Animal feeding trials for assessing GMO safety: Answers and questions

CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources

Volumn 4, Issue , 2009, Pages

  Malatesta, M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VERONA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Animal feed; Edible vaccine; Food allergy; Genetically modified food; Genetically modified plants; Herbicide resistance

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA;

EID: 73449128328     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17498848     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1079/PAVSNNR20094068     Document Type: Review

References (201)

1. Kuiper HA, Kleter GA, Noteborn HP, Kok EJ. Assessment of the food safety issues related to genetically modified foods. Plant Journal 2001;27:503-28.
2. König A, Cockburn A, Crevel RW, Debruyne E, Grafstroem R, Hammerling U, et al. Assessment of the safety of foods derived from genetically modified (GM) crops. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2004;42:1047-88.
3. Novak WK, Haslberger AG. Substantial equivalence of antinutrients and inherent plant toxins in genetically modified novel foods. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2000;38:473-83.
4. Kuiper HA, Kleter GA, Noteborn HP, Kok EJ. Substantial equivalence - an appropriate paradigm for the safety assessment of genetically modified foods? Toxicology 2002;181-182:427-31.
5. Okunuki H, Teshima R, Shigeta T, Sakushima J, Akiyama H, Goda Y, et al. Increased digestibility of two products in genetically modified food (CP4-EPSPS and Cry1Ab) after preheating. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi 2002;43:68-73.
6. Bauer T, Hammes WP, Haase NU, Hertel C. Effect of food components and processing parameters on DNA degradation in food. Environmental Biosafety Research 2004;3:215-3.
7. De Luis R, Pérez MD, Sánchez L, Lavilla M, Calvo M. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters for heat denaturation of Cry1a(b) protein from transgenic maize (Zea mays). Journal of Food Science 2008;73:C447-51.
8. Guan J, Spencer JL, Ma BL. The fate of the recombinant DNA in corn during composting. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B 2005;40:463-73.
9. Lutz B, Wiedemann S, Albrecht C. Degradation of transgenic Cry1Ab DNA and protein in Bt-176 maize during the ensiling process. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 2006;90:116-23.
10. Harrison LA, Bailey MR, Naylor MW, Ream JE, Hammond BG, Nida DL, et al. The expressed protein in glyphosate-tolerant soybean, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3- phosphate synthase from Agrobacterium sp. strain CP4, is rapidly digested in vitro and is not toxic to acutely gavaged mice. Journal of Nutrition 1996;126:728-40.
11. Hashimoto W, Momma K, Yoon HJ, Ozawa S, Ohkawa Y, Ishige T, et al. Safety assessment of transgenic potatoes with soybean glycinin by feeding studies in rats. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry 1999;63:1942-6.
12. Alexander TW, Sharma R, Okine EK, Dixon WT, Forster RJ, Stanford K, et al. Impact of feed processing and mixed ruminal culture on the fate of recombinant EPSP synthase and endogenous canola plant DNA. FEMS Microbiology Letters 2002;214:263-9.
13. Martín-Orué SM, O'Donnell AG, Ariño J, Netherwood T, Gilbert HJ, Mathers JC. Degradation of transgenic DNA from genetically modified soya and maize in human intestinal simulations. British Journal of Nutrition 2002;87:533-42.
14. Fu TJ. Digestion stability as a criterion for protein allergenicity assessment. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2002;964:99-110.
15. Rascón-Cruz Q, Sinagawa-García S, Osuna-Castro JA, Bohorova N, Paredes-López O. Accumulation, assembly, and digestibility of amarantin expressed in transgenic tropical maize. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 2004;108:335-42.
16. Delaney B, Zhang J, Carlson G, Schmidt J, Stagg B, Comstock B, et al. A gene-shuffled glyphosate acetyltransferase protein from Bacillus licheniformis (GAT4601) shows no evidence of allergenicity or toxicity. Toxicological Sciences 2008;102:425-32.
17. Bertolla F, Kay E, Simonet P. Potential dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes from transgenic plants to microorganisms. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 2000;21:390-3.
18. Kay E, Vogel TM, Bertolla F, Nalin R, Simonet P. In situ transfer of antibiotic resistance genes from transgenic (transplastomic) tobacco plants to bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2002;68:3345-51.
19. Nielsen KM, Bones AM, Smalla K, van Elsas JD. Horizontal gene transfer from transgenic plants to terrestrial bacteria: a rare event? FEMS Microbiology Letters 2002;22:79-103.
20. Baumgarte S, Tebbe CC. Field studies on the environmental fate of the Cry1Ab Bt-toxin produced by transgenic maize (MON810) and its effect on bacterial communities in the maize rhizosphere. Molecular Ecology 2005;14:2539-51.
21. Devers M, Henry S, Hartmann A, Martin-Laurent F. Horizontal gene transfer of atrazine-degrading genes (atz) from Agrobacterium tumefaciens St96-4 pADP1::Tn5 to bacteria of maize-cultivated soil. Pest Management Science 2005;61:870-80.
22. Mercer DK, Scott KP, Bruce-Johnson WA, Glover LA, Flint HJ. Fate of free DNA and transformation of the oral bacterium Streptococcus gordonii DL1 by plasmid DNA in human saliva. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1999;65:6-10.
23. Mercer DK, Scott KP, Melville CM, Glover LA, Flint HJ. Transformation of an oral bacterium via chromosomal integration of free DNA in the presence of human saliva. FEMS Microbiology Letters 2001;200:163-7.
24. Chiter A, Forbes JM, Blair GE. DNA stability in plant tissues: implications for the possible transfer of genes from genetically modified food. FEBS Letters 2000;481:164-8.
25. Duggan PS, Chambers PA, Heritage J, Forbes JM. Survival of free DNA encoding antibiotic resistance from transgenic maize and the transformation activity of DNA in ovine saliva, ovine rumen fluid and silage effluent. FEMS Microbiology Letters 2000;191:71-7.
