Immunomodulation by chemotherapeutic agents against Leishmaniasis

International Immunopharmacology

Volumn 11, Issue 11, 2011, Pages 1668-1679

  Saha, Piu ^a   Mukhopadhyay, Debanjan ^a   Chatterjee, Mitali ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF POST GRADUATE MEDICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH   (India)

Author keywords

Anti leishmanial; Chemotherapy; Immunomodulation; Leishmaniasis

Indexed keywords

AMPHOTERICIN B; AMPHOTERICIN B CHOLESTEROL SULFATE; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; ARTEMISININ; BERBERINE; CD40 ANTIGEN; CYSTATIN; DIPROPHYLLINE; GLYCERYL TRINITRATE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; JANUS KINASE; KALANCHOE PINNATA EXTRACT; MEGLUMINE ANTIMONATE; MILTEFOSINE; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; MOMORDICA CHARANTIA EXTRACT; PAROMOMYCIN; PENTOSAN POLYSULFATE; PLANT EXTRACT; REACTIVE NITROGEN SPECIES; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; SITAMAQUINE; STAT PROTEIN; TAMOXIFEN; THALIDOMIDE; TINOSPORA SINENSIS EXTRACT; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; Z 100;

CLINICAL FEATURE; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOMODULATION; IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS; LEISHMANIASIS; LYMPHOCYTE; MACROPHAGE; MONOCYTE; NEUTROPHIL; NONHUMAN; PHAGOCYTOSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS; DENDRITIC CELLS; HOST-PARASITE INTERACTIONS; HUMANS; IMMUNOMODULATION; LEISHMANIA; LEISHMANIASIS; LYMPHOCYTES; MACROPHAGES; NEUTROPHILS;

EID: 80055006678     PISSN: 15675769     EISSN: 18781705     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.08.002     Document Type: Review

References (160)

1. M.M. Kane, and D.M. Mosser Leishmania parasites and their ploys to disrupt macrophage activation Curr Opin Hematol 7 2000 26 31 (Pubitemid 30007684)
2. J.D. Berman Human leishmaniasis: clinical, diagnostic, and chemotherapeutic developments in the last 10 years Clin Infect Dis 24 1997 684 703 Review (Pubitemid 27143564)
3. S. Ganguly, N.K. Das, J.N. Barbhuiya, and M. Chatterjee Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis - an overview Int J Dermatol 49 2010 921 931
4. T. Naderer, and M.J. McConville The Leishmania-macrophage interaction: a metabolic perspective Cell Microbiol 10 2008 301 308 Review
5. S. Nylén, and S. Gautam Immunological perspectives of leishmaniasis J Glob Infect Dis 2 2010 135 146
6. H. Ota, Y. Takashima, Y. Matsumoto, Y. Hayashi, and Y. Matsumoto Pretreatment of macrophages with the combination of IFN-gamma and IL-12 induces resistance to Leishmania major at the early phase of infection J Vet Med Sci 70 2008 589 593 (Pubitemid 352008812)
7. S. Nylén, R. Maurya, L. Eidsmo, K.D. Manandhar, S. Sundar, and D. Sacks Splenic accumulation of IL-10 mRNA in T cells distinct from CD4 + CD25+ (Foxp3) regulatory T cells in human visceral leishmaniasis J Exp Med 204 2007 805 817 (Pubitemid 46631610)
8. A. Khoshdel, A. Alborzi, M. Rosouli, E. Taheri, S. Kiany, and M.H. Javadian Increased levels of IL-10, IL-12, and IFN- in patients with visceral leishmaniasis Braz J Infect Dis 13 2009 44 46
9. H.W. Ghalib, M.R. Piuvezam, Y.A. Skeiky, M. Siddig, F.A. Hashim, and A.M. el-Hassan Interleukin 10 production correlates with pathology in human Leishmania donovani infections J Clin Invest 92 1993 324 329 (Pubitemid 23209013)
10. C.L. Karp, S.H. el-Safi, C.L. Karp, T.A. Wynn, M.M. Satti, and F.A. Kordofani In vivo cytokine profiles in patients with kala-azar. Marked elevation of both interleukin-10 and interferon-gamma J Clin Invest 91 1993 1644 1648 (Pubitemid 23127368)
11. T. Van Assche, M. Deschacht, R.A. da Luz, L. Maes, and P. Cos Leishmania-macrophage interactions: insights into the redox biology Free Radic Biol Med 51 2011 337 351
12. S. Singh, and R. Sivakumar Challenges and new discoveries in the treatment of leishmaniasis J Infect Chemother 10 2004 307 315 (Pubitemid 40142819)
13. S.L. Croft, S. Sundar, and A.H. Fairlamb Drug resistance in leishmaniasis Clin Microbiol Rev 19 2006 111 126 Review (Pubitemid 43157649)
14. R. Sen, and M. Chatterjee Plant derived therapeutics for the treatment of Leishmaniasis Phytomedicine May 17 2011 [Epub ahead of print]
15. T. Polonio, and T. Efferth Leishmaniasis: drug resistance and natural products Int J Mol Med 22 2008 277 286 eview
16. M.M. Salem, and K.A. Werbovetz Natural products from plants as drug candidates and lead compounds against leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis Curr Med Chem 13 2006 2571 2598 (Pubitemid 44364157)
