn, K.A.; Link, J.M.; Mason, R.P. Molecular imaging of hypoxia. J. Nucl. Med., 2008, 49 (Suppl 2), 129S-148S.
19. Vordermark, D.; Brown, J.M. Endogenous markers of tumor hypoxia predictors of clinical radiation resistance? Strahlenther. Onkol., 2003, 179(12), 801-811.
20. Sandau, K.B.; Fandrey, J.; Brune, B. Accumulation of HIF-1alpha under the influence of nitric oxide. Blood, 2001, 97(4), 1009-1015.
21. Zelzer, E.; Levy, Y.; Kahana, C.; Shilo, B.Z.; Rubinstein, M.; Cohen, B. Insulin induces transcription of target genes through the hypoxia-inducible factor HIF-1alpha/ARNT. EMBO J., 1998, 17(17), 5085-5094.
22. Hellwig-Burgel, T.; Rutkowski, K.; Metzen, E.; Fandrey, J.; Jelkmann, W. Interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha stimulate DNA binding of hypoxia-inducible factor-1. Blood, 1999, 94(5), 1561-1567.
23. Airley, R.E.; Loncaster, J.; Raleigh, J.A.; Harris, A.L.; Davidson, S.E.; Hunter, R.D.; West, C.M.; Stratford, I.J. GLUT-1 and CAIX as intrinsic markers of hypoxia in carcinoma of the cervix: relationship to pimonidazole binding. Int. J. Cancer, 2003, 104(1), 85-91.
24. Ter-Pogossian, M.M. Positron emission tomography. Section 1: General principles. In: Principles of nuclear medicine, Wagner, H., W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1995, 342-346.
25. Blankenberg, F.G.; Strauss, H.W. Nuclear medicine applications in molecular imaging: 2007 update. Q J Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2007, 51(2), 99-110.
26. Beyer, T.; Townsend, D.W.; Brun, T.; Kinahan, P.E.; Charron, M.; Roddy, R.; Jerin, J.; Young, J.; Byars, L.; Nutt, R. A combined PET/CT scanner for clinical oncology. J. Nucl. Med., 2000, 41(8), 1369-1379.
27. Shi, K.; Souvatzoglou, M.; Astner, S.T.; Vaupel, P.; Nusslin, F.; Wilkens, J.J.; Ziegler, S.I. Quantitative assessment of hypoxia kinetic models by a cross-study of dynamic 18F-FAZA and 15OH2O in patients with head and neck tumors. J. Nucl. Med., 2010, 51(9), 1386-1394.
28. Wang, W.; Lee, N.Y.; Georgi, J.C.; Narayanan, M.; Guillem, J.; Schoder, H.; Humm, J.L. Pharmacokinetic analysis of hypoxia (18)F-fluoromisonidazole dynamic PET in head and neck cancer. J. Nucl. Med., 2010, 51(1), 37-45.
29. Wang, W.; Georgi, J.C.; Nehmeh, S.A.; Narayanan, M.; Paulus, T.; Bal, M.; O'donoghue, J.; Zanzonico, P.B.; Schmidtlein, C.R.; Lee, N.Y.; Humm, J.L. Evaluation of a compartmental model for estimating tumor hypoxia via FMISO dynamic PET imaging. Phys. Med. Biol., 2009, 54(10), 3083-3099.
30. Thorwarth, D.; Eschmann, S.M.; Scheiderbauer, J.; Paulsen, F.; Alber, M. Kinetic analysis of dynamic 18F-fluoromisonidazole PET correlates with radiation treatment outcome in head-and-neck cancer. BMC Cancer, 2005, 5, 152.
31. Prekeges, J.L.; Rasey, J.S.; Grunbaum, Z.; Krohn, K.H. Reduction of fluoromisonidazole, a new imaging agent for hypoxia. Biochem. Pharmacol., 1991, 42(12), 2387-2395.
32. Chapman, J.D.; Franko, A.J.; Sharplin, J. A marker for hypoxic cells in tumours with potential clinical applicability. Br. J. Cancer, 1981, 43(4), 546-550.
33. Rasey, J.S.; Grunbaum, Z.; Magee, S.; Nelson, N.J.; Olive, P.L.; Durand, R.E.; Krohn, K.A. Characterization of radiolabeled fluoromisonidazole as a probe for hypoxic cells. Radiat. Res., 1987, 111(2), 292-304.
34. Rasey, J.S.; Grunbaum, Z.; Krohn, K.; Nelson, N.; Chin, L. Comparison of binding of [3H]misonidazole and [14C]misonidazole in multicell spheroids. Radiat. Res., 1985, 101(3), 473-479.
35. Martin, G.V.; Cerqueira, M.D.; Caldwell, J.H.; Rasey, J.S.; Embree, L.; Krohn, K.A. Fluoromisonidazole. A metabolic marker of myocyte hypoxia. Circ. Res., 1990, 67(1), 240-244.
36. Piert, M.; Machulla, H.; Becker, G.; Stahlschmidt, A.; Patt, M.; Aldinger, P.; Dissmann, P.D.; Fischer, H.; Bares, R.; Becker, H.D.; Lauchart, W. Introducing fluorine-18 fluoromisonidazole positron emission tomography for the localisation and quantification of pig liver hypoxia. Eur. J. Nucl. Med., 1999, 26(2), 95-109.
37. Chang, J.; Wen, B.; Kazanzides, P.; Zanzonico, P.; Finn, R.D.; Fichtinger, G.; Ling, C.C. A robotic system for 18F-FMISO PETguided intratumoral pO2 measurements. Med. Phys., 2009, 36(11), 5301-5309.
38. Bentzen, L.; Keiding, S.; Horsman, M.R.; Gronroos, T.; Hansen, S.B.; Overgaard, J. Assessment of hypoxia in experimental mice tumours by [18F]fluoromisonidazole PET and pO2 electrode measurements. Influence of tumour volume and carbogen breathing. Acta Oncol., 2002, 41(3), 304-312.
