Neuroprotective action of lithium in disorders of the central nervous system

Journal of Central South University (Medical Sciences)

Volumn 36, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 461-475

  Chiu, Chi Tso ^a   Chuang, De Maw ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Brain derived neurotrophic factor; CNS disorders; Glutamate excitotoxicity; Glycogen synthase kinase 3; Lithium; Neurodegenerative diseases; Neuroprotection

Indexed keywords

LITHIUM; NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENT; NOOTROPIC AGENT;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; HUMAN;

ANIMALS; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; HUMANS; LITHIUM; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENTS; NOOTROPIC AGENTS;

EID: 79960815278     PISSN: 16727347     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7347.2011.06.001     Document Type: Article

References (181)

1. Manji H K, Lenox R H. Lithium: a molecular transducer of mood-stabilization in the treatment of bipolar disorder[ J ]. Neuropsychopharmacology, 1998, 19(3): 161-166. (Pubitemid 28302572)
2. Goodwin F K. Rationale for using lithium in combination with other mood stabilizers in the management of bipolar disorder [J]. J Clin Psychiatry, 2003, 64(Suppl 5): 18-24. (Pubitemid 36539127)
3. Jope R S. Anti-bipolar therapy: mechanism of action of lithium [J]. Mol Psychiatry, 1999, 4(2): 117-128. (Pubitemid 29163975)
4. Sassi R B, Brambilla P, Hatch J P, et al. Reduced left anterior cingulate volumes in untreated bipolar patients [J]. Biol Psychiatry, 2004, 56(7) : 467-475. (Pubitemid 39278243)
5. 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy investigation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in bipolar disorder patients [J]. J Affect Disord, 2005, 86(1): 61-67.
6. Bearden C E, Thompson P M, Dalwani M, et al. Greater cortical gray matter density in lithium-treated patients with bipolar disorder[J]. Biol Psychiatry, 2007, 62 (1) : 7-16. (Pubitemid 46898230)
7. Moore G J, Bebchuk J M, Wilds I B, et al. Lithium-induced increase in human brain grey matter[J]. Lancet, 2000, 356 (9237): 1241-1242.
8. Moore G J, Bebchuk J M, Hasanat K, et al. Lithium increases N-acetyl-aspartate in the human brain : in vivo evidence in support of bcl-2′s neurotrophic effects? [J]. Biol Psychiatry, 2000, 48(1): 1-8. (Pubitemid 30407144)
9. Friedlander R M. Apoptosis and caspases in neurodegenerative diseases[J]. N Engl J Med, 2003, 348(14): 1365-1375. (Pubitemid 36384105)
10. Mattson M P, Kroemer G. Mitochondria in cell death: novel targets for neuroprotection and cardioprotection[ J]. Trends Mol Med, 2003, 9(5): 196-205. (Pubitemid 36713389)
11. Chen G, Zeng W Z, Yuan P X, et al. The mood-stabilizing agents lithium and valproate robustly increase the levels of the neuroprotective protein bcl-2 in the CNS[J]. J Neurochem, 1999, 72(2): 879-882. (Pubitemid 29055256)
12. Hiroi T, Wei H, Hough C, et al. Protracted lithium treatment protects against the ER stress elicited by thapsigargin in rat PC12 cells: roles of intracellular calcium, GRP78 and Bcl-2 [J]. Pharmacogenomics J, 2005, 5(2): 102-111. (Pubitemid 40468117)
13. Bhat R V, Shanley J, Correll M P, et al. Regulation and localization of lyrosine216 phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase3beta in cellular and animal models of neuronal degeneration [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2000, 97(20): 11074-11079.
14. Alvarez G, Munoz-montano J R, Satrustegui J, et al. Regulation of tau phosphorylation and protection against beta-amyloid-induced neurodegeneration by lithium. Possible implications for Alzheimer's disease[J]. Bipolar Disord, 2002, 4(3): 153-165. (Pubitemid 34591242)
15. Jorda E G, Verdaguer E, Morano A, et al. Lithium prevents colchicine-induced apoptosis in rat cerebellar granule neurons [J]. Bipolar Disord, 2004, 6(2): 144-149. (Pubitemid 38443568)
16. D'mello S R, Anelli R, Calissano P. Lithium induces apoptosis in immature cerebellar granule cells but promotes survival of mature neurons[J]. Exp Cell Res, 1994, 211 (2): 332-338.