17. A. Ponte-Sucre, J.H. Faber, T. Gulder, I. Kajahn, S.E. Pedersen, and M. Schultheis Activities of naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids and synthetic analogs against Leishmania major Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51 2007 188 194 (Pubitemid 46047705)
18. B. Mittra, A. Saha, A.R. Chowdhury, C. Pal, S. Mandal, and S. Mukhopadhyay Luteolin, an abundant dietary component is a potent antileishmanial agent that acts by inducing topoisomerase II-mediated kinetoplast DNA cleavage leading to apoptosis Mol Med 6 2000 527 541
19. S. Bhattacharjee, G. Gupta, P. Bhattacharya, A. Mukherjee, S.B. Majumdar, and A. Pal Quassin alters the immunological patterns of murine macrophages through generation of nitric oxide to exert antileishmanial activity J Antimicrob Chemother 63 2009 317 324
20. R. Das, A. Roy, N. Dutta, and H.K. Majumder Reactive oxygen species and imbalance of calcium homeostasis contributes to curcumin induced programmed cell death in Leishmania donovani Apoptosis 13 2008 867 882
21. R. Sen, S. Bandyopadhyay, A. Dutta, G. Mandal, S. Ganguly, and P. Saha Artemisinin triggers induction of cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in Leishmania donovani promastigotes J Med Microbiol 56 2007 1213 1218 (Pubitemid 47477194)
22. R. Sen, S. Ganguly, P. Saha, and M. Chatterjee Efficacy of artemisinin in experimental visceral leishmaniasis Int J Antimicrob Agents 36 2010 43 49
23. T. Laskay, G. van Zandbergen, and W. Solbach Neutrophil granulocytes as host cells and transport vehicles for intracellular pathogens: apoptosis as infection-promoting factor Immunobiology 213 2008 183 191 Review
24. C. Sunderkötter, M. Kunz, K. Steinbrink, G. Meinardus-Hager, M. Goebeler, and H. Bildau Resistance of mice to experimental leishmaniasis is associated with more rapid appearance of mature macrophages in vitro and in vivo J Immunol 151 1993 4891 4901 (Pubitemid 23318542)
25. H. Laufs, K. Müller, J. Fleischer, N. Reiling, N. Jahnke, and J.C. Jensenius Intracellular survival of Leishmania major in neutrophil granulocytes after uptake in the absence of heat-labile serum factors Infect Immun 70 2002 826 835 (Pubitemid 34083846)
26. E. Aga, D.M. Katschinski, G. van Zandbergen, H. Laufs, B. Hansen, and K. Müller Inhibition of the spontaneous apoptosis of neutrophil granulocytes by the intracellular parasite Leishmania major J Immunol 169 2002 898 905 (Pubitemid 34753446)
27. K. Aoshiba, S. Yasui, M. Hayashi, J. Tamaoki, and A. Nagai Role of p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase in spontaneous apoptosis of human Neutrophils J Immunol 162 1999 1692 1700 (Pubitemid 29307047)
28. E. McFarlane, C. Perez, M. Charmoy, C. Allenbach, K.C. Carter, and J. Alexander Neutrophils contribute to development of a protective immune response during onset of infection with Leishmania donovani Infect Immun 76 2008 532 541 (Pubitemid 351251723)
29. M.I. Muniz-Junqueira, and V.N. de Paula-Coelho Meglumine antimonate directly increases phagocytosis, superoxide anion and TNF-alpha production, but only via TNF-alpha it indirectly increases nitric oxide production by phagocytes of healthy individuals, in vitro Int Immunopharmacol 8 2008 1633 1638
30. P. Saha, A. Sarkar, S. Bhattacharjee, C. Hariharan, T. Laskay, and S. Majumdar Berberine chloride modulates the MAP kinase pathway in host cells to mediate its antileishmanial activity, Poster presentation, Society of Free Radical Research-India, Hyderabad, India January 11th-13th 2010
31. A. Brittingham, C.J. Morrison, W.R. McMaster, B.S. McGwire, K.P. Chang, and D.M. Mosser Role of the Leishmania surface protease gp63 in complement fixation, cell adhesion, and resistance to complement-mediated lysis J Immunol 155 1995 3102 3111
32. E.C. Torres-Santos, D. Lopes, R.R. Oliveira, J.P. Carauta, C.A. Falcao, and M.A. Kaplan Antileishmanial activity of isolated triterpenoids from Pourouma guianensis Phytomedicine 11 2004 114 120 (Pubitemid 38314050)
33. C. Di Giorgio, F. Delmas, V. Akhmedjanova, E. Ollivier, I. Bessonova, and E. Riad In vitro antileishmanial activity of diphyllin isolated from Haplophyllum bucharicum Planta Med 71 2005 366 369 (Pubitemid 40676465)
34. S.A. Sane, N. Shakya, W. Haq, and S. Gupta CpG oligodeoxynucleotide augments the antileishmanial activity of miltefosine against experimental visceral leishmaniasis J Antimicrob Chemother 65 2010 1448 1454
35. U. Sharma, and S. Singh Immunobiology of leishmaniasis Indian J Exp Biol 47 2009 412 423 Review