39. Gagel, B.; Piroth, M.; Pinkawa, M.; Reinartz, P.; Zimny, M.; Kaiser, H.J.; Stanzel, S.; Asadpour, B.; Demirel, C.; Hamacher, K.; Coenen, H.H.; Scholbach, T.; Maneschi, P.; Dimartino, E.; Eble, M.J. pO polarography, contrast enhanced color duplex sonography (CDS), [18F] fluoromisonidazole and [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography: validated methods for the evaluation of therapy-relevant tumor oxygenation or only bricks in the puzzle of tumor hypoxia? BMC Cancer, 2007, 7, 113.
40. Zimny, M.; Gagel, B.; Dimartino, E.; Hamacher, K.; Coenen, H.H.; Westhofen, M.; Eble, M.; Buell, U.; Reinartz, P. FDG-a marker of tumour hypoxia? A comparison with [18F]fluoromisonidazole and pO2-polarography in metastatic head and neck cancer. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2006, 33(12), 1426-1431.
41. Bentzen, L.; Keiding, S.; Nordsmark, M.; Falborg, L.; Hansen, S.B.; Keller, J.; Nielsen, O.S.; Overgaard, J. Tumour oxygenation assessed by 18F-fluoromisonidazole PET and polarographic needle electrodes in human soft tissue tumours. Radiother. Oncol., 2003, 67(3), 339-344.
42. Overgaard, J. Clinical evaluation of nitroimidazoles as modifiers of hypoxia in solid tumors. Oncol. Res., 1994, 6(10-11), 509-518.
43. Brown, J.M.; Workman, P. Partition coefficient as a guide to the development of radiosensitizers which are less toxic than misonidazole. Radiat. Res., 1980, 82(1), 171-190.
44. Graham, M.M.; Peterson, L.M.; Link, J.M.; Evans, M.L.; Rasey, J.S.; Koh, W.J.; Caldwell, J.H.; Krohn, K.A. Fluorine-18-fluoromisonidazole radiation dosimetry in imaging studies. J. Nucl. Med., 1997, 38(10), 1631-1636.
45. Kumar, P.; Stypinski, D.; Xia, H.; Mcewan, A.J.B.; Machulla, H.; Wiebe, L.I. Fluoroazomycin arabinoside (FAZA): Synthesis, 2H and 3H-labelling and preliminary biological evaluation of a novel 2-nitroimidazole marker of tissue hypoxia. J. Label Comp. Radiopharm., 1999, 42(1), 3-16.
46. Kumar, P.; Wiebe, L.I.; Asikoglu, M.; Tandon, M.; Mcewan, A.J. Microwave-assisted (radio)halogenation of nitroimidazole-based hypoxia markers. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 2002, 57(5), 697-703.
47. Piert, M.; Machulla, H.J.; Picchio, M.; Reischl, G.; Ziegler, S.; Kumar, P.; Wester, H.J.; Beck, R.; Mcewan, A.J.; Wiebe, L.I.; Schwaiger, M. Hypoxia-specific tumor imaging with 18Ffluoroazomycin arabinoside. J. Nucl. Med., 2005, 46(1), 106-113.
48. Beck, R.; Roper, B.; Carlsen, J.M.; Huisman, M.C.; Lebschi, J.A.; Andratschke, N.; Picchio, M.; Souvatzoglou, M.; Machulla, H.J.; Piert, M. Pretreatment 18F-FAZA PET predicts success of hypoxia-directed radiochemotherapy using tirapazamine. J. Nucl. Med., 2007, 48(6), 973-980.
49. Busk, M.; Horsman, M.R.; Jakobsen, S.; Keiding, S.; Van Der Kogel, A.J.; Bussink, J.; Overgaard, J. Imaging hypoxia in xenografted and murine tumors with 18F-fluoroazomycin arabinoside: a comparative study involving microPET, autoradiography, PO2-polarography, and fluorescence microscopy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 2008, 70(4), 1202-1212.
50. Souvatzoglou, M.; Grosu, A.L.; Roper, B.; Krause, B.J.; Beck, R.; Reischl, G.; Picchio, M.; Machulla, H.J.; Wester, H.J.; Piert, M. Tumour hypoxia imaging with [18F]FAZA PET in head and neck cancer patients: a pilot study. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2007, 34(10), 1566-1575.
51. Postema, E.J.; Mcewan, A.J.; Riauka, T.A.; Kumar, P.; Richmond, D.A.; Abrams, D.N.; Wiebe, L.I. Initial results of hypoxia imaging using 1-alpha-D:-(5-deoxy-5-[18F]-fluoroarabinofuranosyl)-2-nitroimidazole (18F-FAZA). Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2009, 36(10), 1565-1573.
52. Yang, D.J.; Wallace, S.; Cherif, A.; Li, C.; Gretzer, M.B.; Kim, E.E.; Podoloff, D.A. Development of F-18-labeled fluoroerythronitroimidazole as a PET agent for imaging tumor hypoxia. Radiology, 1995, 194(3), 795-800.
53. Gronroos, T.; Eskola, O.; Lehtio, K.; Minn, H.; Marjamaki, P.; Bergman, J.; Haaparanta, M.; Forsback, S.; Solin, O. Pharmacokinetics of [18F]FETNIM: a potential marker for PET. J. Nucl. Med., 2001, 42(9), 1397-1404.
54. Gronroos, T.; Bentzen, L.; Marjamaki, P.; Murata, R.; Horsman, M.R.; Keiding, S.; Eskola, O.; Haaparanta, M.; Minn, H.; Solin, O. Comparison of the biodistribution of two hypoxia markers [18F]FETNIM and [18F]FMISO in an experimental mammary carcinoma. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2004, 31(4), 513-520.
