SCOPUS 정보 검색 플랫폼

Macromolecular Rapid Communications

Volumn 30, Issue 9-10, 2009, Pages 717-731

Organic/organic' heterojunctions: Organic light emitting diodes and organic photovoltaic devices

(6) Armstrong, Neal R a Wang, Weining a Alloway, Dana M b Placencia, Diogenes a Ratcliff, Erin a Brumbach, Michael c

a University of Arizona (United States)

b Business Administration and Division of Business and Economics (United States)

c SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES (United States)

Author keywords

Diodes; Films; Frontier orbitais; Interface dipoles; Organic heterojunctions; Organic light emitting diodes; Organic photovoltaics; Uv photoelectron spectroscopy

Indexed keywords

FRONTIER ORBITAIS; INTERFACE DIPOLES; ORGANIC HETEROJUNCTIONS; ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAICS; UV-PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY;

DIODES; DISSIMILAR MATERIALS; EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY; EXCITONS; FREE ENERGY; HELMET MOUNTED DISPLAYS; HETEROJUNCTIONS; LANTHANUM COMPOUNDS; LIGHT EMISSION; LIGHT EMITTING DIODES; LIGHT SOURCES; MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY; PHOTOCURRENTS; PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY; PHOTOIONIZATION; PHOTONS; PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS; PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECTS; PHYSICAL OPTICS; POLYMER FILMS; SCANDIUM; SEMICONDUCTING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES; SOLAR CELLS; SOLAR ENERGY; SOLAR POWER GENERATION; SPECTRUM ANALYSIS; WATER ANALYSIS;

ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODES (OLED);

EID: 66249103335 PISSN: 10221336 EISSN: 15213927 Source Type: Journal
DOI: 10.1002/marc.200900075 Document Type: Review

Times cited : (202)

References (256)

1
- 0022594397
- C. W. Tang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 1986, 48, 183.
- (1986) Appl. Phys. Lett , vol.48 , pp. 183
- Tang, C.W.¹

2
- 21544459113
- C. W. Tang, S. A. van Slyke, Appl. Phys. Lett. 1987, 51, 913.
- (1987) Appl. Phys. Lett , vol.51 , pp. 913
- Tang, C.W.¹ van Slyke, S.A.²

3
- 0030573843
- S. A. VanSlyke, C. H. Chen, C. W. Tang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 1996, 69, 2160.
- (1996) Appl. Phys. Lett , vol.69 , pp. 2160
- VanSlyke, S.A.¹ Chen, C.H.² Tang, C.W.³

4
- 0032505122
- M. A. Baldo, D. F. O'Brien, Y. You, A. Shoustikov, S. Sibley, M. E. Thompson, S. R. Forrest, Nature 1998, 395, 151.
- (1998) Nature , vol.395 , pp. 151
- Baldo, M.A.¹ O'Brien, D.F.² You, Y.³ Shoustikov, A.⁴ Sibley, S.⁵ Thompson, M.E.⁶ Forrest, S.R.⁷

5
- 0034677475
- M. A. Baldo, M. E. Thompson, S. R. Forrest, Nature 2000, 403, 750.
- (2000) Nature , vol.403 , pp. 750
- Baldo, M.A.¹ Thompson, M.E.² Forrest, S.R.³

6
- 0036376675
- V. Adamovich, J. Brooks, A. Tamayo, A. M. Alexander, P. I. Djurovich, B. W. D'Andrade, C. Adachi, S. R. Forrest, M. E. Thompson, New J. Chem 2002, 26, 1171.
- (2002) New J. Chem , vol.26 , pp. 1171
- Adamovich, V.¹ Brooks, J.² Tamayo, A.³ Alexander, A.M.⁴ Djurovich, P.I.⁵ D'Andrade, B.W.⁶ Adachi, C.⁷ Forrest, S.R.⁸ Thompson, M.E.⁹

7
- 8344268624
- B. W. D'Andrade, S. R. Forrest, Adv. Mater. 2004, 16, 1585.
- (2004) Adv. Mater , vol.16 , pp. 1585
- D'Andrade, B.W.¹ Forrest, S.R.²

8
- 0033552919
- R. H. Friend, R. W. Gymer, A. B. Holmes, J. H. Burroughes, R. N. Marks, C. Taliani, D. D. C. Bradley, D. A. Dos Santos, J. L. Bredas, M. Logdlund, W. R. Salaneck, Nature 1999, 397,121.
- (1999) Nature , vol.397 , pp. 121
- Friend, R.H.¹ Gymer, R.W.² Holmes, A.B.³ Burroughes, J.H.⁴ Marks, R.N.⁵ Taliani, C.⁶ Bradley, D.D.C.⁷ Dos Santos, D.A.⁸ Bredas, J.L.⁹ Logdlund, M.¹⁰ Salaneck, W.R.¹¹

9
- 0027678070
- N. C. Greenham, S. C. Moratti, D. D. C. Bradley, R. H. Friend, A. B. Holmes, Nature 1993, 365, 628.
- (1993) Nature , vol.365 , pp. 628
- Greenham, N.C.¹ Moratti, S.C.² Bradley, D.D.C.³ Friend, R.H.⁴ Holmes, A.B.⁵

