Regulation of the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase

Nitric Oxide - Biology and Chemistry

Volumn 23, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 75-93

  Pautz, Andrea ^a   Art, Julia ^a   Hahn, Susanne ^a   Nowag, Sebastian ^a   Voss, Cornelia ^a   Kleinert, Hartmut ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER MAINZ   (Germany)

Author keywords

Expression; INOS; MRNA stability; Promoter; RNA binding proteins; Transcription factors

Indexed keywords

HUR PROTEIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; RNA BINDING PROTEIN; STAT1 PROTEIN; UNTRANSLATED RNA;

ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ENZYME INDUCTION; ENZYME REGULATION; HUMAN; IMMUNOMODULATION; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION;

GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, ENZYMOLOGIC; HUMANS; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE TYPE II; PROMOTER REGIONS, GENETIC; RNA, MESSENGER; RNA-BINDING PROTEINS; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS;

EID: 77954624383     PISSN: 10898603     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2010.04.007     Document Type: Review

References (222)

1. Forstermann U., Li H., Schwarz P.M., Kleinert H. NO synthesis and NOS regulation. Signal Transduction by Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species 2003, 119-154. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. H.J. Forman, J. Fukuto, M. Torres (Eds.).
2. MacMicking J., Xie Q.W., Nathan C. Nitric oxide and macrophage function. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 1997, 15:323-350.
3. Bogdan C., Rollinghoff M., Diefenbach A. Reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen intermediates in innate and specific immunity. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 2000, 12:64-76.
4. Kroncke K.D., Fehsel K., Kolb-Bachofen V. Inducible nitric oxide synthase in human diseases. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1998, 113:147-156.
5. Lechner M., Lirk P., Rieder J. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in tumor biology: the two sides of the same coin. Semin. Cancer Biol. 2005, 15:277-289.
6. Park C.S., Lee H.S., Lee H.Y., Krishna G. An unprocessed pseudogene of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene in human. Nitric Oxide 1997, 1:294-300.
7. Bloch K.D., Wolfram J.R., Brown D.M., Roberts J.D., Zapol D.G., Lepore J.J., Filippov G., Thoma J.E., Jacob H.J., Bloch D.B. Three members of the nitric oxide synthase II gene family (NOS2A, NOS2B, and NOS2C) colocalize to human chromosome 17. Genomics 1995, 27:526-530.
8. Korneev S.A., Korneeva E.I., Lagarkova M.A., Kiselev S.L., Critchley G., O'Shea M. Novel noncoding antisense RNA transcribed from human anti-NOS2A locus is differentially regulated during neuronal differentiation of embryonic stem cells. RNA 2008, 14:2030-2037.
9. Hausel P., Latado H., Courjault-Gautier F., Felley-Bosco E. Src-mediated phosphorylation regulates subcellular distribution and activity of human inducible nitric oxide synthase. Oncogene 2006, 25:198-206.
10. Wu J., Lin Q., Lu Y., Willis W.D., Westlund K.N. Changes in nitric oxide synthase isoforms in the spinal cord of rat following induction of chronic arthritis. Exp. Brain Res. 1998, 118:457-465.
11. Closs E.I., Scheld J.S., Sharafi M., Forstermann U. Substrate supply for nitric-oxide synthase in macrophages and endothelial cells: role of cationic amino acid transporters. Mol. Pharmacol. 2000, 57:68-74.
12. Hecker M., Preifl C., Stockhausen H., Klemm P., Schini-Kerth V.B., Fiflthaler B., Busse R. Different mechanism are involved in the inhibition of nitric oxide synthase expression by anti-oxidants in cytokine-stimulated macrophages. Endothelium 1995, 3:S-34.
13. Mori M., Gotoh T. Regulation of nitric oxide production by arginine metabolic enzymes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2000, 275:715-719.
14. El-Gayar S., Thuring-Nahler H., Pfeilschifter J., Rollinghoff M., Bogdan C. Translational control of inducible nitric oxide synthase by IL-13 and arginine availability in inflammatory macrophages. J. Immunol. 2003, 171:4561-4568.
15. Mori M. Regulation of nitric oxide synthesis and apoptosis by arginase and arginine recycling. J. Nutr. 2007, 137:1616S-1620S.
16. Tzeng E., Billiar T.R., Robbins P.D., Loftus M., Stuehr D.J. Expression of human inducible nitric oxide synthase in a tetrahydrobiopterin (H4B)-deficient cell line: H4B promotes assembly of enzyme subunits into an active dimer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1995, 92:11771-11775.
17. Forstermann U., Gath I., Schwarz P., Closs E.I., Kleinert H. Isoforms of nitric oxide synthase. Properties, cellular distribution and expressional control. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1995, 50:1321-1332.
18. Muhl H., Pfeilschifter J. Tetrahydrobiopterin is a limiting factor of nitric oxide generation in interleukin 1 beta-stimulated rat glomerular mesangial cells. Kidney Int. 1994, 46:1302-1306.
19. Ionova I.A., Vasquez-Vivar J., Whitsett J., Herrnreiter A., Medhora M., Cooley B.C., Pieper G.M. Deficient BH4 production via de novo and salvage pathways regulates NO responses to cytokines in adult cardiac myocytes. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2008, 295:H2178-H2187.
20. Ratovitski E.A., Alam M.R., Quick R.A., McMillan A., Bao C., Kozlovsky C., Hand T.A., Johnson R.C., Mains R.E., Eipper B.A., Lowenstein C.J. Kalirin inhibition of inducible nitric-oxide synthase. J. Biol. Chem. 1999, 274:993-999.
21. Ratovitski E.A., Bao C., Quick R.A., McMillan A., Kozlovsky C., Lowenstein C.J. An inducible nitric-oxide synthase (NOS)-associated protein inhibits NOS dimerization and activity. J. Biol. Chem. 1999, 274:30250-30257.
22. Jones R.J., Jourd'heuil D., Salerno J.C., Smith S.M., Singer H.A. INOS regulation by calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in vascular smooth muscle. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2007, 292:H2634-H2642.
23. Kuncewicz T., Balakrishnan P., Snuggs M.B., Kone B.C. Specific association of nitric oxide synthase-2 with Rac isoforms in activated murine macrophages. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 2001, 281:F326-F336.
24. Yoshida M., Xia Y. Heat shock protein 90 as an endogenous protein enhancer of inducible nitric-oxide synthase. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278:36953-36958.
25. Kleinert H., Art J., Pautz A. Regulation of the expression of inductile nitric oxide synthase. Nitric Oxide: Biology and Pathobiology 2010, 211-267. Elsevier. L.J. Ignarro (Ed.).
26. Geller D.A., Billiar T.R. Molecular biology of nitric oxide synthases. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 1998, 17:7-23.
27. de Vera M.E., Shapiro R.A., Nussler A.K., Mudgett J.S., Simmons R.L., Morris S.M., Billiar T.R., Geller D.A. Transcriptional regulation of human inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) gene by cytokines: initial analysis of the human NOS2 promoter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1996, 93:1054-1059.