36. D.C. Miguel, J.K. Yokoyama-Yasunaka, W.K. Andreoli, R.A. Mortara, and S.R. Uliana Tamoxifen is effective against Leishmania and induces a rapid alkalinization of parasitophorous vacuoles harbouring Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis amastigotes J Antimicrob Chemother 60 2007 526 534 (Pubitemid 47299866)
37. P. Holzmuller, D. Sereno, M. Cavaleyra, I. Mangot, S. Daulouede, and P. Vincendeau Nitric oxide-mediated proteasome-dependent oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation in Leishmania amazonensis amastigotes Infect Immunol 70 2002 3727 3735 (Pubitemid 34666012)
38. M. Munder, B.S. Choi, M. Rogers, and P. Kropf L-arginine deprivation impairs Leishmania major-specific T-cell responses Eur J Immunol 39 2009 2161 2172
39. P. Saha, R. Sen, C. Hariharan, D. Kumar, P. Das, and M. Chatterjee Berberine chloride causes a caspase-independent, apoptotic-like death in Leishmania donovani promastigotes Free Radic Res 43 2009 1101 1110
40. J. Mookerjee Basu, A. Mookerjee, P. Sen, S. Bhaumik, P. Sen, and S. Banerjee Sodium antimony gluconate induces generation of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide via phosphoinositide 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in Leishmania donovani-infected macrophages Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50 2006 1788 1797
41. H.W. Murray, and S. Delph-Etienne Visceral leishmanicidal activity of hexadecylphosphocholine (miltefosine) in mice deficient in T cells and activated macrophage microbicidal mechanisms J Infect Dis 181 2000 795 799
42. P. Wadhone, M. Maiti, R. Agarwal, V. Kamat, S. Martin, and B. Saha Miltefosine promotes IFN-gamma-dominated anti-leishmanial immune response J Immunol 182 2009 7146 7154
43. A.K. Mukherjee, G. Gupta, S. Bhattacharjee, S.K. Guha, S. Majumder, and A. Adhikari Amphotericin B regulates the host immune response in visceral leishmaniasis: reciprocal regulation of protein kinase C isoforms J Infect 61 2010 173 184
44. A.K. Haldar, S. Banerjee, K. Naskar, D. Kalita, N.S. Islam, and S. Roy Sub-optimal dose of Sodium Antimony Gluconate (SAG)-diperoxovanadate combination clears organ parasites from BALB/c mice infected with antimony resistant Leishmania donovani by expanding antileishmanial T-cell repertoire and increasing IFN-gamma to IL-10 ratio Exp Parasitol 122 2009 145 154
45. N. Singh, A. Kumar, P. Gupta, K. Chand, M. Samant, and R. Maurya Evaluation of antileishmanial potential of Tinospora sinensis against experimental visceral leishmaniasis Parasitol Res 102 2008 561 565
46. A. Ukil, A. Biswas, T. Das, and P.K. Das 18 Beta-glycyrrhetinic acid triggers curative Th1 response and nitric oxide up-regulation in experimental visceral leishmaniasis associated with the activation of NF-kappa B J Immunol 175 2005 1161 1169 (Pubitemid 41095003)
47. H. Kolodziej, O. Kayser, A.F. Kiderlen, H. Ito, T. Hatano, and T. Yoshida Antileishmanial activity of hydrolyzable tannins and their modulatory effects on nitric oxide and tumour necrosis factor-alpha release in macrophages in vitro Planta Med 67 2001 825 832 (Pubitemid 34015546)
48. H. Nahrevanian, M. Najafzadeh, R. Hajihosseini, H. Nazem, M. Farahmand, and Z. Zamani Anti-leishmanial effects of trinitroglycerin in BALB/C mice infected with Leishmania major via nitric oxide pathway Korean J Parasitol 47 2009 109 115
49. L. Das, N. Datta, S. Bandyopadhyay, and P.K. Das Successful therapy of lethal murine visceral leishmaniasis with cystatin involves up-regulation of nitric oxide and a favorable T cell response J Immunol 166 2001 4020 4028 (Pubitemid 32224931)
50. S. Mukherjee, A. Ukil, and P.K. Das Immunomodulatory peptide from cystatin, a natural cysteine protease inhibitor, against leishmaniasis as a model macrophage disease Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51 2007 1700 1707 (Pubitemid 46744148)
51. S. Kar, A. Ukil, and P.K. Das Signaling events leading to the curative effect of cystatin on experimental visceral leishmaniasis: involvement of ERK1/2, NF-kappaB and JAK/STAT pathways Eur J Immunol 39 2009 741 751
52. D. Chakraborty, J.M. Basu, P. Sen, S. Sundar, and S. Roy Human placental extract offers protection against experimental visceral leishmaniasis: a pilot study for a phase-I clinical trial Ann Trop Med Parasitol 102 2008 21 38 (Pubitemid 351185240)
53. T. Ueda-Nakamura, R.R. Mendonça-Filho, J.A. Morgado-Díaz, P. Korehisa Maza, B. Prado Dias Filho, and D. Aparício Garcia Cortez Antileishmanial activity of Eugenol-rich essential oil from Ocimum gratissimum Parasitol Int 55 2006 99 105
54. P.K. Mishra, N. Singh, G. Ahmad, A. Dube, and R. Maurya Glycolipids and other constituents from Desmodium gangeticum with antileishmanial and immunomodulatory activities Bioorg Med Chem Lett 15 2005 4543 4546 (Pubitemid 41253891)