17. Bijur GN, De S P, Jope R S. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta facilitates staurosporine- and heat shock-induced apoptosis. Protection by lithium [J]. J Biol Chem, 2000, 275(11): 7583-7590. (Pubitemid 30159657)
18. Nonaka S, Kalsube N, Chuang D M. Lithium protects rat cerebellar granule cells against apoptosis induced by anticonvulsants, phenytoin and carbamazepine[ J]. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 1998, 286(1): 539-547. (Pubitemid 28318031)
19. Nonaka S, Hough C J, Chuang D M. Chronic lithium treatment robustly protects neurons in the central nervous system against excilotoxicity by inhibiting N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated calcium influx[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1998, 95 (5): 2642-2647. (Pubitemid 28145996)
20. Hashimoto R, Hough C, Nakazawa T, et al. Lithium protection against glutamate excilotoxicity in rat cerebral cortical neurons: involvement of NMDA receptor inhibition possibly by decreasing NR2B tyrosine phosphorylation [J]. J Neurochem, 2002, 80 (4) : 589-597. (Pubitemid 34809967)
21. Hashimoto R, Fujimaki K, Jeong M R, et al. Lithium-induced inhibition of Src tyrosine kinase in rat cerebral cortical neurons: a role in neuroprotection against N-methyl-D-aspartate receptormediated excitotoxicity [J]. FEBS Lett, 2003, 538(1/3): 145-148. (Pubitemid 36287440)
22. Liu Y, Zhang G, Gao C, et al. NMDA receptor activation results in tyrosine phosphorylation of NMDA receptor subunit 2A (NR2A) and interaction of Pyk2 and Src with NR2A after transient cerebral ischemia and reperfusion[ J]. Brain Res, 2001, 909(1/2): 51-58. (Pubitemid 32710117)
23. Takagi N, Shinno K, Teves L, et al. Transient ischemia differentially increases tyrosine phosphorylation of NMDA receptor subunits 2A and 2B[J]. J Neurochem, 1997, 69(3); 1060-1065. (Pubitemid 27364826)
24. Hou X Y, Zhang G Y, Yan J Z, et al. Activation of NMDA receptors and L-type voltage-gated calcium channels mediates enhanced formation of Fyn-PSD95-NR2A complex after transient brain ischemia[J]. Brain Res, 2002, 955(1/2): 123-132.
25. Ma J, Zhang G Y. Lithium reduced N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 2A tyrosine phosphorylation and its interactions with Src and Fyn mediated by PSD-95 in rat hippocampus following cerebral ischemia[J]. Neurosci Lett, 2003, 348(3); 185-189. (Pubitemid 36980663)
26. Morabito M A, Sheng M, Tsai L H. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 phosphorylates the N-terminal domain of the postsynaptic densi-ty protein PSD-95 in neurons[J]. J Neurosci, 2004, 24(4): 865-876. (Pubitemid 38146597)
27. Zhang S, Edelmann L, Liu J, et al. Cdk5 regulates the phosphorylation of tyrosine 1472 NR2B and the surface expression of NMDA receptors[J]. J Neurosci, 2008, 28(2): 415-424.
28. Lee M S, Kwon Y T, Li M, et al. Neurotoxicity induces cleavage of p35 to p25 by calpain[J]. Nature, 2000, 405(6784): 360-364. (Pubitemid 30337070)
29. Patrick G N, Zukerberg L, Nikolic M, et al. Conversion of p35 to p25 deregulates Cdk5 activity and promotes neurodegeneration[J]. Nature, 1999, 402(6762): 615-622. (Pubitemid 129516324)
30. Cruz J C, Tsai L H. A Jekyll and Hyde kinase; roles for Cdk5 in brain development and disease[J]. Curr Opin Neurobiol, 2004, 14(3): 390-394. (Pubitemid 38759871)
31. Jorda E G, Verdaguer E, Canudas A M, et al. Implication of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 in the neuroprotective properties of lithium[J]. Neuroscience, 2005, 134(3): 1001-1011. (Pubitemid 41133401)
32. Crespo-Biel N, Camins A, Pallas M, et al. Evidence of calpain/cdk5 pathway inhibition by lithium in 3-nitropropionic acid toxicity in vivo and in vitro [J]. Neuropharmacology, 2009, 56(2): 422428.
33. Brouillet E, Conde F, Beal M F, et al. Replicating Huntington's disease phenotype in experimental animals[J]. Prog Neurobiol, 1999, 59(5): 427468.
34. Chen R W, Chuang D M. Long term lithium treatment suppresses p53 and Bax expression but increases Bcl-2 expression. A prominent role in neuroprotection against excitotoxicily [J]. J Biol Chem, 1999, 274 (10) : 6039-6042.
35. Chen R W, Qin Z H, Ren M, et al. Regulation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase, p38 kinase and AP-1 DNA binding in cultured brain neurons: roles in glutamate excitotoxicity and lithium neuroprotection[J]. J Neurochem, 2003, 84(3); 566-575. (Pubitemid 36182255)
36. Beurel E, Michalek S M, Jope R S. Innate and adaptive immune responses regulated by glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3)[J]. Trends Immunol, 2010, 31(1): 24-31.
37. Jope R S, Yuskaitis C J, Beurel E. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3): inflammation, diseases, and therapeutics[J]. Neurochem Res, 2007, 32(4/5); 577-595. (Pubitemid 46481289)
38. Rowe M K, Chuang D M. Lithium neuroprotection: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications [J]. Expert Rev Mol Med, 2004, 6(21): 1-18.