55. Lehtio, K.; Oikonen, V.; Gronroos, T.; Eskola, O.; Kalliokoski, K.; Bergman, J.; Solin, O.; Grenman, R.; Nuutila, P.; Minn, H. Imaging of blood flow and hypoxia in head and neck cancer: initial evaluation with [(15)O]H(2)O and [(18)F]fluoroerythronitroimidazole PET. J. Nucl. Med., 2001, 42(11), 1643-1652.
56. Lehtio, K.; Oikonen, V.; Nyman, S.; Gronroos, T.; Roivainen, A.; Eskola, O.; Minn, H. Quantifying tumour hypoxia with fluorine-18 fluoroerythronitroimidazole ([18F]FETNIM) and PET using the tumour to plasma ratio. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2003, 30(1), 101-108.
57. Tolvanen, T.; Lehtio, K.; Kulmala, J.; Oikonen, V.; Eskola, O.; Bergman, J.; Minn, H. 18F-Fluoroerythronitroimidazole radiation dosimetry in cancer studies. J. Nucl. Med., 2002, 43(12), 1674-1680.
58. Christian, N.; Bol, A.; De Bast, M.; Labar, D.; Lee, J.; Mahy, P.; Gregoire, V. Determination of tumour hypoxia with the PET tracer [18F]EF3: improvement of the tumour-to-background ratio in a mouse tumour model. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2007, 34(9), 1348-1354.
59. Evans, S.M.; Kachur, A.V.; Shiue, C.Y.; Hustinx, R.; Jenkins, W.T.; Shive, G.G.; Karp, J.S.; Alavi, A.; Lord, E.M.; Dolbier, W.R., Jr.; Koch, C.J. Noninvasive detection of tumor hypoxia using the 2-nitroimidazole [18F]EF1. J. Nucl. Med., 2000, 41(2), 327-336.
60. Ziemer, L.S.; Evans, S.M.; Kachur, A.V.; Shuman, A.L.; Cardi, C.A.; Jenkins, W.T.; Karp, J.S.; Alavi, A.; Dolbier, W.R., Jr.; Koch, C.J. Noninvasive imaging of tumor hypoxia in rats using the 2-nitroimidazole 18F-EF5. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2003, 30(2), 259-266.
61. Evans, S.M.; Jenkins, W.T.; Joiner, B.; Lord, E.M.; Koch, C.J. 2-Nitroimidazole (EF5) binding predicts radiation resistance in individual 9L s.c. tumors. Cancer Res., 1996, 56(2), 405-411.
62. Mahy, P.; De Bast, M.; Gallez, B.; Gueulette, J.; Koch, C.J.; Scalliet, P.; Gregoire, V. In vivo colocalization of 2-nitroimidazole EF5 fluorescence intensity and electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry in mouse tumors. Radiother. Oncol., 2003, 67(1), 53-61.
63. Siim, B.G.; Menke, D.R.; Dorie, M.J.; Brown, J.M. Tirapazamineinduced cytotoxicity and DNA damage in transplanted tumors: relationship to tumor hypoxia. Cancer Res., 1997, 57(14), 2922-2928.
64. Dolbier, W.R., Jr.; Li, A.R.; Koch, C.J.; Shiue, C.Y.; Kachur, A.V. [18F]-EF5, a marker for PET detection of hypoxia: synthesis of precursor and a new fluorination procedure. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 2001, 54(1), 73-80.
65. Koch, C.J.; Hahn, S.M.; Rockwell, K., Jr.; Covey, J.M.; Mckenna, W.G.; Evans, S.M. Pharmacokinetics of EF5 [2-(2-nitro-1-Himidazol-1-yl)-N-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl) acetamide] in human patients: implications for hypoxia measurements in vivo by 2-nitroimidazoles. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 2001, 48(3), 177-187.
66. Koch, C.J.; Scheuermann, J.S.; Divgi, C.; Judy, K.D.; Kachur, A.V.; Freifelder, R.; Reddin, J.S.; Karp, J.; Stubbs, J.B.; Hahn, S.M.; Driesbaugh, J.; Smith, D.; Prendergast, S.; Evans, S.M. Biodistribution and dosimetry of (18)F-EF5 in cancer patients with preliminary comparison of (18)F-EF5 uptake versus EF5 binding in human glioblastoma. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2010, 37(11), 2048-2059.
67. Komar, G.; Seppanen, M.; Eskola, O.; Lindholm, P.; Gronroos, T.J.; Forsback, S.; Sipila, H.; Evans, S.M.; Solin, O.; Minn, H. 18FEF5: a new PET tracer for imaging hypoxia in head and neck cancer. J. Nucl. Med., 2008, 49(12), 1944-1951.
68. Tewson, T.J. Synthesis of [18F]fluoroetanidazole: a potential new tracer for imaging hypoxia. Nucl. Med. Biol., 1997, 24(8), 755-760.
69. Barthel, H.; Wilson, H.; Collingridge, D.R.; Brown, G.; Osman, S.; Luthra, S.K.; Brady, F.; Workman, P.; Price, P.M.; Aboagye, E.O. In vivo evaluation of [18F]fluoroetanidazole as a new marker for imaging tumour hypoxia with positron emission tomography. Br. J. Cancer, 2004, 90(11), 2232-2242.
70. Rasey, J.S.; Hofstrand, P.D.; Chin, L.K.; Tewson, T.J. Characterization of [18F]fluoroetanidazole, a new radiopharmaceutical for detecting tumor hypoxia. J. Nucl. Med., 1999, 40(6), 1072-1079.
71. Blower, P.J.; Lewis, J.S.; Zweit, J. Copper radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear medicine. Nucl. Med. Biol., 1996, 23(8), 957-980.
72. Wood, K.A.; Wong, W.L.; Saunders, M.I. [(64)Cu]diacetylbis(N(4)-methyl-thiosemicarbazone)-a radiotracer for tumor hypoxia. Nucl. Med. Biol., 2008, 35(4), 393-400.