10
- 0029358852
- J. J. M. Halls, C. A. Walsh, N. C. Greenham, E. A. Marseglia, R. H. Friend, S. C. Moratti, A. B. Holmes, Nature 1995, 376, 498.
- (1995) Nature , vol.376 , pp. 498
- Halls, J.J.M.¹ Walsh, C.A.² Greenham, N.C.³ Marseglia, E.A.⁴ Friend, R.H.⁵ Moratti, S.C.⁶ Holmes, A.B.⁷

11
- 0001111223
- J. J. M. Halls, J. Cornil, D. A. dos Santos, R. Silbey, D. H. Hwang, A. B. Holmes, J. L. Bredas, R. H. Friend, Phys. Rev. B 1999, 60, 5721.
- (1999) Phys. Rev. B , vol.60 , pp. 5721
- Halls, J.J.M.¹ Cornil, J.² dos Santos, D.A.³ Silbey, R.⁴ Hwang, D.H.⁵ Holmes, A.B.⁶ Bredas, J.L.⁷ Friend, R.H.⁸

12
- 0001124673
- M. D. Archer, R. Hill, Eds, Imperial College Press, London
- J. J. M. Halls, R. H. Friend, "Clean Electricity from Photovol-taics", Vol. 1, M. D. Archer, R. Hill, Eds., Imperial College Press, London 2001, p. 377.
- (2001) Clean Electricity from Photovol-taics , vol.1 , pp. 377
- Halls, J.J.M.¹ Friend, R.H.²

13
- 0035839048
- L. Schmidt-Mende, A. Fechtenkotter, K. Müllen, E. Moons, R. H. Friend, J. D. MacKenzie, Science 2001, 293, 1119.
- (2001) Science , vol.293 , pp. 1119
- Schmidt-Mende, L.¹ Fechtenkotter, A.² Müllen, K.³ Moons, E.⁴ Friend, R.H.⁵ MacKenzie, J.D.⁶

14
- 19944403238
- S. R. Forrest, MRS Bull. 2005, 30, 28.
- (2005) MRS Bull , vol.30 , pp. 28
- Forrest, S.R.¹

15
- 11144347693
- F. Yang, M. Shtein, S. R. Forrest, Nat. Mater. 2005, 4, 37.
- (2005) Nat. Mater , vol.4 , pp. 37
- Yang, F.¹ Shtein, M.² Forrest, S.R.³

16
- 34248326379
- S. R. Forrest, M. E. Thompson, Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 923.
- (2007) Chem. Rev , vol.107 , pp. 923
- Forrest, S.R.¹ Thompson, M.E.²

17
- 45749124411
- F. Yang, S. R. Forrest, ACS Nano 2008, 2, 1022.
- (2008) ACS Nano , vol.2 , pp. 1022
- Yang, F.¹ Forrest, S.R.²

18
- 48449105957
- C. J. Brabec, J. R. Durrant, MRS Bull. 2008, 33, 670.
- (2008) MRS Bull , vol.33 , pp. 670
- Brabec, C.J.¹ Durrant, J.R.²

19
- 33645392241
- M. C. Scharber, D. Wuhlbacher, M. Koppe, P. Denk, C. Waldauf, A. J. Heeger, C. L. Brabec, Adv. Mater. 2006, 18, 789.
- (2006) Adv. Mater , vol.18 , pp. 789
- Scharber, M.C.¹ Wuhlbacher, D.² Koppe, M.³ Denk, P.⁴ Waldauf, C.⁵ Heeger, A.J.⁶ Brabec, C.L.⁷

20
- 44349095346
- Y. S. Huang, S. Westenhoff, I. Avilov, P. Sreearunothai, J. M. Hodgkiss, C. Deleener, R. H. Friend, D. Beljonne, Nat. Mater. 2008, 7, 483.
- (2008) Nat. Mater , vol.7 , pp. 483
- Huang, Y.S.¹ Westenhoff, S.² Avilov, I.³ Sreearunothai, P.⁴ Hodgkiss, J.M.⁵ Deleener, C.⁶ Friend, R.H.⁷ Beljonne, D.⁸

21
- 25844456532
- H. J. Snaith, G. L. Whiting, B. Q. Sun, N. C. Greenham, W. T. S. Huck, R. H. Friend, Nano Lett. 2005, 5, 1653.
- (2005) Nano Lett , vol.5 , pp. 1653
- Snaith, H.J.¹ Whiting, G.L.² Sun, B.Q.³ Greenham, N.C.⁴ Huck, W.T.S.⁵ Friend, R.H.⁶

22
- 66249134867
- M. Riede, T. Mueller, W. Tress, R. Schueppel, K. Leo, Nano-technology 2008, 19, 1.
- (2008) Nano-technology , vol.19 , pp. 1
- Riede, M.¹ Mueller, T.² Tress, W.³ Schueppel, R.⁴ Leo, K.⁵

23
- 40549102182
- M. Brumbach, D. Placencia, N. R. Armstrong, J. Phys. Chem C 2008, 122, 3142.
- (2008) J. Phys. Chem C , vol.122 , pp. 3142
- Brumbach, M.¹ Placencia, D.² Armstrong, N.R.³

24
- 34247553333
- R. A. Marsh, C. Groves, N. C. Greenham, J. Appl. Phys. 2007, 102, 083509.
- (2007) J. Appl. Phys , vol.102 , pp. 083509
- Marsh, R.A.¹ Groves, C.² Greenham, N.C.³