28. Linn S.C., Morelli P.J., Edry I., Cottongim S.E., Szabo C., Salzman A.L. Transcriptional regulation of human inducible nitric oxide synthase gene in an intestinal epithelial cell line. Am. J. Physiol. 1997, 272:G1499-G1508.
29. Chu S.C., Marks-Konczalik J., Wu H.P., Banks T.C., Moss J. Analysis of the cytokine-stimulated human inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene: characterization of differences between human and mouse iNOS promoters. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1998, 248:871-878.
30. Lowenstein C.J., Alley E.W., Raval P., Snowman A.M., Snyder S.H., Russell S.W., Murphy W.J. Macrophage nitric oxide synthase gene: two upstream regions mediate induction by interferon-gamma and lipopolysaccharide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1993, 90:9730-9734.
31. Xie Q.W., Whisnant R., Nathan C. Promoter of the mouse gene encoding calcium-independent nitric oxide synthase confers inducibility by interferon γ and bacterial lipopolysaccharide. J. Exp. Med. 1993, 177:1779-1784.
32. Fukuda K., Akao S., Ohno Y., Yamashita K., Fujiwara H. Inhibition by costunolide of phorbol ester-induced transcriptional activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene in a human monocyte cell line THP-1. Cancer Lett. 2001, 164:7-13.
33. Kolyada A.Y., Savikovsky N., Madias N.E. Transcriptional regulation of the human iNOS gene in vascular-smooth-muscle cells and macrophages: evidence for tissue specificity. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1996, 220:600-605.
34. Taylor B.S., Geller D.A. Molecular regulation of the human inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene. Shock 2000, 13:413-424.
35. Hausding M., Witteck A., Rodriguez-Pascual F., von Eichel-Streiber C., Forstermann U., Kleinert H. Inhibition of small G proteins of the rho family by statins or clostridium difficile toxin B enhances cytokine-mediated induction of NO synthase II. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2000, 131:553-561.
36. Rodriguez-Pascual F., Hausding M., Ihrig-Biedert I., Furneaux H., Levy A.P., Forstermann U., Kleinert H. Complex contribution of the 3'-untranslated region to the expressional regulation of the human inducible nitric-oxide synthase gene. Involvement of the RNA-binding protein HuR. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275:26040-26049.
37. Fechir M., Linker K., Pautz A., Hubrich T., Forstermann U., Rodriguez-Pascual F., Kleinert H. Tristetraprolin regulates the expression of the human inducible nitric-oxide synthase gene. Mol. Pharmacol. 2005, 67:2148-2161.
38. Pautz A., Linker K., Hubrich T., Korhonen R., Altenhofer S., Kleinert H. The polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB) is involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of human inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281:32294-32302.
39. Ziesche E., Bachmann M., Kleinert H., Pfeilschifter J., Muhl H. The interleukin-22/STAT3 pathway potentiates expression of inducible nitric-oxide synthase in human colon carcinoma cells. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282:16006-16015.
40. Marks-Konczalik J., Chu S.C., Moss J. Cytokine-mediated transcriptional induction of the human inducible nitric oxide synthase gene requires both activator protein 1 and nuclear factor kappaB-binding sites. J. Biol. Chem. 1998, 273:22201-22208.
41. Kristof A.S., Marks-Konczalik J., Moss J. Mitogen-activated protein kinases mediate activator protein-1-dependent human inducible nitric-oxide synthase promoter activation. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276:8445-8452.
42. Xu W., Comhair S.A., Zheng S., Chu S.C., Marks-Konczalik J., Moss J., Haque S.J., Erzurum S.C. STAT-1 and c-Fos interaction in nitric oxide synthase-2 gene activation. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 2003, 285:L137-L148.
43. Takamiya R., Baron R.M., Yet S.F., Layne M.D., Perrella M.A. High mobility group A1 protein mediates human nitric oxide synthase 2 gene expression. FEBS Lett. 2008, 582:810-814.
44. Jana M., Anderson J.A., Saha R.N., Liu X., Pahan K. Regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase in proinflammatory cytokine-stimulated human primary astrocytes. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2005, 38:655-664.
45. Schmidt N., Pautz A., Art J., Rauschkolb P., Jung M., Erkel G., Goldring M.B., Kleinert H. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of iNOS expression in human chondrocytes. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2010, 79:722-732.
46. Du Q., Zhang X., Cardinal J., Cao Z., Guo Z., Shao L., Geller D.A. Wnt/beta-catenin signaling regulates cytokine-induced human inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by inhibiting nuclear factor-kappaB activation in cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2009, 69:3764-3771.
47. Mellott J.K., Nick H.S., Waters M.F., Billiar T.R., Geller D.A., Chesrown S.E. Cytokine-induced changes in chromatin structure and in vivo footprints in the inducible NOS promoter. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 2001, 280:L390-L399.
48. Levesque M.C., Hobbs M.R., O'Loughlin C.W., Chancellor J.A., Chen Y., Tkachuk A.N., Booth J., Patch K.B., Allgood S., Pole A.R., Fernandez C.A., Mwaikambo E.D., Mutabingwa T.K., Fried M., Sorensen B., Duffy P.E., Granger D.L., Anstey N.M., Brice Weinberg J. Malaria severity and human nitric oxide synthase type 2 (NOS2) promoter haplotypes. Hum. Genet. 2010, 127:163-182.
49. Lu X., Lu P., Xing R.Y., Sun Q.Y., Qiu Z.W., Han L., Zhou X.B., Zheng X.F. A short tandem repeat polymorphism in the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene in Chinese population. Yi Chuan Xue Bao 2002, 29:290-293.
50. Xu W., Liu L., Emson P., Harrington C.R., McKeith I.G., Perry R.H., Morris C.M., Charles I.G. The CCTTT polymorphism in the NOS2A gene is associated with dementia with Lewy bodies. Neuroreport 2000, 11:297-299.
51. Xu W., Humphries S., Tomita M., Okuyama T., Matsuki M., Burgner D., Kwiatkowski D., Liu L., Charles I.G. Survey of the allelic frequency of a NOS2A promoter microsatellite in human populations: assessment of the NOS2A gene and predisposition to infectious disease. Nitric Oxide 2000, 4:379-383.
52. Rueda B., Lopez-Nevot M.A., Pascual M., Ortega E., Maldonado J., Lopez M.L., Koeleman B.P., Martin J. Polymorphism of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene in celiac disease. Hum. Immunol. 2002, 63:1062-1065.
53. Yocum G.T., Gaudet J.G., Lee S.S., Stern Y., Teverbaugh L.A., Sciacca R.R., Emala C.W., Quest D.O., McCormick P.C., McKinsey J.F., Morrissey N.J., Solomon R.A., Connolly E.S., Heyer E.J. Inducible nitric oxide synthase promoter polymorphism affords protection against cognitive dysfunction after carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 2009, 40:1597-1603.
54. Warpeha K.M., Xu W., Liu L., Charles I.G., Patterson C.C., Ah-Fat F., Harding S., Hart P.M., Chakravarthy U., Hughes A.E. Genotyping and functional analysis of a polymorphic (CCTTT)(n) repeat of NOS2A in diabetic retinopathy. FASEB J. 1999, 13:1825-1832.
