Non-vacuum methods for formation of Cu(In, Ga)(Se, S)2 thin film photovoltaic absorbers

Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications

Volumn 18, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 434-452

  Hibberd, C J ^a   Chassaing, E ^b   Liu, W ^c   Mitzi, D B ^c   Lincot, D ^b   Tiwari, A N ^d  

^a LOUGHBOROUGH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b CNRS   (France)

^c IBM T J WATSON RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^d SWISS FEDERAL LABORATORIES FOR MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

CIGS; CuInSe2; Electrodeposition; Ink coating; Non vacuum; Solution deposition; Spray pyrolysis; Thin film photovoltaics

Indexed keywords

CIGS; CUINSE2; NON-VACUUM; SOLUTION DEPOSITION; THIN FILM PHOTOVOLTAICS;

COATINGS; CONVERSION EFFICIENCY; COPPER COMPOUNDS; ELECTRODEPOSITION; GALLIUM; GALLIUM ALLOYS; INDIUM ALLOYS; INK; PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECTS; SEMICONDUCTING SELENIUM COMPOUNDS; SOLAR ABSORBERS; SOLAR CELLS; SPRAY PYROLYSIS; SULFUR; THIN FILMS; VACUUM; VACUUM EVAPORATION; VACUUM TECHNOLOGY; VAPOR DEPOSITION;

DEPOSITION;

EID: 77956759556     PISSN: 10627995     EISSN: 1099159X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/pip.914     Document Type: Article

References (193)

1. Repins I, Contreras MA, Egaas B, DeHart C, Scharf J, Perkins CL, To B, Noufi R. 19.9%-efficient ZnO/CdS/ CuInGaSe2 solar cell with 81.2% fill factor. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 2008; 16: 235-239.
2. Hegedus S. Thin film solar modules: the low cost, high throughput and versatile alternative to Si wafers. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 2006; 14: 393-411.
3. Zweibel K. Issues in thin film PV manufacturing cost reduction. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 1999; 59: 1-18.
4. Liehr M. Challenges for vacuum systems manufacturers in the PV industry. Workshop Proceedings of the Third International Workshop. Thin Films in the Photovoltaic Industry 2007, Ispra, Italy.
5. Wilkommen U, Dimer M. Thin film photovoltaic production technology. Workshop Proceedings of the Third International Workshop. Thin Films in the Photovoltaic Industry 2007, Ispra, Italy.
6. Palm J, Probst V, Stetter W, Toelle R, Visbeck S, Calwer H, Niesen T, Vogt H, Hernandez O, Wendl M, Karg FH. CIGSSe thin film PV modules: from fundamental investigations to advanced performance and stability. Thin Solid Films 2004; 541-452: 544-551.
7. Kaelin M, Rudman D, Tiwari AN. Low cost processing of CIGS thin film solar cells. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 2004; 77: 749-756.
8. 2 thin films from Cu-Se/In-Ga-Se precursors for high-efficiency solar cells. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 2001; 67: 217-223.
9. Probst V, Stetter W, Riedl W, Vogt H, Wendl M, Calwer H, Zweigart S, Ufert K-D, Freienstein B, Cerva H, Karg FH. Rapid CIS-process for high efficiency PV- modules: development towards large area processing. Thin Solid Films 2001; 387: 262-267.
10. Pandey RK, Sahu SN, Chandra S. Handbook of Semiconductor Electrodeposition. Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York, Basel, Hong Kong, 1996.
11. Lincot D, Guillemoles JF, Taunier S, Guimard D, Sicx-Kurdi J, Chaumont A, Roussel O, Ramdani O, Hubert C, Fauvarque JP, Bodereau N, Parissi L, Panheleux P, Fanouillere P, Naghavi N, Grand PP, Benfarah M, Mogensen P, Kerrec O. Chalcopyrite thin film solar cells by electrodeposition. Solar Energy 2004; 77(6): 725-737.
12. Lincot D. Electrodeposition of semiconductors. Thin Solid Films 2005; 487(1-2): 40-18.
13. Johnson DR. Microstructure of electrodeposited CdS/ CdTe cells. Thin Solid Films 2000; 361-362: 321-326.
14. 2 thin films. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 1983; 130(10): 2040-2042.