39. Rowe M K, Wiest C, Chuang D M. GSK-3 is a viable potential target for therapeutic intervention in bipolar disorder[J ]. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2007, 31(6): 920-931. (Pubitemid 47285347)
40. Klein P S, Melton D A. A molecular mechanism for the effect of lithium on development J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1996, 93(16): 8455-8459. (Pubitemid 26269579)
41. Stambolic V, Ruell, Woodgett J R. Lithium inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3 activity and mimics wingless signalling in intact cells[J]. Curr Biol, 1996, 6(12); 1664-1668. (Pubitemid 27050234)
42. Jope R S. A bimodal model of the mechanism of action of lithium[J]. Mol Psychiatry, 1999, 4(1); 21-25. (Pubitemid 29050196)
43. Kirshenboim N, Plotkin B, Shlomo SB, et al. Lithium-media-ted phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta involves PD kinase-dependent activation of protein kinase C-alpha[J]. J Mol Neurosci, 2004, 24(2) : 237-245. (Pubitemid 41359151)
44. Chalecka-Franaszek E, Chuang D M. Lithium activates the serine/threonine kinase Akt-1 and suppresses glutamate-induced inhibition of Akt-1 activity in neurons[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1999, 96(15): 8745-8750. (Pubitemid 29354862)
45. Zhang F, Phiel C J, Spece L, et al. Inhibitory phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) in response to lithium. Evidence for autoregulation of GSK-3[J]. J Biol Chem, 2003, 278(35); 33067-33077. (Pubitemid 37055753)
46. Mendes C T, Mury F B, De Sa M E, et al. Lithium reduces Gsk3b mRNA levels: implications for Alzheimer Disease[J]. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 2009, 259(1): 16-22.
47. Goni-Oliver P, Lucas J J, Avila J, et al. N-terminal cleavage of GSK-3 by calpain: a new form of GSK-3 regulation[J]. J Biol Chem, 2007, 282(31): 22406-22413. (Pubitemid 47267365)
48. Grimes C A, Jope R S. The multifaceted roles of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta in cellular signaling [ J ]. Prog Neurobiol, 2001, 65(4): 391-426. (Pubitemid 32781670)
49. Liang M H, Chuang D M. Regulation and function of glycogen synthase kinase-3 isoforms in neuronal survival [J]. J Biol Chem, 2007, 282(6): 3904-3917.
50. Liang M H, Chuang D M. Differential roles of glycogen synthase kinase-3 isoforms in the regulation of transcriptional activation[J]. J Biol Chem, 2006, 281(41): 30479-30484.
51. Jope R S, Johnson G V. The glamour and gloom of glycogen synthase kinase-3 [J]. Trends Biochem Sci, 2004, 29 (2): 95-102. (Pubitemid 38186580)
52. Silva R, Martins L, Longatto-Filho A, et al. Lithium prevents stress-induced reduction of vascular endothelium growth factor levels[J]. Neurosci Lett, 2007, 429(1); 33-38. (Pubitemid 350116349)
53. Sinha D, Wang Z, Rrchalski K L, et al. Lithium activates the Wnt and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase Akt signaling pathways to promote cell survival in the absence of soluble survival factors [J]. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 2005, 288(4); F703- F713.
54. Huelsken J, Behrens J. The Wnt signalling pathway[ J]. J Cell Sci, 2002, 115(Pt 21): 3977-3978. (Pubitemid 35446796)
55. Gould T D, Chen G, Manji H K. In vivo evidence in the brain for lithium inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3[J]. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2004, 29(1): 32-38. (Pubitemid 38068011)
56. O'brien W T, Harper A D, Jove F, et al. Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta haploinsufficiency mimics the behavioral and molecular effects of lithium [J]. J Neurosci, 2004, 24 (30): 6791-6798.
57. Maiuri M C, Zalckvar E, Kimchi A, et al. Self-eating and selfkilling: crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis [ J ]. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 2007, 8(9): 741-752. (Pubitemid 47312826)
58. Youle R J, Strasser A. The BCL-2 protein family: opposing activities that mediate cell death [J]. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 2008, 9(1): 47-59.
59. He H, Lam M, Mccormick T S, et al. Maintenance of calcium homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum by Bcl-2 [J]. J Cell Biol, 1997, 138(6): 1219-1228. (Pubitemid 27415049)
60. 2+ fluxes[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1994, 91(14): 6569-6573.
61. Wei H, Qin Z H, Senatorov V V, et al. Lithium suppresses excitotoxicity-induced striatal lesions in a rat model of Huntington's disease[J]. Neuroscience, 2001, 106(3); 603-612. (Pubitemid 32925248)
62. Chuang D M, Leng Y, Marinova Z, et al. Multiple roles of HDAC inhibition in neurodegenerative conditions [ J ]. Trends Neurosci, 2009, 32(11): 591-601.
63. Gottlicher M, Minuccl S, Zhu P, et al. Valproic acid defines a novel class of HDAC inhibitors inducing differentiation of transformed Cells[J]. EMBO J, 2001, 20(24): 6969-6978. (Pubitemid 34062289)
64. Phiel C J, Zhang F, Huang E Y, et al. Histone deacetylase is a direct larget of valproic acid, a potent anticonvulsant, mood stabilizer, and teratogen[ J]. J Biol Chem, 2001, 276(39); 36734-36741.
65. Wang X, Liu P, Zhu H, et al. miR-34a, a microRNA up-regulated in a double transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, inhibits bcl2 translation[ J]. Brain Res Bull, 2009, 80 (4/5): 268-273.
66. Zhou R, Yuan P, Wang Y, et al. Evidence for selective microRNAs and their effectors as common long-term targets for the actions of mood stabilizers [ J ]. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2009, 34(6): 1395-1405.