25
- 33751040574
- K. Schulze, C. Uhrich, R. Schuppel, K. Leo, M. Pfeiffer, E. Brier, E. Remold, P. Bauerle, Adv. Mater. 2006, 28, 2872.
- (2006) Adv. Mater , vol.28 , pp. 2872
- Schulze, K.¹ Uhrich, C.² Schuppel, R.³ Leo, K.⁴ Pfeiffer, M.⁵ Brier, E.⁶ Remold, E.⁷ Bauerle, P.⁸

26
- 33748786503
- M. T. Lloyd, A. C. Mayer, A. S. Tayi, A. M. Bowen, T. G. Kasen, D. J. Herman, D. A. Mourey, J. E. Anthony, G. G. Malliaras, Org. Electron. 2006, 7, 243.
- (2006) Org. Electron , vol.7 , pp. 243
- Lloyd, M.T.¹ Mayer, A.C.² Tayi, A.S.³ Bowen, A.M.⁴ Kasen, T.G.⁵ Herman, D.J.⁶ Mourey, D.A.⁷ Anthony, J.E.⁸ Malliaras, G.G.⁹

27
- 33644673793
- L. J. A. Koster, V. D. Mihailetchi, P. W. M. Blom, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 88, 093511.
- (2006) Appl. Phys. Lett , vol.88 , pp. 093511
- Koster, L.J.A.¹ Mihailetchi, V.D.² Blom, P.W.M.³

28
- 19944397831
- B. A. Gregg, MRS Bull. 2005, 30, 20.
- (2005) MRS Bull , vol.30 , pp. 20
- Gregg, B.A.¹

29
- 11044226138
- S. Yoo, B. Domercq, B. Kippelen, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 85, 5427.
- (2004) Appl. Phys. Lett , vol.85 , pp. 5427
- Yoo, S.¹ Domercq, B.² Kippelen, B.³

30
- 34547382263
- P. W. M. Blom, V. D. Mihailetchi, L. J. A. Koster, D. E. Markov, Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 1551.
- (2007) Adv. Mater , vol.19 , pp. 1551
- Blom, P.W.M.¹ Mihailetchi, V.D.² Koster, L.J.A.³ Markov, D.E.⁴

31
- 40549138115
- J. Boucle, S. Chyla, M. S. P. Shaffer, J. R. Durrant, D. D. C. Bradley, J. Nelson, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2008, 18, 622.
- (2008) Adv. Funct. Mater , vol.18 , pp. 622
- Boucle, J.¹ Chyla, S.² Shaffer, M.S.P.³ Durrant, J.R.⁴ Bradley, D.D.C.⁵ Nelson, J.⁶

32
- 33644630570
- Y. Kim, S. Cook, S. M. Tuladhar, S. A. Choulis, J. Nelson, J. R. Durrant, D. D. C. Bradley, M. Giles, I. McCulloch, C. S. Ha, M. Ree, Nat. Mater. 2006, 5, 197.
- (2006) Nat. Mater , vol.5 , pp. 197
- Kim, Y.¹ Cook, S.² Tuladhar, S.M.³ Choulis, S.A.⁴ Nelson, J.⁵ Durrant, J.R.⁶ Bradley, D.D.C.⁷ Giles, M.⁸ McCulloch, I.⁹ Ha, C.S.¹⁰ Ree, M.¹¹

33
- 42449087828
- I. W. Hwang, D. Moses, A. J. Heeger, J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 4350.
- (2008) J. Phys. Chem. C , vol.112 , pp. 4350
- Hwang, I.W.¹ Moses, D.² Heeger, A.J.³

34
- 34248396741
- S. Günes, H. Neugebauer, N. S. Sariciftci, Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 1324.
- (2007) Chem. Rev , vol.107 , pp. 1324
- Günes, S.¹ Neugebauer, H.² Sariciftci, N.S.³

35
- 84874490698
- in press
- D. Placencia, W. Wang, R. C. Shallcross, K. Nebesny, M. Brumbach, N. R. Armstrong, Adv. Funct. Mater, (in press).
- Adv. Funct. Mater
- Placencia, D.¹ Wang, W.² Shallcross, R.C.³ Nebesny, K.⁴ Brumbach, M.⁵ Armstrong, N.R.⁶

36
- 43649097530
- K. Mullen, J. P. Rabe, Acc. Chem Res. 2008, 41, 511.
- (2008) Acc. Chem Res , vol.41 , pp. 511
- Mullen, K.¹ Rabe, J.P.²

37
- 55549125230
- V. Palermo, M. B. J. Otten, A. Liscio, E. Schwartz, P. A. J. de Witte, M. A. Castriciano, M. M. Wienk, F. Nolde, G. De Luca, J. Comelissen, R. A. J. Janssen, K. Müllen, A. E. Rowan, R. J. M. Nolte, P. Samori, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 14605.
- (2008) J. Am. Chem. Soc , vol.130 , pp. 14605
- Palermo, V.¹ Otten, M.B.J.² Liscio, A.³ Schwartz, E.⁴ de Witte, P.A.J.⁵ Castriciano, M.A.⁶ Wienk, M.M.⁷ Nolde, F.⁸ De Luca, G.⁹ Comelissen, J.¹⁰ Janssen, R.A.J.¹¹ Müllen, K.¹² Rowan, A.E.¹³ Nolte, R.J.M.¹⁴ Samori, P.¹⁵

38
- 38349119186
- A. Liscio, G. De Luca, F. Nolde, V. Palermo, K. Muellen, P. Samori, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 780.
- (2008) J. Am. Chem. Soc , vol.130 , pp. 780
- Liscio, A.¹ De Luca, G.² Nolde, F.³ Palermo, V.⁴ Muellen, K.⁵ Samori, P.⁶