15. Kemell M, Ritala M, Leskela M. Thin film deposition methods for CulnSe2 solar cells. Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences 2005; 30(1): 1-31.
16. Mishra KK, Rajeshwar K. A voltammetric study of the electrodeposition chemistry in the Cu+In+Se system. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 1989; 271(1- 2): 279-294.
17. 2 thin films by the induced co-deposition mechanism. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 2000; 147(3): 1080-1087.
18. 2 thin films. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 2001; 148(2): C110-C118. (Pubitemid 33648620)
19. 2 thin films onto Mo-glass substrates. Thin Solid Films 2006; 511: 420-424.
20. 2 absorber layers. Physica Status Solidi 2008; 5(11): 3441-3444.
21. 2 thin films for solar cell applications. Physica Status Solidi 2008; 5(11): 3445-3448.
22. 2 electrodeposition from Cu(II)-In(III)-Se(IV) acidic solutions on polycrystalline Mo films. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 2008; 155(2): D141-D147.
23. 2 determined by cyclic voltammetry. Thin-Film Compound Semiconductor Photovoltaics 2005; 865: 431-436.
24. Chassaing E, Canava B, Grand PP, Roussel O, Ramdani O, Etcheberry A, Guillemoles JF, Lincot D, Kerrec O. Electroless nucleation and growth of Cu Se phases on molybdenum in Cu(II)-In(III)-Se(IV) solutions. Electrochemical and Solid State Letters 2007; 10(1): C1-C3.
25. Ramdani O, Chassaing E, Canava B, Grand PP, Roussel O, Lamirand M, Rzepka E, Etcheberry A, Guillemoles JF, Lincot D, Kerrec O. Electrochemical cementation phenomena on polycrystalline molybdenum thin films from Cu(II)-In(III)-Se(IV) acidic solutions. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 2007; 154(8): D383-D393.
26. 2 thin films for photovoltaic application. Journal of the Electrochemical Society2006; 153(6): G521-G528.
27. Calixto ME, Sebastian PJ, Bhattacharya RN, Noufi R. Compositional and optoelectronic properties of CIS and CIGS thin films formed by electrodeposition. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 1999; 59(1- 2): 75-84.
28. 2 (CIS) thin films grown by the electrodeposition technique. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 2000; 63(4): 335-345.
29. 2 films for high efficiency solar cells. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 2001; 70(3): 345-361.
30. 2 for photovoltaic applications: microstructural analysis. Journal of Applied Physics 2007; 101(10).
31. 2 thin films studied by Raman spectroscopy. Thin Solid Films 2007; 515(15): 5909-5912.
32. 2 precursors. Journal of Applied Physics 2008; 103(12). Article number is 123109.
33. 2 electrodeposition on polycrystalline Mo. Thin Solid Films 2009; (Accepted for publication).
34. Garg P, Garg A, Garg JC. Structural and optical characterization of electrodeposited chalcopyrite CuInSxSe2-x thin-films. Thin Solid Films 1991; 206(1-2): 236-240.
35. 2 thin film on different substrates from alkaline medium. Characterization of the films. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 2007; 11(3): 407-412.
36. 2 by one-step electrodeposition process. Solar Cells 1988; 24(1-2): 81-90.
37. 2 absorber layers from pH buffered and non-buffered sulfate-based solutions. Thin Solid Films 2008; 516(8): 2188-2194.
38. 2 films. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 1987; 134(7): 1727-1729.
39. 2 thin films by d. c. and pulse-plated electrodeposition. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 1990; 1990(1): 123-128.
40. 2. Thin Solid Films 1991; 198(1-2): 269-278.
41. 2 thin-films. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 1994; 5(5): 275-279.
42. 2. Renewable Energy 1995; 6(5-6): 613-618.
43. 2 thin films by the pulse-plated electrodeposition. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics Part 2- Letters 1996; 35(9A): L1101-L1103.
44. 2 thin films by pulse-plating electrodeposition and annealing treatment. Proceedings of Ises Solar World Congress 2007: Solar Energy and Human Settlement, Vols I-V, 2007; 1316-1320.
45. 2 films. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (English Edition) 2008; 18(4): 884-889.
46. Menezes S. Molecular layer electrodeposition for synthesis of semiconductor compounds. Electrochemical and Solid State Letters 2002; 5(9): C79-C81.
