메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 19, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 705-719

Lithium treatment arrests the development of neurofibrillary tangles in mutant tau transgenic mice with advanced neurofibrillary pathology

Author keywords

Lithium; Neurofibrillary tangles; Phosphorylation; Tau; Transgenic mouse; Treatment

Indexed keywords

BETA CATENIN; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE 3BETA; LITHIUM CARBONATE; MUTANT PROTEIN; SODIUM CARBONATE; TAU PROTEIN;

EID: 77049116286     PISSN: 13872877     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3233/JAD-2010-1276     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (89)

References (61)
  • 1
    • 0025863618 scopus 로고
    • Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes
    • Braak H, Braak E (1991) Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 82, 239-259.
    • (1991) Acta Neuropathol (Berl) , vol.82 , pp. 239-259
    • Braak, H.1    Braak, E.2
  • 2
    • 0026740795 scopus 로고
    • Neurofibrillary tangles but not senile plaques parallel duration and severity of Alzheimer's disease
    • Arriagada PV, Growdon JH, Hedley-Whyte ET, Hyman BT (1992) Neurofibrillary tangles but not senile plaques parallel duration and severity of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 42, 631-639.
    • (1992) Neurology , vol.42 , pp. 631-639
    • Arriagada, P.V.1    Growdon, J.H.2    Hedley-Whyte, E.T.3    Hyman, B.T.4
  • 3
    • 34447503455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Untangling tau hyperphosphorylation in drug design for neurodegenerative diseases
    • Mazanetz MP, Fischer PM (2007) Untangling tau hyperphosphorylation in drug design for neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 6, 464-479.
    • (2007) Nat Rev Drug Discov , vol.6 , pp. 464-479
    • Mazanetz, M.P.1    Fischer, P.M.2
  • 4
    • 61849088424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tau phosphorylation: The therapeutic challenge for neurodegenerative disease
    • Hanger DP, Anderton BH, Noble W (2009) Tau phosphorylation: the therapeutic challenge for neurodegenerative disease. Trends Mol Med 15, 112-119.
    • (2009) Trends Mol Med , vol.15 , pp. 112-119
    • Hanger, D.P.1    Anderton, B.H.2    Noble, W.3
  • 5
    • 34548036227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tau-mediated neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease and related disorders
    • Ballatore C, Lee VMY, Trojanowski JQ (2007) Tau-mediated neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. Nat Rev Neurosci 8, 663-672.
    • (2007) Nat Rev Neurosci , vol.8 , pp. 663-672
    • Ballatore, C.1    Lee, V.M.Y.2    Trojanowski, J.Q.3
  • 6
    • 0032989714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental expression and localization of glygogen synthase-kinase 3b in rat brain
    • Leroy K, Brion JP (1999) Developmental expression and localization of glygogen synthase-kinase 3b in rat brain. J Chem Neuroanat 16, 279-293.
    • (1999) J Chem Neuroanat , vol.16 , pp. 279-293
    • Leroy, K.1    Brion, J.P.2
  • 7
    • 0032850599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution of active glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) in brains staged for Alzheimer disease neurofibrillary changes
    • Pei JJ, Braak E, Braak H, Grundke-Iqbal I, Iqbal K,WinbladB, Cowburn RF (1999) Distribution of active glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) in brains staged for Alzheimer disease neurofibrillary changes. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 58, 1010-1019.
    • (1999) J Neuropathol Exp Neurol , vol.58 , pp. 1010-1019
    • Pei, J.J.1    Braak, E.2    Braak, H.3    Grundke-Iqbal, I.4    Iqbal, K.5    Winblad, B.6    Cowburn, R.F.7
  • 8
    • 33846129434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased level of active GSK-3β in Alzheimer's disease and accumulation in argyrophilic grains and in neurons at different stages of neurofibrillary degeneration
    • Leroy K, Yilmaz Z, Brion JP (2007) Increased level of active GSK-3β in Alzheimer's disease and accumulation in argyrophilic grains and in neurons at different stages of neurofibrillary degeneration. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 33, 43-55.
    • (2007) Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol , vol.33 , pp. 43-55
    • Leroy, K.1    Yilmaz, Z.2    Brion, J.P.3
  • 9
    • 55749106048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of glycogen synthase kinase 3 in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease
    • Hernandez F, Avila J (2008) The role of glycogen synthase kinase 3 in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. FEBS Lett 582, 3848-3854.