39
- 0032482280
- J. C. Conboy, E. J. C. Olson, D. M. Adams, J. Kerimo, A. Zaban, B. A. Gregg, P. F. Barbara, J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 4516.
- (1998) J. Phys. Chem. B , vol.102 , pp. 4516
- Conboy, J.C.¹ Olson, E.J.C.² Adams, D.M.³ Kerimo, J.⁴ Zaban, A.⁵ Gregg, B.A.⁶ Barbara, P.F.⁷

40
- 79956058999
- A. J. Breeze, A. Salomon, D. S. Ginley, B. A. Gregg, H. Tillmann, H. H. Horhold, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002, 81, 3085.
- (2002) Appl. Phys. Lett , vol.81 , pp. 3085
- Breeze, A.J.¹ Salomon, A.² Ginley, D.S.³ Gregg, B.A.⁴ Tillmann, H.⁵ Horhold, H.H.⁶

41
- 0038281423
- B. A. Gregg, J. Phys. Chem. B 2003, 107, 4688.
- (2003) J. Phys. Chem. B , vol.107 , pp. 4688
- Gregg, B.A.¹

42
- 9144241185
- B. A. Gregg, J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 208, 17285.
- (2004) J. Phys. Chem. B , vol.208 , pp. 17285
- Gregg, B.A.¹

43
- 0036425129
- S. Heutz, A. J. Ferguson, G. Rumbles, T. S. Jones, Org. Electron. 2002, 3, 119.
- (2002) Org. Electron , vol.3 , pp. 119
- Heutz, S.¹ Ferguson, A.J.² Rumbles, G.³ Jones, T.S.⁴

44
- 21644478144
- S. Heutz, A. F. Nogueira, J. R. Durrant, T. S. Jones, J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 11693.
- (2005) J. Phys. Chem. B , vol.109 , pp. 11693
- Heutz, S.¹ Nogueira, A.F.² Durrant, J.R.³ Jones, T.S.⁴

45
- 66249109212
- P. Sullivan, T. S. Jones, A. J. Ferguson, S. Heutz, Appl. Phys. Lett 2007, 91.
- (2007) Appl. Phys. Lett , vol.91
- Sullivan, P.¹ Jones, T.S.² Ferguson, A.J.³ Heutz, S.⁴

46
- 66249119303
- W. Zhao, E. Salomon, Q. Zhang, S. Barlow, S. R. Marder, A. Kahn, Phys. Rev. B 2008, 77.
- (2008) Phys. Rev. B , vol.77
- Zhao, W.¹ Salomon, E.² Zhang, Q.³ Barlow, S.⁴ Marder, S.R.⁵ Kahn, A.⁶

47
- 66249132639
- S. D. Ha, Q. Zhang, S. Barlow, S. R. Marder, A. Kahn, Phys. Rev. B 2008, 77.
- (2008) Phys. Rev. B , vol.77
- Ha, S.D.¹ Zhang, Q.² Barlow, S.³ Marder, S.R.⁴ Kahn, A.⁵

48
- 33646912709
- A. Kahn, W. Zhao, W. Y. Gao, H. Vazquez, F. Flores, Chem. Phys. 2006, 325, 129.
- (2006) Chem. Phys , vol.325 , pp. 129
- Kahn, A.¹ Zhao, W.² Gao, W.Y.³ Vazquez, H.⁴ Flores, F.⁵

49
- 66249134194
- H. Vazquez, W. Gao, F. Flores, A. Kahn, Phys. Rev. B 2005, 71.
- (2005) Phys. Rev. B , vol.71
- Vazquez, H.¹ Gao, W.² Flores, F.³ Kahn, A.⁴

50
- 1842615820
- H. Vazquez, R. Oszwaldowski, P. Pou, J. Ortega, R. Perez, F. Flores, A. Kahn, Europhys. Lett. 2004, 65, 802.
- (2004) Europhys. Lett , vol.65 , pp. 802
- Vazquez, H.¹ Oszwaldowski, R.² Pou, P.³ Ortega, J.⁴ Perez, R.⁵ Flores, F.⁶ Kahn, A.⁷

51
- 66249090816
- W. Chen, H. Huang, S. Chen, L. Chen, H. L. Zhang, X. Y. Gao, A. T. S. Wee, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 91.
- (2007) Appl. Phys. Lett , vol.91
- Chen, W.¹ Huang, H.² Chen, S.³ Chen, L.⁴ Zhang, H.L.⁵ Gao, X.Y.⁶ Wee, A.T.S.⁷

52
- 66249138757
- B. P. Rand, D. P. Burk, S. R. Forrest, Phys. Rev. B 2007, 75.
- (2007) Phys. Rev. B , vol.75
- Rand, B.P.¹ Burk, D.P.² Forrest, S.R.³

53
- 2442509630
- J. G. Xue, S. Uchida, B. P. Rand, S. R. Forrest, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 84, 3013.
- (2004) Appl. Phys. Lett , vol.84 , pp. 3013
- Xue, J.G.¹ Uchida, S.² Rand, B.P.³ Forrest, S.R.⁴