55. Johannesen J., Tarnow L., Parving H.H., Nerup J., Pociot F. CCTTT-repeat polymorphism in the human NOS2-promoter confers low risk of diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2000, 23:560-562.
56. Kaise M., Miwa J., Suzuki N., Mishiro S., Ohta Y., Yamasaki T., Tajiri H. Inducible nitric oxide synthase gene promoter polymorphism is associated with increased gastric mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and increased risk of gastric carcinoma. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2007, 19:139-145.
57. Motallebipour M., Rada-Iglesias A., Jansson M., Wadelius C. The promoter of inducible nitric oxide synthase implicated in glaucoma based on genetic analysis and nuclear factor binding. Mol. Vis. 2005, 11:950-957.
58. Martin J., Paco L., Ruiz M.P., Lopez-Nevot M.A., Garcia-Porrua C., Amoli M.M., Calvino M.C., Ollier W.E., Gonzalez-Gay M.A. Inducible nitric oxide synthase polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to Henoch-Schonlein purpura in northwestern Spain. J. Rheumatol. 2005, 32:1081-1085.
59. Martin M.C., Martinez A., Mendoza J.L., Taxonera C., Diaz-Rubio M., Fernandez-Arquero M., de la Concha E.G., Urcelay E. Influence of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene (NOS2A) on inflammatory bowel disease susceptibility. Immunogenetics 2007, 59:833-837.
60. Ohashi J., Naka I., Patarapotikul J., Hananantachai H., Looareesuwan S., Tokunaga K. Significant association of longer forms of CCTTT Microsatellite repeat in the inducible nitric oxide synthase promoter with severe malaria in Thailand. J. Infect. Dis. 2002, 186:578-581.
61. Cramer J.P., Mockenhaupt F.P., Ehrhardt S., Burkhardt J., Otchwemah R.N., Dietz E., Gellert S., Bienzle U. INOS promoter variants and severe malaria in Ghanaian children. Trop. Med. Int. Health 2004, 9:1074-1080.
62. Burgner D., Usen S., Rockett K., Jallow M., Ackerman H., Cervino A., Pinder M., Kwiatkowski D.P. Nucleotide and haplotypic diversity of the NOS2A promoter region and its relationship to cerebral malaria. Hum. Genet. 2003, 112:379-386.
63. Burgner D., Xu W., Rockett K., Gravenor M., Charles I.G., Hill A.V., Kwiatkowski D. Inducible nitric oxide synthase polymorphism and fatal cerebral malaria. Lancet 1998, 352:1193-1194.
64. Pascual M., Sanz C., Isidoro-Garcia M., Davila I., Moreno E., Laffond E., Lorente F. (CCTTT)n polymorphism of NOS2A in nasal polyposis and asthma: a case-control study. J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol. 2008, 18:239-244.
65. Batra J., Chatterjee R., Ghosh B. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS): role in asthma pathogenesis. Indian J. Biochem. Biophys. 2007, 44:303-309.
66. Kawaguchi Y., Tochimoto A., Hara M., Kawamoto M., Sugiura T., Katsumata Y., Okada J., Kondo H., Okubo M., Kamatani N. NOS2 polymorphisms associated with the susceptibility to pulmonary arterial hypertension with systemic sclerosis: contribution to the transcriptional activity. Arthritis Res. Ther. 2006, 8:R104.
67. Pascual M., Lopez-Nevot M.A., Caliz R., Koeleman B.P., Balsa A., Pascual-Salcedo D., Martin J. Genetic determinants of rheumatoid arthritis: the inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) gene promoter polymorphism. Genes Immun. 2002, 3:299-301.
68. Shen C.H., Wang Y.H., Wang W.C., Jou Y.C., Hsu H.S., Hsieh H.Y., Chiou H.Y. Inducible nitric oxide synthase promoter polymorphism, cigarette smoking, and urothelial carcinoma risk. Urology 2007, 69:1001-1006.
69. Leung T.F., Liu E.K., Li C.Y., Chan I.H., Yung E., Lam C.W., Wong G.W. Lack of association between NOS2 pentanucleotide repeat polymorphism and asthma phenotypes or exhaled nitric oxide concentration. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2006, 41:649-655.
70. Lopez-Nevot M.A., Ramal L., Jimenez-Alonso J., Martin J. The inducible nitric oxide synthase promoter polymorphism does not confer susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2003, 42:113-116.
71. Boutlis C.S., Hobbs M.R., Marsh R.L., Misukonis M.A., Tkachuk A.N., Lagog M., Booth J., Granger D.L., Bockarie M.J., Mgone C.S., Levesque M.C., Weinberg J.B., Anstey N.M. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) promoter CCTTT repeat polymorphism: relationship to in vivo nitric oxide production/NOS activity in an asymptomatic malaria-endemic population. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2003, 69:569-573.
72. Bellamy R., Hill A.V. A bi-allelic tetranucleotide repeat in the promoter of the human inducible nitric oxide synthase gene. Clin. Genet. 1997, 52:192-193.
73. Morris B.J., Glenn C.L., Wilcken D.E., Wang X.L. Influence of an inducible nitric oxide synthase promoter variant on clinical variables in patients with coronary artery disease. Clin. Sci. (Lond.) 2001, 100:551-556.
74. Morris B.J., Markus A., Glenn C.L., Adams D.J., Colagiuri S., Wang L. Association of a functional inducible nitric oxide synthase promoter variant with complications in type 2 diabetes. J. Mol. Med. 2002, 80:96-104.
75. Kunnas T.A., Mikkelsson J., Ilveskoski E., Tanner M.M., Laippala P., Penttila A., Perola M., Nikkari S.T., Karhunen P.J. A functional variant of the iNOS gene flanking region is associated with LAD coronary artery disease: an autopsy study. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 2003, 33:1032-1037.
76. Rutherford S., Johnson M.P., Curtain R.P., Griffiths L.R. Chromosome 17 and the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene in human essential hypertension. Hum. Genet. 2001, 109:408-415.
77. Weinberg J.B., Hobbs M.R., Levesque M.C., Udhayakumar V., Roberts J.M., Kariuki S., Nahlen B.L., Mwaikambo E.D., Lal A.L., Anstey N.M., Granger D.L. NOS2 promoter polymorphisms as determinants of NO production and susceptibility to severe malaria in humans. Nitric Oxide 2002, 6:488.
78. Kun J.F., Mordmuller B., Lell B., Lehman L.G., Luckner D., Kremsner P.G. Polymorphism in promoter region of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene and protection against malaria. Lancet 1998, 351:265-266.
79. Kun J.F., Mordmuller B., Perkins D.J., May J., Mercereau-Puijalon O., Alpers M., Weinberg J.B., Kremsner P.G. Nitric oxide synthase 2(Lambarene) (G-954C), increased nitric oxide production, and protection against malaria. J. Infect. Dis. 2001, 184:330-336.
