Fundamental studies of superconductors using scanning magnetic imaging

Reports on Progress in Physics

Volumn 73, Issue 12, 2010, Pages

  Kirtley, J R ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 78650092401     PISSN: 00344885     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/73/12/126501     Document Type: Article

References (314)

1. Bardeen J, Cooper L N and Schrieffer J R 1957 Microscopic theory of superconductivity Phys. Rev. 106 162-4
2. c superconductivity in the Ba-La-Cu-O system Z. Phys. B 64 189-93
3. Wu M K, Ashburn J R, Torng C J, Hor P H, Meng R L, Gao L, Huang Z J, Wang Y Q and Chu C W 1987 Superconductivity at 93K in a new mixed-phase Y-Ba-Cu-O compound system at ambient pressure Phys. Rev. Lett. 58 908-10
4. 2 Phys. Rev. Lett. 43 1892-96
5. Stewart G R 1984 Heavy-fermion systems Rev. Mod. Phys. 56 755-87
6. Maeno Y, Hashimoto H, Yoshida K, Nishizaki S, Fujita T, Bednorz J G and Lichtenberg F 1994 Superconductivity in a layered perovskite without copper Nature 372 532-4
7. 4 and the physics of spin-triplet pairing Rev. Mod. Phys. 75 657-712
8. xFeAs Nature 453 376-8 (Pubitemid 351693133)
9. Harada K, Matsuda T, Bonevich J, Igarashi M, Kondo S, Pozzi G, Kawabe U and Tonomura A 1992 Real-time observation of vortex lattices in a superconductor by electron microscopy Nature 360 51-3
10. x thin films by Lorentz microscopy Phys. Rev. Lett. 71 3371-4
11. Matsuda T, Harada K, Kasai H, Kamimura O and Tonomura A 1996 Observation of dynamic interaction of vortices with pinning centers by Lorentz microscopy Science 271 1393
12. Harada K, Kamimura O, Kasai H, Matsuda T, Tonomura A and Moshchalkov V V 1996 Direct observation of vortex dynamics in superconducting films with regular arrays of defects Science 274 1167-70
13. Koblischka M R and Wijngaarden R J 1995 Magneto-optical investigations of superconductors Supercond. Sci. Technol. 8 199-213
14. 2 Nature 410 186-9
15. Golubchik D, Polturak E and Koren G 2009 Correlations beyond the horizon arXiv:0911.5613
16. Kapitulnik A, Dodge J S and Fejer M M 1994 High-resolution magneto-optic measurements with a Sagnac interferometer (invited) J. Appl. Phys. 75 6872
17. Petersen B L, Bauer A, Meyer G, Crecelius T and Kaindl G 1998 Kerr-rotation imaging in scanning near-field optical microscopy using a modified Sagnac interferometer Appl. Phys. Lett. 73 538
18. 6+x superconductor: evidence for broken symmetry near the pseudogap temperature Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 127002
19. Wei J Y T, Yeh N C, Fu C C and Vasquez R P 1999 Tunneling spectroscopy study of spin-polarized quasiparticle injection effects in cuprate/manganite heterostructures J. Appl. Phys. 85 5350
20. Wachowiak A, Wiebe J, Bode M, Pietzsch O, Morgenstern M and Wiesendanger R 2002 Direct observation of internal spin structure of magnetic vortex cores Science 298 577
21. Wiebe J, Wachowiak A, Meier F, Haude D, Foster T, Morgenstern M and Wiesendanger R 2004 A 300 mK ultra-high vacuum scanning tunneling microscope for spin-resolved spectroscopy at high energy resolution Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75 4871
22. Lifshitz E, Dag I, Litvitn I D and Hodes G 1998 Optically detected magnetic resonance study of electron/hole Traps on CdSe quantum dot surfaces J. Phys. Chem. B 102 9245-50
23. Chernobrod B M and Berman G P 2005 Spin microscope based on optically detected magnetic resonanc J. Appl. Phys. 97 014903
24. Degen C L 2008 Scanning magnetic field microscope with a diamond single-spin sensor Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 243111
25. Balasubramanian G et al 2008 Nanoscale imaging magnetometry with diamond spins under ambient conditions Nature 455 648-51
26. Maze J R, Stanwix P L, Hodges J S, Hong S, Taylor J M, Cappellaro P, Jiang L, Dutt M V G, Togan E and Zibrov A S 2008 Nanoscale magnetic sensing with an individual electronic spin in diamond Nature 455 644-7
27. Gallagher WJ et al 1997 Microstructured magnetic tunnel junctions (invited) J. Appl. Phys. 81 3741
28. Schrag B D, Liu X, Shen W and Xiao G 2004 Current density mapping and pinhole imaging in magnetic tunnel junctions via scanning magnetic microscopy Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 2937-9
29. Schrag B D et al 2006 Magnetic current imaging with magnetic tunnel junction sensors: case study and analysis Conf. Proc. 32nd Int. Symp. for Testing and Failure Analysis (Austin, TX) (Metals Park, OH: ASM International) p 13
30. Hartmann U 1994 Scanning probe microscopy on superconductors: achievements and challenges Appl. Phys. A 59 41-8
31. De Lozanne A 1999 Scanning probe microscopy of high-temperature superconductors Supercond. Sci. Technol. 12 R43-56
32. Bending S J 1999 Local magnetic probes of superconductors Adv. in Phys. 48 449-535
33. Josephson B D 1962 Possible new effects in superconductive tunnelling Phys. Lett. 1 251-3
34. McCumber D E 1968 Tunneling and weak-link superconductor phenomena having potential device applications J. Appl. Phys. 39 2503-8
35. Stewart W C 1968 Current-voltage characteristics of Josephson junctions Appl. Phys. Lett. 12 277-80
36. Fulton T A and Dunkleberger L N 1974 Lifetime of the zero-voltage state in Josephson tunnel junctions Phys. Rev. B 9 4760-8