73. Fujibayashi, Y.; Wada, K.; Taniuchi, H.; Yonekura, Y.; Konishi, J.; Yokoyama, A. Mitochondria-selective reduction of 62Cupyruvaldehyde bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) (62Cu-PTSM) in the murine brain; a novel radiopharmaceutical for brain positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 1993, 16(2), 146-149.
74. Fujibayashi, Y.; Taniuchi, H.; Yonekura, Y.; Ohtani, H.; Konishi, J.; Yokoyama, A. Copper-62-ATSM: a new hypoxia imaging agent with high membrane permeability and low redox potential. J. Nucl. Med., 1997, 38(7), 1155-1160.
75. Lewis, J.S.; Mccarthy, D.W.; Mccarthy, T.J.; Fujibayashi, Y.; Welch, M.J. Evaluation of 64Cu-ATSM in vitro and in vivo in a hypoxic tumor model. J. Nucl. Med., 1999, 40(1), 177-183.
76. Lewis, J.S.; Sharp, T.L.; Laforest, R.; Fujibayashi, Y.; Welch, M.J. Tumor uptake of copper-diacetyl-bis(N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazone): effect of changes in tissue oxygenation. J. Nucl. Med., 2001, 42(4), 655-661.
77. Dearling, J.L.; Lewis, J.S.; Mullen, G.E.; Welch, M.J.; Blower, P.J. Copper bis(thiosemicarbazone) complexes as hypoxia imaging agents: structure-activity relationships. J. Biol. Inorg. Chem., 2002, 7(3), 249-259.
78. Matsumoto, K.; Szajek, L.; Krishna, M.C.; Cook, J.A.; Seidel, J.; Grimes, K.; Carson, J.; Sowers, A.L.; English, S.; Green, M.V.; Bacharach, S.L.; Eckelman, W.C.; Mitchell, J.B. The influence of tumor oxygenation on hypoxia imaging in murine squamous cell carcinoma using [64Cu]Cu-ATSM or [18F]Fluoromisonidazole positron emission tomography. Int. J. Oncol., 2007, 30(4), 873-881.
79. Yuan, H.; Schroeder, T.; Bowsher, J.E.; Hedlund, L.W.; Wong, T.; Dewhirst, M.W. Intertumoral differences in hypoxia selectivity of the PET imaging agent 64Cu(II)-diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone). J. Nucl. Med., 2006, 47(6), 989-998.
80. Burgman, P.; O'donoghue, J.A.; Lewis, J.S.; Welch, M.J.; Humm, J.L.; Ling, C.C. Cell line-dependent differences in uptake and retention of the hypoxia-selective nuclear imaging agent Cu-ATSM. Nucl. Med. Biol., 2005, 32(6), 623-630.
81. Katano, K.; Safaei, R.; Samimi, G.; Holzer, A.; Rochdi, M.; Howell, S.B. The copper export pump ATP7B modulates the cellular pharmacology of carboplatin in ovarian carcinoma cells. Mol. Pharmacol., 2003, 64(2), 466-473.
82. Holland, J.P.; Lewis, J.S.; Dehdashti, F. Assessing tumor hypoxia by positron emission tomography with Cu-ATSM. Q. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2009, 53(2), 193-200.
83. Rasey, J.S.; Koh, W.J.; Evans, M.L.; Peterson, L.M.; Lewellen, T.K.; Graham, M.M.; Krohn, K.A. Quantifying regional hypoxia in human tumors with positron emission tomography of [18F]fluoromisonidazole: a pretherapy study of 37 patients. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 1996, 36(2), 417-428.
84. Rajendran, J.G.; Schwartz, D.L.; O'sullivan, J.; Peterson, L.M.; Ng, P.; Scharnhorst, J.; Grierson, J.R.; Krohn, K.A. Tumor hypoxia imaging with [F-18] fluoromisonidazole positron emission tomography in head and neck cancer. Clin. Cancer Res., 2006, 12(18), 5435-5441.
85. Laforest, R.; Dehdashti, F.; Lewis, J.S.; Schwarz, S.W. Dosimetry of 60/61/62/64Cu-ATSM: a hypoxia imaging agent for PET. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2005, 32(7), 764-770.
86. Icrp Radiation dose to patients from radiopharmaceuticals. Addendum 3 to ICRP Publication 53. ICRP Publication 106. Approved by the Commission in October 2007. Ann. IRCP, 2008, 38(1-2), 1-197.
87. Waki, A.; Fujibayashi, Y.; Yokoyama, A. Recent advances in the analyses of the characteristics of tumors on FDG uptake. Nucl. Med. Biol., 1998, 25(7), 589-592.
88. Semenza, G.L. HIF-1: upstream and downstream of cancer metabolism. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev., 2010, 20(1), 51-56.
89. Busk, M.; Horsman, M.R.; Jakobsen, S.; Bussink, J.; Van Der Kogel, A.; Overgaard, J. Cellular uptake of PET tracers of glucose metabolism and hypoxia and their linkage. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2008, 35(12), 2294-2303.
90. Thorwarth, D.; Eschmann, S.M.; Holzner, F.; Paulsen, F.; Alber, M. Combined uptake of [18F]FDG and [18F]FMISO correlates with radiation therapy outcome in head-and-neck cancer patients. Radiother. Oncol., 2006, 80(2), 151-156.
91. Rajendran, J.G.; Mankoff, D.A.; O'sullivan, F.; Peterson, L.M.; Schwartz, D.L.; Conrad, E.U.; Spence, A.M.; Muzi, M.; Farwell, D.G.; Krohn, K.A. Hypoxia and glucose metabolism in malignant tumors: evaluation by [18F]fluoromisonidazole and [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging. Clin. Cancer Res., 2004, 10(7), 2245-2252.
92. Gagel, B.; Reinartz, P.; Demirel, C.; Kaiser, H.J.; Zimny, M.; Piroth, M.; Pinkawa, M.; Stanzel, S.; Asadpour, B.; Hamacher, K.; Coenen, H.H.; Buell, U.; Eble, M.J. [18F] fluoromisonidazole and [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in response evaluation after chemo-/radiotherapy of non-small-cell lung cancer: a feasibility study. BMC Cancer, 2006, 6, 51.