80. Levesque M.C., Hobbs M.R., Anstey N.M., Vaughn T.N., Chancellor J.A., Pole A., Perkins D.J., Misukonis M.A., Chanock S.J., Granger D.L., Weinberg J.B. Nitric oxide synthase type 2 promoter polymorphisms, nitric oxide production, and disease severity in Tanzanian children with malaria. J. Infect. Dis. 1999, 180:1994-2002.
81. Martin J., Calzada J.E., Nieto A. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) gene polymorphism and parasitic diseases. Lancet 1999, 353:72.
82. Hobbs M.R., Udhayakumar V., Levesque M.C., Booth J., Roberts J.M., Tkachuk A.N., Pole A., Coon H., Kariuki S., Nahlen B.L., Mwaikambo E.D., Lal A.L., Granger D.L., Anstey N.M., Weinberg J.B. A new NOS2 promoter polymorphism associated with increased nitric oxide production and protection from severe malaria in Tanzanian and Kenyan children. Lancet 2002, 360:1468-1475.
83. Holla L.I., Stejskalova A., Znojil V., Vasku A. Analysis of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms in Czech patients with atopic diseases. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2006, 36:1592-1601.
84. Bugeja M.J., Booth D.R., Bennetts B.H., Heard R.N., Burgner D., Stewart G.J. An investigation of NOS2A promoter polymorphisms in Australian multiple sclerosis patients. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 2005, 13:815-822.
85. Fu L., Zhao Y., Lu J., Shi J., Li C., Liu H., Li Y. Functional single nucleotide polymorphism-1026C/A of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene with increased YY1-binding affinity is associated with hypertension in a Chinese Han population. J. Hypertens. 2009, 27:991-1000.
86. Pance A., Chantome A., Reveneau S., Bentrari F., Jeannin J.F. A repressor in the proximal human inducible nitric oxide synthase promoter modulates transcriptional activation. FASEB J. 2002, 16:631-633.
87. Ovcharenko I., Nobrega M.A., Loots G.G., Stubbs L. ECR Browser: a tool for visualizing and accessing data from comparisons of multiple vertebrate genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 2004, 32:W280-W286.
88. Mankan A.K., Lawless M.W., Gray S.G., Kelleher D., McManus R. NF-kappaB regulation: the nuclear response. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 2009, 13:631-643.
89. Basak S., Hoffmann A. Crosstalk via the NF-kappaB signaling system. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2008, 19:187-197.
90. Kleinert H., Euchenhofer C., Ihrig-Biedert I., Forstermann U. Glucocorticoids inhibit the induction of nitric oxide synthase II by down-regulating cytokine-induced activity of transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B. Mol. Pharmacol. 1996, 49:15-21.
91. Pascual G., Glass C.K. Nuclear receptors versus inflammation: mechanisms of transrepression. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 2006, 17:321-327.
92. Mukaida N., Morita M., Ishikawa Y., Rice N., Okamoto S., Kasahara T., Matsushima K. Novel mechanism of glucocorticoid-mediated gene repression. Nuclear factor-κB is target for glucocorticoid-mediated interleukin 8 gene repression. J. Biol. Chem. 1994, 269:13289-13295.
93. Jeon Y.J., Han S.H., Lee Y.W., Yea S.S., Yang K.H. Inhibition of NF-kappa B/Rel nuclear translocation by dexamethasone: mechanism for the inhibition of iNOS gene expression. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 1998, 45:435-441.
94. Yu Z., Zhang W., Kone B.C. Signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) inhibits transcription of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene by interacting with nuclear factor kappaB. Biochem. J. 2002, 11:97-105.
95. De Vera M.E., Taylor B.S., Wang Q., Shapiro R.A., Billiar T.R., Geller D.A. Dexamethasone suppresses iNOS gene expression by upregulating I-kappa B alpha and inhibiting NF-kappa B. Am. J. Physiol. 1997, 273:G1290-G1296.
96. Saura M., Zaragoza C., Diaz-Cazorla M., Hernandez-Perera O., Eng E., Lowenstein C.J., Perez-Sala D., Lamas S. Involvement of transcriptional mechanisms in the inhibition of NOS2 expression by dexamethasone in rat mesangial cells. Kidney Int. 1998, 53:38-49.
97. Goldring C., Reveneau S., Algarte M., Jeannin J.F. In vivo footprinting of the mouse inducible nitric oxide synthase gene: inducible protein occupation of numerous sites including oct and NF-IL6. Nucleic Acids Res. 1996, 24:1682-1687.
98. Geller D.A., Lowenstein C.J., Shapiro R.A., Nussler A.K., Di Silvio M., Wang S.C., Nakayama D.K., Simmons R.L., Snyder S.H., Billiar T.R. Molecular cloning and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase from human hepatocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1993, 90:3491-3495.
99. Xie Q.W., Kashiwabara Y., Nathan C. Role of transcription factor NF-κB/Rel in induction of nitric oxide synthase. J. Biol. Chem. 1994, 269:4705-4708.
100. Eberhardt W., Pluss C., Hummel R., Pfeilschifter J. Molecular mechanisms of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression by IL-1β and cAMP in rat mesangial cells. J. Immunol. 1998, 160:4961-4969.
101. Spink J.M., Cohen J., Evans T. Delineation of the vsmc iNOS enhancer and its interaction with the trasncription factor, relA. Endothelium 1995, 3:S-50.
102. Taylor B.S., de Vera M.E., Ganster R.W., Wang Q., Shapiro R.A., Morris S.M., Billiar T.R., Geller D.A. Multiple NF-kappaB enhancer elements regulate cytokine induction of the human inducible nitric oxide synthase gene. J. Biol. Chem. 1998, 273:15148-15156.
103. Nunokawa Y., Oikawa S., Tanaka S. Human inducible nitric oxide synthase gene is transcriptionally regulated by nuclear factor-kappaB dependent mechanism. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1996, 223:347-352.
104. Sakitani K., Nishizawa M., Inoue K., Masu Y., Okumura T., Ito S. Synergistic regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene by CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta and nuclear factor-kappaB in hepatocytes. Genes Cells 1998, 3:321-330.
105. Feng X., Guo Z., Nourbakhsh M., Hauser H., Ganster R., Shao L., Geller D.A. Identification of a negative response element in the human inducible nitric-oxide synthase (hiNOS) promoter: the role of NF-kappa B-repressing factor (NRF) in basal repression of the hiNOS gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99:14212-14217.
106. Tsutsumi H., Takeuchi R., Ohsaki M., Seki K., Chiba S. Respiratory syncytial virus infection of human respiratory epithelial cells enhances inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression. J. Leukoc. Biol. 1999, 66:99-104.
107. Chareonsirisuthigul T., Kalayanarooj S., Ubol S. Dengue virus (DENV) antibody-dependent enhancement of infection upregulates the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, but suppresses anti-DENV free radical and pro-inflammatory cytokine production, in THP-1 cells. J. Gen. Virol. 2007, 88:365-375.
108. Dogusan Z., Martens N., Stinissen P., Hellings N., Demotte N., Hooghe R., Hooghe-Peters E. Effects of prolactin on cloned human T-lymphocytes. Endocrine 2003, 20:171-176.