26. Duggan PS, Chambers PA, Heritage J, Michael Forbes J. Fate of genetically modified maize DNA in the oral cavity and rumen of sheep. British Journal of Nutrition 2003; 89:159-66.
27. Vlasák J, Smahel M, Pavlík A, PavingerováD, Bríza J. Comparison of hCMV immediate early and CaMV 35S promoters in both plant and human cells. Journal of Biotechnology 2003;103:197-202.
28. Tepfer M, Gaubert S, Leroux-Coyau M, Prince S, Houdebine LM. Transient expression in mammalian cells of transgenes transcribed from the Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. Environmental Biosafety Research 2004;3:91-7.
29. Myhre MR, Fenton KA, Eggert J, Nielsen KM, Traavik T. The 35S CaMV plant virus promoter is active in human enterocyte-like cells. European Food Research and Technology 2006;222:185-93.
30. Walsh LP, McCormick C, Martin C, Stocco DM. Roundup inhibits steroidogenesis by disrupting steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein expression. Environmental Health Perspectives 2000;108:769-76.
31. Shimada N, Kim YS, Miyamoto K, Yoshioka M, Murata H. Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab toxin on mammalian cells. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 2003;65:187-91.
32. Shimada N, Miyamoto K, Kanda K, Murata H. Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal Cry1ab toxin does not affect the membrane integrity of the mammalian intestinal epithelial cells: an in vitro study. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology: Animal 2006;42:45-9. (Pubitemid 44264524)
33. Marc J, BelleéR, Morales J, Cormier P, Mulner-Lorillon O. Formulated glyphosate activates the DNA-response checkpoint of the cell cycle leading to the prevention of G2/M transition. Toxicological Sciences 2004;82:436-2.
34. Richard S, Moslemi S, Sipahutar H, Benachour N, Seralini GE. Differential effects of glyphosate and Roundup on human placental cells and aromatase. Environmental Health Perspectives 2005;113:716-20.
35. Malatesta M, Perdoni F, Santin G, Battistelli S, Muller S, Biggiogera M. Hepatoma tissue culture (HTC) cells as a model for investigating the effects of low concentrations of herbicide on cell structure and function. Toxicology In Vitro 2008;22:1853-60.
36. Bondzio A, Stumpff F, Schön J, Martens H, Einspanier R. Impact of Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry1Ab on rumen epithelial cells (REC) - a new in vitro model for safety assessment of recombinant food compounds. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2008;46:1976-84.
37. Levine SL, Han Z, Liu J, Farmer DR, Papadopoulos V. Disrupting mitochondrial function with surfactants inhibits MA- 10 Leydig cell steroidogenesis. Cell Biology and Toxicology 2007;23:385-400.
38. Kolar R, Rusche B. An animal welfare perspective on animal testing of GMO crops. ALTEX 2008;25:127-30.
39. Flachowsky G, Chesson A, Aulrich K. Animal nutrition with feeds from genetically modified plants. Archives of Animal Nutrition 2005;59:1-40.
40. EFSA GMO Panel Working Group on Animal Feeding Trials. Safety and nutritional assessment of GM plants and derived food and feed: the role of animal feeding trials. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2008;46(Suppl. 1):S2-70.
41. Poulsen LK. Allergy assessment of foods or ingredients derived from biotechnology, gene-modified organisms, or novel foods. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 2004;48:413-23.
42. Jia XD, Li N, Wu YN, Yang XG. Studies on BN rats model to determine the potential allergenicity of proteins from genetically modified foods. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2005;11:5381-4.
43. Bowman CC, Selgrade MK. Differences in allergenic potential of food extracts following oral exposure in mice reflect differences in digestibility: potential approaches to safety assessment. Toxicological Sciences 2008;102:100-9.
44. Dearman RJ, Kimber I. Animal models of protein allergenicity: potential benefits, pitfalls and challenges. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 2009;39:458-68.
45. Estruch JJ, Carozzi NB, Desai N, Duck NB, Warren GW, Koziel MG. Transgenic plants: an emerging approach to pest control. Nature Biotechnology 1997;15:137-141
46. Betz FS, Hammond BG, Fuchs RL. Safety and advantages of Bacillus thuringiensis-protected plants to control insect pests. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 2000;32:156-73.
47. Roh JY, Choi JY, Li MS, Jin BR, Je YH. Bacillus thuringiensis as a specific, safe, and effective tool for insect pest control. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 2007;17:547-9.
48. Piruzian ES, Mett VL, Kobets NS, Urmeeva FI. The use of bacterial genes encoding herbicide tolerance in constructing transgenic plants. Microbiological Sciences 1988;5:242-8.
49. Hoerlein G. Glufosinate (phosphinothricin), a natural amino acid with unexpected herbicidal properties. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 1994;138:73-145.
50. Dill GM. Glyphosate-resistant crops: history, status and future. Pest Management Science 2005;61:219-4.
51. Green JM, Hazel CB, Forney DR, Pugh LM. New multiple-herbicide crop resistance and formulation technology to augment the utility of glyphosate. Pest Management Science 2008;64:332-9.
52. Duke SO, Powles SB. Glyphosate: a once-in-a-century herbicide. Pest Management Science 2008;64:319-25.
53. Brake J, Vlachos D. Evaluation of transgenic event 176 "Bt" corn in broiler chickens. Poultry Science 1998;77:648-53.
54. Aulrich K, Böhme H, Daenicke R, Halle I, Flachowsky G. Genetically modified feeds in animal nutrition. 1st communication: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn in poultry, pig and ruminant nutrition. Archiv für Tierernährung 2001;54:183-95.
55. Folmer JD, Grant RJ, Milton CT, Beck J. Utilization of Bt corn residues by grazing beef steers and Bt corn silage and grain by growing beef cattle and lactating dairy cows. Journal of Animal Science 2002;80:1352-61.
56. Reuter T, Aulrich K, Berk A, Flachowsky G. Investigations on genetically modified maize (Bt-maize) in pig nutrition: chemical composition and nutritional evaluation. Archiv für Tierernährung 2002;56:23-31.