93. Cherk, M.H.; Foo, S.S.; Poon, A.M.; Knight, S.R.; Murone, C.; Papenfuss, A.T.; Sachinidis, J.I.; Saunder, T.H.; O'keefe, G.J.; Scott, A.M. Lack of correlation of hypoxic cell fraction and angiogenesis with glucose metabolic rate in non-small cell lung cancer assessed by 18F-Fluoromisonidazole and 18F-FDG PET. J. Nucl. Med., 2006, 47(12), 1921-1926.
94. Rajendran, J.G.; Wilson, D.C.; Conrad, E.U.; Peterson, L.M.; Bruckner, J.D.; Rasey, J.S.; Chin, L.K.; Hofstrand, P.D.; Grierson, J.R.; Eary, J.F.; Krohn, K.A. [(18)F]FMISO and [(18)F]FDG PET imaging in soft tissue sarcomas: correlation of hypoxia, metabolism and VEGF expression. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2003, 30(5), 695-704.
95. Eschmann, S.M.; Paulsen, F.; Reimold, M.; Dittmann, H.; Welz, S.; Reischl, G.; Machulla, H.J.; Bares, R. Prognostic impact of hypoxia imaging with 18F-misonidazole PET in non-small cell lung cancer and head and neck cancer before radiotherapy. J. Nucl. Med., 2005, 46(2), 253-260.
96. Dehdashti, F.; Mintun, M.A.; Lewis, J.S.; Bradley, J.; Govindan, R.; Laforest, R.; Welch, M.J.; Siegel, B.A. In vivo assessment of tumor hypoxia in lung cancer with 60Cu-ATSM. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2003, 30(6), 844-850.
97. Dehdashti, F.; Grigsby, P.W.; Lewis, J.S.; Laforest, R.; Siegel, B.A.; Welch, M.J. Assessing tumor hypoxia in cervical cancer by PET with 60Cu-labeled diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone). J. Nucl. Med., 2008, 49(2), 201-205.
98. Dietz, D.W.; Dehdashti, F.; Grigsby, P.W.; Malyapa, R.S.; Myerson, R.J.; Picus, J.; Ritter, J.; Lewis, J.S.; Welch, M.J.; Siegel, B.A. Tumor hypoxia detected by positron emission tomography with 60Cu-ATSM as a predictor of response and survival in patients undergoing Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for rectal carcinoma: a pilot study. Dis. Colon Rectum., 2008, 51(11), 1641-1648.
99. Lohith, T.G.; Kudo, T.; Demura, Y.; Umeda, Y.; Kiyono, Y.; Fujibayashi, Y.; Okazawa, H. Pathophysiologic correlation between 62Cu-ATSM and 18F-FDG in lung cancer. J. Nucl. Med., 2009, 50(12), 1948-1953.
100. Jansen, J.F.; Schoder, H.; Lee, N.Y.; Wang, Y.; Pfister, D.G.; Fury, M.G.; Stambuk, H.E.; Humm, J.L.; Koutcher, J.A.; Shukla-Dave, A. Noninvasive Assessment of Tumor Microenvironment Using Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging and (18)F-Fluoromisonidazole Positron Emission Tomography Imaging in Neck Nodal Metastases. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 2009, 77(5),1403-1410
101. Cher, L.M.; Murone, C.; Lawrentschuk, N.; Ramdave, S.; Papenfuss, A.; Hannah, A.; O'keefe, G.J.; Sachinidis, J.I.; Berlangieri, S.U.; Fabinyi, G.; Scott, A.M. Correlation of hypoxic cell fraction and angiogenesis with glucose metabolic rate in gliomas using 18F-fluoromisonidazole, 18F-FDG PET, and immunohistochemical studies. J. Nucl. Med., 2006, 47(3), 410-418.
102. Folkman, J. Angiogenesis. Annu. Rev. Med., 2006, 57, 1-18.
103. Rey, S.; Semenza, G.L. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1-dependent mechanisms of vascularization and vascular remodelling. Cardiovasc. Res., 2010, 86(2), 236-242.
104. Diaz-Gonzalez, J.A.; Russell, J.; Rouzaut, A.; Gil-Bazo, I.; Montuenga, L. Targeting hypoxia and angiogenesis through HIF-1alpha inhibition. Cancer Biol.Ther., 2005, 4(10), 1055-1062.
105. Gaertner, F.C.; Schwaiger, M.; Beer, A.J. Molecular imaging of αvβ3 expression in cancer patients. Q. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2010, 54(3),309-326.
106. Cowden Dahl, K.D.; Robertson, S.E.; Weaver, V.M.; Simon, M.C. Hypoxia-inducible factor regulates alphavbeta3 integrin cell surface expression. Mol. Biol. Cell, 2005, 16(4), 1901-1912.
107. Picchio, M.; Beck, R.; Haubner, R.; Seidl, S.; Machulla, H.J.; Johnson, T.D.; Wester, H.J.; Reischl, G.; Schwaiger, M.; Piert, M. Intratumoral spatial distribution of hypoxia and angiogenesis assessed by 18F-FAZA and 125I-Gluco-RGD autoradiography. J. Nucl. Med., 2008, 49(4), 597-605.
108. Langen, K.J.; Eschmann, S.M. Correlative imaging of hypoxia and angiogenesis in oncology. J. Nucl. Med., 2008, 49(4), 515-516.
109. Grigsby, P.W.; Malyapa, R.S.; Higashikubo, R.; Schwarz, J.K.; Welch, M.J.; Huettner, P.C.; Dehdashti, F. Comparison of molecular markers of hypoxia and imaging with (60)Cu-ATSM in cancer of the uterine cervix. Mol. Imaging Biol., 2007, 9(5), 278-283.
110. Spiess, B.D. Perfluorocarbon emulsions as a promising technology: a review of tissue and vascular gas dynamics. J. Appl. Physiol., 2009, 106(4), 1444-1452.