47. 2 thin films for solar cell application. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics Part 1-Regular Papers Brief Communications & Review Papers 2005; 44(4A): 1939-1940.
48. 2 films onto ITO. Thin Solid Films 2007; 515(15): 5891-5894.
49. 2 thin film junctions. Materials Research Society 1998; 495: 383.
50. 2 multilayers for photovoltaic applications. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 2004; 81(1): 125-133.
51. Chaure NB, Samantilleke AP, Burton RP, Young J, Dharmadasa IM. Electrodeposition of p(+), p, i, n and n(+)-type copper indium gallium diselenide for development of multilayer thin film solar cells. Thin Solid Films 2005; 472(1-2): 212.
52. 2 layers using a two-electrode system for applications in multi-layer graded bandgap solar cells. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 2006; 90(15): 2191-2200.
53. Dharmadasa IM, Chaure NB, Tolan GJ, Samantilleke AP. Development of p(+), p, i, n, and n(+)-type CuInGaSe2 layers for applications in graded bandgap multilayer thin-film solar cells. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 2007; 154(6): H466-H471.
54. 2 films. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 1992; 26(1-2): 149-158.
55. El Abedin SZ, Saad AY, Farag HK, Borisenko N, Liu QX, Endres F. Electrodeposition of selenium, indium and copper in an air- and water-stable ionic liquid at variable temperatures. Electrochimica Acta 2007; 52(8): 2746-2754.
56. Shivagan DD, Dale PJ, Samantilleke AP, Peter LM. Electrodeposition of chalcopyrite films from ionic liquid electrolytes. Thin Solid Films 2007; 515(15): 5899-5903.
57. Ganchev M, Kochev K. Investigation of the electrodeposition process in the Cu-In-Se system. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 1993; 31(2): 163-170.
58. 2 electrodeposited films. Thin Solid Films 1997; 311(1-2): 101-106.
59. 2 thin-films from aqueous-solution. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 1988; 135(8): C369-C369.
60. 2 thin films on flexible substrates by electrodeposition ED technique. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 2004; 82(4): 553-565.
61. 2 thin films. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 2007; 91: 1922-1926.
62. 2 thin-films. Zeitschrift Fur Naturforschung Section B-a Journal of Chemical Sciences 1993; 48(6): 697-704.
63. 2 thin films. Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1998; 8(1): 1-8.
64. 2 thin films. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 1998; 50(1-4): 31-36.
65. 2 thin films and their characteristics. Physica B 1999; 266(3): 192-197.
66. 2 thin films for solar cells. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Materials Science Edition 2007; 22(1): 140-143.
67. Bhattacharya RN, Cahen D, Hodes G. Electrodeposition of Cu-In-S layers and their photoelectrochemical characterization. Solar Energy Materials 1984; 10: 41-45.
68. 2 and CuInS2 films. Solar Cells 1986; 16(1-4): 245.
69. Yukawa T, Kuwabara K, Koumoto K. Electrodeposition of CuInS2 from aqueous solution (II) Electrodeposition of CuInS2 film. Thin Solid Films 1996; 286: 151-153. (Pubitemid 126388558)
70. Nakamura S, Yamamoto A. Preparation of CuInS2 films with sufficient sulfur content and excellent morphology by one-step electrodeposition. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 1997; 49: 415-421.
71. Martinez AM, Fernandez AM, Arriaga LG, Cano U. Preparation and characterization of Cu-In-S thin films by electrodeposition. Materials Chemistry and Physics 2006; 95(2-3): 270-274.
72. Schimmel MI, de Tacconi N, Rajeshwar K. Anodic electrosynthesis of Cu2S and CuInS2 films. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 1998; 453(1-2): 187-195.
73. Cayzac R, Boulc'h F, Bendahan M, Pasquinelli M, Knauth P. Preparation and optical absorption of electrodeposited or sputtered, dense or porous nanocrystalline CuInS2 thin films. Comptes Rendus Chimie 2008; 11(9): 1016-1022.
74. Asenjo B, Chaparro AM, Gutierrez MT, Herrero J. Electrochemical growth and properties of CuInS2 thin films for solar energy conversion. Thin Solid Films 2006; 511: 117-120.