    • (2008) FEBS Lett , vol.582 , pp. 3848-3854
    • Hernandez, F.1    Avila, J.2
  • 10
    • 39849110726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The GSK3 hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease
    • Hooper C, Killick R, Lovestone S (2008) The GSK3 hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 104, 1433-1439.
    • (2008) J Neurochem , vol.104 , pp. 1433-1439
    • Hooper, C.1    Killick, R.2    Lovestone, S.3
  • 11
    • 0029776032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A molecular mechanism for the effect of lithium on development
    • Klein PS, Melton DA (1996) A molecular mechanism for the effect of lithium on development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93, 8455-8459.
    • (1996) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.93 , pp. 8455-8459
    • Klein, P.S.1    Melton, D.A.2
  • 12
    • 0030449964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lithium inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3 activity and mimicsWingless signalling in intact cells
    • Stambolic V, Ruel L, Woodgett JR (1996) Lithium inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3 activity and mimicsWingless signalling in intact cells. Curr Biol 6, 1664-1668.
    • (1996) Curr Biol , vol.6 , pp. 1664-1668
    • Stambolic, V.1    Ruel, L.2    Woodgett, J.R.3
  • 13
    • 0030868557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lithium reduces tau phosphorylation by inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3
    • Hong M, Chen DCR, Klein PS, Lee VMY (1997) Lithium reduces tau phosphorylation by inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3. J Biol Chem 272, 25326-25332.
    • (1997) J Biol Chem , vol.272 , pp. 25326-25332
    • Hong, M.1    Chen, D.C.R.2    Klein, P.S.3    Lee, V.M.Y.4
  • 14
    • 0031567583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lithium inhibits Alzheimer's disease-like tau protein phosphorylation in neurons
    • Muñoz-Montaño JR, Moreno FJ, Avila J, D́iaz-Nido J (1997) Lithium inhibits Alzheimer's disease-like tau protein phosphorylation in neurons. FEBS Lett 411, 183-188.
    • (1997) FEBS Lett , vol.411 , pp. 183-188
    • Muñoz-Montaño, J.R.1    Moreno, F.J.2    Avila, J.3    D́iaz-Nido, J.4
  • 18
    • 0038187674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GSK-3αregulates production of Alzheimer's disease amyloid-β peptides
    • Phiel CJ,Wilson CA, LeeVMY, Klein PS (2003) GSK-3αregulates production of Alzheimer's disease amyloid-β peptides. Nature 423, 435-439.
    • (2003) Nature , vol.423 , pp. 435-439
    • Phiel, C.J.1    Wilson, C.A.2    Lee, V.M.3    Klein P S, Y.4
  • 20
    • 0242720372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic lithium treatment decreases mutant tau protein aggregation in a transgenic mouse model
    • Perez M, Hernandez F, Lim F, Diaz-Nido J, Avila J (2003) Chronic lithium treatment decreases mutant tau protein aggregation in a transgenic mouse model. J Alzheimers Dis 5, 301-308.
    • (2003) J Alzheimers Dis , vol.5 , pp. 301-308
    • Perez, M.1    Hernandez, F.2    Lim, F.3    Diaz-Nido, J.4    Avila, J.5
  • 22
    • 34250818767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lithium reduces tau phosphorylation but notAbeta orworking memory deficits in a transgenic model with both plaques and tangles
    • Caccamo A, Oddo S, Tran LX, LaFerla FM (2007) Lithium reduces tau phosphorylation but notAbeta orworking memory deficits in a transgenic model with both plaques and tangles. Am J Pathol 170, 1669-1675.
    • (2007) Am J Pathol , vol.170 , pp. 1669-1675
    • Caccamo, A.1    Oddo, S.2    Tran, L.X.3    Laferla, F.M.4
  • 23
    • 33845530335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic lithium administration to FTDP-17 tau and GSK-3 beta overexpressing mice prevents tau hyperphosphorylation and neurofibrillary tangle formation, but pre-formed neurofibrillary tangles do not revert
    • Engel T, Goni-Oliver P, Lucas JJ, Avila J, Hernandez F (2006) Chronic lithium administration to FTDP-17 tau and GSK-3 beta overexpressing mice prevents tau hyperphosphorylation and neurofibrillary tangle formation, but pre-formed neurofibrillary tangles do not revert. J Neurochem 99, 1445-1455.