55. S. do Socorro, S. Rosa Mdo, R.R. Mendonça-Filho, H.R. Bizzo, I. de Almeida Rodrigues, and R.M. Soares Antileishmanial activity of a linalool-rich essential oil from Croton cajucara Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47 2003 1895 1901 (Pubitemid 36637811)
56. D.C. Gomes, M.F. Muzitano, S.S. Costa, and B. Rossi-Bergmann Effectiveness of the immunomodulatory extract of Kalanchoe pinnata against murine visceral leishmaniasis Parasitology 137 2010 613 618
57. S.A. Da-Silva, S.S. Costa, and B. Rossi-Bergmann The anti-leishmanial effect of Kalanchoe is mediated by nitric oxide intermediates Parasitology 118 1999 575 582 (Pubitemid 29322103)
58. A. Dutta, S. Bandyopadhyay, C. Mandal, and M. Chatterjee Aloe vera leaf exudate induces a caspase independent cell death in Leishmania donovani promastigotes J Med Microbiol 56 2007 629 636 (Pubitemid 46717486)
59. A. Dutta, G. Mandal, C. Mandal, and M. Chatterjee In vitro antileishmanial activity of Aloe vera leaf exudate: a potential herbal therapy in leishmaniasis Glycoconj J 24 2007 81 86 (Pubitemid 44935067)
60. F.J. Patrício, G.C. Costa, P.V. Pereira, W.C. Aragão-Filho, S.M. Sousa, and J.B. Frazão Efficacy of the intralesional treatment with Chenopodium ambrosioides in the murine infection by Leishmania amazonensis J Ethnopharmacol 115 2008 313 319 (Pubitemid 350278557)
61. S. Mendez, R. Traslavina, M. Hinchman, L. Huang, P. Green, and M.H. Cynamon The antituberculosis drug pyrazinamide affects the course of cutaneous leishmaniasis in vivo and increases activation of macrophages and dendritic cells Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53 2009 5114 5121
62. D.C. Soares, A.L. Andrade, J.C. Delorenzi, J.R. Silva, L. Freire-de-Lima, and C.A. Falcão Leishmanicidal activity of Himatanthus sucuuba latex against Leishmania amazonensis Parasitol Int 59 2010 173 177
63. C. Di Giorgio, M. Lamidi, F. Delmas, G. Balansard, and E. Ollivier Antileishmanial activity of quinovic acid glycosides and cadambine acid isolated from Nauclea diderrichii Planta Med 72 2006 1396 1402 (Pubitemid 46102394)
64. N. Datta, S. Mukherjee, L. Das, and P.K. Das Targeting of immunostimulatory DNA cures experimental visceral leishmaniasis through nitric oxide up-regulation and T cell activation Eur J Immunol 33 2003 1508 1518 (Pubitemid 36790411)
65. O.J. Bowers, K.B. Sommersted, R.T. Sowell, G.E. Boling, W.H. Hanneman, and R.G. Titus 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) reduces Leishmania major burdens in C57BL/6 mice Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 2006 749 752 (Pubitemid 46941288)
66. P. Saha, S. Bhattacharjee, A. Sarkar, A. Manna, S. Majumder, and M. Chatterjee Berberine chloride mediates its anti-leishmanial activity via differential regulation of the mitogen activated protein kinase pathway in macrophages PLoS One 6 2011 e18467
67. Z. Martín-Quintal, M. del Rosario García-Miss, M. Mut-Martín, A. Matus-Moo, L.W. Torres-Tapia, and S.R. Peraza-Sánchez The leishmanicidal effect of (3S)-16,17- didehydrofalcarinol, an oxylipin isolated from Tridax procumbens, is independent of NO production Phytother Res 24 2010 1004 1008
68. U. Meissner, S. Jüttner, M. Röllinghoff, and A. Gessner Cyclosporin A-mediated killing of Leishmania major by macrophages is independent of reactive nitrogen and endogenous TNF-α and is not inhibited by IL-10 and 13 Parasitol Res 89 2003 221 227 (Pubitemid 36216547)
69. A.G. Tempone, N.N. Taniwaki, and J.Q. Reimão Antileishmanial activity and ultrastructural alterations of Leishmania (L.) chagasi treated with the calcium channel blocker nimodipine Parasitol Res 105 2009 499 505
70. D.C. Soares, C.G. Pereira, M.A. Meireles, and E.M. Saraiva Leishmanicidal activity of a supercritical fluid fraction obtained from Tabernaemontana catharinensis Parasitol Int 56 2007 135 139 (Pubitemid 46371387)
71. L. Soong Modulation of dendritic cell function by Leishmania parasites J Immunol 180 2008 4355 4360
72. H. Moll, H. Fuchs, C. Blank, and M. Rollinghoff Langerhans cells transport Leishmania major from the infected skin to the draining lymph node for presentation to antigen-specific T cells Eur J Immunol 23 1993 1595 1601 (Pubitemid 23218070)
73. K. Tejle, M. Lindroth, K.E. Magnusson, and B. Rasmusson Wild-type Leishmania donovani promastigotes block maturation, increase integrin expression and inhibit detachment of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells-the influence of phosphoglycans FEMS Microbiol Lett 279 2008 92 102 (Pubitemid 350308552)