75. Voss T, Schulze J, Kirbs A, Palm J, Probst V, Jost S, Hock R, Purwins M. CIS solar cells by high rate electrodeposition technology. Conference Record of the Twenty Second European Solar Energy Conference 2007, Milan, Italy: 1940-1945.
76. Kampmann A, Rechid J, Raitzig A, Wulff S, Mihhailova M, Thyen R, Kalberlah K. Electrodeposition of CIGS on metal substrates. Compound Semiconductor Photovoltaics 2003; 763: 323-328.
77. Ao JP, Sun GZ, Yan L, Kang F, Yang L, He Q, Zhou ZQ, Li FY, Sun Y. Properties of one-step electrodeposited Cu(In1-x Gax)Se2 thin films. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica 2008; 24(6): 1073-1079.
78. Long F, Wang WM, Li JJ, Zou ZG. One-step electrodeposition of CIGS thin films from alcohol solution on flexible substrate. In High-Performance Ceramics V, Pts 1 and 2, 5th China International Conference on High-Performance Ceramics (CICC-5), Changsha: Peoples Republic of China, 2008; 472-475.
79. 2 thin films from single bath. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 2008; 155(5): H292-H295.
80. 2-based device from electrodeposited precursor. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 1997; 144(4): 1376-1379. (Pubitemid 127617803)
81. 2- based photovoltaic cells from electrodeposited precursor films. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 2003; 76(3): 331.
82. 2 precursor films: optimization of film composition and morphology. Thin Solid Films 2005; 472(1-2): 10.
83. 2 films by electrodeposition and vacuum annealing treatment. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 2003; 80(4): 483-490.
84. 2 thin films. Thin Solid Films 2005; 488(1-2): 62-67.
85. Fahoume M, Boudraine H, Aggour M, Chraibi F, Ennaoui A, Delplancke JL. One-step electrodeposition of Cu(Ga, In)Se2 thin films from aqueous solution. Journal De Physique IV 2005; 123: 75-80.
86. Xia DL, Xu M, Li JZ, Zhao XJ. Co-electrodeposition and characterization of Cu (In, Ga)Se2 thin films. Journal of Materials Science 2006; 41(7): 1875-1878.
87. Xia DL, Li JZ, Xu M, Zhao XJ. Electro deposited and selenized CIGS thin films for solar cells. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 2008; 354(12-13): 1447-1450.
88. 2 films. Engineering Materials 2007; 336-338(I): 758-759.
89. 2 thin films: morphological and composition control for 7% efficient solar cells. 21st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference 2006, Dresden.
90. Basol BM, Pinarbasi M, Aksu S, Wang J, Matus Y, Johnson T, Han Y, Narasimham M, Metin B. Electroplating based technolgy for roll-to-roll manufacturing. 23rd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference 2008, Valencia.
91. 2/ CdS solar cells. Solar Cells 1987; 21: 65.
92. 2 thin-film solar-cells comprising an electrochemical gallium deposition step. Zeitschrift Fur Naturforschung Section B 1994; 49(12): 1597-1605.
93. Tober O, Wienke J, Winkler M, Penndorf J, Griesche J. Current status and future prospects of CISCuT based solar cells and modules. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings 2003: B8.16. 11-16.
94. Rechid J, Thyen R, Raitzig A, Wulff S, Mihhailova M, Kalberlah K, Kampmann A. 9% efficiency: CIGS on Cu substrate. Proceedings of 3rd World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Vols a-c 2003: 559-561.
95. Friedfeld R, Raffaelle RP, Mantovani JG. Electrodeposition of CuInxGa1-xSe2 thin films. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 1999; 58(4): 375-385.
96. Prosini PP, Antonaia A, Loreti S. Electrodeposition of Cu-In alloy under diffusion-limiting current control. Thin Solid Films 1996; 288: 90-94.
97. 2 thin films formed by selenization of Cu-In precursors. Journal of Materials Science 1998; 33(2): 339-345.
98. Herrero J, Ortega J. Electrodeposition of Cu-In alloys for preparing thin films. Solar Energy Materials 1990; 20: 53-65.
99. Nakamura S, Yamamoto A. Electrodeposited CuInS2- based thin solar cells. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 2003; 75: 81-86.