109. Kleinert H., Wallerath T., Fritz G., Ihrig-Biedert I., Rodriguez-Pascual F., Geller D.A., Forstermann U. Cytokine induction of NO synthase II in human DLD-1 cells: roles of the JAK-STAT, AP-1 and NF-kappaB-signaling pathways. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1998, 125:193-201.
110. Ganster R.W., Taylor B.S., Shao L., Geller D.A. Complex regulation of human inducible nitric oxide synthase gene transcription by Stat 1 and NF-kappa B. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2001, 98:8638-8643.
111. Guo Z., Shao L., Du Q., Park K.S., Geller D.A. Identification of a classic cytokine-induced enhancer upstream in the human iNOS promoter. FASEB J. 2007, 21:535-542.
112. Sareila O., Hamalainen M., Nissinen E., Kankaanranta H., Moilanen E. Orazipone inhibits activation of inflammatory transcription factors nuclear factor-kappa B and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 and decreases inducible nitric-oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide production in response to inflammatory stimuli. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2008, 324:858-866.
113. Tedeschi E., Menegazzi M., Yao Y., Suzuki H., Forstermann U., Kleinert H. Green tea inhibits human inducible nitric-oxide synthase expression by down-regulating signal transducer and activator of transcription-1alpha activation. Mol. Pharmacol. 2004, 65:111-120.
114. Tedeschi E., Menegazzi M., Margotto D., Suzuki H., Forstermann U., Kleinert H. Anti-inflammatory actions of St. John's wort: inhibition of human inducible nitric-oxide synthase expression by down-regulating signal transducer and activator of transcription-1alpha (STAT-1alpha) activation. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2003, 307:254-261.
115. Witteck A., Yao Y., Fechir M., Forstermann U., Kleinert H. Rho protein-mediated changes in the structure of the actin cytoskeleton regulate human inducible NO synthase gene expression. Exp. Cell Res. 2003, 287:106-115.
116. Wang Y.C., Zhang S., Du T.Y., Wang B., Sun X.Q. Clinorotation upregulates inducible nitric oxide synthase by inhibiting AP-1 activation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J. Cell Biochem. 2009, 107:357-363.
117. Kleinert H., Geller D.A., Förstermann U. Analysis of the molecular mechanism regulating the induction of the human NO synthase II promoter in human A549/8 alveolar carcinoma cells. Naunyn-Schmiedeb Arch. Pharmacol. 1999, 359:R37.
118. Kim Y.M., Ko C.B., Park Y.P., Kim Y.J., Paik S.G. Octamer motif is required for the NF-kappaB-mediated induction of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Mol. Cells 1999, 9:99-109.
119. Darville M.I., Terryn S., Eizirik D.L. An octamer motif is required for activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase promoter in pancreatic beta-cells. Endocrinology 2004, 145:1130-1136.
120. Park K.S., Guo Z., Shao L., Du Q., Geller D.A. A far-upstream Oct-1 motif regulates cytokine-induced transcription of the human inducible nitric oxide synthase gene. J. Mol. Biol. 2009, 390:595-603.
121. Kolyada A.Y., Madias N.E. Transcriptional regulation of the human iNOS gene by IL-1beta in endothelial cells. Mol. Med. 2001, 7:329-343.
122. Guo Z., Shao L., Feng X., Reid K., Marderstein E., Nakao A., Geller D.A. A critical role for C/EBPbeta binding to the AABS promoter response element in the human iNOS gene. FASEB J. 2003, 17:1718-1720.
123. Du Q., Park K.S., Guo Z., He P., Nagashima M., Shao L., Sahai R., Geller D.A., Hussain S.P. Regulation of human nitric oxide synthase 2 expression by Wnt beta-catenin signaling. Cancer Res. 2006, 66:7024-7031.
124. Vodovotz Y., Bogdan C., Paik J., Xie Q.W., Nathan C. Mechanisms of suppression of macrophage nitric oxide release by transforming growth factor-beta. J. Exp. Med. 1993, 178:605-613.
125. Berg D.T., Gupta A., Richardson M.A., O'Brien L.A., Calnek D., Grinnell B.W. Negative regulation of inducible nitric-oxide synthase expression mediated through transforming growth factor-beta-dependent modulation of transcription factor TCF11. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282:36837-36844.
126. Lin S.Y., Makino K., Xia W., Matin A., Wen Y., Kwong K.Y., Bourguignon L., Hung M.C. Nuclear localization of EGF receptor and its potential new role as a transcription factor. Nat. Cell Biol. 2001, 3:802-808.
127. Lo H.W., Hsu S.C., Ali-Seyed M., Gunduz M., Xia W., Wei Y., Bartholomeusz G., Shih J.Y., Hung M.C. Nuclear interaction of EGFR and STAT3 in the activation of the iNOS/NO pathway. Cancer Cell 2005, 7:575-589.
128. Huang H., Tindall D.J. FOXO factors: a matter of life and death. Future Oncol. 2006, 2:83-89.
129. Huang H., Tindall D.J. Dynamic FoxO transcription factors. J. Cell Sci. 2007, 120:2479-2487.
130. Furukawa-Hibi Y., Kobayashi Y., Chen C., Motoyama N. FOXO transcription factors in cell-cycle regulation and the response to oxidative stress. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2005, 7:752-760.
131. Kristof A.S., Fielhaber J., Triantafillopoulos A., Nemoto S., Moss J. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent suppression of the human inducible nitric-oxide synthase promoter is mediated by FKHRL1. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281:23958-23968.
132. Lu N.Z., Cidlowski J.A. Glucocorticoid receptor isoforms generate transcription specificity. Trends Cell Biol. 2006, 16:301-307.
133. Liberman A.C., Druker J., Perone M.J., Arzt E. Glucocorticoids in the regulation of transcription factors that control cytokine synthesis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2007, 18:45-56.
134. Korhonen R., Lahti A., Hamalainen M., Kankaanranta H., Moilanen E. Dexamethasone inhibits inducible nitric-oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide production by destabilizing mRNA in lipopolysaccharide-treated macrophages. Mol. Pharmacol. 2002, 62:698-704.
135. Walker G., Pfeilschifter J., Kunz D. Mechanisms of suppression of inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in interferon (IFN)-gamma-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells by dexamethasone. Evidence for glucocorticoid-induced degradation of iNOS protein by calpain as a key step in post-transcriptional regulation. J. Biol. Chem. 1997, 272:16679-16687.
136. Zhu Y., Bian Z., Lu P., Karas R.H., Bao L., Cox D., Hodgin J., Shaul P.W., Thoren P., Smithies O., Gustafsson J.A., Mendelsohn M.E. Abnormal vascular function and hypertension in mice deficient in estrogen receptor beta. Science 2002, 295:505-508.
137. Nuedling S., Karas R.H., Mendelsohn M.E., Katzenellenbogen J.A., Katzenellenbogen B.S., Meyer R., Vetter H., Grohe C. Activation of estrogen receptor beta is a prerequisite for estrogen-dependent upregulation of nitric oxide synthases in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. FEBS Lett. 2001, 502:103-108.