74. K. Griewank, C. Gazeau, A. Eichhorn, and E. von Stebut Miltefosine efficiently eliminates Leishmania major amastigotes from infected murine dendritic cells without altering their immune functions Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54 2010 652 659
75. A. Banerjee, M. De, and N. Ali Complete cure of experimental visceral leishmaniasis with amphotericin B in stearylamine-bearing cationic liposomes involves down-regulation of IL-10 and favorable T cell responses J Immunol 181 2008 1386 1398
76. E. Stebut Immunology of cutaneous leishmaniasis: the role of mast cells, phagocytes and dendritic cells for protective immunity Eur J Dermatol 17 2007 115 122 (Pubitemid 46456759)
77. S.C. Smelt, S.E. Cotterell, C.R. Engwerda, and P.M. Kaye B cell-deficient mice are highly resistant to Leishmania donovani infection, but develop neutrophil-mediated tissue pathology J Immunol 164 2000 3681 3688 (Pubitemid 30169823)
78. P.A. Barroso, J.D. Marco, M. Calvopina, H. Kato, M. Korenaga, and Y. Hashiguchi A trial of immunotherapy against Leishmania amazonensis infection in vitro and in vivo with Z-100, a polysaccharide obtained from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, alone or combined with meglumine antimoniate J Antimicrob Chemother 59 2007 1123 1129 (Pubitemid 47073322)
79. G. Solgi, A. Kariminia, K. Abdi, M. Darabi, and B. Ghareghozloo Effects of combined therapy with thalidomide and glucantime on leishmaniasis induced by Leishmania major in BALB/c mice Korean J Parasitol 44 2006 55 61
80. H. Kolodziej, and A.F. Kiderlen Antileishmanial activity and immune modulatory effects of tannins and related compounds on Leishmania parasitised RAW 264.7 cells Phytochemistry 66 2005 2056 2071 Review (Pubitemid 41261917)
81. H. Kolodziej, O. Kayser, A.F. Kiderlen, H. Ito, T. Hatano, and T. Yoshida Proanthocyanidins and related compounds: antileishmanial activity and modulatory effects on nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha-release in the murine macrophage-like cell line RAW 264.7 Biol Pharm Bull 24 2001 1016 1021 (Pubitemid 32894121)
82. T. Ghazanfari, Z.M. Hassan, M. Ebtekar, A. Ahmadiani, G. Naderi, and A. Azar Garlic induces a shift in cytokine pattern in Leishmania major-infected BALB/c mice Scand J Immunol 52 2000 491 495
83. A. Kocyigit, S. Gur, M.S. Gurel, V. Bulut, and M. Ulukanligil Antimonial therapy induces circulating proinflammatory cytokines in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis Infect Immun 70 2002 6589 6591 (Pubitemid 35387885)
84. O.A. Radtke, L.Y. Foo, Y. Lu, A.F. Kiderlen, and H. Kolodziej Evaluation of sage phenolics for their antileishmanial activity and modulatory effects on interleukin-6, interferon and tumour necrosis factor-alpha-release in RAW 264.7 cells Z Naturforsch C 58 2003 395 400 (Pubitemid 36814986)
85. M.J. Teixeira, C.R. Teixeira, B.B. Andrade, M. Barral-Netto, and A. Barral Chemokines in host-parasite interactions in leishmaniasis Trends Parasitol 22 2006 32 40 Review (Pubitemid 43017202)
86. U. Ritter, and H. Moll Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 stimulates the killing of Leishmania major by human monocytes, acts synergistically with IFN-gamma and is antagonized by IL-4 Eur J Immunol 30 2000 3111 3120
87. R. López, L.E. Cuca, and G. Delgado Antileishmanial and immunomodulatory activity of Xylopia discreta Parasite Immunol 31 2009 623 630
88. G. van Zandbergen, N. Hermann, H. Laufs, W. Solbach, and T. Laskay Leishmania promastigotes release a granulocyte chemotactic factor and induce interleukin-8 release but inhibit gamma interferon-inducible protein 10 production by neutrophil granulocytes Infect Immun 70 2002 4177 4184 (Pubitemid 34790926)
89. G. Gupta, S. Bhattacharjee, S. Bhattacharyya, P. Bhattacharya, A. Adhikari, and A. Mukherjee CXC chemokine-mediated protection against visceral leishmaniasis: involvement of the proinflammatory response J Infect Dis 200 2009 1300 1310
90. P.S. Linsley, and J.A. Ledbetter The role of the CD28 receptor during T cell responses to antigen Annu Rev Immunol 11 1993 191 212 Review (Pubitemid 23115006)
91. S. Ganguly, D. Mukhopadhyay, N.K. Das, M. Chaduvula, S. Sadhu, and U. Chatterjee Enhanced lesional Foxp3 expression and peripheral anergic lymphocytes indicate a role for regulatory T cells in Indian post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis J Invest Dermatol 130 2010 1013 1022
92. Mukhopadhyay D, Das NK, Roy S, Kundu S, Barbhuiya JN, Chatterjee M. Miltefosine effectively modulates the cytokine milieu in Indian Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis in press.