57. Reuter T, Aulrich K, Berk A. Investigations on genetically modified maize (Bt-maize) in pig nutrition: fattening performance and slaughtering results. Archiv für Tierernährung 2002;56:319-26.
58. Brake J, Faust MA, Stein J. Evaluation of transgenic event Bt11 hybrid corn in broiler chickens. Poultry Science 2003;82:551-9.
59. Taylor ML, Hyun Y, Hartnell GF, Riordan SG, Nemeth MA, Karunanandaa K, et al. Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing grain from YieldGard Rootworm (MON863), YieldGard Plus (MON810±MON863), nontransgenic control, or commercial reference corn hybrids. Poultry Science 2003;82:1948-56. (Pubitemid 38641818)
60. Aeschbacher K, Messikommer R, Meile L, Wenk C. Bt176 corn in poultry nutrition: physiological characteristics and fate of recombinant plant DNA in chickens. Poultry Science 2005;84:385-394
61. Hyun Y, Bressner GE, Fischer RL, Miller PS, Ellis M, Peterson BA, et al. Performance of growing-finishing pigs fed diets containing YieldGard rootworm corn (MON 863), a nontransgenic genetically similar corn, or conventional corn hybrids. Journal of Animal Science 2005;83:1581-90.
62. Flachowsky G, Halle I, Aulrich K. Long term feeding of Bt-corn: a ten-generation study with quails. Archives of Animal Nutrition 2005;59:449-51.
63. Kan CA, Hartnell GF. Evaluation of broiler performance when fed insect-protected, control, or commercial varieties of dehulled soybean meal. Poultry Science 2004;83:2029-38.
64. Brake J, Faust M, Stein J. Evaluation of transgenic hybrid corn (VIP3A) in broiler chickens. Poultry Science 2005;84:503-12.
65. Böhme H, Aulrich K, Daenicke R, Flachowsky G. Genetically modified feeds in animal nutrition. 2nd communication: glufosinate tolerant sugar beets (roots and silage) and maize grains for ruminants and pigs. Archiv für Tierernährung 2001;54:197-207.
66. Cromwell GL, Lindemann MD, Randolph JH, Parker GR, Coffey RD, Laurent KM, et al. Soybean meal from Roundup Ready or conventional soybeans in diets for growing-finishing swine. Journal of Animal Science 2002;80:708-15.
67. Erickson GE, Robbins ND, Simon JJ, Berger LL, Klopfenstein TJ, Stanisiewski EP, et al. Effect of feeding glyphosatetolerant (Roundup-Ready events GA21 or NK603) corn compared with reference hybrids on feedlot steer performance and carcass characteristics. Journal of Animal Science 2003;81:2600-8.
68. Hyun Y, Bressner GE, Ellis M, Lewis AJ, Fischer R, Stanisiewski EP, et al. Performance of growing-finishing pigs fed diets containing Roundup Ready corn (event NK603), a nontransgenic genetically similar corn, or conventional corn lines. Journal of Animal Science 2004;82:571-80.
69. Taylor ML, Hartnell GF, Riordan SG, Nemeth MA, Karunanandaa K, George B, et al. Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing grain from Roundup Ready (NK603), yieldgard±Roundup Ready (MON810±NK603), non-transgenic control, or commercial corn. Poultry Science 2003;82:443-53. (Pubitemid 38641963)
70. Taylor ML, Hartnell GF, Riordan SG, Nemeth MA, Karunanandaa K, George B, et al. Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing grain from YieldGard (MON810), YieldGard±Roundup Ready (GA21), nontransgenic control, or commercial corn. Poultry Science 2003;82:823-30. (Pubitemid 38641684)
71. Taylor M, Hartnell G, Lucas D, Davis S, Nemeth M. Comparison of broiler performance and carcass parameters when fed diets containing soybean meal produced from glyphosate-tolerant (MON 89788), control, or conventional reference soybeans. Poultry Science 2007;86:2608-14. (Pubitemid 350223839)
72. McNaughton J, Roberts M, Smith B, Rice D, Hinds M, Schmidt J, et al. Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing event DP-356Ø43-5 (Optimum GAT), nontransgenic near-isoline control, or commercial reference soybean meal, hulls, and oil. Poultry Science 2007;86:2569-81.
73. McNaughton J, Roberts M, Smith B, Rice D, Hinds M, Rood T, et al. Comparison of broiler performance and carcass yields when fed diets containing transgenic maize grains from event DP-O9814O-6 (optimum GAT), near-isogenic control maize grain, or commercial reference maize grains. Poultry Science 2008;87:2562-72.
74. Trabalza-Marinucci M, Brandi G, Rondini C, Avellini L, Giammarini C, Costarelli S, et al. A three year longitudinal study on the effects of a diet containing genetically modified Bt176 maize on the health status and performance on sheep. Livestock Science 2008;113:178-90.
75. Taylor ML, Hartnell G, Nemeth M, Karunanandaa K, George B. Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing corn grain with insect-protected (corn rootworm and European corn borer) and herbicide-tolerant (glyphosate) traits, control corn, or commercial reference corn - revisited. Poultry Science 2005;84:1893-9. (Pubitemid 44509946)
76. Taylor M, Hartnell G, Nemeth M, Lucas D, Davis S. Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing grain from second-generation insect-protected and glyphosate-tolerant, conventional control or commercial reference corn. Poultry Science 2007;86:1972-9. (Pubitemid 47580904)
77. Taylor M, Lucas D, Nemeth M, Davis S, Hartnell G. Comparison of broiler performance and carcass parameters when fed diets containing combined trait insect-protected and glyphosate-tolerant corn (MON 89034-NK603), control, or conventional reference corn. Poultry Science 2007;86:1988-94. (Pubitemid 47580906)
78. Jacobs CM, Utterback PL, Parsons CM, Rice D, Smith B, Hinds M, et al. Performance of laying hens fed diets containing DAS-59122-7 maize grain compared with diets containing nontransgenic maize grain. Poultry Science 2008;87:475-9.