111. Busse, L.J.; Pratt, R.G.; Thomas, S.R. Deconvolution of chemical shift spectra in two-or three-dimensional [19F] MR imaging. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr., 1988, 12(5), 824-835.
112. Kodibagkar, V.D.; Wang, X.; Mason, R.P. Physical principles of quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance oximetry. Front Biosci., 2008, 13, 1371-1384.
113. Yu, J.X.; Kodibagkar, V.D.; Cui, W.; Mason, R.P. 19F: a versatile reporter for non-invasive physiology and pharmacology using magnetic resonance. Curr. Med. Chem., 2005, 12(7), 819-848.
114. Brix, G.; Bellemann, M.E.; Haberkorn, U.; Gerlach, L.; Lorenz, W.J. Assessment of the biodistribution and metabolism of 5-fluorouracil as monitored by 18F PET and 19F MRI: a comparative animal study. Nucl. Med. Biol., 1996, 23(7), 897-906.
115. Rosenblum, W.I.; Hadfield, M.G.; Martinez, A.J.; Schatzki, P. Alterations of liver and spleen following intravenous infusion of fluorocarbon emulsions. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med., 1976, 100(4), 213-217.
116. Zimmermann, U.; Noth, U.; Grohn, P.; Jork, A.; Ulrichs, K.; Lutz, J.; Haase, A. Non-invasive evaluation of the location, the functional integrity and the oxygen supply of implants: 19F nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of perfluorocarbon-loaded Ba2+-alginate beads. Artif. Cells Blood Substit. Immobil. Biotechnol., 2000, 28(2), 129-146.
117. Noth, U.; Rodrigues, L.M.; Robinson, S.P.; Jork, A.; Zimmermann, U.; Newell, B.; Griffiths, J.R. In vivo determination of tumor oxygenation during growth and in response to carbogen breathing using 15C5-loaded alginate capsules as fluorine-19 magnetic resonance imaging oxygen sensors. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 2004, 60(3), 909-919.
118. Noth, U.; Grohn, P.; Jork, A.; Zimmermann, U.; Haase, A.; Lutz, J. 19F-MRI in vivo determination of the partial oxygen pressure in perfluorocarbon-loaded alginate capsules implanted into the peritoneal cavity and different tissues. Magn. Reson. Med., 1999, 42(6), 1039-1047.
119. Mason, R.P.; Constantinescu, A.; Hunjan, S.; Le, D.; Hahn, E.W.; Antich, P.P.; Blum, C.; Peschke, P. Regional tumor oxygenation and measurement of dynamic changes. Radiat. Res., 1999, 152(3), 239-249.
120. Zhao, D.; Constantinescu, A.; Jiang, L.; Hahn, E.W.; Mason, R.P. Prognostic radiology: quantitative assessment of tumor oxygen dynamics by MRI. Am. J. Clin. Oncol., 2001, 24(5), 462-466.
121. Riess, J.G. Perfluorocarbon-based oxygen delivery. Artif. Cells Blood Substit. Immobil. Biotechnol., 2006, 34(6), 567-580.
122. Mason, R.P.; Antich, P.P.; Babcock, E.E.; Gerberich, J.L.; Nunnally, R.L. Perfluorocarbon imaging in vivo: a 19F MRI study in tumor-bearing mice. Magn. Reson. Imaging, 1989, 7(5), 475-485.
123. Giraudeau, C.; Flament, J.; Marty, B.; Boumezbeur, F.; Meriaux, S.; Robic, C.; Port, M.; Tsapis, N.; Fattal, E.; Giacomini, E.; Lethimonnier, F.; Le Bihan, D.; Valette, J. A new paradigm for high-sensitivity 19F magnetic resonance imaging of perfluorooctylbromide. Magn. Reson. Med., 2010, 63(4), 1119-1124.
124. Bellemann, M.E.; Brix, G.; Peschke, P.; Eble, M.J.; Mason, R.P.; Lorenz, W.J. Mapping tissue oxygenation in tumor-bearing rats: In vivo 19F NMR imaging of perfluorocarbons on a 1.5-Tesla wholebody MR system. Proc. ISMRM, 1996, 3, 1363.
125. Bellemann, M.E.; Bruckner, J.; Peschke, P.; Brix, G.; Mason, R.P. [Quantification and visualization of oxygen partial pressure in vivo by 19F NMR imaging of perfluorocarbons]. Biomed. Tech (Berl), 2002, 47 (Suppl 1) Pt 1, 451-454.
126. Mason, R.P.; Rodbumrung, W.; Antich, P.P. Hexafluorobenzene: a sensitive 19F NMR indicator of tumor oxygenation. NMR Biomed., 1996, 9(3), 125-134.
127. Dardzinski, B.J.; Sotak, C.H. Rapid tissue oxygen tension mapping using 19F inversion-recovery echo-planar imaging of perfluoro-15-crown-5-ether. Magn. Reson. Med., 1994, 32(1), 88-97.
128. Van Der Sanden, B.P.; Heerschap, A.; Simonetti, A.W.; Rijken, P.F.; Peters, H.P.; Stuben, G.; Van Der Kogel, A.J. Characterization and validation of noninvasive oxygen tension measurements in human glioma xenografts by 19F-MR relaxometry. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 1999, 44(3), 649-658.
129. http://www.chemcas.org/drug/analytical/cas/392-56-3.asp.
130. Hunjan, S.; Zhao, D.; Constantinescu, A.; Hahn, E.W.; Antich, P.P.; Mason, R.P. Tumor oximetry: demonstration of an enhanced dynamic mapping procedure using fluorine-19 echo planar magnetic resonance imaging in the Dunning prostate R3327-AT1 rat tumor. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 2001, 49(4), 1097-1108.