37. Voss R F and Webb R A 1981 Macroscopic quantum tunneling in 1 μm Nb Josephson junctions Phys. Rev. Lett. 47 265-8
38. c superconductors Phys. Rev. B 70 024519
39. Tesche C D and Clarke J 1977 Dc SQUID: Noise and optimization J. Low. Temp. Phys. 29 301-31
40. Dahm A J, Denenstein A, Langenberg D N, Parker W H, Rogovin D and Scalapino D J 1969 Linewidth of the radiation emitted by a Josephson junction Phys. Rev. Lett. 22 1416-20
41. Stephen M J 1968 Theory of a Josephson oscillator Phys. Rev. Lett. 21 1629-32
42. Koch R H, Van Harlingen D J and Clarke J 1981 Quantum noise theory for the dc SQUID Appl. Phys. Lett. 38 380-2
43. Dutta P, Dimon P and Horn P M 1979 Energy scales for noise processes in metals Phys. Rev. Lett. 43 646-9
44. Koch R H, Divincenzo D P and Clarke J 2007 Model for 1/f flux noise in SQUIDs and qubits Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 26
45. Clarke J 1989 Principles and applications of SQUIDs Proc. IEEE 77 1208-23
46. Kirtley J R and Wikswo J R Jr 1999 Scanning SQUID microscopy Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci. 29 117-48
47. Welty R P and Martinis J M 1991 A series array of dc SQUIDs IEEE Trans. Magn. 27 2924-6
48. Huber M E, Neil P A, Benson R G, Burns D A, Corey A M, Flynn C S, Kitaygorodskaya Y, Massihzadeh O, Martinis J M and Hilton G C 2001 DC SQUID series array amplifiers with 120 MHz bandwidth IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 11 1251-6 (Pubitemid 32513357)
49. Roth B J, Sepulveda N G and Wikswo J P Jr 1989 Using a magnetometer to image a two-dimensional current distribution J. Appl. Phys. 65 361-72
50. Anderson P W and Rowell J M 1963 Probable observation of the Josephson superconducting tunneling effect Phys. Rev. Lett. 10 230-2
51. Jaklevic R C, Lambe J, Silver A H and Mercereau J E 1964 Quantum interference effects in Josephson tunneling Phys. Rev. Lett. 12 159-60
52. Zimmerman J E and Mercereau J E 1964 Quantized flux pinning in superconducting niobium Phys. Rev. Lett. 13 125-6
53. Rogers F P 1983 A device for experimental observation of flux vortices trapped in superconducting thin films Master's Thesis Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
54. Mathai A, Song D, Gim Y and Wellstood F C 1992 One-dimensional magnetic flux microscope based on the dc superconducting quantum interference device Appl. Phys. Lett. 61 598-600
55. 7 superconducting quantum interference device App. Phys. Lett. 62 2128-30
56. Black R C, Wellstood F C, Dantsker E, Miklich A H, Koelle D, Ludwig F and Clarke J 1995 Imaging radio-frequency fields using a scanning SQUID microscope Appl. Phys. Lett. 66 1267
57. Vu L N and Van Harlingen D J 1993 Design and implementation of a scanning SQUID microscope IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 3 1918-21
58. Vu L N, Wistrom M S and van Harlingen D J 1993 Imaging of magnetic vortices in superconducting networks and clusters by scanning SQUID microscopy Appl. Phys. Lett. 63 1693-5
59. Ma Y P, Thomas I M, Lauder A and Wikswo J P Jr 1993 A high resolution imaging susceptometer IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 3 1941-4
60. Chemla Y R, Grossman H L, Poon Y, McDermott R, Stevens R, Alper M D and Clarke J 2000 Ultrasensitive magnetic biosensor for homogeneous immunoassay Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 97 14268-72
61. 7-δ Phys. Rev. Lett. 73 593-6
62. Kirtley J R, Ketchen M B, Stawiasz K G, Sun J Z, Gallagher W J, Blanton S H and Wind S J 1995 High-resolution scanning squid microscope Appl. Phys. Lett. 66 1138-40
63. Wernsdorfer W, Bonet Orozco E, Hasselbach K, Benoit A, Barbara B, Demoncy N, Loiseau A, Pascard H and Mailly D 1997 Experimental evidence of the Néel-Brown model of magnetization reversal Phys. Rev. Lett. 78 1791-4
64. Veauvy C, Hasselbach K and Mailly D 2002 Scanning μ-superconduction quantum interference device force microscope Rev. Sci. Instrum. 73 3825
65. Troeman A G P, Derking H, Borger B, Pleikies J, Veldhuis D and Hilgenkamp H 2007 NanoSQUIDs based on niobium constrictions Nano Lett. 7 2152-6
66. Granata C, Esposito E, Vettoliere A, Petti L and Russo M 2008 An integrated superconductive magnetic nanosensor for high-sensitivity nanoscale applications Nanotechnology 19 275501-600
67. Hao L, Macfarlane J C, Gallop J C, Cox D, Beyer J, Drung D and Schurig T 2008 Measurement and noise performance of nano-superconducting-quantum- interference devices fabricated by focused ion beam Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 192507
68. Finkler A, Segev Y, Myasoedov Y, Rappaport M L, Neeman L, Vasyukov D, Zeldov E, Huber M E, Martin J and Yacoby A 2010 Self-aligned nanoscale SQUID on a tip Nano Lett. 10 1046-9
69. Ketchen M B, Awschalom D D, Gallagher W J, Kleinsasser A W, Sandstrom R L, Rozen J R and Bumble B 1989 Design, fabrication, and performance of integrated miniature SQUID susceptometers IEEE Trans. Magn. 25 1212-5
70. Ketchen M B and Kirtley J R 1995 Design and performance aspects of pickup loop structures for miniature SQUID magnetometry IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 5 2133-6