79. Hammond BG, Vicini JL, Hartnell GF, Naylor MW, Knight CD, Robinson EH, et al. The feeding value of soybeans fed to rats, chickens, catfish and dairy cattle is not altered by genetic incorporation of glyphosate tolerance. Journal of Nutrition 1996;126:717-27.
80. Barrière Y, VéritéR, Brunschwig P, Surault F, Emile JC. Feeding value of corn silage estimated with sheep and dairy cows is not altered by genetic incorporation of Bt1376 resistance to Ostrinia nubilalis. Journal of Dairy Science 2001;84:1863-71.
81. Ipharraguerre IR, Younker RS, Clark JH, Stanisiewski EP, Hartnell GF. Performance of lactating dairy cows fed corn as whole plant silage and grain produced from a glyphosate-tolerant hybrid (event NK603). Journal of Dairy Science 2003;86:1734-41.
82. Donkin SS, Velez JC, Totten AK, Stanisiewski EP, Hartnell GF. Effects of feeding silage and grain from glyphosate- tolerant or insect-protected corn hybrids on feed intake, ruminal digestion, and milk production in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 2003;86:1780-8.
83. Grant RJ, Fanning KC, Kleinschmit D, Stanisiewski EP, Hartnell GF. Influence of glyphosate-tolerant (event NK603) and corn rootworm protected (event MON863) corn silage and grain on feed consumption and milk production in Holstein cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 2003;86:1707-5.
84. Castillo AR, Gallardo MR, Maciel M, Giordano JM, Conti GA, Gaggiotti MC, et al. Effects of feeding rations with genetically modified whole cottonseed to lactating Holstein cows. Dairy Science 2004;87:1778-85.
85. Phipps RH, Jones AK, Tingey AP, Abeyasekera S. Effect of corn silage from an herbicide-tolerant genetically modified variety on milk production and absence of transgenic DNA in milk. Journal of Dairy Science 2005;88:2870-8.
86. Calsamiglia S, Hernandez B, Hartnell GF, Phipps R. Effects of corn silage derived from a genetically modified variety containing two transgenes on feed intake, milk production, and composition, and the absence of detectable transgenic deoxyribonucleic acid in milk in Holstein dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 2007;90:4718-23
87. Faust M, Smith B, Rice D, Owens F, Hinds M, Dana G, et al. Performance of lactating dairy cows fed silage and grain from a maize hybrid with the cry1F trait versus its nonbiotech counterpart. Journal of Dairy Science 2007;90:5706-13.
88. Kan CA, Hartnell GF. Evaluation of broiler performance when fed Roundup-Ready wheat (event MON 71800), control, and commercial wheat varieties. Poultry Science 2004;83:1325-34
89. Taylor ML, Stanisiewski EP, Riordan SG, Nemeth MA, George B, Hartnell GF. Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing Roundup Ready (event RT73), nontransgenic control, or commercial canola meal. Poultry Science 2004;83:456-61.
90. Mandal AB, Elangovan AV, Shrivastav AK, Johri AK, Kaur S, Johri TS. Comparison of broiler chicken performance when fed diets containing meals of Bollgard II hybrid cotton containing Cry-X gene (Cry1Ac and Cry2ab gene), parental line or commercial cotton. British Poultry Science 2004;45:657-3.
91. Cromwell GL, Henry BJ, Scott AL, Gerngross MF, Dusek DL, Fletcher DW. Glufosinate herbicide-tolerant (LibertyLink) rice vs. conventional rice in diets for growing-finishing swine. Journal of Animal Science 2005;83:1068-74.
92. Einspanier R, Klotz A, Kraft J, Aulrich K, Poser R, Schwägele F, et al. The fate of forage plant DNA in farm animals: a collaborative case-study investigating cattle and chicken fed recombinant plant material. European Food Research and Technology 2001;212:129-4.
93. Tony MA, Butschke A, Broll H, Grohmann L, Zagon J, Halle I, et al. Safety assessment of Bt 176 maize in broiler nutrition: degradation of maize-DNA and its metabolic fate. Archiv für Tierernährung 2003;57:235-52.
94. Jennings JC, Albee LD, Kolwyck DC, Surber JB, Taylor ML, Hartnell GF, et al. Attempts to detect transgenic and endogenous plant DNA and transgenic protein in muscle from broilers fed YieldGard corn borer corn. Poultry Science 2003;82:371-80
95. Jennings JC, Kolwyck DC, Kays SB, Whetsell AJ, Surber JB, Cromwell GL, et al. Determining whether transgenic and endogenous plant DNA and transgenic protein are detectable in muscle from swine fed Roundup Ready soybean meal. Journal of Animal Science 2003;81:1447-55.
96. Chowdhury EH, Shimada N, Murata H, Mikami O, Sultana P, Miyazaki S, et al. Detection of Cry1Ab protein in gastrointestinal contents but not visceral organs of genetically modified Bt11-fed calves. Veterinary and Human Toxicology 2003;45:72-5.
97. Chowdhury EH, Mikami O, Murata H, Sultana P, Shimada N, Yoshioka M, et al. Fate of maize intrinsic and recombinant genes in calves fed genetically modified maize Bt11. Journal of Food Protection 2004;67:365-70.
98. Mazza R, Soave M, Morlacchini M, Piva G, Marocco A. Assessing the transfer of genetically modified DNA from feed to animal tissues. Transgenic Research 2005;14: 775-84.
99. Deaville ER, Maddison BC. Detection of transgenic and endogenous plant DNA fragments in the blood, tissues, and digesta of broilers. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2005;53:10268-75.
100. Chowdhury EH, Mikami O, Nakajima Y, Hino A, Kuribara H, Suga K, et al. Detection of genetically modified maize DNA fragments in the intestinal contents of pigs fed StarLink CBH351. Veterinary and Human Toxicology 2003;45:95-6.