    • (2006) J Neurochem , vol.99 , pp. 1445-1455
    • Engel, T.1    Goni-Oliver, P.2    Lucas, J.J.3    Avila, J.4    Hernandez, F.5
  • 25
    • 33746652117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alzheimer's disease-like tau neuropathology leads to memory deficits and loss of functional synapses in a novel mutated tau transgenic mouse without any motor deficits
    • Schindowski K, Bretteville A, Leroy K, Begard S, Brion JP, Hamdane M, Buee L (2006) Alzheimer's disease-like tau neuropathology leads to memory deficits and loss of functional synapses in a novel mutated tau transgenic mouse without any motor deficits. Am J Pathol 169, 599-616.
    • (2006) Am J Pathol , vol.169 , pp. 599-616
    • Schindowski, K.1    Bretteville, A.2    Leroy, K.3    Begard, S.4    Brion, J.P.5    Hamdane, M.6    Buee, L.7
  • 26
    • 0037212830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of an automated photometric assay for serum lithium and use of binding equilibrium expressions to optimize results
    • Thompson JC (2003) Development of an automated photometric assay for serum lithium and use of binding equilibrium expressions to optimize results. Clin Chim Acta 327, 149-156.
    • (2003) Clin Chim Acta , vol.327 , pp. 149-156
    • Thompson, J.C.1
  • 27
    • 0036161518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The neurobiological basis of spontaneous alternation
    • Lalonde R (2002) The neurobiological basis of spontaneous alternation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 26, 91-104.
    • (2002) Neurosci Biobehav Rev , vol.26 , pp. 91-104
    • Lalonde, R.1
  • 28
    • 0032756213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioral changes in transgenic mice expressing both amyloid precursor protein and presenilin-1 mutations: Lack of association with amyloid deposits
    • Holcomb LA, Gordon MN, Jantzen P, Hsiao K, Duff K, Morgan D (1999) Behavioral changes in transgenic mice expressing both amyloid precursor protein and presenilin-1 mutations: Lack of association with amyloid deposits. Behav Genet 29, 177-185.
    • (1999) Behav Genet , vol.29 , pp. 177-185
    • Holcomb, L.A.1    Gordon, M.N.2    Jantzen, P.3    Hsiao, K.4    Duff, K.5    Morgan, D.6
  • 29
    • 0026097837 scopus 로고
    • Tau in Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangles: N-and C-terminal regions are differentially associated with paired helical filaments and the location of a putative abnormal phosphorylation site
    • Brion JP, Hanger DP, Bruce MT, Couck AM, Flament-Durand J, Anderton BH (1991) Tau in Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangles: N-and C-terminal regions are differentially associated with paired helical filaments and the location of a putative abnormal phosphorylation site. Biochem J 273, 127-133.
    • (1991) Biochem J , vol.273 , pp. 127-133
    • Brion, J.P.1    Hanger, D.P.2    Bruce, M.T.3    Couck, A.M.4    Flament-Durand, J.5    Anderton, B.H.6
  • 30
    • 0028946744 scopus 로고
    • Monoclonal antibody AT8 recognises tau protein phosphorylated at both serine 202 and threonine 205
    • Goedert M, Jakes R, Vanmechelen E (1995) Monoclonal antibody AT8 recognises tau protein phosphorylated at both serine 202 and threonine 205. Neurosci Lett 189, 167-170.
    • (1995) Neurosci Lett , vol.189 , pp. 167-170
    • Goedert, M.1    Jakes, R.2    Vanmechelen, E.3
  • 31
    • 0027984739 scopus 로고
    • Epitope mapping of monoclonal antibodies to the paired helical filaments of Alzheimer's disease: Identification of phosphorylation sites in tau protein
    • Goedert M, Jakes R, Crowther RA, Cohen P, Vanmechelen E, Vandermeeren M, Cras P (1994) Epitope mapping of monoclonal antibodies to the paired helical filaments of Alzheimer's disease: Identification of phosphorylation sites in tau protein. Biochem J 301, 871-877.
    • (1994) Biochem J , vol.301 , pp. 871-877
    • Goedert, M.1    Jakes, R.2    Crowther, R.A.3    Cohen, P.4    Vanmechelen, E.5    Vandermeeren, M.6    Cras, P.7
  • 32
    • 0028593606 scopus 로고
    • Monoclonal antibody PHF-1 recognizes tau protein phosphorylated at serine residues 396 and 404
    • Otvos L, Jr., Feiner L, Lang E, Szendrei GI, Goedert M, Lee VM-Y (1994) Monoclonal antibody PHF-1 recognizes tau protein phosphorylated at serine residues 396 and 404. J Neurosci Res 39, 669-673.