71. Koshnick N C, Huber M E, Bert J A, Hicks C W, Large J, Edwards H, and Moler K A 2008 A terraced scanning superconducting quantum interference device susceptometer with sub-micron pickup loops Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 243101
72. Gardner B W, Wynn J C, Björnsson P G, Straver E W J, Moler K A, Kirtley J R and Ketchen M B 2001 Scanning superconducting quantum interference device susceptometry Rev. Sci. Instrum. 72 2361-4
73. Huber M E, Koshnick N C, Bluhm H, Archuleta L J, Azua T, Bjornsson P G, Gardner B W, Halloran S T, Lucero E A and Moler K A 2008 Gradiometric micro-SQUID susceptometer for scanning measurements of mesoscopic samples Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79 053704
74. Freitag M, Tsang J C, Kirtley J R, Carlsen A, Chen J, Troeman A, Hilgenkamp H and Avouris P 2006 Electrically excited, localized infrared emission from single carbon nanotubes Nano Lett. 6 1425-33
75. Ketchen M B, Pearson D, Kleinsasser A W, Hu C K, Smyth M, Logan J, Stawiasz K, Baran E, Jaso M and Ross T 1991 Sub-μm, planarized, Nb-AlO-Nb Josephson process for 125 mm wafers developed in partnership with Si technology Appl. Phys. Lett. 59 2609-11
76. Broom R F and Rhoderick E H 1962 Studies of the intermediate state in thin superconducting films Proc. Phys. Soc. 79 586-93
77. Weber H W and Riegler R 1973 Measurement of the flux density distribution in type-II superconductors with several micro field-probes Solid-State Commun. 12 121-4
78. 7-y single crystal Phys. Rev. B 45 8201-4
79. Chang A M, Hallen H D, Harriott L, Hess H F, Kao H L, Kwo J, Miller R E, Wolfe R, Van der Ziel J and Chang T Y 1992 Scanning Hall probe microscopy Appl. Phys. Lett. 61 1974-6
80. 4 films Europhys. Lett. 20 645-50
81. Oral A, Bending S J and Henini M 1996 Real-time scanning Hall probe microscopy Appl. Phys. Lett. 69 1324-6
82. 8 single crystals Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 3610-3
83. Grigorenko A N, Bending S J, Gregory J K and Humphreys R G 2001 Scanning Hall probe microscopy of flux penetration into a superconducting YBaCuO thin film strip Appl. Phys. Lett. 78 1586-8
84. Dinner R B, Beasley M R and Moler K A 2005 Cryogenic scanning Hall-probe microscope with centimeter scan range and submicron resolution Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76 103702
85. Van Veen R G, Verbruggen A H, Van der Drift E, Radelaar S, Anders S and Jaeger H M 1999 Micron-sized Hall probes on a Si/SiGe heterostructure as a tool to study vortex dynamics in high-temperature superconducting crystals Rev. Sci. Instrum. 70 1767-70
86. Cambel V, Karapetrov G, Eliáš P, Hasenohrl S, Kwok W K, Krause J and Maňka J 2000 Approaching the pT range with a 2DEG InGaAs/InP Hall sensor at 77 K Microelectron. Eng. 51 333-42
87. Hicks C W, Luan L, Moler K A, Zeldov E and Shtrikman H 2007 Noise characteristics of 100 nm scale GaAs/AlGaAs scanning Hall probes Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 133512
88. Sandhu A, Kurosawa K, Dede M and Oral A 2004 50 nm Hall sensors for room temperature scanning Hall probe microscopy Japan. J. Appl. Phys. 43 777-8
89. Mihajlović G, Xiong P, von Molnár S, Field M and Sullivan G J 2007 InAs quantum well Hall devices for room-temperature detection of single magnetic biomolecular labels J. Appl. Phys. 102 034506
90. Peeters F M and Li X Q 1998 Hall magnetometer in the ballistic regime Appl. Phys. Lett. 72 572
91. Geim A K, Dubonos S V, Lok J G S, Grigorieva I V, Maan J C, Hansen L T and Lindelof P E 1997 Ballistic Hall micromagnetometry Appl. Phys. Lett. 71 2379
92. Novoselov K S, Morozov S V, Dubonos S V, Missous M, Volkov A O, Christian D A and Geim A 2003 Submicron probes for Hall magnetometry over the extended temperature range from helium to room temperature J. Appl. Phys. 93 10053
93. Bending S J and Oral A 1997 Hall effect in a highly inhomogeneous magnetic field distribution J. Appl. Phys. 81 3721-5
94. Boero G, Demierre M, Besse P A and Popovic R S 2003 Micro-Hall devices: performance, technologies and applications Sensors Actuators A 106 314-20
95. Li Y, Ren C, Xiong P, von Molnár S, Ohno Y and Ohno H 2004 Modulation of noise in submicron GaAs/AlGaAs hall devices by gating Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 246602
96. 1-xAs/GaAs Hall devices Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 186601
97. Martin Y and Wickramasinghe H K 1987 Magnetic imaging by force microscopy with 1000 Å resolution Appl. Phys. Lett. 50 1455
98. Rugar D, Mamin H J, Guethner P, Lambert S E, Stern J E, McFadyen I and Yogi T 1990 Magnetic force microscopy: general principles and application to longitudinal recording media J. Appl. Phys. 68 1169-83
99. Hartmann U 1999 Magnetic force microscopy Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci. 29 53-87
100. Schonenberger C and Alvarado S F 1990 Understanding magnetic force microscopy Z Phys. B 80 373-83
101. Lohau J, Kirsch J, Carl A, Dumpich G and Wassermann E F 1999 Quantitative determination of effective dipole and monopole moments of magnetic force microscopy tips J. Appl. Phys. 86 3410-7
102. Phillips G N, Siekman M, Abelmann L and Lodder J C 2002 High resolution magnetic force microscopy using focused ion beam modified tips Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 865-7