100. Wijesundera RP, Siripala W. Preparation of CuInS2 thin films by electrodeposition and sulphurisation for applications in solar cells. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 2004; 81(2): 147-154.
101. Zank J, Mehlin M, Fritz HP. Electrochemical codeposition of indium and gallium for chalcopyrite solar cells. Thin Solid Films 1996; 286: 259.
102. 2 layers by selenization of electrodeposited Cu-In-Ga precursors. Thin Solid Films 2006; 511: 325-327.
103. 2 by thermal annealing. Thin Solid Films 1994; 247(1): 129-133.
104. Garg A, Balakrishnan KS, Rastogi AC. Structuralproperties and growth-mechanism of copper and indium selenide films prepared by electrochemical selenization of metal layers. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 1994; 141(6): 1566-1572.
105. 2 films. Thin Solid Films 1999; 357(2): 179-188.
106. 2. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 2008; 155(10): E131-E135.
107. Rouquette-Sanchez S, Picard GS. Chalcogenide chemistry in molten salts. I. Selenium(IV) acidobasic and redox properties in the LiCl-KCl eutectic melt at 450, 500 550 and 600 degrees C. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 2004; 572(1): 173-183.
108. 2 thin films for photovoltaic application. Renewable Energy 1996; 8(1-4): 396-399.
109. 2 thin films by combining electrodeposited and evaporated precursors. Thin Solid Films 1998; 323(1-2): 93-98.
110. 2 films from binary multilayers. Thin Solid Films 2000; 361: 74-78.
111. Gupta A, Murthy ASN. Electroless deposition of copper indium diselenide thin-films. Materials Research Bulletin 1991; 26(12): 1323-1330.
112. 2) films. Journal of Crystal Growth 1996; 169(2): 287.
113. 2 photovoltaic cells from solution-based precursor layers. Applied Physics Letters 1999; 75(10): 1431-1433.
114. 2- based photovoltaic cells from solution-based precursor films. Thin Solid Films 2000; 361: 396-399.
115. 2 thin films. Materials Research Bulletin 1987; 22: 789-794.
116. Garg JC, Sharma RP, Sharma KC. Characterization of p-CulnSe2 films for photovoltaics grown by a chemical deposition technique. Thin Solid Films 1988; 164: 269-273.
117. Dhanam M, Balasundaraprabhu R, Jayakumar S, Gopalakrishnan P, Kannan MD. Preparation and study of structural and optical properties of chemical bath deposited copper indium diselenide thin films. Physica Status Solidi a-Applied Research 2002; 191(1): 149-160.
118. Pathan HM, Lokhande CD. Chemical deposition and characterization of copper indium disulphide thin films. Applied Surface Science 2004; 239(1): 11-18.
119. Pathan HM, Lokhande CD. Chemical deposition and characterization of copper indium diselenide (CISe) thin films. Applied Surface Science 2005; 245(1-4): 328-334.
120. Shi Y, Jin Z, Li C, An H, Qiu J. Effect of [Cu]/[In] ratio on properties of CuInS2 thin films prepared by successive ionic layer absorption and reaction method. Applied Surface Science 2006; 252: 3737-3743.
121. 2-based photovoltaic cells from electrodeposited and chemical bath deposited precursors. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 1998; 55(1- 2): 83-94. (Pubitemid 128412522)
122. 2 thin film preparation through a new selenisation process using chemical bath deposited selenium. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 2003; 79(1): 67.
123. Dloczik L, Lux-Steiner MC, Koenenkamp R. Study on the preparation of structured CuInS2 films by ion exchange processes. Thin Solid Films 2003; 431-432: 131-134.
124. 2 solar cells. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 2008; 16: 585-593.
125. 2 thin films prepared from chemically processed precursor layers. Thin Solid Films 2009; 517: 2235-2239.
126. 2 Coaxial Solar Cells by Electrodeposition. 15th International Photovoltaic Science & Engineering Conference (PVSEC-15) 2005; Shangai: 168.
127. Phok S, Rajaputra S, Singh VP. Copper indium diselenide nanowire arrays by electrodeposition in porous alumina templates. Nanotechnology 2007; 18. Article number is 475601.
128. 2. Applied Surface Science 2007; 254: 303-307.
129. Matsumoto H, Kuribayashi K, Uda H, Komatsu Y, Nakano A, Ikegami S. Screen-printed CdS/CdTe solar cell of 12.8% efficiency for an active area of 0.78cm2. Solar Cells 1984; 11: 367-373.