93. S. Bhardwaj, N. Srivastava, R. Sudan, and B. Saha Leishmania interferes with host cell signaling to devise a survival strategy J Biomed Biotechnol 2010 2010 109189
94. R.K. Mathur, A. Awasthi, P. Wadhone, B. Ramanamurthy, and B. Saha Reciprocal CD40 signals though p38MAPK and ERK-1/2 induce counteracting immune responses Nat Med 10 2004 540 544 (Pubitemid 38667915)
95. M. Karin Signal transduction from cell surface to nucleus in development and disease FASEB J 6 1992 2581 2590 Review
96. R.K. Mathur, A. Awasthi, and B. Saha The conundrum of CD40 function: host protection or disease promotion? Trends Parasitol 22 2006 117 122 Review (Pubitemid 43290226)
97. D. Chandra, and S. Naik Leishmania donovani infection down-regulates TLR2-stimulated IL-12p40 and activates IL-10 in cells of macrophage/monocytic lineage by modulating MAPK pathways through a contact-dependent mechanism Clin Exp Immunol 154 2008 224 234
98. R. Ben-Othman, L. Guizani-Tabbane, and K. Dellagi Leishmania initially activates but subsequently down-regulates intracellular mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor-kappaB signaling in macrophages Mol Immunol 45 2008 3222 3229 (Pubitemid 351681988)
99. S. Akira, S. Uematsu, and O. Takeuchi Pathogen recognition and innate immunity Cell 124 2006 783 801 Review (Pubitemid 43261452)
100. R. Medzhitov, P. Preston-Hurlburt, E. Kopp, A. Stadlen, C. Chen, and S. Ghosh MyD88 is an adaptor protein in the hToll/IL-1 receptor family signaling pathways Mol Cell 2 1998 253 258 (Pubitemid 128373651)
101. X. Li, S. Jiang, and R.I. Tapping Toll-like receptor signaling in cell proliferation and survival Cytokine 49 2010 1 9
102. N. Suzuki, S. Suzuki, G.S. Duncan, D.G. Millar, T. Wada, and C. Mirtsos Severe impairment of interleukin-1 and Toll-like receptor signalling in mice lacking IRAK-4 Nature 416 2002 750 756
103. P. Kropf, M.A. Freudenberg, M. Modolell, H.P. Price, S. Herath, and S. Antoniazi Toll-like receptor 4 contributes to efficient control of infection with the protozoan parasite Leishmania major Infect Immun 72 2004 1920 1928 (Pubitemid 38419902)
104. E. Muraille, C. De Trez, M. Brait, P. De Baetselier, O. Leo, and Y. Carlier Genetically resistant mice lacking MyD88-adapter protein display a high susceptibility to Leishmania major infection associated with a polarized Th2 response J Immunol 170 2003 4237 4241 (Pubitemid 36428190)
105. J.F. Flandin, F. Chano, and A. Descoteaux RNA interference reveals a role for TLR2 and TLR3 in the recognition of Leishmania donovani promastigotes by interferon-γ-primed macrophages Eur J Immunol 36 2006 411 420 (Pubitemid 43257464)
106. P. Bhattacharya, S. Bhattacharjee, G. Gupta, S. Majumder, A. Adhikari, and A. Mukherjee Arabinosylated lipoarabinomannan-mediated protection in visceral leishmaniasis through up-regulation of toll-like receptor 2 signaling: an immunoprophylactic approach J Infect Dis 202 2010 145 155
107. A.L. Wurster, T. Tanaka, and M.J. Grusby The biology of Stat4 and Stat6 Oncogene 19 2000 2577 2584 Review (Pubitemid 30339213)
108. U. Boehm, T. Klamp, M. Groot, and J.C. Howard Cellular responses to interferon-γ Annu Rev Immunol 15 1997 749 795
109. Q.W. Xie, R. Whisnant, and C. Nathan Promoter of the mouse gene encoding calcium-independent nitric oxide synthase confers inducibility by interferon gamma and bacterial lipopolysaccharide J Exp Med 177 1993 1779 1784 (Pubitemid 23146145)
110. L.E. Rosas, T. Keiser, R. Pyles, J. Durbin, and A.R. Satoskar Development of protective immunity against cutaneous leishmaniasis is dependent of STAT1-mediated IFN signalling pathway Eur J Immunol 33 2003 1799 1805 (Pubitemid 37120850)
111. J. Blanchette, N. Racette, R. Faure, K.A. Siminovitch, and M. Olivier Leishmania-induced increases in activation of macrophage SHP-1 tyrosine phosphatase are associated with impaired IFN-gamma-triggered JAK2 activation Eur J Immunol 29 1999 3737 3744 (Pubitemid 29527823)
112. N. Bhardwaj, L.E. Rosas, W.P. Lafuse, and A.R. Satoskar Leishmania inhibits STAT1-mediated IFN-γ signaling in macrophages: increased tyrosine phosphorylation of dominant negative STAT1β by Leishmania Mexicana Int J Parasitol 35 2005 75 82 (Pubitemid 41556674)
113. I.M. Verma, J.K. Stevenson, E.M. Schwarz, D. Van Antwerp, and S. Miyamoto Rel/NF-kappaB/I-kappaB family: intimate tales of association and dissociation Genes Dev 9 1995 2723 2735 (Pubitemid 3009952)
114. J. Yang, Y. Lin, Z. Guo, J. Cheng, J. Huang, and L. Deng The essential role of MEKK3 in TNF-induced NF-kappaB activation Nat Immunol 2 2001 620 624 (Pubitemid 32677629)
115. S. Yamauchi, H. Ito, and A. Miyajima IkappaBeta, a nuclear IkappaB protein, positively regulates the NF-kappaB-mediated expression of proinflammatory cytokines Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107 2010 11924 11929