54
- 35148837589
- S. Yoo, W. J. Potscavage, B. Domercq, S. H. Han, T. D. Li, S. C. Jones, R. Szoszklewicz, D. Levi, E. Riedo, S. R. Marder, B. Kippelen, Solid-State Electron. 2007, 51, 1367.
- (2007) Solid-State Electron , vol.51 , pp. 1367
- Yoo, S.¹ Potscavage, W.J.² Domercq, B.³ Han, S.H.⁴ Li, T.D.⁵ Jones, S.C.⁶ Szoszklewicz, R.⁷ Levi, D.⁸ Riedo, E.⁹ Marder, S.R.¹⁰ Kippelen, B.¹¹

55
- 66249105959
- S. Yoo, B. Domercq, B. Kippelen, J. Appl. Phys. 2005, 97, 9.
- (2005) J. Appl. Phys , vol.97 , pp. 9
- Yoo, S.¹ Domercq, B.² Kippelen, B.³

56
- 26844438506
- W. L Ma, C. Y. Yang, X. Gong, K. Lee, A. J. Heeger, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2005, 15, 1617.
- (2005) Adv. Funct. Mater , vol.15 , pp. 1617
- Ma, W.L.¹ Yang, C.Y.² Gong, X.³ Lee, K.⁴ Heeger, A.J.⁵

57
- 0000019648
- L. S. Hung, C. W. Tang, M. G. Mason, P. Raychaudhuri, J. Madathil, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2001, 78, 544.
- (2001) Appl. Phys. Lett , vol.78 , pp. 544
- Hung, L.S.¹ Tang, C.W.² Mason, M.G.³ Raychaudhuri, P.⁴ Madathil, J.⁵

58
- 79956032713
- C. J. Brabec, S. E. Shaheen, C. Winder, N. S. Sariciftci, P. Denk, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002, 80, 1288.
- (2002) Appl. Phys. Lett , vol.80 , pp. 1288
- Brabec, C.J.¹ Shaheen, S.E.² Winder, C.³ Sariciftci, N.S.⁴ Denk, P.⁵

59
- 0005151331
- R. Schlaf, B. A. Parkinson, P. A. Lee, K. W. Nebesny, G. Jabbour, B. Kippelen, N. Peyghambarian, N. R. Armstrong, J. Appl. Phys. 1998, 84, 6729.
- (1998) J. Appl. Phys , vol.84 , pp. 6729
- Schlaf, R.¹ Parkinson, B.A.² Lee, P.A.³ Nebesny, K.W.⁴ Jabbour, G.⁵ Kippelen, B.⁶ Peyghambarian, N.⁷ Armstrong, N.R.⁸

60
- 18044400975
- M. G. Mason, C. W. Tang, L. S. Hung, P. Raychaudhuri, J. Madathil, D. J. Giesen, L. Yan, Q. T. Le, Y. Gao, S. T. Lee, L. S. Liao, L. F. Cheng, W. R. Salaneck, D. A. dos Santos, J. L. Bredas, J. Appl. Phys. 2001, 89, 2756.
- (2001) J. Appl. Phys , vol.89 , pp. 2756
- Mason, M.G.¹ Tang, C.W.² Hung, L.S.³ Raychaudhuri, P.⁴ Madathil, J.⁵ Giesen, D.J.⁶ Yan, L.⁷ Le, Q.T.⁸ Gao, Y.⁹ Lee, S.T.¹⁰ Liao, L.S.¹¹ Cheng, L.F.¹² Salaneck, W.R.¹³ dos Santos, D.A.¹⁴ Bredas, J.L.¹⁵

61
- 66249132278
- M. O. Reese, M. S. White, G. Rumbles, D. S. Ginley, S. E. Shaheen, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 92, 3.
- (2008) Appl. Phys. Lett , vol.92 , pp. 3
- Reese, M.O.¹ White, M.S.² Rumbles, G.³ Ginley, D.S.⁴ Shaheen, S.E.⁵

62
- 19944414967
- S. E. Shaheen, D. S. Ginley, G. E. Jabbour, MRS Bull. 2005, 30, 10.
- (2005) MRS Bull , vol.30 , pp. 10
- Shaheen, S.E.¹ Ginley, D.S.² Jabbour, G.E.³

63
- 33748785717
- J. Hwang, F. Amy, A. Kahn, Org. Electron 2006, 7, 387.
- (2006) Org. Electron , vol.7 , pp. 387
- Hwang, J.¹ Amy, F.² Kahn, A.³

64
- 33847314060
- H. Peisert, A. Petr, L. Dunsch, T. Chasse, M. Knupfer, Chem-PhysChem 2007, 8, 386.
- (2007) Chem-PhysChem , vol.8 , pp. 386
- Peisert, H.¹ Petr, A.² Dunsch, L.³ Chasse, T.⁴ Knupfer, M.⁵

65
- 53349175689
- L. S. C. Pingree, B. A. MacLeod, D. S. Ginger, J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 222, 7922.
- (2008) J. Phys. Chem. C , vol.222 , pp. 7922
- Pingree, L.S.C.¹ MacLeod, B.A.² Ginger, D.S.³

66
- 17544366295
- C. Tengstedt, A. Crispin, C. H. Hsu, C. Zhang, I. D. Parker, W. R. Salaneck, M. Fahman, Org. Electron. 2005, 6, 21.
- (2005) Org. Electron , vol.6 , pp. 21
- Tengstedt, C.¹ Crispin, A.² Hsu, C.H.³ Zhang, C.⁴ Parker, I.D.⁵ Salaneck, W.R.⁶ Fahman, M.⁷

67
- 66149149792
- S. Braun, W. R. Salaneck, M. Fahlman, Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 1450.
- (2009) Adv. Mater , vol.21 , pp. 1450
- Braun, S.¹ Salaneck, W.R.² Fahlman, M.³