131. Zhao, D.; Jiang, L.; Mason, R.P. Measuring changes in tumor oxygenation. Methods Enzymol., 2004, 386, 378-418.
132. Thulborn, K.R.; Waterton, J.C.; Matthews, P.M.; Radda, G.K. Oxygenation dependence of the transverse relaxation time of water protons in whole blood at high field. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1982, 714(2), 265-270.
133. Ogawa, S.; Lee, T.M.; Nayak, A.S.; Glynn, P. Oxygenationsensitive contrast in magnetic resonance image of rodent brain at high magnetic fields. Magn. Reson. Med., 1990, 14(1), 68-78.
134. Ogawa, S.; Menon, R.S.; Tank, D.W.; Kim, S.G.; Merkle, H.; Ellermann, J.M.; Ugurbil, K. Functional brain mapping by blood oxygenation level-dependent contrast magnetic resonance imaging. A comparison of signal characteristics with a biophysical model. Biophys. J., 1993, 64(3), 803-812.
135. Turner, R.; Le Bihan, D.; Moonen, C.T.; Despres, D.; Frank, J. Echo-planar time course MRI of cat brain oxygenation changes. Magn. Reson. Med., 1991, 22(1), 159-166.
136. Sedlacik, J.; Reichenbach, J.R. Validation of quantitative estimation of tissue oxygen extraction fraction and deoxygenated blood volume fraction in phantom and in vivo experiments by using MRI. Magn. Reson. Med., 2010, 63(4), 910-921.
137. Rauscher, A.; Sedlacik, J.; Barth, M.; Haacke, E.M.; Reichenbach, J.R. Nonnvasive assessment of vascular architecture and function during modulated blood oxygenation using susceptibility weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Magn. Reson. Med., 2005, 54(1), 87-95.
138. Howe, F.A.; Robinson, S.P.; Rodrigues, L.M.; Griffiths, J.R. Flow and oxygenation dependent (FLOOD) contrast MR imaging to monitor the response of rat tumors to carbogen breathing. Magn. Reson. Imaging, 1999, 17(9), 1307-1318.
139. Howe, F.A.; Robinson, S.P.; Mcintyre, D.J.; Stubbs, M.; Griffiths, J.R. Issues in flow and oxygenation dependent contrast (FLOOD) imaging of tumours. NMR Biomed., 2001, 14(7-8), 497-506.
140. Baudelet, C.; Gallez, B. How does blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) contrast correlate with oxygen partial pressure (pO2) inside tumors? Magn. Reson. Med., 2002, 48(6), 980-986.
141. Alonzi, R.; Padhani, A.R.; Maxwell, R.J.; Taylor, N.J.; Stirling, J.J.; Wilson, J.I.; D'arcy, J.A.; Collins, D.J.; Saunders, M.I.; Hoskin, P.J. Carbogen breathing increases prostate cancer oxygenation: a translational MRI study in murine xenografts and humans. Br. J. Cancer, 2009, 100(4), 644-648.
142. Padhani, A. Science to practice: what does MR oxygenation imaging tell us about human breast cancer hypoxia? Radiology, 2010, 254(1), 1-3.
143. Chopra, S.; Foltz, W.D.; Milosevic, M.F.; Toi, A.; Bristow, R.G.; Menard, C.; Haider, M.A. Comparing oxygen-sensitive MRI (BOLD R2*) with oxygen electrode measurements: a pilot study in men with prostate cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Biol., 2009, 85(9), 805-813.
144. Mcphail, L.D.; Robinson, S.P. Intrinsic susceptibility MR imaging of chemically induced rat mammary tumors: relationship to histologic assessment of hypoxia and fibrosis. Radiology, 2010, 254(1), 110-118.
145. Hall, E.J. Radiobiology for the Radiologist. (5). Lippicott Williams & Wikins, 2000.
146. Baker, M.; Wayland, H. On-line volume flow rate and velocity profile measurement for blood in microvessels. Microvasc. Res., 1974, 7(1), 131-143.
147. Brix, G.; Griebel, J.; Kiessling, F.; Wenz, F. Tracerkinetic modeling of angiogenesis based on dynamic contrast-enhanced CT and MRI measurements. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2010, 37(Suppl 1),S30-51.
148. Cooper, R.A.; Carrington, B.M.; Loncaster, J.A.; Todd, S.M.; Davidson, S.E.; Logue, J.P.; Luthra, A.D.; Jones, A.P.; Stratford, I.; Hunter, R.D.; West, C.M. Tumour oxygenation levels correlate with dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging parameters in carcinoma of the cervix. Radiother. Oncol., 2000, 57(1), 53-59.
149. West, C.M.; Cooper, R.A.; Loncaster, J.A.; Wilks, D.P.; Bromley, M. Tumor vascularity: a histological measure of angiogenesis and hypoxia. Cancer Res., 2001, 61(7), 2907-2910.
150. Brizel, D.M.; Dodge, R.K.; Clough, R.W.; Dewhirst, M.W. Oxygenation of head and neck cancer: changes during radiotherapy and impact on treatment outcome. Radiother. Oncol., 1999, 53(2), 113-117.
151. Rofstad, E.K.; Sundfor, K.; Lyng, H.; Trope, C.G. Hypoxiainduced treatment failure in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix is primarily due to hypoxia-induced radiation resistance rather than hypoxia-induced metastasis. Br. J. Cancer, 2000, 83(3), 354-359.
152. Nordsmark, M.; Loncaster, J.; Aquino-Parsons, C.; Chou, S.C.; Gebski, V.; West, C.; Lindegaard, J.C.; Havsteen, H.; Davidson, S.E.; Hunter, R.; Raleigh, J.A.; Overgaard, J. The prognostic value of pimonidazole and tumour pO2 in human cervix carcinomas after radiation therapy: a prospective international multi-center study. Radiother. Oncol., 2006, 80(2), 123-131.
153. Dirix, P.; Vandecaveye, V.; De Keyzer, F.; Stroobants, S.; Hermans, R.; Nuyts, S. Dose painting in radiotherapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: value of repeated functional imaging with (18)F-FDG PET, (18)F-fluoromisonidazole PET, diffusion-weighted MRI, and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. J. Nucl. Med., 2009, 50(7), 1020-1027.