103. Litvinov D and Khizroev S 2002 Orientation-sensitive magnetic force microscopy for future probe storage applications Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 1878
104. Koblischka M R, Hartmann U and Sulzbach T 2003 Improvements of the lateral resolution of the MFM technique Thin Solid Films 428 93-7
105. Deng Z, Yenilmez E, Leu J, Hoffman J E, Straver E W J, Dai H and Moler K A 2004 Metal-coated carbon nanotube tips for magnetic force microscopy Appl. Phys. Lett. 85 6263-5
106. Champagne A R, Couture A J, Kuemmeth F and Ralph D C 2003 Nanometer-scale scanning sensors fabricated using stencil lithography Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 1111
107. Sun S, Murray C B, Weller D, Folks L and Moser A 2000 Monodisperse FePt nanoparticles and ferromagnetic FePt nanocrystal superlattices Science 287 1989
108. Kirtley J R, Deng Z, Luan L, Yenilmez E, Dai H and Moler K A 2007 Moment switching in nanotube magnetic force probes Nanotechnology 18 465506-600
109. Abraham D W and McDonald F A 1990 Theory of magnetic force microscope images Appl. Phys. Lett. 56 1181-3
110. Otani Y, Kohda T, Novosad V, Fukamichi K, Yuasa S and Katayama T 2000 Shape induced in-plane magnetic anisotropy reorientation in epitaxial hexagonal close packed cobalt dots J. Appl. Phys. 87 5621-3
111. Blatter G, Feigel'man M V, Geshkenbein V B, Larkin A I and Vinokur V M 1994 Vortices in high-temperature superconductors Rev. Mod. Phys. 66 1125-388
112. 7 thin film with a low temperature magnetic force microscope Physica C 235 2695-6
113. Volodin A, Temst K, Bruynseraede Y, Van Haesendonck C, Montero M I, Schuller I K, Dam B, Huijbregtse J M and Griessen R 2002 Magnetic force microscopy of vortex pinning at grain boundaries in superconducting thin films Physica C 369 165-70
114. Moser A, Hug H J, Parashikov I, Stiefel B, Fritz O, Thomas H, Baratoff A, Guntherodt H-J and Chaudhari P 1995 Observation of single vortices condensed into a vortex-glass phase by magnetic force microscopy Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 1847-50
115. 8+x obtained by low-temperature magnetic force microscopy J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 14 1210-3
116. 7-delta thin films J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 190 114-23
117. Volodin A, Temst K, Van Haesendonck C and Bruynseraede Y 2000 Imaging of vortices in conventional superconductors by magnetic force microscopy Physica C 332 156-9
118. 2 and Nb surfaces Physica B 284 815-6
119. Roseman M and Grütter P 2002 Magnetic imaging and dissipation force microscopy of vortices on superconducting Nb films Appl. Surf. Sci. 188 416-20 (Pubitemid 34551764)
120. Clem J R 1998 Vortex exclusion from superconducting strips and SQUIDs in weak perpendicular ambient magnetic fields Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 43 401 (paper K36.06 and unpublished)
121. Ketchen M B, Herrell D J and Anderson C J 1985 Josephson cross-sectional model experiment J. Appl. Phys. 57 2550-74
122. Bermon S and Gheewala T 1983 Moat-guarded Josephson SQUIDs IEEE Trans. Magn. MAG-19 1160-4
123. Jeffery M, Van Duzer T, Kirtley J R and Ketchen M B 1995 Magnetic imaging of moat-guarded superconducting electronic circuits Appl. Phys. Lett. 67 1769-71
124. Veauvy C, Hasselbach K and Mailly D 2004 Micro-SQUID microscopy of vortices in a perforated superconducting Al film Phys. Rev. B 70 214513
125. c super conducting quantum interference devices with slots or holes: low 1/f noise in ambient magnetic fields Appl. Phys. Lett. 70 2037-9
126. c dc SQUID magnetometers IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 9 3290
127. Likharev K K 1972 Sov. Radiophys. 14 722
128. Kuznetsov A V, Eremenko D V and Trofimov V N 1999 Onset of flux penetration into a thin superconducting film strip Phys. Rev. B 59 1507-13
129. Maksimova G M 1998 Mixed state and critical current in narrow semiconducting films Phys. Solid State 40 1607-10
130. c dc superconducting quantum interference devices cooled in an ambient magnetic field Appl. Phys. Lett. 69 4099-101
131. Stan G, Field S B and Martinis J M 2004 Critical field for complete vortex expulsion from narrow superconducting strips Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 097003
132. y thin-film patterns with slots Appl. Phys. Lett. 76 3615-7
133. 7-δ strips Phys. Rev. B 77 134504
134. Bronson E, Gelfand M P and Field S B 2006 Equilibrium configurations of Pearl vortices in narrow strips Phys. Rev. B 73 144501
135. Webb R A, Voss R F, Grinstein G and Horn P M 1983 Magnetic field behavior of a Josephson-junction array: two-dimensional flux transport on a periodic substrate Phys. Rev. Lett. 51 690-3
136. Voss R F and Webb R A 1982 Phase coherence in a weakly coupled array of 20 000 Nb Josephson junctions Phys. Rev. B 25 3446-9
137. Sanchez D and Berchier J L 1981 Properties ofn × n square arrays of proximity effect bridges J. Low Temp. Phys. 43 65-89
138. Resnick D J, Garland J C, Boyd J T, Shoemaker S and Newrock R S 1981 Kosterlitz-Thouless transition in proximity-coupled superconducting arrays Phys. Rev. Lett. 47 1542-5