67. Manji H K, Quiroz J A, Spom J, et al. Enhancing neuronal plasticity and cellular resilience to develop novel, improved therapeutics for difficult-to-treat depression [J]. Biol Psychiatry, 2003, 53(8); 707-742. (Pubitemid 39658487)
68. Woo N H, Lu B. Regulation of cortical interneurons by neurotrophins: from development to cognitive disorders [J]. Neuroscientist, 2006, 12(1); 43-56. (Pubitemid 43122382)
69. Hashimoto R, Takei N, Shimazu K, et al. Lithium induces brain-derived neurotrophic factor and activates TrkB in rodent cortical neurons: an essential step for neuroprotection against glutamate excitotoxicity [J]. Neuropharmacology, 2002, 43 (7): 1173-1179. (Pubitemid 36009371)
70. Fukumoto T, Morinobu S, Okamoto Y, et al. Chronic lithium treatment increases the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the rat brain[ J]. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 2001, 158(1): 100-106.
71. Jacobsen J P, Mork A. The effect of escitalopram, desipramine, electroconvulsive seizures and lithium on brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA and protein expression in the rat brain and the correlation to 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels[ J]. Brain Res, 2004, 1024(1/2): 183-192. (Pubitemid 39286729)
72. Yasuda S, Liang M H, Marinova Z, et al. The mood stabilizers lithium and valproate selectively activate the promoter IV of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in neurons[J]. Mol Psychiatry, 2009, 14(1): 51-59.
73. Guo S, Arai K, Stins M F, et al. Lithium upregulales vascular endothelial growth factor in brain endothelial cells and astrocytes[J]. Stroke, 2009, 40(2): 652-655.
74. Kaga S, Zhan L, Altaf E, et al. Glycogen synthase kinase3beta/beta- catenin promotes angiogenic and anti-apoptotic signaling through the induction of VEGF, Bcl-2 and survivin expression in rat ischemic preconditioned myocardium[J]. J Mol Cell Cardiol, 2006, 40 (1) : 138-147. (Pubitemid 43012125)
75. Jin K, Zhu Y, Sun Y, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates neurogenesis in vitro and in vivo[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2002, 99(18); 11946-11950. (Pubitemid 34994504)
76. Meng H, Zhang Z, Zhang R, et al. Biphasic effects of exogenous VEGF on VEGF expression of adult neural progenitors [J]. Neurosci Lett, 2006, 393(2/3); 97-101. (Pubitemid 41821087)
77. Zhang H, Vutskits L, Pepper M S, et al. VEGF is a chemoattractant for FGF-2-stimulated neural progenitors[ J]. J Cell Biol, 2003, 163(6): 1375-1384. (Pubitemid 38032097)
78. Chen J, Zhang C, Jiang H, et al. Atorvastatin induction of VEGF and BDNF promotes brain plasticity after stroke in mice [J]. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 2005, 25(2): 281-290. (Pubitemid 40171209)
79. Du W J, Li J K, Wang Q Y, et al. Lithium chloride preconditioning optimizes skeletal myoblast functions for cellular cardiomyoplasty in vitro via glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta/beta-catenin signaling[J]. Cells Tissues Organs, 2009, 190(1): 11-19.
80. Fink A L. Chaperone-mediated protein folding[J]. Physiol Rev, 1999, 79(2): 425449.
81. Hendrick J P, Hartl F U. Molecular chaperone functions of heat-shock proteins[J]. Annu Rev Biochem, 1993, 62: 349-384. (Pubitemid 23237875)
82. Takayama S, Reed J C, Homma S. Heat-shock proteins as regulators of apoptosis [ J ]. Oncogene, 2003, 22(56): 9041-9047. (Pubitemid 38121704)
83. Hoehn B, Ringer T M, Xu L, et al. Overexpression of HSP72 after induction of experimental stroke protects neurons from ischemic damage [J]. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 2001, 21 (11): 1303-1309. (Pubitemid 33130942)
84. Majda B T, Meloni B P, Rixon N, et al. Suppression subtraction hybridization and northern analysis reveal upregulation of heat shock, trkB, and sodium calcium exchanger genes following global cerebral ischemia in the rat[ J]. Brain Res Mol Brain Res, 2001, 93(2): 173-179. (Pubitemid 32925177)
85. Rajdev S, Hara K, Kokubo Y, et al. Mice overexpressing rat heat shock protein 70 are protected against cerebral infarction [J]. Ann Neurol, 2000, 47(6) : 782-791. (Pubitemid 30390199)
86. Bijur G N, Jope R S. Opposing actions of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and glycogen synthase kinase-3beta in the regulation of HSF-1 activity[J]. J Neurochem, 2000, 75(6): 2401-2408.
87. Chu B, Soncin F, Price B D, et al. Sequential phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinase and glycogen synthase kinase 3 represses transcriptional activation by heat shock factor-1 [J]. J Biol Chem, 1996, 271 (48): 30847-30857. (Pubitemid 26404108)
88. Xavier I J, Mercier P A, Mcloughlin C M, et al. Glycogen syn-thase kinase 3beta negatively regulates both DNA-binding and transcriptional activities of heat shock factor 1[J]. J Biol Chem, 2000, 275(37): 29147-29152.