101. Chowdhury EH, Kuribara H, Hino A, Sultana P, Mikami O, Shimada N, et al. Detection of corn intrinsic and recombinant DNA fragments and Cry1Ab protein in the gastrointestinal contents of pigs fed genetically modified corn Bt11. Journal of Animal Science 2003;81:2546-51.
102. Einspanier R, Lutz B, Rief S, Berezina O, Zverlov V, Schwarz W, et al. Tracing residual recombinant feed molecules during digestion and rumen bacterial diversity in cattle fed transgene maize. European Food Research and Technology 2004;218:269-73.
103. Chambers PA, Duggan PS, Heritage J, Forbes JM. The fate of antibiotic resistance marker genes in transgenic plant feed material fed to chickens. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2002;49:161-4.
104. Rossi F, Morlacchini M, Fusconi G, Pietri A, Mazza R, Piva G. Effect of Bt corn on broiler growth performance and fate of feed-derived DNA in the digestive tract. Poultry Science 2005;84:1022-30.
105. Lutz B, Wiedemann S, Einspanier R, Mayer J, Albrecht C. Degradation of Cry1Ab protein from genetically modified maize in the bovine gastrointestinal tract. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2005;53:1453-56.
106. Wiedemann S, Lutz B, Kurtz H, Schwarz FJ, Albrecht C. In situ studies on the time-dependent degradation of recombinant corn DNA and protein in the bovine rumen. Journal of Animal Science 2006;84:135-44.
107. Wiedemann S, Gürtler P, Albrecht C. Effect of feeding cows genetically modified maize on the bacterial community in the bovine rumen. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2007;73:8012-7.
108. Beagle JM, Apgar GA, Jones KL, Griswold KE, Radcliffe JS, Qiu X, et al. The digestive fate of Escherichia coli glutamate dehydrogenase deoxyribonucleic acid from transgenic corn in diets fed to weanling pigs. Journal of Animal Science 2006;84:597-607.
109. Phipps RH, Deaville ER, Maddison BC. Detection of transgenic and endogenous plant DNA in rumen fluid, duodenal digesta, milk, blood, and feces of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 2003;86:4070-8.
110. Alexander TW, Sharma R, Deng MY, Whetsell AJ, Jennings JC, Wang Y, et al. Use of quantitative real-time and conventional PCR to assess the stability of the cp4 epsps transgene from Roundup Ready canola in the intestinal, ruminal, and fecal contents of sheep. Journal of Biotechnology 2004;112:255-66.
111. Broll H, Zagon J, Butschke A, Leffke A, Spiegelberg A, Böhme H, et al. The destiny of DNA of transgenic inulin synthesizing potatoes in pigs. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 2005;14(Suppl. 1):337-40. (Pubitemid 41329645)
112. Bertheau Y, Helbling JC, Fortabat MN, Makhzami S, Sotinel I, Audéon C, et al. Persistence of plant DNA sequences in the blood of dairy cows fed with genetically modified (Bt176) and conventional corn silage. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2009;57:509-16.
113. Lucas DM, Taylor ML, Hartnell GF, Nemeth MA, Glenn KC, Davis SW. Broiler performance and carcass characteristics when fed diets containing lysine maize (LY038 or LY038 x MON 810), control, or conventional reference maize. Poultry Science 2007;86:2152-61.
114. McNaughton J, Roberts M, Smith B, Rice D, Hinds M, Sanders C, et al. Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing event DP-3O5423-1, nontransgenic near-isoline control, or commercial reference soybean meal, hulls, and oil. Poultry Science 2008;87:2549-61.
115. Guthrie TA, Apgar GA, Griswold KE, Lindemann MD, Radcliffe JS, Jacobson BN. Nutritional value of a corn containing a glutamate dehydrogenase gene for growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 2004;82:1693-8.
116. Nyannor EK, Williams P, Bedford MR, Adeola O. Corn expressing an Escherichia coli-derived phytase gene: a proof- of-concept nutritional study in pigs. Journal of Animal Science 2007;85:1946-52.
117. von Wettstein D, Mikhaylenko G, Froseth JA, Kannangara CG. Improved barley broiler feed with transgenic malt containing heat-stable (1,3-1,4)-beta-glucanase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2000;97:13512-7.
118. von Wettstein D, Warner J, Kannangara CG. Supplements of transgenic malt or grain containing (1,3-1,4)- betaglucanase increase the nutritive value of barley-based broiler diets to that of maize. British Poultry Science 2003;44:438-9.
119. Böhme H, Rudloff E, Schö ne F, Schumann W, Hüther L, Flachowsky G. Nutritional assessment of genetically modified rapeseed synthesizing high amounts of mid-chain fatty acids including production responses of growing-finishing pigs. Archives of Animal Nutrition 2007;61:308-6.
120. Böhme H, Hommel B, Flachowsky G. Nutritional assessment of silage from transgenic inulin synthesizing potatoes in pigs. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 2005; 14(Suppl. 1):333-6. (Pubitemid 41329644)
121. Spencer JD, Allee GL, Sauber TE. Growing-finishing performance and carcass characteristics of pigs fed normal and genetically modified low-phytate corn. Journal of Animal Science 2000;78:1529-1536.
122. Spencer JD, Allee GL, Sauber TE. Phosphorus bioavailability and digestibility of normal and genetically modified low- phytate corn for pigs. Journal of Animal Science 2000;78:675-681.
123. Powers WJ, Fritz ER, Fehr W, Angel R. Total and water-soluble phosphorus excretion from swine fed low-phytate soybeans. Journal of Animal Science 2006;84:1907-5.
124. Veum TL, Ledoux DR, Raboy V. Low-phytate barley cultivars improve the utilization of phosphorus, calcium, nitrogen, energy, and dry matter in diets fed to young swine. Journal of Animal Science 2007;85:961-71.