139. Abraham D W, Lobb C J, Tinkham M and Klapwijk T M 1982 Resistive transition in two-dimensional arrays of superconducting weak links Phys. Rev. B 26 5268-71
140. Fazio R and Van Der Zant H 2001 Quantum phase transitions and vortex dynamics in superconducting networks Phys. Rep. 355 235-334
141. Kosterlitz J M and Thouless D J 1973 Ordering, metastability and phase transitions in two-dimensional systems J. Phys. C 6 1181
142. Teitel S and Jayaprakash C 1983 Josephson-junction arrays in transverse magnetic fields Phys. Rev. Lett. 51 1999-2002
143. Hallen H D, Seshadri R, Chang A M, Miller R E, Pfeiffer L N, West W, Murray C A and Hess H F 1993 Direct spatial imaging of vortices in a superconducting wire network Phys. Rev. Lett. 71 3007-10
144. Davidovic D, Kumar S, Reich D H, Siegel J, Field S B, Tiberio R C, Hey R and Ploog K 1996 Correlations and disorder in arrays of magnetically coupled superconducting rings Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 815-8
145. Davidovic D, Kumar S, Reich D H, Siegel J, Field S B, Tiberio R C, Hey R and Ploog K 1997 Magnetic correlations, geometrical frustration, and tunable disorder in arrays of superconducting rings Phys. Rev. B 55 6518-40
146. Teitel S and Jayaprakash C 1983 Phase transitions in frustrated two-dimensional x y models Phys. Rev. B 27 598-601
147. Kolahchi M R and Straley J P 1991 Ground state of the uniformly frustrated two-dimensional x y model near 3f = 1/2 Phys. Rev. B 43 7651-4
148. Halsey T C 1985 Josephson-junction arrays in transverse magnetic fields: Ground states and critical currents Phys. Rev. B 31 5728-45
149. Pannetier B, Chaussy J, Rammal R and Villegier J C 1984 Experimental fine tuning of frustration: two-dimensional superconducting network in a magnetic field Phys. Rev. Lett. 53 1845-8
150. Itzler M A, Behrooz A M, Wilks C W, Bojko R and Chaikin P M 1990 Commensurate states in disordered networks Phys. Rev. B 42 8319-31
151. Rzchowski M S, Benz S P, Tinkham M and Lobb C J 1990 Vortex pinning in Josephson-junction arrays Phys. Rev. B 42 2041-50
152. Lobb C J, Abraham D W and Tinkham M 1983 Theoretical interpretation of resistive transition data from arrays of superconducting weak links Phys. Rev. B 27 150-7
153. Runge K and Pannetier B 1993 First decoration of superconducting networks Europhys. Lett. 24 737-42
154. Field S B, James S S, Barentine J, Metlushko V, Crabtree G, Shtrikman H, Ilic B and Brueck S R J 2002 Vortex configurations, matching, and domain structure in large arrays of artificial pinning centers Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 067003
155. x2-y2 pairing in the cuprate superconductors Phys. Rep. 250 329-65
156. Annett J F, Goldenfeld N D and Leggett A J 1996 Physical Properties of High Temperature Superconductors vol 5, ed D M Ginsberg (Singapore: World Scientific) chapter 6
157. x2-y2 symmetry Rev. Mod. Phys. 67 515-35
158. Tsuei C C and Kirtley J R 2000 Pairing symmetry in cuprate superconductors Rev. Mod. Phys. 72 969
159. Wollman D A, Van Harlingen D J, Lee W C, Ginsberg D M and Leggett A J 1993 Experimental determination of the superconducting pairing state in YBCO from the phase coherence of YBCO-Pb dc SQUIDs Phys. Rev. Lett. 71 2134-7
160. 7-δ-Pb Josephson junctions Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 797-800
161. 6.9 Phys. Rev. B 50 6530-3
162. 7-y/insulator/Pb Josephson tunnel junctions Phys. Rev. B 49 12388-91
163. 7-δ Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 2347-50
164. c superconductor Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 3050-3
165. Geshkenbein V B and Larkin A I 1986 Josephson effect in superconductors with heavy fermions JETP Lett. 43 395
166. Geshkenbein V B, Larkin A I and Barone A 1987 Vortices with half magnetic flux quanta in 'heavy-fermion' superconductors Phys. Rev. B 36 235-8
167. 7-δ Nature 373 225
168. Tsuei C C, Kirtley J R, Rupp M, Sun J Z, Yu-Jahnes L S, Chi C C, Gupta A and Ketchen M B 1995 Flux quantization in tricrystal cuprate rings-a new probe of pairing symmetry J. Phys. Chem. Solids 56 1787-95
169. c grain boundaries Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 1336
170. 6+δ films Science 271 329
171. 8+δ Europhys. Lett. 36 707
172. x2-y2 Pairing symmetry in hole-doped cuprate superconductors Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 187004
173. Tsuei C C and Kirtley J R 2000 Phase-sensitive evidence for d-wave pairing symmetry in electron-doped cuprate superconductors Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 182-5
174. Kirtley J R, Tsuei C C and Moler K A 1999 Temperature dependence of the half-integer magnetic flux quantum Science 285 1373
175. 7-δ Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 4523-6
176. 7-y tricrystal thin film observed by scanning SQUID microscopy Physica C 367 28-32
177. 7-δ 0-π Josephson junctions Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 177003
178. c superconductors Rev. Mod. Phys. 74 485-549
179. c superconductors Phys. Rev. B 53 14586-93
180. 7-x Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 2782-5
181. Kirtley J R, Moler K A and Scalapino D J 1997 Spontaneous flux and magnetic-interference patterns in 0-π Josephson junctions Phys. Rev. B 56 886-91