89. Berger Z, Ravikumar B, Menzies F M, et al. Rapamycin alleviates toxicity of different aggregate-prone proteins [J]. Hum Mol Genet, 2006, 15(3); 433-442. (Pubitemid 43159895)
90. Ravikumar B, Vacher C, Berger Z, et al. Inhibition of mTOR induces autophagy and reduces toxicity of polyglutamine expansions in fly and mouse models of Huntington disease[J]. Nat Genet, 2004, 36(6): 585-595. (Pubitemid 38715985)
91. Rubinsztein D C, Gestwicki J E, Murphy L O, et al. Potential therapeutic applications of autophagy [J]. Nat Rev Drug Discov, 2007, 6(4); 304-312. (Pubitemid 46505881)
92. Webb J L, Ravikumar B, Atkins J, et al. Alpha-Synuclein is degraded by both autophagy and the proteasome [J]. J Biol Chem, 2003, 278(27): 25009-25013. (Pubitemid 37548663)
93. Phiel C J, Klein P S. Molecular targets of lithium action[J]. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 2001, 41: 789-813. (Pubitemid 32385907)
94. Sarkar S, Flotora R A, Berger Z, et al. Lithium induces autophagy by inhibiting inositol monophosphatase [J]. J Cell Biol, 2005, 170(7): 1101-1111. (Pubitemid 41362642)
95. Sarkar S, Rubinsztein D C. Inositol and IP3 levels regulate autophagy: biology and therapeutic speculations[J]. Autophagy, 2006, 2(2); 132-134.
96. Hashimoto R, Senalorov V, Kanai H, et al. Lithium stimulates progenitor proliferation in cultured brain neurons [J]. Neuroscience, 2003, 117(1); 55-61. (Pubitemid 36246503)
97. Chen G, Rajkowska G, Du F, et al. Enhancement of hippocampal neurogenesis by lithium[J]. J Neurochem, 2000, 75 (4): 1729-1734.
98. Bianchi P, Ciani E, Contestabile A, et al. Lithium restores neurogenesis in the subventricular zone of the Ts65 Dn mouse, a model for Down syndrome [J]. Brain Pathol, 2010, 20 (1); 106-118.
99. Boku S, Nakagawa S, Masuda T, et al. Glucocorticoids and lithium reciprocally regulate the proliferation of adult dentate gyrus-derived neural precursor cells through GSK-3 beta and betacatenin/TCF pathway [ J ]. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2009, 34(3): 805-815.
100. Wexler E M, Geschwind D H, Palmer T D. Lithium regulates adult hippocampal progenitor development through canonical Wnt pathway activation[ J]. Mol Psychiatry, 2008, 13(3): 285-292. (Pubitemid 351272655)
101. Yan X B, Hou H L, Wu L M, et al. Lithium regulates hippocampal neurogenesis by ERK pathway and facilitates recovery of spatial learning and memory in rats after transient global cerebral ischemia[J]. Neuropharmacology, 2007, 53(4): 487-495.
102. Rossi C, Angelucci A, Costantin L, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is required for the enhancement of hippocampal neurogenesis following environmental enrichment [J]. Eur J Neurosci, 2006, 24(7): 1850-1856. (Pubitemid 44583469)
103. Li X, Ketter T A, Frye M A. Synaptic, intracellular, and neuroprotective mechanisms of anticonvulsants: are they relevant for the treatment and course of bipolar disorders? [J]. J Affect Disord, 2002, 69(1/3); 1-14.
104. Manji H K, Duman R S. Impairments of neuroplasticity and cellular resilience in severe mood disorders: implications for the development of novel therapeutics [J]. Psychopharmacol Bull, 2001, 35(2): 549.
105. Beaulieu J M, Sotnikova T D, Yao W D, et al. Lithium antagonizes dopamine-dependent behaviors mediated by an AKT/ glycogen synthase kinase 3 signaling cascade [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2004, 101(14): 5099-5104. (Pubitemid 38469209)
106. Gould T D, Einat H, Bhat R, et al. AR-A014418, a selective GSK-3 inhibitor, produces antidepressant-like effects in the forced swim test[J]. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol, 2004, 7(4) : 387-390. (Pubitemid 39648068)
107. Prickaerts J, Moechars D, Cryns K, et al. Transgenic mice overexpressing glycogen synthase kinase 3beta: a putative model of hyperactivity and mania[J]. J Neurosci, 2006, 26 (35): 9022-9029. (Pubitemid 44319393)
108. Beaulieu J M, Zhang X, Rodriguiz R M, et al. Role of GSK3 beta in behavioral abnormalities induced by serotonin deficiency[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2008, 105(4): 1333-1338. (Pubitemid 351397053)
109. Omata N, Chiu C T, Moya P R, et al. Lentivirally mediated GSK-3 beta silencing in the hippocampal dentate gyrus induces antidepressant-like effects in stressed mice [J]. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol, 2011, 14(5): 711-717.
110. Kaidanovich-Beilin O, Lipina T V, Takao K, et al. Abnormalities in brain structure and behavior in GSK-3alpha mutant mice[J]. Mol Brain, 2009, 2(1): 35.