130. Kaelin M, Zogg H, Tiwari AN, Wilhelm O, Pratsinis SE, Meyer T, Meyer A. Electrosprayed and selenized Cu/In metal particle films. Thin Solid Films 2004; 457(2): 391.
131. Eberspacher C, Pauls K, Serra J. Non-vacuum processing of CIGS solar cells. Conference Record of the Twenty-Ninth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference 2002; New Orleans, USA: 684-687.
132. 2 absorber layers. Thin Solid Films 2000; 361-362: 514.
133. Eberspacher C, Fredric C, Pauls K, Serra J. Thin-film CIS alloy PV materials fabricated using non-vacuum, particles-based techniques. Thin Solid Films 2001; 387: 18-122.
134. Panthani MG, Akhavan V, Goodfellow B, Schmidtke J, Dunn L, Dodabalapur A, Barbara PF, Korgel BA. Synthesis of CuInS, CuInSe, and Cu(InGa)Se (CIGS) nanocrystal "Inks" for printable photovoltaics. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2008; 130(49): 16770.
135. 2 films prepared by screen-printing and sintering method. Conference Record of the Twentieth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference 1988; Las Vegas, USA: 1650.
136. Schulz DL, Curtis CJ, Cram A, Alleman JL, Mason A, Matson RJ, Perkins JD, Ginley DS. CIGS films via nanoparticle spray deposition: attempts at densifying a porous precursor. Conference Record of the Twenty-Sixth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference 1997; Anaheim, USA: 483.
137. Kaelin M, Rudman D, Kurdesau F, Meyer T, Zogg H, Tiwari AN. CIS and CIGS layers from selenized nanoparticle precursors. Thin Solid Films 2003; 431-432:58.
138. Vervaet A, Burgelman M, Clemminck I, Casteleyn M. Screen printing of CIS films for CIS-CdS solar cells. 10th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference 1991, 900.
139. 2 using Cu-Se fluxes. Conference Record of the Twenty-Fourth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference 1994; Hawai, USA: 230.
140. Casteleyn M, Burgelman M, Depuydt B, Clemminck I. Sintering of Screen Printed CIS Layers. 11th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference 1992: 826.
141. 2 thin films by a combination of mechanochemical and screen-printing/sintering process. Physica Status Solidi A 2006; 203(11): 2593.
142. 2 based chalcopyrite layers for solar cells. 12th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference 1994: 604.
143. 2 nanocrystal and nanoring inks for low-cost solar cells. Nanoletters 2008; 8(9): 2982.
144. 2 solar cells fabricated by a novel ink coating approach. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 1998; 1(6): 252.
145. Norsworthy G, Leidholm CR, Halani A, Kapur VK, Roe R, Basol BM, Matson R. CIS film growth by metallic ink coating and selenization. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 2000; 60: 127.
146. Bekker J, Alberts V, Witcomb MJ. Influence of selenization techniques on the reaction kinetics of chalcopyrite thin films. Thin Solid Films 2001; 387: 40.
147. 2 monograin layer solar cells with variable indium content. Thin Solid Films 2007; 515: 5880-55883.
148. Eberspacher C, Fredric C, Pauls K, Serra J. Thin-film CIGS PV modules fabricated using simple, nonvacuum techniques. 16th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference 2000.
149. Eberspacher C, Pauls K, Serra J. Nonvacuum techniques for fabricating thin-film CIGS. Conference Record of the Twentieth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference 2000; Las Vegas, USA: 517.
150. Kapur VK, Fisher M, Roe R. Nanoparticle oxides precursor ink for thin film copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells. Materials Research Society Symposium 2001: H2.6. 1.
151. 2 solar cells on rigid and flexible substrates using nanoparticle precursor inks. Thin Solid Films 2003; 431-432: 53.
152. Kapur VK, Kemmerle R, Bansal A, Haber J, Schmitzberger J, Le P, Guevarra D, Kapur V, Stempien T. Manufacturing of 'ink based' CIGS solar cells/ modules. Conference Record of the Thirty-First IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference 2008; San Diego, USA.