182. 7-δ Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 067004
183. Smilde H-J H, Hilgenkamp H, Rijnders G, Rogalla H and Blank D H A 2002 Enhanced transparency ramp-type Josephson contacts through interlayer deposition Appl. Phys. Lett. 80 4579-81
184. Hilgenkamp H, Ariando, Smilde H J, Blank D H A, Rogalla H, Kirtley J R
185. 7-δ grain boundary Josephson junctions Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 207001
186. 7 superconducting films measured by angle-resolved electron tunneling Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 257001
187. 7-δ Nature Phys. 2 190-4
188. Kirtley J R, Tsuei C C, Ariando, Smilde H J H and Hilgenkamp H 2005 Antiferromagnetic ordering in arrays of superconducting π-rings Phys. Rev. B 72 214521
189. O'Hare A, Kusmartsev F V, Laad M S and Kugel K I 2006 Evidence of superstructures at low temperatures in frustrated spin systems Physica C 437-438 230-3 Proc. 4th Int. Conf. on Vortex Matter in Nanostructured Superconductors, VORTEX IV (Crete, Greece)
190. c superconductors Nature 333 121
191. 8+δ' Phys. Rev. Lett. 67 660
192. c superconductivity Science 256 1526-31
193. Chakravarty S, Sudbo A, Anderson P W and Strong S 1993 Interlayer tunneling and gap anisotropy in high-temperature superconductors Science 261 337-40
194. Anderson P W 1995 Interlayer tunneling mechanism for high-Tc superconductivity: comparison with c axis infrared experiments Science 268 1154-5
195. 6+δ Science 279 1193-6
196. Kirtley J R, Moler K A, Villard G and Maignan A 1998 c-axis penetration depth of Hg-1201 single crystals Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 2140-3 (Pubitemid 128623384)
197. Kirtley J R, Kogan V G, Clem J R and Moler K A 1999 Magnetic field of an in-plane vortex outside a layered superconductor Phys. Rev. B 59 4343-8
198. 6 as a test of the interlayer tunneling model Nature 395 360-2
199. Pearl K 1964 Current distribution in superconducting films carrying quantized fluxoids Appl. Phys. Lett. 5 65-6
200. Kogan V G, Dobrovitski V V, Clem J R, Mawatari Y and Mints R G 2001 Josephson junction in a thin film Phys. Rev. B 63 144501
201. Kogan V G 2007 Interaction of vortices in thin superconducting films and the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless transition Phys. Rev. B 75 064514
202. Grigorenko A N, Bending S J, Van Bael M J, Lange M, Moshchalkov V V, Fangohr H and PAJ de Groot 2003 Symmetry locking and commensurate vortex domain formation in periodic pinning arrays Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 237001
203. Kogan V G, Simonov A Yu and Ledvij M 1993 Magnetic field of vortices crossing a superconductor surface Phys. Rev. B 48 392-7
204. Lozovik Yu E and Rakoch E A 1998 Energy barriers, structure, and two-stage melting of microclusters of vortices Phys. Rev. B 57 1214-25
205. Fink H J and Presson A G 1966 Magnetic irreversible solution of the Ginzburg-Landau equations Phys. Rev. 151 219-28
206. Chibotaru L F, Ceulemans A, Bruyndoncx V and Moshchalkov V V 2000 Symmetry-induced formation of antivortices in mesoscopic superconductors Nature 408 833-5
207. Chibotaru L F, Ceulemans A, Bruyndoncx V and Moshchalkov V V 2001 Vortex entry and nucleation of antivortices in a mesoscopic superconducting triangle Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 1323-6
208. Grigorieva I V, Escoffier W, Richardson J, Vinnikov L Y, Dubonos S and Oboznov V 2006 Direct observation of vortex shells and magic numbers in mesoscopic superconducting disks Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 077005
209. Nishio T, Okayasu S, Suzuki J and Kadowaki K 2004 Penetration of vortices into micro-superconductors observed with a scanning SQUID microscope Physica C 412 379-84
210. Moshchalkov V V, Gielen L, Strunk C, Jonckheere R, Qiu X, Van Haesendonck C and Bruynseraede Y 1995 Effect of sample topology on the critical fields of mesoscopic superconductors Nature 373 319-22
211. Nishio T, Chen Q, Gillijns W, De Keyser K, Vervaeke K and Moshchalkov V V 2008 Scanning Hall probe microscopy of vortex patterns in a superconducting microsquare Phys. Rev. B 77 012502
212. y-wave superconductor J. Phys. Soc. Japan 68 994-1007
213. 4 Nature 394 558-61
214. 4 Phys. Rev. B 72 12504
215. 4 Phys. Rev. B 76 14526
216. 12 from scanning SQUID microscopy Phys. Rev. B 81 214501
217. 4 Science 306 1151
218. 4 Science 314 1267
219. 2RuO4 arXiv: 1003.2266
220. 4 Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 097004
221. 4 Phys. Rev. B 74 144505
222. Grigorenko A, Bending S, Tamegai T, Ooi S and Henini M 2001 A one-dimensional chain state of vortex matter Nature 414 728-31
223. 2 Nature 406 587-92
224. Aoki D, Huxley A, Ressouche E, Braithwaite D, Flouquet J, Brison J P, Lhotel E and Paulsen C 2001 Coexistence of superconductivity and ferromagnetism in URhGe Nature 413 613-6
225. Huy N T, Gasparini A, De Nijs D E, Huang Y, Klaasse J C P, Gortenmulder T, De Visser A, Hamann A, Görlach T and Löhneysen H 2007 Superconductivity on the border of weak itinerant ferromagnetism in UCoGe Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 067006