138. Tsutsumi S., Zhang X., Takata K., Takahashi K., Karas R.H., Kurachi H., Mendelsohn M.E. Differential regulation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene by estrogen receptors 1 and 2. J. Endocrinol. 2008, 199:267-273.
139. Richette P., Dumontier M.F., Tahiri K., Widerak M., Torre A., Benallaoua M., Rannou F., Corvol M.T., Savouret J.F. Oestrogens inhibit interleukin 1beta-mediated nitric oxide synthase expression in articular chondrocytes through nuclear factor-kappa B impairment. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2007, 66:345-350.
140. Janabi N. Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 expression by 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) in activated human astrocytes, but not in human brain macrophages. J. Immunol. 2002, 168:4747-4755.
141. Fahmi H., Di Battista J.A., Pelletier J.P., Mineau F., Ranger P., Martel-Pelletier J. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activators inhibit interleukin-1beta-induced nitric oxide and matrix metalloproteinase 13 production in human chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheum. 2001, 44:595-607.
142. Shiojiri T., Wada K., Nakajima A., Katayama K., Shibuya A., Kudo C., Kadowaki T., Mayumi T., Yura Y., Kamisaki Y. PPARgamma ligands inhibit nitrotyrosine formation and inflammatory mediator expressions in adjuvant-induced rheumatoid arthritis mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2002, 448:231-238.
143. Liang Y.C., Tsai S.H., Tsai D.C., Lin-Shiau S.Y., Lin J.K. Suppression of inducible cyclooxygenase and nitric oxide synthase through activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma by flavonoids in mouse macrophages. FEBS Lett. 2001, 496:12-18.
144. Li M., Pascual G., Glass C.K. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-dependent repression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene. Mol. Cell Biol. 2000, 20:4699-4707.
145. Pfahl M. Signal transduction by retinoid receptors. Skin Pharmacol. 1993, 6(Suppl. 1):8-16.
146. Zou F., Liu Y., Liu L., Wu K., Wei W., Zhu Y., Wu J. Retinoic acid activates human inducible nitric oxide synthase gene through binding of RARalpha/RXRalpha heterodimer to a novel retinoic acid response element in the promoter. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2007, 355:494-500.
147. Das A., Banik N.L., Ray S.K. Molecular mechanisms of the combination of retinoid and interferon-gamma for inducing differentiation and increasing apoptosis in human glioblastoma T98G and U87MG cells. Neurochem. Res. 2009, 34:87-101.
148. Sirsjo A., Gidlof A.C., Olsson A., Torma H., Ares M., Kleinert H., Forstermann U., Hansson G.K. Retinoic acid inhibits nitric oxide synthase-2 expression through the retinoic acid receptor-alpha. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2000, 270:846-851.
149. Uchimura K., Nakamuta M., Enjoji M., Irie T., Sugimoto R., Muta T., Iwamoto H., Nawata H. Activation of retinoic X receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma inhibits nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in rat Kupffer cells. Hepatology 2001, 33:91-99.
150. Toell A., Kroncke K.D., Kleinert H., Carlberg C. Orphan nuclear receptor binding site in the human inducible nitric oxide synthase promoter mediates responsiveness to steroid and xenobiotic ligands. J. Cell Biochem. 2002, 85:72-82.
151. Bieker J.J. Kruppel-like factors: three fingers in many pies. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276:34355-34358.
152. Warke V.G., Nambiar M.P., Krishnan S., Tenbrock K., Geller D.A., Koritschoner N.P., Atkins J.L., Farber D.L., Tsokos G.C. Transcriptional activation of the human inducible nitric-oxide synthase promoter by Kruppel-like factor 6. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278:14812-14819.
153. Cleynen I., Van de Ven W.J. The HMGA proteins: a myriad of functions (Review). Int. J. Oncol. 2008, 32:289-305.
154. Forrester K., Ambs S., Lupold S.E., Kapust R.B., Spillare E.A., Weinberg W.C., Felley-Bosco E., Wang X.W., Geller D.A., Tzeng E., Billiar T.R., Harris C.C. Nitric oxide-induced p53 accumulation and regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by wild-type p53. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1996, 93:2442-2447.
155. Liu J., Zhan M., Hannay J.A., Das P., Bolshakov S.V., Kotilingam D., Yu D., Lazar A.F., Pollock R.E., Lev D. Wild-type p53 inhibits nuclear factor-kappaB-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 promoter activation: implications for soft tissue sarcoma growth and metastasis. Mol. Cancer Res. 2006, 4:803-810.
156. Guo Z., Wang J., Yang J., Wu N.H., Zhang Y., Shen Y.F. An inhibitory role of p53 via NF-kappaB element on the cyclin D1 gene under heat shock. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2009, 1789:758-762.
157. Ambs S., Ogunfusika M.O., Merriam W.G., Bennett W.P., Billiar T.R., Harris C.C. Up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in cancer-prone p53 knockout mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1998, 95:8823-8828.
158. Nunokawa Y., Oikawa S., Tanaka S. Expression of human inducible nitric oxide synthase is regulated by both promoter and 3'-regions. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1997, 233:523-526.
159. Khabar K.S. The AU-rich transcriptome: more than interferons and cytokines and its role in disease. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 2005, 25:1-10.
160. Eberhardt W., Doller A., Akool el S., Pfeilschifter J. Modulation of mRNA stability as a novel therapeutic approach. Pharmacol. Ther. 2007, 114:56-73.
161. Chen C.Y., Gherzi R., Ong S.E., Chan E.L., Raijmakers R., Pruijn G.J., Stoecklin G., Moroni C., Mann M., Karin M. AU binding proteins recruit the exosome to degrade ARE-containing mRNAs. Cell 2001, 107:451-464.
162. Gherzi R., Lee K.Y., Briata P., Wegmuller D., Moroni C., Karin M., Chen C.Y. A KH domain RNA binding protein, KSRP, promotes ARE-directed mRNA turnover by recruiting the degradation machinery. Mol. Cell 2004, 14:571-583.
163. Lyons C.R., Orloff G.J., Cunningham J.M. Molecular cloning and functional expression of an inducible nitric oxide synthase from a murine macrophage cell line. J. Biol. Chem. 1992, 267:6370-6374.
164. Galea E., Reis D.J., Feinstein D.L. Cloning and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase from rat astrocytes. J. Neurosci. Res. 1994, 37:406-414.
165. Fechir M., Linker K., Pautz A., Hubrich T., Kleinert H. The RNA binding protein TIAR is involved in the regulation of human iNOS expression. Cell Mol. Biol. (Noisy-le-grand) 2005, 51:299-305.
166. Linker K., Pautz A., Fechir M., Hubrich T., Greeve J., Kleinert H. Involvement of KSRP in the post-transcriptional regulation of human iNOS expression-complex interplay of KSRP with TTP and HuR. Nucleic Acids Res. 2005, 33:4813-4827.