68
- 17344373950
- J. D. Anderson, E. M. McDonald, P. A. Lee, M. L. Anderson, E. L. Ritchie, H. K. Hall, T. Hopkins, E. A. Mash, J. Wang, A. Padias, S. Thayumanavan, S. Barlow, S. R. Marder, G. E. Jabbour, S. Shaheen, B. Kippelen, N. Peyghambarian, R. M. Wightman, N. R. Armstrong, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 9646.
- (1998) J. Am. Chem. Soc , vol.120 , pp. 9646
- Anderson, J.D.¹ McDonald, E.M.² Lee, P.A.³ Anderson, M.L.⁴ Ritchie, E.L.⁵ Hall, H.K.⁶ Hopkins, T.⁷ Mash, E.A.⁸ Wang, J.⁹ Padias, A.¹⁰ Thayumanavan, S.¹¹ Barlow, S.¹² Marder, S.R.¹³ Jabbour, G.E.¹⁴ Shaheen, S.¹⁵ Kippelen, B.¹⁶ Peyghambarian, N.¹⁷ Wightman, R.M.¹⁸ Armstrong, N.R.¹⁹

69
- 0034927722
- N. R. Armstrong, R. M. Wightman, E. M. Gross, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 2001, 52, 391.
- (2001) Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem , vol.52 , pp. 391
- Armstrong, N.R.¹ Wightman, R.M.² Gross, E.M.³

70
- 0001096784
- R. Schlaf, B. A. Parkinson, P. A. Lee, K. W. Nebesny, N. R. Armstrong, J. Phys. Chem. B 1999, 103, 2984.
- (1999) J. Phys. Chem. B , vol.103 , pp. 2984
- Schlaf, R.¹ Parkinson, B.A.² Lee, P.A.³ Nebesny, K.W.⁴ Armstrong, N.R.⁵

71
- 0037444852
- B. A. Gregg, M. C. Hanna, J. Appl. Phys. 2003, 93, 3605.
- (2003) J. Appl. Phys , vol.93 , pp. 3605
- Gregg, B.A.¹ Hanna, M.C.²

72
- 66249146835
- C. Waldauf, M. C. Scharber, P. Schilinsky, J. A. Hauch, C. J. Brabec, J. Appl. Phys. 2006, 99, 6.
- (2006) J. Appl. Phys , vol.99 , pp. 6
- Waldauf, C.¹ Scharber, M.C.² Schilinsky, P.³ Hauch, J.A.⁴ Brabec, C.J.⁵

73
- 53849148279
- S. Westenhoff, I. A. Howard, J. M. Hodgkiss, K. R. Kirov, H. A. Bronstein, C. K. Williams, N. C. Greenham, R. H. Friend, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 13653.
- (2008) J. Am. Chem. Soc , vol.130 , pp. 13653
- Westenhoff, S.¹ Howard, I.A.² Hodgkiss, J.M.³ Kirov, K.R.⁴ Bronstein, H.A.⁵ Williams, C.K.⁶ Greenham, N.C.⁷ Friend, R.H.⁸

74
- 66249107840
- W. J. Potscavage, S. Yoo, B. Kippelen, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 93, 3.
- (2008) Appl. Phys. Lett , vol.93 , pp. 3
- Potscavage, W.J.¹ Yoo, S.² Kippelen, B.³

75
- 38349158105
- C. R. McNeill, S. Westenhoff, C. Groves, R. H. Friend, N. C. Greenham, J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 19153.
- (2007) J. Phys. Chem. C , vol.111 , pp. 19153
- McNeill, C.R.¹ Westenhoff, S.² Groves, C.³ Friend, R.H.⁴ Greenham, N.C.⁵

76
- 44249084707
- M. D. Irwin, B. Buchholz, A. W. Hains, R. P. H. Chang, T. J. Marks, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2008, 105, 2783.
- (2008) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A , vol.105 , pp. 2783
- Irwin, M.D.¹ Buchholz, B.² Hains, A.W.³ Chang, R.P.H.⁴ Marks, T.J.⁵

77
- 66249104253
- A. W. Hains, T. J. Marks, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 92.
- (2008) Appl. Phys. Lett , vol.92
- Hains, A.W.¹ Marks, T.J.²

78
- 37149031876
- R. R. Lunt, J. B. Benziger, S. R. Forrest, Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 4229.
- (2007) Adv. Mater , vol.19 , pp. 4229
- Lunt, R.R.¹ Benziger, J.B.² Forrest, S.R.³

79
- 66249129986
- G. Dennler, K. Forberich, T. Ameri, C. Waldauf, P. Denk, C. J. Brabec, K. Hingerl, A. J. Heeger, J. Appl. Phys. 2007, 202.
- (2007) J. Appl. Phys , vol.202
- Dennler, G.¹ Forberich, K.² Ameri, T.³ Waldauf, C.⁴ Denk, P.⁵ Brabec, C.J.⁶ Hingerl, K.⁷ Heeger, A.J.⁸

80
- 33646912709
- A. Kahn, W. Zhao, W. Y. Gao, H. Vazquez, F. Flores, Chem. Phys. 2006, 325, 129.
- (2006) Chem. Phys , vol.325 , pp. 129
- Kahn, A.¹ Zhao, W.² Gao, W.Y.³ Vazquez, H.⁴ Flores, F.⁵