226. Slooten E, Naka T, Gasparini A, Huang Y K and De Visser A 2009 Enhancement of superconductivity near the ferromagnetic quantum critical point in UCoGe Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 97003
227. Tachiki M, Matsumoto H, Koyama T and Umezawa H 1980 Self-induced vortices in magnetic superconductors Solid State Commun. 34 19-23
228. 4 Phys. Rev. Lett. 45 2060-3
229. 8 Phys. Rev. Lett. 46 368-71
230. Ohta T, Hattori T, Ishida K, Nakai Y, Osaki E, Deguchi K, Noriaki K and Satoh I 2010 Microscopic coexistence of ferromagnetism and superconductivity in single-crystal UCoGe J. Phys. Soc. Japan 79 023707
231. Fritzsche J, Kramer R B G and Moshchalkov V V 2009 Visualization of the vortex-mediated pinning of ferromagnetic domains in superconductor-ferromagnet hybrids Phys. Rev. B 79 132501
232. Van Bael M J, Bekaert J, Temst K, Van Look L, Moshchalkov V V, Bruynseraede Y, Howells G D, Grigorenko A N, Bending S J and Borghs G 2001 Local observation of field polarity dependent flux pinning by magnetic dipoles Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 155-8
233. Menghini M, Kramer R B G, Silhanek A V, Sautner J, Metlushko V, De Keyser K, Fritzsche J, Verellen N and Moshchalkov V V 2009 Direct visualization of magnetic vortex pinning in superconductors Phys. Rev. B 79 144501
234. Silevitch D M, Reich D H, Chien C L, Field S B and Shtrikman H 2001 Imaging and magnetotransport in superconductor/magnetic dot arrays J. Appl. Phys. 89 7478 (Pubitemid 32887311)
235. 2C Phys. Rev. B 73 014514
236. 2C Physica C 262 249-54
237. 4 and superconductivity Science 235 1196-8
238. Senthil T and Fisher M P A 2001 Fractionalization in the cuprates: Detecting the topological order Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 292-5 (Pubitemid 32131699)
239. c superconductors from the absence of a vortex-memory effect Nature 414 887-9
240. Sachdev S 1992 Stable hc/e vortices in a gauge theory of superconductivity in strongly correlated systems Phys. Rev. B 45 6389-99
241. Nagaosa N and Lee P A 1992 Ginzburg-landau theory of the spin-charge-separated system Phys. Rev. B 45 966-70
242. c superconductors J. Phys. Soc. Japan 63 2835-6
243. 6+x Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 197002
244. Kirtley J R, Tsuei C C, Kogan V G, Clem J R, Raffy H and Li Z Z 2003 Fluxoid dynamics in superconducting thin film rings Phys. Rev. B 68 214505
245. Kibble T W B 1976 Topology of cosmic domains and strings J. Phys. A 9 1387-98
246. Kibble T 2007 Phase-transition dynamics in the lab and the universe Phys. Today 60 (9) 47-52
247. Zurek W H 1985 Cosmological experiments in superfluid helium? Nature 317 505-8
248. 4He as an analogue of the formation of cosmic strings Nature 368 315-7
249. Dodd M E, Hendry P C, Lawson N S, McClintock P V E and Williams C D H 1998 Nonappearance of vortices in fast mechanical expansions of Liquid 4He through the lambda transition Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 3703-6
250. 3He Nature 382 332-4
251. 3He as an analogue of cosmological defect formation Nature 382 332-4
252. c Phys. Rev. B 60 7595-600
253. Carmi R, Polturak E and Koren G 2000 Observation of spontaneous flux generation in a multi-Josephson-junction loop Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 4966-9
254. Kavoussanaki E, Monaco R and Rivers R J 2000 Testing the Kibble-Zurek scenario with annular Josephson tunnel junctions Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 3452-5
255. Monaco R, Mygind J and Rivers R J 2002 Zurek-Kibble domain structures: the dynamics of spontaneous vortex formation in annular Josephson tunnel junctions Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 080603
256. Kirtley J R, Tsuei C C and Tafuri F 2003 Thermally activated spontaneous fluxoid formation in superconducting thin film rings Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 257001
257. Hindmarsh M and Rajantie A 2000 Defect formation and local gauge invariance Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 4660-3
258. Ghinovker M, Shapiro B Ya and Shapiro I 2001 Spontaneous magnetic-flux generation in superconducting ring Europhys. Lett. 53 240
259. Donaire M, Kibble T W B and Rajantie A 2007 Spontaneous vortex formation on a superconducting film New J. Phys. 9 148
260. Monaco R, Mygind J, Rivers R J and Koshelets V P 2009 Spontaneous fluxoid formation in superconducting loops Phys. Rev. B 80 180501
261. Kalisky B, Kirtley J R, Nowadnick E A, Dinner R B, Zeldov E, Ariando, Wenderich S, Hilgenkamp H, Feldmann D M and Moler K A 2009 Dynamics of single vortices in grain boundaries: I-V characteristics on the fermo-volt scale Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 202504
262. 7-δ bicrystals Phys. Rev. Lett. 61 219-22
263. 7-x bicrystals Phys. Rev. B 60 1409-17
264. Lau C N, Markovic N, Bockrath M, Bezryadin A and Tinkham M 2001 Quantum phase slips in superconducting nanowires Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 217003
265. Koshnick N C, Bluhm H, Huber M E and Moler K A 2007 Fluctuation superconductivity in mesoscopic aluminum rings Science 318 1440
266. c Phys. Rev. B 46 3203-6
267. Scalapino D J, Sears M and Ferrell R A 1972 Statistical mechanics of one-dimensional Ginzburg-Landau fields Phys. Rev. B 6 3409-16