125. Sanden M, Berntssen MH, Krogdahl A, Hemre GI, Bakke-McKellep AM. An examination of the intestinal tract of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., parr fed different varieties of soy and maize. Journal of Fish Diseases 2005;28:317-0.
126. Bakke-McKellep AM, Koppang EO, Gunnes G, Sanden M, Hemre GI, Landsverk T, et al. Histological, digestive, metabolic, hormonal and some immune factor responses in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., fed genetically modified soybeans. Journal of Fish Diseases 2007;30:65-79. (Pubitemid 46239253)
127. Bakke-McKellep AM, Sanden M, Danieli A, Acierno R, Hemre GI, Maffia M, et al. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr fedgenetically modified soybeans and maize: histological, digestive, metabolic, and immunological investigations. Research in Veterinary Science 2008;84:395-408.
128. Sagstad A, Sanden M, Haugland ø, Hansen AC, Olsvik PA, Hemre GI. Evaluation of stress- and immune-response biomarkers in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., fed different levels of genetically modified maize (Bt maize), compared with its near-isogenic parental line and a commercial suprex maize. Journal of Fish Diseases 2007;30:201-12.
129. Brown PB, Wilson KA, Jonker Y, Nickson TE. J Glyphosate tolerant canola meal is equivalent to the parental line in diets fed to rainbow trout. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2003;51:4268-72.
130. Li MH, Hartnell GF, Robinson EH, Kronenberg JM, Healy CE, Oberle DF, et al. Evaluation of cottonseed meal derived from genetically modified cotton as feed ingredients for channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Aquaculture Nutrition 2008;14:490-8.
131. Szarek J, Siwicki A, Andrzejewska A, Terech-Majewska E, Banaszkiewicz T. Effects of the herbicide Roundup on the ultrastructural pattern of hepatocytes in carp (Cyprinus carpio). Marine Environmental Research 2000;50:263-6.
132. Jiraungkoorskul W, Upatham ES, Kruatrachue M, Sahaphong S, Vichasri-Grams S, Pokethitiyook P. Biochemical and histopathological effects of glyphosate herbicide on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Environmental Toxicology 2003;18:260-7.
133. Teshima R, Watanabe T, Okunuki H, Isuzugawa K, Akiyama H, Onodera H, et al. Effect of subchronic feeding of genetically modified corn (CBH351) on immune system in BN rats and B10A mice. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi 2002;43:273-9.
134. Brake DG, Thaler R, Evenson DP. Evaluation of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) corn on mouse testicular development by dual parameter flow cytometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2004;52:2097-102.
135. Hammond B, Lemen J, Dudek R, Ward D, Jiang C, Nemeth M, et al. Results of a 90-day safety assurance study with rats fed grain from corn rootworm-protected corn. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2006;44:147-60. (Pubitemid 41773809)
136. Hammond BG, Dudek R, Lemen JK, Nemeth MA. Results of a 90-day safety assurance study with rats fed grain from corn borer-protected corn. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2006;44:1092-9. (Pubitemid 43850078)
137. Chrenková M, Sommer A, Ceresnáková Z, Nitrayová S, Prostredná M. Nutritional evaluation of genetically modified maize corn performed on rats. Archiv für Tierernährung 2002;56:229-35.
138. Hammond B, Dudek R, Lemen J, Nemeth M. Results of a 13 week safety assurance study with rats fed grain from glyphosate tolerant corn. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2004;42:1003-4.
139. Brake DG, Evenson DP. A generational study of glyphosate-tolerant soybeans on mouse fetal, postnatal, pubertal and adult testicular development. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2004;42:29-36.
140. Zhu Y, Li D, Wang F, Yin J, Jin H. Nutritional assessment and fate of DNA of soybean meal from Roundup Ready or conventional soybeans using rats. Archives of Animal Nutrition 2004;58:295-310.
141. Soares LL, Lucas AM, Boaventura GT. Can organic and transgenic soy be used as a substitute for animal protein by rats? Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 2005;38:583-6.
142. Appenzeller LM, Munley SM, Hoban D, Sykes GP, Malley LA, Delaney B. Subchronic feeding study of herbicide- tolerant soybean DP-356ø43-5 in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2008;46:2201-13.
143. Malley LA, Everds NE, Reynolds J, Mann PC, Lamb I, Rood T, et al. Subchronic feeding study of DAS-59122-7 maize grain in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2007;45:1277-92.
144. MacKenzie SA, Lamb I, Schmidt J, Deege L, Morrisey MJ, Harper M, et al. Thirteen week feeding study with transgenic maize grain containing event DAS-ø15ø7-1 in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2007;45:551-62.
145. Healy C, Hammond B, Kirkpatrick J. Results of a 13-week safety assurance study with rats fed grain from corn rootworm-protected, glyphosate-tolerant MON 88017 corn. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2008;46:2517-24.
146. He XY, Huang KL, Li X, Qin W, Delaney B, Luo YB. Comparison of grain from corn rootworm resistant transgenic DAS-59122-7 maize with non-transgenic maize grain in a 90-day feeding study in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2008;46:1994-2002.
147. He XY, Tang MZ, Luo YB, Li X, Cao SS, Yu JJ, et al. A 90-day toxicology study of transgenic lysine-rich maize grain (Y642) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2009;47:425-32.
148. Delaney B, Appenzeller LM, Munley SM, Hoban D, Sykes GP, Malley LA, et al. Subchronic feeding study of high oleic acid soybeans (event DP-3ø5423-1) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2008;46:3808-17.
149. El Sanhoty R, El-Rahman AA, Bögl KW. Quality and safety evaluation of genetically modified potatoes spunta with Cry V gene: compositional analysis, determination of some toxins, antinutrients compounds and feeding study in rats. Die Nahrung 2004;48:13-8.
150. Momma K, Hashimoto W, Yoon HJ, Ozawa S, Fukuda Y, Kawai S, et al. Safety assessment of rice genetically modified with soybean glycinin by feeding studies on rats. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 2000; 64:1881-6.