81
- 0037450228
- D. Cahen, A. Kahn, Adv. Mater. 2003, 15, 271.
- (2003) Adv. Mater , vol.15 , pp. 271
- Cahen, D.¹ Kahn, A.²

82
- 0242386370
- A. Kahn, N. Koch, W. Y. Gao, J. Polym. Sci., Part B:Polym. Phys. 2003, 41, 2529.
- (2003) J. Polym. Sci., Part B:Polym. Phys , vol.41 , pp. 2529
- Kahn, A.¹ Koch, N.² Gao, W.Y.³

83
- 66249113819
- S. Kera, Y. Yabuuchi, H. Yamane, H. Setoyama, K. K. Okudaira, A. Kahn, N. Ueno, Phys. Rev. B 2004, 70.
- (2004) Phys. Rev. B , vol.70
- Kera, S.¹ Yabuuchi, Y.² Yamane, H.³ Setoyama, H.⁴ Okudaira, K.K.⁵ Kahn, A.⁶ Ueno, N.⁷

84
- 3342998559
- H. Vazquez, F. Flores, R. Oszwaldowski, J. Ortega, R. Perez, A. Kahn, Appl. Surf. Sci. 2004, 234, 107.
- (2004) Appl. Surf. Sci , vol.234 , pp. 107
- Vazquez, H.¹ Flores, F.² Oszwaldowski, R.³ Ortega, J.⁴ Perez, R.⁵ Kahn, A.⁶

85
- 0037055015
- X. Crispin, V. Geskin, A. Crispin, J. Cornil, R. Lazzaroni, W. R. Salaneck, J. L Bredas, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 8131.
- (2002) J. Am. Chem. Soc , vol.124 , pp. 8131
- Crispin, X.¹ Geskin, V.² Crispin, A.³ Cornil, J.⁴ Lazzaroni, R.⁵ Salaneck, W.R.⁶ Bredas, J.L.⁷

86
- 36249029966
- S. Braun, M. P. de Jong, W. Osikowicz, W. R. Salaneck, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 91, 202108/1.
- (2007) Appl. Phys. Lett , vol.91 , pp. 202108-202111
- Braun, S.¹ de Jong, M.P.² Osikowicz, W.³ Salaneck, W.R.⁴

87
- 66249113106
- A. J. Caseio, J. E. Lyon, M. M. Beerbom, R. Schlaf, Y. Zhu, S. A. Jenekhe, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 88.
- (2006) Appl. Phys. Lett , vol.88
- Caseio, A.J.¹ Lyon, J.E.² Beerbom, M.M.³ Schlaf, R.⁴ Zhu, Y.⁵ Jenekhe, S.A.⁶

88
- 66249147151
- J. E. Lyon, A. J. Caseio, M. M. Beerbom, R. Schlaf, Y. Zhu, S. A. Jenekhe, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 88.
- (2006) Appl. Phys. Lett , vol.88
- Lyon, J.E.¹ Caseio, A.J.² Beerbom, M.M.³ Schlaf, R.⁴ Zhu, Y.⁵ Jenekhe, S.A.⁶

89
- 0242551715
- D. M. Alloway, M. Hofmann, D. L. Smith, N. E. Gruhn, A. L. Graham, R. Colorado, V. H. Wysocki, T. R. Lee, P. A. Lee, N. R. Armstrong, J. Phys. Chem. B 2003, 107, 11690.
- (2003) J. Phys. Chem. B , vol.107 , pp. 11690
- Alloway, D.M.¹ Hofmann, M.² Smith, D.L.³ Gruhn, N.E.⁴ Graham, A.L.⁵ Colorado, R.⁶ Wysocki, V.H.⁷ Lee, T.R.⁸ Lee, P.A.⁹ Armstrong, N.R.¹⁰

90
- 0346977332
- J. Blochwitz, T. Fritz, M. Pfeiffer, K. Leo, D. M. Alloway, P. A. Lee, N. R. Armstrong, Org. Electron. 2001, 2, 97.
- (2001) Org. Electron , vol.2 , pp. 97
- Blochwitz, J.¹ Fritz, T.² Pfeiffer, M.³ Leo, K.⁴ Alloway, D.M.⁵ Lee, P.A.⁶ Armstrong, N.R.⁷

91
- 45149085353
- S. A. Paniagua, P. J. Hotchkiss, S. C. Jones, S. R. Marder, A. Mudalige, F. S. Marrikar, J. E. Pemberton, N. R. Armstrong, J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 7809.
- (2008) J. Phys. Chem. C , vol.112 , pp. 7809
- Paniagua, S.A.¹ Hotchkiss, P.J.² Jones, S.C.³ Marder, S.R.⁴ Mudalige, A.⁵ Marrikar, F.S.⁶ Pemberton, J.E.⁷ Armstrong, N.R.⁸

92
- 51049112941
- P. B. Paramonov, S. A. Paniagua, P. J. Hotchkiss, S. C. Jones, N. R. Armstrong, S. R. Marder, J. L. Bredas, Chem. Mater. 2008, 20, 5131.
- (2008) Chem. Mater , vol.20 , pp. 5131
- Paramonov, P.B.¹ Paniagua, S.A.² Hotchkiss, P.J.³ Jones, S.C.⁴ Armstrong, N.R.⁵ Marder, S.R.⁶ Bredas, J.L.⁷

93
- 0029359942
- Q. B. Pei, G. Yu, C. Zhang, Y. Yang, A. J. Heeger, Science 1995, 269, 1086.
- (1995) Science , vol.269 , pp. 1086
- Pei, Q.B.¹ Yu, G.² Zhang, C.³ Yang, Y.⁴ Heeger, A.J.⁵