268. Zhang X and Price J C 1997 Susceptibility of a mesoscopic superconducting ring Phys. Rev. B 55 3128-40
269. Bluhm H, Koshnick N C, Bert J A, Huber M E and Moler K A 2009 Persistent currents in normal metal rings Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 136802
270. 2 Phys. Rev. B 79 014506
271. 2 single crystals Phys. Rev. B 78 214515
272. 2 Nature Mater. 8 471-5
273. 2 Nature 459 64-7
274. Pickett W E 2009 Iron-based superconductors: timing is crucial Nature Phys. 5 87-8
275. Yildirim T 2009 Strong coupling of the Fe-spin state and the As-As hybridization in iron-pnictide superconductors from first-principle calculations Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 037003
276. Fang C, Yao H, Tsai W-F, Hu J P and Kivelson S A 2008 Theory of electron nematic order in LaFeAsO Phys. Rev. B 77 224509
277. Xu C, Müller M and Sachdev S 2008 Ising and spin orders in the iron-based superconductors Phys. Rev. B 78 020501
278. 2 Phys. Rev. B 79 224518
279. 2 under pressure: a single-crystal neutron and x-ray diffraction investigation Phys. Rev. B 79 024513
280. 2 as seen via neutron scattering Phys. Rev. B 78 184517
281. 2 under hydrostatic pressure Phys. Rev. B 79 020511
282. 2 at high pressures J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 21 012208
283. x and its relation to high-temperature superconductivity Nature Mater. 7 953-9
284. 1-y (Ln = La, Nd) J. Phys. Soc. Japan 77 3704
285. 2 single crystals: evidence for an enhanced superfluid density at twin boundaries Phys. Rev. B 81 184513
286. Khlyustikov I N and Buzdin A I 1987 Twinning-plane superconductivity Adv. Phys. 36 271-330
287. c superconductors Phys. Rev. B 37 2334-7
288. Dalidovich D, Berlinsky A J and Kallin C 2008 Superfluid density near the critical temperature in the presence of random planar defects Phys. Rev. B 78 214508
289. 6.60 Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 2875-8
290. 7-x Supercond. Sci. Technol. 1 260
291. c oxides Phys. Rev. Lett. 59 1745-7
292. Kirtley J R, Kalisky B, Luan L and Moler K A 2010 Meissner response of a bulk superconductor with an embedded sheet of reduced penetration depth Phys. Rev. B 81 184514
293. 3 interfaces Phys. Rev. B 81 153414
294. Reyren N et al 2007 Superconducting interfaces between insulating oxides Science 317 1196
295. 2 Phys. Rev. B 80 174517
296. Wellstood F C, Urbina C and Clarke J 1987 Low-frequency noise in dc superconducting quantum interference devices below 1K Appl. Phys. Lett. 50 772
297. Koch R H, Clarke J, Goubau W M, Martinis J M, Pegrum C M and Harlingen D J 1983 Flicker (1/f) noise in tunnel junction DC squids J. Low Temp. Phys. 51 207-24
298. Bluhm H, Bert J A, Koshnick N C, Huber M E and Moler K A 2009 Spinlike susceptibility of metallic and insulating thin films at low temperature Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 26805
299. n systems Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 157006
300. Kirtley J R, Tsuei C C, Moler K A, Kogan V G, Clem J R and Turberfield A J 1999 Variable sample temperature scanning superconducting quantum interference device microscope Appl. Phys. Lett. 74 4011
301. Nazaretski E, Thibodaux J P, Vekhter I, Civale L, Thompson J D and Movshovich R 2009 Direct measurements of the penetration depth in a superconducting film using magnetic force microscopy Appl. Phys. Lett. 95 262502
302. 2 Phys. Rev. B 81 100501
303. Kogan V G 2003 Meissner response of anisotropic superconductors Phys. Rev. B 68 104511
304. Hicks C W, Lippman T M, Huber M E, Analytis J G, Chu J-H, Erickson A S, Fisher I R and Moler K A 2009 Evidence for a nodal energy gap in the iron-pnictide superconductor LaFePO from Penetration depth measurements by scanning SQUID susceptometry Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 127003
305. Mints R G, Kogan V G and Clem J R 2000 Vortices in magnetically coupled superconducting layered systems Phys. Rev. B 61 1623-9
306. Bonn D A and Hardy W N 2007 Handbook of High Temperature Superconductivity ed J R Schrieffer (New York: Springer)
307. 6+y measured by zero field ESR spectroscopy on Gd doped single crystals Phys. Rev. B 69 184513
308. Xu J H, MillerJ H Jr and Ting C S 1995 Magnetic levitation force and penetration depth in type-II superconductors Phys. Rev. B 51 424-34
309. c superconductor single crystal using a magnetic force microscope Physica C 371 146-50
310. 2 (T = Co, Ni) superconductors irradiated with heavy ions arXiv:1003.2959
311. Straver E W J, Hoffman J E, Auslaender O M, Rugar D and Moler K A 2008 Controlled manipulation of individual vortices in a superconductor Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 172514
312. Auslaender O M, Luan L, Straver E W J, Hoffman J E, Koshnick N C, Zeldov E, Bonn D A, Liang R, Hardy W N and Moler K A 2008 Mechanics of individual isolated vortices in a cuprate superconductor Nature Phys. 5 35-9
313. Keay J C, Larson P R, Hobbs K L, Johnson M B, Kirtley J R, Auslaender O M and Moler K A 2009 Sequential vortex hopping in an array of artificial pinning centers Phys. Rev. B 80 165421
314. 6.354 with a locally applied magnetic field Appl. Phys. Lett. 80 1010