167. Korhonen R., Linker K., Pautz A., Forstermann U., Moilanen E., Kleinert H. Post-transcriptional regulation of human inducible nitric-oxide synthase expression by the Jun N-terminal kinase. Mol. Pharmacol. 2007, 71:1427-1434.
168. Pautz A., Linker K., Altenhofer S., Heil S., Schmidt N., Art J., Knauer S., Stauber R., Sadri N., Pont A., Schneider R.J., Kleinert H. Similar regulation of human inducible nitric-oxide synthase expression by different isoforms of the RNA-binding protein AUF1. J. Biol. Chem. 2009, 284:2755-2766.
169. Brennan C.M., Steitz J.A. HuR and mRNA stability. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 2001, 58:266-277.
170. Lai W.S., Carballo E., Strum J.R., Kennington E.A., Phillips R.S., Blackshear P.J. Evidence that tristetraprolin binds to AU-rich elements and promotes the deadenylation and destabilization of tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1999, 19:4311-4323.
171. Soderberg M., Raffalli-Mathieu F., Lang M.A. Inflammation modulates the interaction of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) I/polypyrimidine tract binding protein and hnRNP L with the 3'untranslated region of the murine inducible nitric-oxide synthase mRNA. Mol. Pharmacol. 2002, 62:423-431.
172. Soderberg M., Raffalli-Mathieu F., Lang M.A. Regulation of the murine inducible nitric oxide synthase gene by dexamethasone involves a heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein I (hnRNPI) dependent pathway. Mol. Immunol. 2007, 44:3204-3210.
173. Soderberg M., Raffalli-Mathieu F., Lang M.A. Identification of a regulatory cis-element within the 3'-untranslated region of the murine inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA; interaction with heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins I and L and role in the iNOS gene expression. Mol. Immunol. 2007, 44:434-442.
174. Zhang W., Wagner B.J., Ehrenman K., Schaefer A.W., DeMaria C.T., Crater D., DeHaven K., Long L., Brewer G. Purification, characterization, and cDNA cloning of an AU-rich element RNA-binding protein, AUF1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1993, 13:7652-7665.
175. Lin S., Wang W., Wilson G.M., Yang X., Brewer G., Holbrook N.J., Gorospe M. Down-regulation of cyclin D1 expression by prostaglandin A(2) is mediated by enhanced cyclin D1 mRNA turnover. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2000, 20:7903-7913.
176. Xu N., Chen C.Y., Shyu A.B. Versatile role for hnRNP D isoforms in the differential regulation of cytoplasmic mRNA turnover. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2001, 21:6960-6971.
177. Wagner B.J., DeMaria C.T., Sun Y., Wilson G.M., Brewer G. Structure and genomic organization of the human AUF1 gene: alternative pre-mRNA splicing generates four protein isoforms. Genomics 1998, 48:195-202.
178. Evans T., Carpenter A., Cohen J. Inducible nitric-oxide-synthase mRNA is transiently expressed and destroyed by a cycloheximide-sensitive process. Eur. J. Biochem. 1994, 219:563-569.
179. Lorsbach R.B., Murphy W.J., Lowenstein C.J., Snyder S.H., Russell S.W. Expression of the nitric oxide synthase gene in mouse macrophages activated for tumor cell killing. Molecular basis for the synergy between interferon-gamma and lipopolysaccharide. J. Biol. Chem. 1993, 268:1908-1913.
180. Weisz A., Oguchi S., Cicatiello L., Esumi H. Dual mechanism for the control of inducible-type NO synthase gene expression in macrophages during activation by interferon-gamma and bacterial lipopolysaccharide - transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. J. Biol. Chem. 1994, 269:8324-8333.
181. Yazgan O., Krebs J.E. Noncoding but nonexpendable: transcriptional regulation by large noncoding RNA in eukaryotes. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2007, 85:484-496.
182. Urbich C., Kuehbacher A., Dimmeler S. Role of microRNAs in vascular diseases, inflammation, and angiogenesis. Cardiovasc. Res. 2008, 79:581-588.
183. Ying S.Y., Chang D.C., Lin S.L. The microRNA (miRNA): overview of the RNA genes that modulate gene function. Mol. Biotechnol. 2008, 38:257-268.
184. Wang X., Zhao Q., Matta R., Meng X., Liu X., Liu C.G., Nelin L.D., Liu Y. Inducible nitric-oxide synthase expression is regulated by mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1. J. Biol. Chem. 2009, 284:27123-27134.
185. Murray P.J. The JAK-STAT signaling pathway: input and output integration. J. Immunol. 2007, 178:2623-2629.
186. Dai R., Phillips R.A., Zhang Y., Khan D., Crasta O., Ahmed S.A. Suppression of LPS-induced IFN{gamma} and nitric oxide in splenic lymphocytes by select estrogen-regulated miRNA: a novel mechanism of immune modulation. Blood 2008, 112:4591-4597.
187. Matsui K., Nishizawa M., Ozaki T., Kimura T., Hashimoto I., Yamada M., Kaibori M., Kamiyama Y., Ito S., Okumura T. Natural antisense transcript stabilizes inducible nitric oxide synthase messenger RNA in rat hepatocytes. Hepatology 2008, 47:686-697.
188. Habara K., Hamada Y., Yamada M., Tokuhara K., Tanaka H., Kaibori M., Kamiyama Y., Nishizawa M., Ito S., Okumura T. Pitavastatin up-regulates the induction of iNOS through enhanced stabilization of its mRNA in pro-inflammatory cytokine-stimulated hepatocytes. Nitric Oxide 2008, 18:19-27.
189. Knudsen S. Promoter2.0: for the recognition of PolII promoter sequences. Bioinformatics 1999, 15:356-361.
190. Robb G.B., Carson A.R., Tai S.C., Fish J.E., Singh S., Yamada T., Scherer S.W., Nakabayashi K., Marsden P.A. Post-transcriptional regulation of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase by an overlapping antisense mRNA transcript. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:37982-37996.
191. Fish J.E., Matouk C.C., Yeboah E., Bevan S.C., Khan M., Patil K., Ohh M., Marsden P.A. Hypoxia-inducible expression of a natural cis-antisense transcript inhibits endothelial nitric-oxide synthase. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282:15652-15666.
192. Luss H., Li R.K., Shapiro R.A., Tzeng E., McGowan F.X., Yoneyama T., Hatakeyama K., Geller D.A., Mickle D.A., Simmons R.L., Billiar T.R. Dedifferentiated human ventricular cardiac myocytes express inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA but not protein in response to IL-1, TNF, IFNgamma, and LPS. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 1997, 29:1153-1165.
193. Musial A., Eissa N.T. Inducible nitric-oxide synthase is regulated by the proteasome degradation pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276:24268-24273.
194. Felley-Bosco E., Bender F.C., Courjault-Gautier F., Bron C., Quest A.F. Caveolin-1 down-regulates inducible nitric oxide synthase via the proteasome pathway in human colon carcinoma cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000, 97:14334-14339.
195. Felley-Bosco E., Bender F., Quest A.F. Caveolin-1-mediated post-transcriptional regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase in human colon carcinoma cells. Biol. Res. 2002, 35:169-176.