111. Polter A, Beurel E, Yang S, et al. Deficiency in the inhibitory serine-phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 increases sensitivity to mood disturbances[ J]. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2010, 35(8): 1761-1774.
112. Jope R S. Lithium and GSK-3: one inhibitor, two inhibitory actions, multiple outcomes[J]. Trends Pharmacol Sci, 2003, 24(9): 441443.
113. Nonaka S, Chuang D M. Neuroprotective effects of chronic lithium on focal cerebral ischemia in rats [J]. Neuroreport, 1998, 9(9): 2081-2084. (Pubitemid 28300570)
114. Xu J, Culman J, Blume A, et al. Chronic treatment with a low dose of lithium protects the brain against ischemic injury by reducing apoptotic death [J]. Stroke, 2003, 34(5): 1287-1292. (Pubitemid 36547530)
115. Bian Q, Shi T, Chuang D M, et al. Lithium reduces ischemia-induced hippocampal CA1 damage and behavioral deficits in gerbils[J]. Brain Res, 2007, 1184: 270-276. (Pubitemid 350160570)
116. Roh M S, Eom T Y, Zmijewska A A, et al. Hypoxia activates glycogen synthase kinase-3 in mouse brain in vivo: protection by mood stabilizers and imipramine [J]. Biol Psychiatry, 2005, 57(3): 278-286. (Pubitemid 40187372)
117. Ren M, Senatorov V V, Chen R W, et al. Postinsult treatment with lithium reduces brain damage and facilitates neuro-logical recovery in a rat ischemia/reperfusion model[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2003, 100(10): 6210-6215. (Pubitemid 36576955)
118. Kim Y R, Van Meer M P, Tejima E, et al. Functional MRI of delayed chronic lithium treatment in rat focal cerebral ischemia [J]. Stroke, 2008, 39(2): 439447.
119. Fan Y, Yang G Y. Therapeutic angiogenesis for brain ischemia; a brief review [J]. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol, 2007, 2 (3): 284-289.
120. Martin J B, Gusella J F. Huntington's disease. Pathogenesis and management [J]. N Engl J Med, 1986, 315(20) : 1267-1276.
121. Macdonald M E, Ambrose C M, Duyao M P, et al. A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington's disease chromosomes[J]. Cell, 1993, 72(6); 971-983. (Pubitemid 23110238)
122. Hickey M A, Chesselet M F. Apoptosis in Huntington's disease[J]. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 2003, 27(2): 255-265. (Pubitemid 36351493)
123. Sugars K L, Rubinsztein D C. Transcriptional abnormalities in Huntington disease[ J]. Trends Genet, 2003, 19(5): 233-238. (Pubitemid 36511427)
124. Taylor-Robinson S D, Weeks R A, Bryant D J, et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in Huntington's disease: evidence in favour of the glutamate excitotoxic theory[J]. Mov Disord, 1996, 11(2): 167-173. (Pubitemid 26082784)
125. Senatorov V V, Ren M, Kanai H, et al. Short-term lithium treatment promotes neuronal survival and proliferation in rat striatum infused with quinolinic acid, an excitotoxic model of Huntington's disease[J]. Mol Psychiatry, 2004, 9(4): 371-385. (Pubitemid 38534698)
126. Carmichael J, Sugars K L, Bao Y P, et al. Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta inhibitors prevent cellular polyglutamine toxicity caused by the Huntington's disease mutation [J]. J Biol Chem, 2002, 277(37): 33791-33798.
127. Berger Z, Ttofi E K, Michel C H, et al. Lithium rescues toxicity of aggregate-prone proteins in Drosophila by perturbing Wnt pathway[J]. Hum Mol Genet, 2005, 14(20); 3003-3011. (Pubitemid 41535465)
128. Sarkar S, Krishna G, Imarisio S, et al. A rational mechanism for combination treatment of Huntington's disease using lithium and rapamycin[J]. Hum Mol Genet, 2008, 17(2): 170-178.
129. Wood N I, Morton A J. Chronic lithium chloride treatment has variable effects on motor behaviour and survival of mice transgenic for the Huntington's disease mutation[J]. Brain Res Bull, 2003, 61(4); 375-383. (Pubitemid 36945468)
130. Chiu C T, Liu G, Leeds P, et al. Combined treatment with the mood stabilizers lithium and valproate produces multiple beneficial effects in transgenic mouse models of Huntington's disease[J]. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2011, in press.
131. Selkoe D J. Alzheimer's disease: genes, proteins, and therapy [J]. Physiol Rev, 2001, 81(2): 741-766. (Pubitemid 32267077)
132. Munoz-Montano J R, Lim F, Moreno F J, et al. Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Modulates Neurite Outgrowth in Cultured Neurons: Possible Implications for Neurite Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease[ J]. J Alzheimers Dis, 1999, 1(6): 361-378.