151. Palombo JD, DeMichele SJ, Liu JW, Bistrian BR, Huang YS. Comparison of growth and fatty acid metabolism in rats fed diets containing equal levels of gamma-linolenic acid from high gamma-linolenic acid canola oil or borage oil. Lipids 2000;35:975-81.
152. Pusztai A, Bardocz GG, Alonso R, Chrispeels MJ, Schroeder HE, Tabe LM, et al. Expression of the insecticidal bean alpha-amylase inhibitor transgene has minimal detrimental effect on the nutritional value of peas fed to rats at 30% of the diet. Journal of Nutrition 1999;129:1597-603.
153. Chen ZL, Gu H, Li Y, Su Y, Wu P, Jiang Z, et al. Safety assessment for genetically modified sweet pepper and tomato. Toxicology 2003;188:297-307.
154. Malatesta M, Caporaloni C, Gavaudan S, Rocchi MBL, Tiberi C, Gazzanelli G. Ultrastructural morphometrical and immunocytochemical analyses of hepatocyte nuclei frommice fed on genetically modified soybean. Cell Structure and Function 2002;27:173-80.
155. Malatesta M, Tiberi C, Baldelli B, Battistelli S, Manuali E, Biggiogera B. Reversibility of hepatocyte nuclear modifications in mice fed on genetically modified soybean. European Journal of Histochemistry 2005;49:237-42.
156. Malatesta M, Caporaloni C, Rossi L, Battistelli S, Rocchi MBL, Tonucci F, et al. Ultrastructural analysis of pancreatic acinar cells from mice fed on genetically modified soybean. Journal of Anatomy 2002;201:409-16.
157. Malatesta M, Biggiogera M, Manuali E, Rocchi MBL, Baldelli B, Gazzanelli G. Fine structural analyses of pancreatic acinar cell nuclei from mice fed on GM soybean. European Journal of Histochemistry 2003;47:385-8.
158. Magaña-Gomez JA, Cervantes GL, Yepiz-Plascencia G, de la Barca AM. Pancreatic response of rats fed genetically modified soybean. Journal of Applied Toxicology 2008;28:217-6.
159. Vecchio L, Cisterna B, Malatesta M, Martin TE, Biggiogera B. Ultrastructural analysis of testes from mice fed on genetically modified soybean. European Journal of Histochemistry 2004;48:449-53.
160. Cisterna B, Flach F, Vecchio L, Barabino SML, Battistelli S, Martin TE, et al. Can a GMO-containing diet influence embryo development? A preliminary study on preimplantation mouse embryos. European Journal of Histochemistry 2008;52:263-7.
161. Tudisco R, Lombardi P, Bovera F, d'Angelo D, Cutrignelli MI, Mastellone V, et al. Genetically modified soya bean in rabbit feeding: detection of DNA fragments and evaluation of metabolic effects by enzymatic analysis. Animal Science 2006;82:193-9.
162. Malatesta M, Boraldi F, Annovi G, Baldelli B, Battistelli S, Biggiogera M, et al. A long-term study on female mice fed on a genetically modified soybean: effects on liver ageing. Histochemistry and Cell Biology 2008;130:967-77.
163. Sakamoto Y, Tada Y, Fukumori N, Tayama K, Ando H, Takahashi H, et al. A 104-week feeding study of genetically modified soybeans in F344 rats. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi 2008;49:272-82.
164. Finamore A, Roselli M, Britti S, Monastra G, Ambra R, Turrini A, et al. Intestinal and peripheral immune response to MON810 maize ingestion in weaning and old mice. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2008;56:11533-9.
165. Kiliç A, Akay MT. A three generation study with genetically modified Bt corn in rats: biochemical and histopathological investigation. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2008; 46:1164-70.
166. Fares NH, El-Sayed AK. Fine structural changes in the ileum of mice fed on delta-endotoxin-treated potatoes and transgenic potatoes. Natural Toxins 1998;6:219-33.
167. Ewen SW, Pusztai A. Effect of diets containing genetically modified potatoes expressing Galanthus nivalis lectin on rat small intestine. Lancet 1999;354:1353-4.
168. Juśkiewicz J, Zduńczyk Z, Fornal J. Nutritional properties of tubers of conventionally bred and transgenic lines of potato resistant to necrotic strain of Potato virus Y (PVYN). Acta Biochimica Polonica 2005;52:725-729
169. Hohlweg U, Doerfler W. On the fate of plant or other foreign genes upon the uptake in food or after intramuscular injection in mice. Molecular Genetics and Genomics 2001;265: 225-33.
170. Kharazmi M, Sczesny S, Blaut M, Hammes WP, Hertel C. Marker rescue studies of the transfer of recombinant DNA to Streptococcus gordonii in vitro, in foods and gnotobiotic rats. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2003;69: 6121-7.
171. Wilcks A, van Hoek AH, Joosten RG, Jacobsen BB, Aarts HJ. Persistence of DNA studied in different ex vivo and in vivo rat models simulating the human gut situation. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2004;42:493-502.
172. Doerfler W, Schubbert R. Uptake of foreign DNA from the environment: the gastrointestinal tract and the placenta as portals of entry. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 1998;110:40-4.
173. Chan P, Mahler J. NTP technical report on the toxicity studies of glyphosate (CAS No. 1071-83-6) administered in dosed feed to F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. Toxicity Report Series 1992;16:1-D3.
174. Hietanen E, Linnainmaa K, Vainio H. Effects of phenoxyherbicides and glyphosate on the hepatic and intestinal biotransformation activities in the rat. Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica 1983;53:103-2.
175. Daruich J, Zirulnik F, Gimenez MS. Effect of the herbicide glyphosate on enzymatic activity in pregnant rats and their fetuses. Environmental Research 2001;85:226-31.
176. Chang HS, Kim NH, Park MJ, Lim SK, Kim SC, Kim JY, et al. The 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase of glyphosate-tolerant soybean expressed in Escherichia coli shows no severe allergenicity. Molecules and Cells 2003;15:20-6.