153. Marudachalam M, Birkmire RW, Hichri H, Schultz JM, Swartzlander A, Al-Jassim MM. Phases, morphology, and diffusion in CulnxGa1-xSe2 thin films. Journal of Applied Physics 1997; 82(6): 2896.
154. Yoon S, Yoon T, Lee K, Yoon S, Ha JM, Choe S. Nanoparticle-based approach for the formation of CIS solar cells. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 2009; 93: 783-788.
155. van Duren J, Jackrel D, Jacob F, Leidholm C, Pudov A, Robinson M, Roussillon Y. The next generation in thinfilm photovoltaic process technology. Conference Record of the Seventeenth International Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Conference 2007; Fukuoka, Japan.
156. Bodegard M, Lundberg O, Lu J, Stolt L. Re-crystallisation and interdiffusion in CGS/CIS bilayers. Thin Solid Films 2003; 431-432: 46.
157. 2 thin film solar cells. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 2003; 64: 1499.
158. Rudmann D, Bremaud D, da Cunha AF, Bilger G, Strohm A, Kaelin M, Zogg H, Tiwari AN. Sodium incorporation strategies for CIGS growth at different temperatures. Thin Solid Films 2005; 480-481: 55.
159. Guha P, Das D, Maity AB, Ganguli D, Chaudhuri S. Synthesis of CuInS2 by chemical route: optical characterization. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 2003; 80: 115-130.
160. Klaer J, Klenk R, Abou-Ras D, Scheer R, Schock HW. Progress in mini-modules from a CuInS2 baseline process. Conference Record of the Twenty-First European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference 2006; Dresden, Germany: 1801-1805.
161. 2 and related ternary semiconducting compounds. Thin Solid Films 1979; 60: 141-146.
162. Tomar MS, Garcia FJ. A ZnO/p-CulnSe2 thin film solar cell prepared entirely by spray pyrolysis. Thin Solid Films 1982; 90: 419-423.
163. 2 by spray pyrolysis. Applied Physics Letters 1984; 45(8): 890-892.
164. Krunks M, Mikili V, Bijakina O, Mellikov E. Growth and recrystallization of CuInS2 films in spray pyrolytic process. Applied Surface Science 1999; 142: 356-361.
165. Hou X, Choy KL. Synthesis and characteristics of CuInS2 films for photovoltaic application. Thin Solid Films 2005; 480-481: 13-18.
166. 2 Thin Films Prepared by Chemical Spray Pyrolysis. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 1999; 38: 4997-5002. (Pubitemid 30505580)
167. 2 solar cells. Proceedings of the 9th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference 1989; 476-479.
168. Krunks M, Kijatkina O, Rebane H, Oja I, Mikli V, Mere A. Composition of CuInS2 thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis. Thin Solid Films 2002; 403-404: 71-75.
169. Krunks M, Mikili V, Bijakina O, Rebane H, Mere A, Varema T, Mellikov E. Composition and structure of CuInS2 films prepared by spray pyrolysis. Thin Solid Films 2000; 361-362: 61-64.
170. Möller J, Fischer C-H, Muffler H-J, Könenkamp R, Kaiser I, Kelch C, Lux-Steiner MC. A novel deposition technique for compound semiconductors on highly porous substrates: ILGAR. Thin Solid Films 2000; 361-362: 113-117.
171. Qiu J, Jin Z, Wu W, Xiao L. Characterization of CuInS2 thin films prepared by ion layer gas reaction method. Thin Solid Films 2006; 510: 1-5.
172. Fischer C-H, Muffler H-J, Bär M, Kropp T, Schönmann A, Fiechter S, Barbar G, Lux-Steiner MC. Spray-Ion Layer Gas Reaction (ILGAR): a novel low-cost process for the deposition of chalcopyrite layers up to the micrometer range for photovoltaic applications. Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2003; 107: 7516-7521.
173. Camus C, Allsop NA, Gledhill SE, Bohne W, Röhrich J, Lauermann I, Lux-Steiner MC, Fischer C-H. Properties of spray ILGAR CuInS2 thin films. Thin Solid Films 2008; 516: 7026-7030.