133. Huang H C, Klein P S. Multiple roles for glycogen synthase kinase-3 as a drug target in Alzheimer's disease [J]. Curr Drug Targets, 2006, 7(11): 1389-1397. (Pubitemid 44718299)
134. Hong M, Chen D C, Klein PS, et al. Lithium reduces tau phosphorylation by inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 [J]. J Biol Chem, 1997, 272(40): 25326-25332. (Pubitemid 27415724)
135. Munoz-Montano J R, Moreno F J, Avila J, et al. Lithium inhibits Alzheimer's disease-like tau protein phosphorylation in neurons[J]. FEBS Lett, 1997, 411(2/3): 183-188. (Pubitemid 27301451)
136. Tanaka T, Zhong J, Iqbal K, et al. The regulation of phosphorylation of tau in SY5Y neuroblastoma cells: the role of protein phosphatases[J]. FEBS Lett, 1998, 426(2): 248-254. (Pubitemid 28198136)
137. Trojanowski J Q, Lee V M. Phosphorylation of paired helical filament tau in Alzheimer's disease neurofibrillary lesions: focusing on phosphatases[J]. FASEB J, 1995, 9(15); 1570-1576. (Pubitemid 26012845)
138. Tsuji S, Morinobu S, Tanaka K, et al. Lithium, but not valproate, induces the serine/threonine phosphatase activity of protein phosphatase 2A in the rat brain, without affecting its expression[J]. J Neural Transm, 2003, 110(4): 413-425. (Pubitemid 36428389)
139. Rametti A, Esclaire F, Yardin C, et al. Linking alterations in tau phosphorylation and cleavage during neuronal apoptosis [J]. J Biol Chem, 2004, 279(52): 54518-54528. (Pubitemid 40053193)
140. Rametti A, Esclaire F, Yardin C, et al. Lithium down-regulates tau in cultured cortical neurons: a possible mechanism of neuroprotection[J]. Neurosci Lett, 2008, 434(1) : 93-98.
141. Sun X, Sato S, Murayama O, et al. Lithium inhibits amyloid secretion in COS7 cells transfected with amyloid precursor protein C100[J]. Neurosci Lett, 2002, 321(1-2): 61-64. (Pubitemid 34185499)
142. Phiel CJ, Wilson C A, Lee V M, et al. GSK-3 alpha regulates production of Alzheimer's disease amyloid-beta peptides[J]. Nature, 2003, 423(6938) : 435-439. (Pubitemid 36626994)
143. Wei H, Leeds P R, Qian Y, et al. beta-amyloid peptide-in-duced death of PC 12 cells and cerebellar granule cell neurons is inhibited by long-term lithium treatment[J]. Eur J Pharmacol, 2000, 392(3); 117-123. (Pubitemid 30184897)
144. Noble W, Planel E, Zehr C, et al. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 by lithium correlates with reduced tauopathy and degeneration in vivo[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2005, 102(19); 6990-6995. (Pubitemid 40675429)
145. Nakashima H, Ishihara T, Suguimoto P, et al. Chronic lithium treatment decreases tau lesions by promoting ubiquitination in a mouse model of tauopathies [J]. Acta Neuropathol, 2005, 110(6): 547-556. (Pubitemid 41763984)
146. Perez M, Hernandez F, Lim F, et al. Chronic lithium treatment decreases mutant tau protein aggregation in a transgenic mouse model[J]. J Alzheimers Dis, 2003, 5(4) : 301-308. (Pubitemid 37411777)
147. Leroy K, Ando K, Heraud C, et al. Lithium treatment arrests the development of neurofibrillary tangles in mutant tau trans-genie mice with advanced neurofibrillary pathology [J]. J Alzheimers Dis, 2010, 19(2): 705-719.
148. De Ferrari G V, Chacon M A, Barria M I, et al. Activation of Wnt signaling rescues neurodegeneralion and behavioral impairments induced by beta-amyloid fibrils[ J]. Mol Psychiatry, 2003, 8(2): 195-208. (Pubitemid 36315228)
149. Mudher A, Shepherd D, Newman T A, et al. GSK-3beta inhibition reverses axonal transport defects and behavioural phenotypes in Drosophila[J]. Mol Psychiatry, 2004, 9(5); 522-530. (Pubitemid 38903508)
150. Rockenstein E, Torrance M, Adame A, et al. Neuroprotective effects of regulators of the glycogen synthase kinase-3beta signaling pathway in a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease are associated with reduced amyloid precursor protein phosphorylation[J]. J Neurosci, 2007, 27(8): 1981-1991.
151. Terao T, Nakano H, Inoue Y, et al. Lithium and dementia: a preliminary study[ J]. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 2006, 30(6): 1125-1128. (Pubitemid 43928235)
152. Nunes P V, Forlenza O V, Gattaz W F. Lithium and risk for Alzheimer's disease in elderly patients with bipolar disorder [J]. BrJ Psychiatry, 2007, 190: 359-360. (Pubitemid 46580688)
153. Kruger R, Kuhn W, Muller T, et al. Ala30Pro mutation in the gene encoding alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's disease[J]. Nat Genet, 1998, 18(2): 106-108.
154. Polymeropoulos M H, lavedan C, Leroy E, et al. Mutation in the alpha-synuclein gene identified in families with Parkinson's disease[J]. Science, 1997, 276(5321); 2045-2047.