116. C. Privé, and A. Descoteaux Leishmania donovani promastigotes evade the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 during infection of naïve macrophages Eur J Immunol 30 2000 2235 2244 (Pubitemid 30655763)
117. H. Mellor, and P.J. Parker The extended protein kinase C superfamily Biochem J 332 1998 281 292 Review (Pubitemid 28271856)
118. M. Olivier, R.W. Brownsey, and N.E. Reiner Defective stimulus-response coupling in human monocytes infected with Leishmania donovani is associated with altered activation and translocation of protein kinase C Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89 1992 7481 7485
119. A. Descoteaux, G. Matlashewski, and S.J. Turco Inhibition of macrophage protein kinase C-mediated protein phosphorylation by Leishmania donovani lipophosphoglycan J Immunol 149 1992 3008 3015
120. A.C. Cunningham Parasitic adaptive mechanisms in infection by Leishmania Exp Mol Pathol 72 2002 132 141 Review
121. S. Bhattacharyya, S. Ghosh, P.L. Jhonson, S.K. Bhattacharya, and S. Majumdar Immunomodulatory role of interleukin-10 in visceral leishmaniasis: defective activation of protein kinase C-mediated signal transduction events Infect Immun 69 2001 1499 1507 (Pubitemid 32187601)
122. S. Pingel, Z.E. Wang, and R.M. Locksley Distribution of protein kinase C isoforms after infection of macrophages with Leishmania major Infect Immun 66 1998 1795 1799
123. S. Ghosh, S. Bhattacharyya, S. Das, S. Raha, N. Maulik, and D.K. Das Generation of ceramide in murine macrophages infected with Leishmania donovani alters macrophage signaling events and aids intracellular parasitic survival Mol Cell Biochem 223 2001 47 60 (Pubitemid 32952090)
124. M.T. Shio, and M. Olivier Editorial: Leishmania survival mechanisms: the role of host phosphatases J Leukoc Biol 88 2010 1 3
125. R. Dey, A. Sarkar, N. Majumder, S. Bhattacharyya Majumdar, K. Roychoudhury, and S. Bhattacharyya Regulation of impaired protein kinase C signaling by chemokines in murine macrophages during visceral leishmaniasis Infect Immun 73 2005 8334 8344 (Pubitemid 41740324)
126. A. Ruhland, and P.E. Kima Activation of PI3K/Akt signaling has a dominant negative effect on IL-12 production by macrophages infected with Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes Exp Parasitol 122 2009 28 36
127. A. Yetter, S. Uddin, J.J. Krolewski, H. Jiao, T. Yi, and L.C. Platanias Association of the interferon-dependent tyrosine kinase Tyk-2 with the hematopoietic cell phosphatase J Biol Chem 270 1995 18179 18182
128. D. Nandan, and N.E. Reiner Attenuation of gamma interferon-induced tyrosine phosphorylation in mononuclear phagocytes infected with Leishmania donovani: selective inhibition of signaling through Janus kinases and Stat1 Infect Immun 63 1995 4495 4500
129. J. El-On Current status and perspectives of the immunotherapy of leishmaniasis Isr Med Assoc J 11 2009 623 628
130. S.L. Croft, and P. Olliaro Leishmaniasis chemotherapy-challenges and opportunities Clin Microbiol Infect 2011 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03630.x
131. S. Sundar, and M. Chatterjee Visceral leishmaniasis - current therapeutic modalities Indian J Med Res 123 2006 345 352 (Pubitemid 43905574)
132. A. Jhingran, B. Chawla, S. Saxena, M.P. Barrett, and R. Madhubala Paromomycin: uptake and resistance in Leishmania donovani Mol Biochem Parasitol 164 2009 111 117
133. C. Yeates Sitamaquine (GlaxoSmithKline/Walter Reed Army Institute) Curr Opin Investig Drugs 3 2002 1446 1452
134. K. Seifert, and P. Escobar Croft SL In vitro activity of anti-leishmanial drugs against Leishmania donovani is host cell dependent J Antimicrob Chemother 65 2010 508 511
135. M. Ephros, A. Bitnun, P. Shaked, E. Waldman, and D. Zilberstein Stage-specific activity of pentavalent antimony against Leishmania donovani axenic amastigotes Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43 1999 278 282 (Pubitemid 29079158)
136. K. Seifert, and S.L. Croft In vitro and in vivo interactions between miltefosine and other antileishmanial drugs Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50 2006 73 79 (Pubitemid 43042905)
137. M. Vermeersch, R.I. da Luz, K. Toté, J.P. Timmermans, P. Cos, and L. Maes In vitro susceptibilities of Leishmania donovani promastigote and amastigote stages to antileishmanial reference drugs: practical relevance of stage-specific differences Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53 2009 3855 3859
138. T. Ehrenfreund-Kleinman, A.J. Domb, C.L. Jaffe, A. Nasereddin, B. Leshem, and J. Golenser The effect of amphotericin b derivatives on Leishmania and immune functions J Parasitol 91 2005 158 163 (Pubitemid 40804315)
139. M.A. Dea-Ayuela, S. Rama-Iñiguez, J.A. Sánchez-Brunete, J.J. Torrado, J.M. Alunda, and F. Bolás-Fernández Anti-leishmanial activity of a new formulation of amphotericin B Trop Med Int Health 9 2004 981 990 (Pubitemid 39278999)