174. Camus C, Allsop NA, Köhler T, Krüger M, Gledhill SE, Klaer J, Rappich J, Lux-Steiner MC, Fischer C- H. Non-vacuum chalcopyrite solar cell absorbers: the spray-ILGAR approach. Conference Record of the Thirty-First IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference 2008; San Diego, USA: (http://ieeexplor- e.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.j sp?tp=&arnumber=4922468&- isnumber=4922425).
175. Kaelin M, Rudman D, Kurdesau F, Zogg H, MeyerT, Tiwari AN. Low-cost CIGS solar cells by paste coating and selenization. Thin Solid Films 2005; 480-481: 486-490.
176. Todorov T, Cordoncillo E, Sàinchez-Royo JF, Carda J, Escribano P. CuInS2 films for photovoltaic applications deposited by a low-cost method. Chemistry of Materials 2006; 18: 3145-3150.
177. Todorov T, Oliveira L, Carda J, Escribano P. Influence of treatment conditions on chalcopyrite films deposited at atmospheric pressure. Physica Status Solidi C 2008; 5: 3437-3440.
178. 2 thin films prepared by spin coating technique. Proceedings of the Twenty-First European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference 2006; Dresden, Germany: 1870-1873.
179. 2 thin films prepared by spin coating technique. Physica Status Solidi C 2006; 3(8): 2535-2538.
180. Hirpo W, Dhingra S, Sutorik AC, Kanatzidis MG. Synthesis of mixed copper-indium chalcogenolates single-source precursors for the photovoltaic materials CuInQ2 (Q = S, Se). Journal of the American Chemical Society 1993; 115(4): 1597-1599.
181. Hollingsworth JA, Hepp AF, Buhro WE. Spray CVD of copper indium disulfide films: control of microstructure and crystalographic orientation. Chemical Vapour Deposition 1999; 5(3): 105-108.
182. Hepp AF, Banger KK, Jin MHC, Harris JD, McNatt JS, Dickman JE. CVD of single-source precursors for chalcopyrite I-III-VI2 thin-film materials. In Solution Processing of Inorganic Materials, Mitzi, DB (Ed.). Wiley, 2009; 157-198.
183. Harris JD, Banger KK, Scheiman DA, Smith MA, Jin M, Hepp AF. Characterization of CuInS2 films prepared by atmospheric pressure spray chemical vapor deposition. Materials Science and Engineering B 2003; B98: 150-155.
184. Mitzi DB, Kosbar LL, Murray CE, Copel M, Afzali A. High-mobility ultrathin semiconducting films prepared by spin coating. Nature 2004; 428: 299-303.
185. Milliron DJ, Mitzi DB, Copel M, Murray CE. Solution-processed metal chalcogenide films for ptype transistors. Chemistry of Materials 2006; 18: 587-590.
186. Mitzi DB, Copel M, Murray CE. High-mobility ptype transistor based on a spin-coated metal telluride semiconductor. Advanced Materials 2006; 18: 2448-2452.
187. Mitzi DB, Yuan M, Liu W, Kellock A, Chey SJ, Deline V, Schrott AG. A high-efficiency solutiondeposited thin-film photovoltaic device. Advanced Materials 2008; 20: 3657-3662.
188. Mitzi DB, Yuan M, Liu W, Kellock A, Chey SJ, Gignac L, Schrott AG. Hydrazine-based deposition route for device-quality CIGS films. Thin Solid Films 2009; 517: 2158-2162.
189. Mitzi DB, Yuan M, Liu W, Kellock A, Chey SJ, Schrott AG, Deline V. Solution processing of CIGS absorber layers using a hydrazine-based approach. Proceeding 33rd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialist Conference, May 11-16, 2008; San Diego, CA; 384.
190. 2 absorbers processed using a hydrazine-based solution approach. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings 2009; 1123, P06-03/F07-03.
191. Mitzi DB. Solution processing of chalcogenide semiconductors via dimensional reduction. Advanced Materials 2009; In Press. DOI: 10.1002/ adma.200802027
192. Mitzi DB, Copel M, Chey SJ. Low-voltage transistor employing a high-mobility spin-coated chalcogenide semiconductor. Advanced Materials 2005; 17: 1285-1289.
193. Curtis CJ, Miedaner A, Van Heist M, Ginley DS, Nekuda JA. Formation of copper-indium-selenide and/or copper-indium-gallium-selenide films from indium selenide and copper selenide precursors. 2008; WO 2008/057119 A1.