196. Lin Y.S., Hsieh M., Lee Y.J., Liu K.L., Lin T.H. AH23848 accelerates inducible nitric oxide synthase degradation through attenuation of cAMP signaling in glomerular mesangial cells. Nitric Oxide 2008, 18:93-104.
197. Meijer H.A., Thomas A.A. Control of eukaryotic protein synthesis by upstream open reading frames in the 5'-untranslated region of an mRNA. Biochem. J. 2002, 367:1-11.
198. Chu S.C., Wu H.P., Banks T.C., Eissa N.T., Moss J. Structural diversity in the 5'-untranslated region of cytokine-stimulated human inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA. J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270:10625-10630.
199. Eissa N.T., Strauss A.J., Haggerty C.M., Choo E.K., Chu S.C., Moss J. Alternative splicing of human inducible nitric-oxide synthase mRNA. Tissue-specific regulation and induction by cytokines. J. Biol. Chem. 1996, 271:27184-27187.
200. Eissa N.T., Yuan J.W., Haggerty C.M., Choo E.K., Palmer C.D., Moss J. Cloning and characterization of human inducible nitric oxide synthase splice variants: a domain, encoded by exons 8 and 9, is critical for dimerization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1998, 95:7625-7630.
201. Tiscornia A.C., Cayota A., Landoni A.I., Brito C., Oppezzo P., Vuillier F., Robello C., Dighiero G., Gabus R., Pritsch O. Post-transcriptional regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase in chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells in pro- and antiapoptotic culture conditions. Leukemia 2004, 18:48-56.
202. Beck K.F., Eberhardt W., Walpen S., Apel M., Pfeilschifter J. Potentiation of nitric oxide synthase expression by superoxide in interleukin 1 beta-stimulated rat mesangial cells. FEBS Lett. 1998, 435:35-38.
203. Kuo P.C., Abe K., Schroeder R.A. Superoxide enhances interleukin 1beta-mediated transcription of the hepatocyte-inducible nitric oxide synthase gene. Gastroenterology 2000, 118:608-618.
204. Rudders S., Gaspar J., Madore R., Voland C., Grall F., Patel A., Pellacani A., Perrella M.A., Libermann T.A., Oettgen P. ESE-1 is a novel transcriptional mediator of inflammation that interacts with NF-kappa B to regulate the inducible nitric-oxide synthase gene. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276:3302-3309.
205. Goldring C.E., Reveneau S., Chantome A., Pance A., Fleury C., Hume D.A., Sester D., Mignotte B., Jeannin J.F. Heat shock enhances transcriptional activation of the murine-inducible nitric oxide synthase gene. FASEB J. 2000, 14:2393-2395.
206. Peng Z.Y., Hamiel C.R., Banerjee A., Wischmeyer P.E., Friese R.S., Wischmeyer P. Glutamine attenuation of cell death and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression following inflammatory cytokine-induced injury is dependent on heat shock factor-1 expression. JPEN J. Parenter. Enteral. Nutr. 2006, 30:400-406. discussion 406-407.
207. Amaro M.J., Bartolome J., Carreno V. Hepatitis B virus X protein transactivates the inducible nitric oxide synthase promoter. Hepatology 1999, 29:915-923.
208. Majano P., Lara-Pezzi E., Lopez-Cabrera M., Apolinario A., Moreno-Otero R., Garcia-Monzon C. Hepatitis B virus X protein transactivates inducible nitric oxide synthase gene promoter through the proximal nuclear factor kappaB-binding site: evidence that cytoplasmic location of X protein is essential for gene transactivation. Hepatology 2001, 34:1218-1224.
209. Guo H., Wei J., Inoue Y., Gonzalez F.J., Kuo P.C. Serine/threonine phosphorylation regulates HNF-4alpha-dependent redox-mediated iNOS expression in hepatocytes. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 2003, 284:C1090-C1099.
210. Guo H., Gao C., Mi Z., Wai P.Y., Kuo P.C. Phosphorylation of Ser158 regulates inflammatory redox-dependent hepatocyte nuclear factor-4alpha transcriptional activity. Biochem. J. 2006, 394:379-387.
211. Werner F., Jain M.K., Feinberg M.W., Sibinga N.E., Pellacani A., Wiesel P., Chin M.T., Topper J.N., Perrella M.A., Lee M.E. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 inhibition of macrophage activation is mediated via Smad3. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275:36653-36658.
212. Ka S.M., Huang X.R., Lan H.Y., Tsai P.Y., Yang S.M., Shui H.A., Chen A. Smad7 gene therapy ameliorates an autoimmune crescentic glomerulonephritis in mice. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2007, 18:1777-1788.
213. Jung F., Palmer L.A., Zhou N., Johns R.A. Hypoxic regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase via hypoxia inducible factor-1 in cardiac myocytes. Circ. Res. 2000, 86:319-325.
214. Melillo G., Musso T., Sica A., Taylor L.S., Cox G.W., Varesio L. A hypoxia-responsive element mediates a novel pathway of activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase promoter. J. Exp. Med. 1995, 182:1683-1693.
215. Melillo G., Taylor L.S., Brooks A., Musso T., Cox G.W., Varesio L. Functional requirement of the hypoxia-responsive element in the activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase promoter by the iron chelator desferrioxamine. J. Biol. Chem. 1997, 272:12236-12243.
216. Palmer L.A., Semenza G.L., Stoler M.H., Johns R.A. Hypoxia induces type II NOS gene expression in pulmonary artery endothelial cells via HIF-1. Am. J. Physiol. 1998, 274:L212-L219.
217. Liang J., Wang J., Azfer A., Song W., Tromp G., Kolattukudy P.E., Fu M. A novel CCCH-zinc finger protein family regulates proinflammatory activation of macrophages. J. Biol. Chem. 2008, 283:6337-6346.
218. Obasanjo-Blackshire K., Mesquita R., Jabr R.I., Molkentin J.D., Hart S.L., Marber M.S., Xia Y., Heads R.J. Calcineurin regulates NFAT-dependent iNOS expression and protection of cardiomyocytes: co-operation with Src tyrosine kinase. Cardiovasc. Res. 2006, 71:672-683.
219. Dlaska M., Weiss G. Central role of transcription factor NF-IL6 for cytokine and iron-mediated regulation of murine inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. J. Immunol. 1999, 162:6171-6177.
220. Song J.D., Lee S.K., Kim K.M., Kim J.W., Kim J.M., Yoo Y.H., Park Y.C. Redox factor-1 mediates NF-kappaB nuclear translocation for LPS-induced iNOS expression in murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. Immunology 2008, 124:58-67.
221. Gupta A.K., Kone B.C. USF-1 and USF-2 trans-repress IL-1beta-induced iNOS transcription in mesangial cells. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 2002, 283:C1065-C1072.
222. Fechir M., Schneid C., Linker K., Förstermann U., Kleinert H. Complex regulation of human iNOS-expression by RNA binding proteins. Naunyn-Schmiedeb Arch. Pharmacol. 2003, 367(Suppl.):R41.