154. Thorwarth, D.; Eschmann, S.M.; Paulsen, F.; Alber, M. A kinetic model for dynamic [18F]-Fmiso PET data to analyse tumour hypoxia. Phys. Med. Biol., 2005, 50(10), 2209-2224.
155. Rischin, D.; Hicks, R.J.; Fisher, R.; Binns, D.; Corry, J.; Porceddu, S.; Peters, L.J. Prognostic significance of [18F]-misonidazole positron emission tomography-detected tumor hypoxia in patients with advanced head and neck cancer randomly assigned to chemoradiation with or without tirapazamine: a substudy of Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group Study 98.02. J. Clin. Oncol., 2006, 24(13), 2098-2104.
156. Lehtio, K.; Eskola, O.; Viljanen, T.; Oikonen, V.; Gronroos, T.; Sillanmaki, L.; Grenman, R.; Minn, H. Imaging perfusion and hypoxia with PET to predict radiotherapy response in head-andneck cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 2004, 59(4), 971-982.
157. Hicks, R.J.; Rischin, D.; Fisher, R.; Binns, D.; Scott, A.M.; Peters, L.J. Utility of FMISO PET in advanced head and neck cancer treated with chemoradiation incorporating a hypoxia-targeting chemotherapy agent. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2005, 32(12), 1384-1391.
158. Eschmann, S.M.; Paulsen, F.; Bedeshem, C.; Machulla, H.J.; Hehr, T.; Bamberg, M.; Bares, R. Hypoxia-imaging with (18)FMisonidazole and PET: changes of kinetics during radiotherapy of head-and-neck cancer. Radiother. Oncol., 2007, 83(3), 406-410.
159. Thorwarth, D.; Eschmann, S.M.; Paulsen, F.; Alber, M. A model of reoxygenation dynamics of head-and-neck tumors based on serial 18F-fluoromisonidazole positron emission tomography investigations. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 2007, 68(2), 515-521.
160. Lee, N.; Nehmeh, S.; Schoder, H.; Fury, M.; Chan, K.; Ling, C.C.; Humm, J. Prospective trial incorporating pre-/mid-treatment[18F]-misonidazole positron emission tomography for head-and-neck cancer patients undergoing concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 2009, 75(1), 101-108.
161. Sovik, A.; Malinen, E.; Olsen, D.R. Strategies for biologic imageguided dose escalation: a review. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 2009, 73(3), 650-658.
162. Chao, K.S.; Bosch, W.R.; Mutic, S.; Lewis, J.S.; Dehdashti, F.; Mintun, M.A.; Dempsey, J.F.; Perez, C.A.; Purdy, J.A.; Welch, M.J. A novel approach to overcome hypoxic tumor resistance: Cu-ATSM-guided intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 2001, 49(4), 1171-1182.
163. Grosu, A.L.; Souvatzoglou, M.; Roper, B.; Dobritz, M.; Wiedenmann, N.; Jacob, V.; Wester, H.J.; Reischl, G.; Machulla, H.J.; Schwaiger, M.; Molls, M.; Piert, M. Hypoxia imaging with FAZA-PET and theoretical considerations with regard to dose painting for individualization of radiotherapy in patients with head and neck cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 2007, 69(2), 541-551.
164. Lee, N.Y.; Mechalakos, J.G.; Nehmeh, S.; Lin, Z.; Squire, O.D.; Cai, S.; Chan, K.; Zanzonico, P.B.; Greco, C.; Ling, C.C.; Humm, J.L.; Schoder, H. Fluorine-18-labeled fluoromisonidazole positron emission and computed tomography-guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy for head and neck cancer: a feasibility study. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 2008, 70(1), 2-13.
165. Popple, R.A.; Ove, R.; Shen, S. Tumor control probability for selective boosting of hypoxic subvolumes, including the effect of reoxygenation. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 2002, 54(3), 921-927.
166. Matsumoto, K.; Kitamura, K.; Mizuta, T.; Tanaka, K.; Yamamoto, S.; Sakamoto, S.; Nakamoto, Y.; Amano, M.; Murase, K.; Senda, M. Performance characteristics of a new 3-dimensional continuousemission and spiral-transmission high-sensitivity and highresolution PET camera evaluated with the NEMA NU 2-2001 standard. J. Nucl. Med., 2006, 47(1), 83-90.
167. Busk, M.; Horsman, M.R.; Overgaard, J. Resolution in PET hypoxia imaging: voxel size matters. Acta Oncol., 2008, 47(7), 1201-1210.
168. Nehmeh, S.A.; Lee, N.Y.; Schroder, H.; Squire, O.; Zanzonico, P.B.; Erdi, Y.E.; Greco, C.; Mageras, G.; Pham, H.S.; Larson, S.M.; Ling, C.C.; Humm, J.L. Reproducibility of intratumor distribution of (18)F-fluoromisonidazole in head and neck cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 2008, 70(1), 235-242.
169. Lin, Z.; Mechalakos, J.; Nehmeh, S.; Schoder, H.; Lee, N.; Humm, J.; Ling, C.C. The influence of changes in tumor hypoxia on dosepainting treatment plans based on 18F-FMISO positron emission tomography. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 2008, 70(4), 1219-1228.
170. Judenhofer, M.S.; Wehrl, H.F.; Newport, D.F.; Catana, C.; Siegel, S.B.; Becker, M.; Thielscher, A.; Kneilling, M.; Lichy, M.P.; Eichner, M.; Klingel, K.; Reischl, G.; Widmaier, S.; Rocken, M.; Nutt, R.E.; Machulla, H.J.; Uludag, K.; Cherry, S.R.; Claussen, C.D.; Pichler, B.J. Simultaneous PET-MRI: a new approach for functional and morphological imaging. Nat. Med., 2008, 14(4), 459-465.