    • (1994) J Neurosci Res , vol.39 , pp. 669-673
    • Otvos Jr., L.1    Feiner, L.2    Lang, E.3    Szendrei, G.I.4    Goedert, M.5    Vm-Y, L.6
  • 34
    • 0025949088 scopus 로고
    • A68 proteins in Alzheimer's disease are composed of several tau isoforms in a phosphorylated state which affects their electrophoretic mobilities
    • Brion JP, Hanger DP, Couck AM, Anderton BH (1991) A68 proteins in Alzheimer's disease are composed of several tau isoforms in a phosphorylated state which affects their electrophoretic mobilities. Biochem J 279, 831-836.
    • (1991) Biochem J , vol.279 , pp. 831-836
    • Brion, J.P.1    Hanger, D.P.2    Couck, A.M.3    Anderton, B.H.4
  • 35
    • 0031972413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The molecular basis of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
    • Oksche A, RosenthalW(1998) The molecular basis of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. J Mol Med 76, 326-337.
    • (1998) J Mol Med , vol.76 , pp. 326-337
    • Oksche, A.1    Rosenthal, W.2
  • 36
    • 0033587742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lithium activates the serine/threonine kinase Akt-1 and suppresses glutamateinduced inhibition of Akt-1 activity in neurons
    • Chalecka-Franaszek E, Chuang DM (1999) Lithium activates the serine/threonine kinase Akt-1 and suppresses glutamateinduced inhibition of Akt-1 activity in neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96, 8745-8750.
    • (1999) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.96 , pp. 8745-8750
    • Chalecka-Franaszek, E.1    Chuang, D.M.2
  • 39
    • 1042266624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CHIPHsc70 complex ubiquitinates phosphorylated tau and enhances cell survival
    • Shimura H, Schwartz D, Gygi SP, Kosik KS (2004) CHIPHsc70 complex ubiquitinates phosphorylated tau and enhances cell survival. J Biol Chem 279, 4869-4876.
    • (2004) J Biol Chem , vol.279 , pp. 4869-4876
    • Shimura, H.1    Schwartz, D.2    Gygi, S.P.3    Kosik, K.S.4
  • 40
    • 0028362458 scopus 로고
    • A sequence of cytoskeleton changes related to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles and neuropil threads
    • Braak E, Braak H, Mandelkow E-M (1994) A sequence of cytoskeleton changes related to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles and neuropil threads. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 87, 554-567.
    • (1994) Acta Neuropathol (Berl) , vol.87 , pp. 554-567
    • Braak, E.1    Braak, H.2    Mandelkow, E.-M.3
  • 41
    • 0035811050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperphosphorylation induces self-assembly of t into tangles of paired helical filaments/straight filaments
    • Alonso AD, Zaidi T, Novak M, Grundke-Iqbal I, Iqbal K (2001) Hyperphosphorylation induces self-assembly of t into tangles of paired helical filaments/straight filaments. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98, 6923-6928.
    • (2001) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.98 , pp. 6923-6928
    • Alonso, A.D.1    Zaidi, T.2    Novak, M.3    Grundke-Iqbal, I.4    Iqbal, K.5
  • 42
    • 0032987650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phosphorylation of tau protein by recombinant GSK-3b: Pronounced phosphorylation at select Ser/Thr-Pro motifs but no phosphorylation at Ser262 in the repeat domain
    • Godemann R, Biernat J, Mandelkow E, Mandelkow EM (1999) Phosphorylation of tau protein by recombinant GSK-3b: pronounced phosphorylation at select Ser/Thr-Pro motifs but no phosphorylation at Ser262 in the repeat domain. FEBS Lett 454, 157-164.
    • (1999) FEBS Lett , vol.454 , pp. 157-164
    • Godemann, R.1    Biernat, J.2    Mandelkow, E.3    Mandelkow, E.M.4
  • 43
    • 0036909443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of Akt and glycogen synthase kinase-3b phosphorylation by sodium valproate and lithium
    • De Sarno P, Li XH, Jope RS (2002) Regulation of Akt and glycogen synthase kinase-3b phosphorylation by sodium valproate and lithium. Neuropharmacology 43, 1158-1164.
    • (2002) Neuropharmacology , vol.43 , pp. 1158-1164
    • De Sarno, P.1    Li, X.H.2    Jope, R.S.3
  • 44
    • 0034805180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lithium inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3 by competition for magnesium
    • Ryves WJ, Harwood AJ (2001) Lithium inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3 by competition for magnesium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 280, 720-725.