177. Gizzarelli F, Corinti S, Barletta B, Iacovacci P, Brunetto B, Butteroni C, et al. Evaluation of allergenicity of genetically modified soybean protein extract in a murine model of oral allergen-specific sensitization. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 2006;36:238-48.
178. Vázquez-Padrón RI, Moreno-Fierros L, Neri-Bazán L, de la Riva GA, Lopez-Revilla R. Intragastric and intraperitoneal administration of Cry1Ac protoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis induces systemic and mucosal antibody responses in mice. Life Sciences 1999;64:1897-912.
179. Vázquez-Padrón RI, Gonzáles-Cabrera J, García-Tovar C, Neri-Bazan L, Lopez-Revilla R, Hernandez M, et al. Cry1Ac protoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis sp. kurstaki HD73 binds to surface proteins in the mouse small intestine. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2000;271:54-8.
180. Kroghsbo S, Madsen C, Poulsen M, Schrøder M, Kvist PH, Taylor M, et al. Immunotoxicological studies of genetically modified rice expressing PHA-E lectin or Bt toxin in Wistar rats. Toxicology 2008;245:24-34.
181. Prescott VE, Campbell PM, Moore A, Mattes J, Rothenberg ME, Foster PF, et al. Transgenic expression of bean α- amylase inhibitor in peas results in altered structure and immunogenicity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2005;53:9023-30.
182. Kinney AJ. Metabolic engineering in plants for human health and nutrition. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 2006;17:130-8.
183. Butelli E, Titta L, Giorgio M, Mock HP, Matros A, Peterek S, et al. Enrichment of tomato fruit with health- promotinganthocyanins by expression of select transcription factors. Nature Biotechnology 2008;26:1301-8.
184. Elías-López AL, Marquina B, Gutierrez-Ortega A, Aguilar D, Gomez-Lim M, Hernandez-Pando R. Transgenic tomato expressing interleukin-12 has a therapeutic effect in a murine model of progressive pulmonary tuberculosis. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 2008;154:123-33.
185. Rein D, Schijlen E, Kooistra T, Herbers K, Verschuren L, Hall R, et al. Transgenic flavonoid tomato intake reduces C- reactive protein in human C-reactive protein transgenic mice more than wild-type tomato. Journal of Nutrition 2006;136:2331-7.
186. Menassa R, Du C, Yin ZQ, Ma S, Poussier P, Brandle J, et al. Therapeutic effectiveness of orally administered transgenic low-alkaloid tobacco expressing human interleukin-10 in a mouse model of colitis. Plant Biotechnology Journal 2007;5:50-9.
187. Yamada Y, Nishizawa K, Yokoo M, Zhao H, Onishi K, Teraishi M, et al. Anti-hypertensive activity of genetically modified soybean seeds accumulating novokinin. Peptides 2008;29:331-7.
188. Loza-Rubio E, Rojas E, Gomez L, Olivera MT, Gomez-Lim MA. Development of an edible rabies vaccine in maize using the Vnukovo strain. Developments in Biologicals 2008;131:477-82.
189. Karaman S, Cunnick J, Wang K. Analysis of immune response in young and aged mice vaccinated with corn-derived antigen against Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin. Molecular Biotechnology 2006;32:31-42.
190. Alvarez ML, Pinyerd HL, Crisantes JD, Rigano MM, Pinkhasov J, Walmsley AM, et al. Plant-made subunit vaccine against pneumonic and bubonic plague is orally immunogenic in mice. Vaccine 2006;24:2477-90.
191. Youm JW, Jeon JH, Kim H, Kim YH, Ko K, Joung H, et al. Transgenic tomatoes expressing human beta-amyloid for use as a vaccine against Alzheimer's disease. Biotechnology Letters 2008;30:1839-45.
192. Ramírez YJ, Tasciotti E, Gutierrez-Ortega A, Donayre Torres AJ, Olivera Flores MT, Giacca M, et al. Fruit-specific expression of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tat gene in tomato plants and its immunogenic potential in mice. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 2007;14:685-92.
193. Jiang XL, He ZM, Peng ZQ, Qi Y, Chen Q, Yu SY. Cholera toxin B protein in transgenic tomato fruit induces systemic immune response in mice. Transgenic Research 2007;16:169-75.
194. Zhang X, Buehner NA, Hutson AM, Estes MK, Mason HS. Tomato is a highly effective vehicle for expression and oral immunization with Norwalk virus capsid protein. Plant Biotechnology Journal 2006;4:419-32.
195. Chen HF, Chang MH, Chiang BL, Jeng ST. Oral immunization of mice using transgenic tomato fruit expressing VP1 protein from enterovirus 71. Vaccine 2006;24:2944-51.
196. Seralini GE, Cellier D, de Vendomois JS. New analysis of a rat feeding study with a genetically modified maize reveals signs of hepatorenal toxicity. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 2007;52:596-602.
197. Doull J, Gaylor D, Greim HA, Lovell DP, Lynch B, Munro IC. Report of an expert panel on the reanalysis by of a 90- day study conducted by Monsanto in support of the safety of a genetically modified corn variety (MON 863). Food and Chemical Toxicology 2007;45:2073-85.
198. Melnick R, Lucier G, Wolfe M, Hall R, Stancel G, Prins G, et al. Summary of the National Toxicology Program's report of the endocrine disruptors low-dose peer review. Environmental Health Perspectives 2002;110:427-31.
199. Konig A, Cockburn A, Crevel RWR, Debruyne E, Grafstroem R, Hammerling U, et al. Assessment of the safety of foods derived from genetically modified (GM) crops. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2004;42:1047-88.
200. Schubert DR. The problem with nutritionally enhanced plants. Journal of Medicinal Food 2008;11:601-5.
201. EFSA GMO Panel Working Group on Animal Feeding Trials. Safety and nutritional assessment of GM plants and derived food and feed: the role of animal feeding trials. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2008;46(Suppl 1):S2-70.