140. D.M. Yang, and F.Y. Liew Effects of qinghaosu (artemisinin) and its derivatives on experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis Parasitology 106 1993 7 11 (Pubitemid 23025270)
141. A.K. Ghosh, M.M. Rakshit, and D.K. Ghosh Effect of berberine chloride on Leishmania donovani Indian J Med Res 78 1983 407 416
142. A.K. Ghosh, F.K. Bhattacharyya, and D.K. Ghosh Leishmania donovani: amastigote inhibition and mode of action of berberine Exp Parasitol 60 1985 404 413 (Pubitemid 16178916)
143. J.L. Vennerstrom, J.K. Lovelace, V.B. Waits, W.L. Hanson, and D.L. Klayman Berberine derivatives as antileishmanial drugs Antimicrob Agents Chemother 34 1990 918 921 (Pubitemid 20142428)
144. S. Kar, A. Ukil, and P.K. Das Cystatin cures visceral leishmaniasis by NF-κB-mediated proinflammatory response through co-ordination of TLR/MyD88 signaling with p105-Tpl2-ERK pathway Eur J Immunol 41 2011 116 127
145. L. Ordóñez-Gutiérrez, M. Martínez, I. Rubio-Somoza, I. Díaz, S. Mendez, and J.M. Alunda Leishmania infantum: antiproliferative effect of recombinant plant cystatins on promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes estimated by direct counting and real-time PCR Exp
146. N. Singh, P.K. Mishra, A. Kapil, K.R. Arya, R. Maurya, and A. Dube Efficacy of Desmodium gangeticum extract and its fractions against experimental visceral leishmaniasis J Ethnopharmacol 98 2005 83 88 (Pubitemid 40349171)
147. S. Shamsi Meymandi, A. Javadi, S. Dabiri, M. Shamsi Meymandi, and M. Nadji Comparative histological and immunohistochemical changes of dry type cutaneous leishmaniasis after administration of meglumine antimoniate, imiquimod or combination therapy Arch Iran Med 14 2011 238 243
148. G. Khalili, F. Dobakhti, H. Mahmoudzadeh-Niknam, V. Khaze, and F. Partovi Immunotherapy with imiquimod increases the efficacy of glucantime therapy of Leishmania major infection Iran J Immunol 8 2011 45 51
149. W.W. Zhang Matlashewski GImmunization with a Toll-like receptor 7 and/or 8 agonist vaccine adjuvant increases protective immunity against Leishmania major in BALB/c mice Infect Immun 76 2008 3777 3783
150. I. Arevalo, G. Tulliano, A. Quispe, G. Spaeth, G. Matlashewski, and A. Llanos-Cuentas Role of imiquimod and parenteral meglumine antimoniate in the initial treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis Clin Infect Dis 44 2007 1549 1554 (Pubitemid 46871500)
151. S.A. Da Silva, S.S. Costa, S.C. Mendonca, E.M. Silva, V.L. Moraes, and B. Rossi-Bergmann Therapeutic effect of oral Kalanchoe pinnata leaf extract in murine leishmaniasis Acta Trop 60 1995 201 210 (Pubitemid 26068515)
152. M.F. Muzitano, L.W. Tinoco, C. Guette, C.R. Kaiser, B. Rossi-Bergmann, and S.S. Costa The antileishmanial activity assessment of unusual flavonoids from Kalanchoe pinnata Phytochemistry 67 2006 2071 2077 (Pubitemid 44301281)
153. M.F. Muzitano, E.A. Cruz, A.P. de Almeida, S.A. Da Silva, C.R. Kaiser, and C. Guette Quercitrin: an antileishmanial flavonoid glycoside from Kalanchoe pinnata Planta Med 72 2006 81 83 (Pubitemid 43241600)
154. H.W. Murray Suppression of posttreatment recurrence of experimental visceral Leishmaniasis in T-cell-deficient mice by oral miltefosine Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44 2000 3235 3236
155. S. Gupta, B. Raychaudhuri, S. Banerjee, B. Das, S. Mukhopadhaya, and S.C. Datta Momordicatin purified from fruits of Momordica charantia is effective to act as a potent antileishmania agent Parasitol Int 59 2010 192 197
156. D.C. Miguel, J.K. Yokoyama-Yasunaka, and S.R. Uliana Tamoxifen is effective in the treatment of Leishmania amazonensis infections in mice PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2 2008 e249
157. D.C. Miguel, R.C. Zauli-Nascimento, J.K. Yokoyama-Yasunaka, S. Katz, C.L. Barbiéri, and S.R. Uliana Tamoxifen as a potential antileishmanial agent: efficacy in the treatment of Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania chagasi infections J Antimicrob Chemother 63 2009 365 368
158. H. Kolodziej, O.A. Radtke, and A.F. Kiderlen Stimulus (polyphenol, IFN-gamma, LPS)-dependent nitric oxide production and antileishmanial effects in RAW 264.7 macrophages Phytochemistry 69 2008 3103 3110
159. A.F. Kiderlen, O. Kayser, D. Ferreira, and H. Kolodziej Tannins and related compounds: killing of amastigotes of Leishmania donovani and release of nitric oxide and tumour necrosis factor alpha in macrophages in vitro Z Naturforsch C 56 2001 444 454 (Pubitemid 33654627)
160. R. Maurya, P. Gupta, K. Chand, M. Kumar, P. Dixit, and N. Singh Constituents of Tinospora sinensis and their antileishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani Nat Prod Res 23 2009 1134 1143