155. King T D, Bijur G N, Jope R S. Caspase-3 activation induced by inhibition of mitochondrial complex I is facilitated by glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta and attenuated by lithium [J]. Brain Res, 2001, 919(1): 106-114. (Pubitemid 33016593)
156. Chen G, Bower K A, Ma C, et al. Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) mediates 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neuronal death[ J]. FASEB J, 2004, 18(10); 1162-1164. (Pubitemid 39561557)
157. Youdim M B, Arraf Z. Prevention of MPTP (N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine) dopaminergic neurotoxicity in mice by chronic lithium: involvements of Bcl-2 and Bax[J]. Neuropharmacology, 2004, 46(8): 1130-1140. (Pubitemid 38529937)
158. Crawford D C, Meadows K L, Newman J L, et al. Prevalence of the fragile X syndrome in African-Americans[ J ]. Am J Med Genet, 2002, 110(3): 226-233. (Pubitemid 34627626)
159. Garber K, Smith K T, Reines D, et al. Transcription, translation and fragile X syndrome [J]. Curr Opin Genet Dev, 2006, 16(3); 270-275.
160. Min W W, Yuskaitis C J, Yan Q, et al. Elevated glycogen synthase kinase-3 activity in Fragile X mice: key metabolic regulator with evidence for treatment potential [J]. Neuropharmacology, 2009, 56(2); 463-472.
161. Mcbride S M, Choi C H, Wang Y, et al. Pharmacological rescue of synaptic plasticity, courtship behavior, and mushroom body defects in a Drosophila model of fragile X syndrome[ J]. Neuron, 2005, 45(5) : 753-764. (Pubitemid 40320709)
162. Choi C H, Mcbride S M, Schoenfeld B P, et al. Age-depend ent cognitive impairment in a Drosophila fragile X model and its pharmacological rescue [J]. Biogerontology, 2010, 11 (3): 347-362.
163. Liu Z H, Smith C B. Dissociation of social and nonsocial anxiety in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome [J]. Neurosci Lett, 2009, 454(1): 62-66.
164. Qin M, Kang J, Smith C B. Increased rates of cerebral glucose metabolism in a mouse model of fragile X mental retardation[J]. Proc Natl Acad SCi USA, 2002, 99(24); 15758-15763. (Pubitemid 35404003)
165. The Dutch-Belgian Fragile X Consortium. Fmrl knockout mice; A model to study fragile X mental retardation [J]. Cell, 1994, 78(1): 23-33.
166. Yuskaitis C J, Mines M A, King M K, el al. Lithium ameliorates altered glycogen synthase kinase-3 and behavior in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome[ J]. Biochem Pharmacol, 2010, 79(4): 632-646.
167. Liu Z H, Chuang D M, Smith C B. Lithium ameliorates phenotypic deficits in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome[ J]. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol, 2011, 14(5): 618-630.
168. Berry-Kravis E, Sumis A, Hervey C, et al. Open-label treatment trial of lithium to target the underlying defect in fragile X syndrome[J]. J Dev Behav Pediatr, 2008, 29(4): 293-302.
169. Rowland L P. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [ J ]. Curr Opin Neurol, 1994, 7(4): 310-315. (Pubitemid 24243734)
170. Caldero J, Brunet N, Tarabal O, et al. Lithium prevents excitotoxic cell death of motoneurons in organotypic slice cultures of spinal cord [J]. Neuroscience, 2010, 165(4): 1353-1369.
171. Ferrussi M, Spalloni A, Bartalucci A, et al. A systematic study of brainstem motor nuclei in a mouse model of ALS, the effects of lithium[ J]. Neurobiol Dis, 2010, 37(2); 370-383.
172. Fornai F, Longone P, Cafaro L, et al. Lithium delays progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [ J ]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2008, 105(6): 2052-2057. (Pubitemid 351439463)
173. Shin J H, Cho S I, Lim H R, et al. Concurrent administration of Neu2000 and lithium produces marked improvement of motor neuron survival, motor function, and mortality in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [J]. Mol Pharmacol, 2007, 71(4): 965-975.
174. Feng H L, Leng Y, Ma C H, et al. Combined lithium and valproate treatment delays disease onset, reduces neurological deficits and prolongs survival in an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mouse model[J]. Neuroscience, 2008, 155(3); 567-572.
175. Aggarwal S P, Zinman L, Simpaon E, et al. Safety and efficacy of lithium in combination with riluzole for treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial [J] . Lancet Neurol, 2010, 9(5); 481-488.
176. Gill A, Kidd J, Vieira F, et al. No benefit from chronic lithium dosing in a sibling-matched, gender balanced, investigator-blinded trial using a standard mouse model of familial ALS [J]. PLoS One, 2009, 4(8); e6489.
177. [ Pizzasegola C, Caron I, Daleno C, el al. Treatment with lithium carbonate does not improve disease progression in two different strains of SOD1 mutant mice[J]. Amyotroph Lateral Scler, 2009, 10(4): 221-228.
178. Hafler DA. Multiple sclerosis[J]. J Clin Invest, 2004, 113 (6): 788-794. (Pubitemid 38544133)
179. Noseworthy J H, Lucchinetti C, Rodriguez M, et al. Multiple sclerosis[J]. N Engl J Med, 2000, 343(13): 938-952.
180. Baxter A G. The origin and application of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis[ J]. Nat Rev Immunol, 2007, 7 (11): 904-912. (Pubitemid 350006239)
181. De Samo P, Axtell R C, Raman C, et al. Lithium prevents and ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis [J]. J Immunol, 2008, 181(1): 338-345.