    • (2001) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.280 , pp. 720-725
    • Ryves, W.J.1    Harwood, A.J.2
  • 45
    • 0034693230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential regulation of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta by insulin and Wnt signaling
    • Ding VW, Chen RH, McCormick F (2000) Differential regulation of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta by insulin and Wnt signaling. J Biol Chem 275, 32475-32481.
    • (2000) J Biol Chem , vol.275 , pp. 32475-32481
    • Ding, V.W.1    Chen, R.H.2    McCormick, F.3
  • 46
    • 0037383322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GSK-3: Tricks of the trade for a multi-tasking kinase
    • Doble BW,Woodgett JR (2003) GSK-3: tricks of the trade for a multi-tasking kinase. J Cell Sci 116, 1175-1186.
    • (2003) J Cell Sci , vol.116 , pp. 1175-1186
    • Doble, B.W.1    Woodgett, J.R.2
  • 47
    • 0034053069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cancer-Wnt signaling in oncogenesis and embryogenesis-a look outside the nucleus
    • Peifer M, Polakis P (2000) Cancer-Wnt signaling in oncogenesis and embryogenesis-a look outside the nucleus. Science 287, 1606-1609.
    • (2000) Science , vol.287 , pp. 1606-1609
    • Peifer, M.1    Polakis, P.2
  • 48
    • 0346688565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vivo evidence in the brain for lithium inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3
    • Gould TD, Chen G, Manji HK (2004) In vivo evidence in the brain for lithium inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3. Neuropsychopharmacology 29, 32-38.
    • (2004) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.29 , pp. 32-38
    • Gould, T.D.1    Chen, G.2    Manji, H.K.3
  • 49
    • 0036166297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wnt signals are transmitted through N-terminally dephosphorylated beta-catenin
    • Staal FJ, Noort Mv M, Strous GJ, Clevers HC (2002) Wnt signals are transmitted through N-terminally dephosphorylated beta-catenin. EMBO Rep 3, 63-68.
    • (2002) EMBO Rep , vol.3 , pp. 63-68
    • Staal, F.J.1    Noort Mv, M.2    Strous, G.J.3    Clevers, H.C.4
  • 50
    • 0034306450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Specificity and mechanism of action of some commonly used protein kinase inhibitors
    • Davies SP, Reddy H, Caivano M, Cohen P (2000) Specificity and mechanism of action of some commonly used protein kinase inhibitors. Biochem J 351, 95-105.
    • (2000) Biochem J , vol.351 , pp. 95-105
    • Davies, S.P.1    Reddy, H.2    Caivano, M.3    Cohen, P.4
  • 53
    • 33646913835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lithium: Clinical considerations in internal medicine
    • Freeman MP, Freeman SA (2006) Lithium: clinical considerations in internal medicine. Am J Med 119, 478-481.
    • (2006) Am J Med , vol.119 , pp. 478-481
    • Freeman, M.P.1    Freeman, S.A.2
  • 55
    • 3042558276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glycogen synthase kinase 3: A drug target for CNS therapies
    • Bhat RV, Haeberlein SLB, Avila J (2004) Glycogen synthase kinase 3: a drug target for CNS therapies. J Neurochem 89, 1313-1317.
    • (2004) J Neurochem , vol.89 , pp. 1313-1317
    • Bhat, R.V.1    Haeberlein, S.L.B.2    Avila, J.3
  • 56
    • 67649199941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can lithium or valproate untie tangles in Alzheimer's disease?
    • Tariot PN, Aisen PS (2009) Can lithium or valproate untie tangles in Alzheimer's disease? J Clin Psychiatry 70, 919-921.
    • (2009) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.70 , pp. 919-921
    • Tariot, P.N.1    Aisen, P.S.2
  • 57
    • 0034709157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of three simple methods for predicting therapeutic lithium doses
    • Srisurapanont M, Pratoomsri W, Maneeton N (2000) Evaluation of three simple methods for predicting therapeutic lithium doses. Psychiatry Res 94, 83-88.
    • (2000) Psychiatry Res , vol.94 , pp. 83-88
    • Srisurapanont, M.1    Pratoomsri, W.2    Maneeton, N.3
  • 61
    • 67649416075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lithium treatment in Alzheimer's disease does not promote cognitive enhancement, but may exert longterm neuroprotective effects
    • Pomara N (2009) Lithium treatment in Alzheimer's disease does not promote cognitive enhancement, but may exert longterm neuroprotective effects. Psychopharmacol (Berl) 205, 169-170.
    • (2009) Psychopharmacol (Berl) , vol.205 , pp. 169-170
    • Pomara, N.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.