94
- 34249888579
- Y. Shao, G. C. Bazan, A. J. Heeger, Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 365.
- (2007) Adv. Mater , vol.19 , pp. 365
- Shao, Y.¹ Bazan, G.C.² Heeger, A.J.³

95
- 0016510485
- D. Laser, A. J. Bard, J. Electrochem. Soc. 1975, 122, 632.
- (1975) J. Electrochem. Soc , vol.122 , pp. 632
- Laser, D.¹ Bard, A.J.²

96
- 0346940076
- C. P. Keszthelyi, D. Laser, A. J. Bard, J. Electrochem. Soc. 1975, 122, 1642.
- (1975) J. Electrochem. Soc , vol.122 , pp. 1642
- Keszthelyi, C.P.¹ Laser, D.² Bard, A.J.³

97
- 4243488764
- M. M. Richter, F. R. F. Fan, F. Klavetter, A. J. Heeger, A. J. Bard, Chem. Phys. Lett. 1994, 226, 115.
- (1994) Chem. Phys. Lett , vol.226 , pp. 115
- Richter, M.M.¹ Fan, F.R.F.² Klavetter, F.³ Heeger, A.J.⁴ Bard, A.J.⁵

98
- 17744387775
- D. Dini, Chem. Mater. 2005, 17, 1933.
- (2005) Chem. Mater , vol.17 , pp. 1933
- Dini, D.¹

99
- 33744493167
- A. P. Kulkami, X. X. Kong, S. A. Jenekhe, Adv. Funct Mater. 2006, 16, 1057.
- (2006) Adv. Funct Mater , vol.16 , pp. 1057
- Kulkami, A.P.¹ Kong, X.X.² Jenekhe, S.A.³

100
- 47349110668
- Y. L. Chang, R. E. Palacios, F. R. F. Fan, A. J. Bard, P. F. Barbara, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 8906.
- (2008) J. Am. Chem. Soc , vol.130 , pp. 8906
- Chang, Y.L.¹ Palacios, R.E.² Fan, F.R.F.³ Bard, A.J.⁴ Barbara, P.F.⁵

101
- 0037421880
- W. H. Flora, H. K. Hall, N. R. Armstrong, J. Phys. Chem. B 2003, 107, 1142.
- (2003) J. Phys. Chem. B , vol.107 , pp. 1142
- Flora, W.H.¹ Hall, H.K.² Armstrong, N.R.³

102
- 0032620165
- S. E. Shaheen, B. Kippelen, N. Peyghambarian, J. F. Wang, J. D. Anderson, E. A. Mash, P. A. Lee, N. R. Armstrong, Y. Kawabe, J. Appl. Phys. 1999, 85, 7939.
- (1999) J. Appl. Phys , vol.85 , pp. 7939
- Shaheen, S.E.¹ Kippelen, B.² Peyghambarian, N.³ Wang, J.F.⁴ Anderson, J.D.⁵ Mash, E.A.⁶ Lee, P.A.⁷ Armstrong, N.R.⁸ Kawabe, Y.⁹

103
- 0032621589
- S. E. Shaheen, G. E. Jabbour, B. Kippelen, N. Peyghambarian, J. D. Anderson, S. R. Marder, N. R. Armstrong, E. Bellmann, R. H. Grubbs, Appl. Phys. Lett. 1999, 74, 3212.
- (1999) Appl. Phys. Lett , vol.74 , pp. 3212
- Shaheen, S.E.¹ Jabbour, G.E.² Kippelen, B.³ Peyghambarian, N.⁴ Anderson, J.D.⁵ Marder, S.R.⁶ Armstrong, N.R.⁷ Bellmann, E.⁸ Grubbs, R.H.⁹

104
- 22544451561
- A. C. Morteani, R. H. Friend, C. Silva, J. Chem. Phys. 2005, 122.
- (2005) J. Chem. Phys , vol.122
- Morteani, A.C.¹ Friend, R.H.² Silva, C.³

105
- 0037151616
- D. Kolosov, V. Adamovich, P. Djurovich, M. E. Thompson, C. Adachi, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 9945.
- (2002) J. Am. Chem. Soc , vol.124 , pp. 9945
- Kolosov, D.¹ Adamovich, V.² Djurovich, P.³ Thompson, M.E.⁴ Adachi, C.⁵

106
- 0000394181
- K. M. Maness, J. E. Bartelt, R. M. Wightman, J. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98, 3993.
- (1994) J. Phys. Chem , vol.98 , pp. 3993
- Maness, K.M.¹ Bartelt, J.E.² Wightman, R.M.³

107
- 0003014353
- K. M. Maness, R. M. Wightman, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1995, 396, 85.
- (1995) J. Electroanal. Chem , vol.396 , pp. 85
- Maness, K.M.¹ Wightman, R.M.²

108
- 0001711325
- I. R. Gould, S. Farid, Acc. Chem. Res. 1996, 29, 522.
- (1996) Acc. Chem. Res , vol.29 , pp. 522
- Gould, I.R.¹ Farid, S.²

109
- 0029942124
- B. R. Arnold, S. Farid, J. L. Goodman, I. R. Gould, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 5482.
- (1996) J. Am. Chem. Soc , vol.118 , pp. 5482
- Arnold, B.R.¹ Farid, S.² Goodman, J.L.³ Gould, I.R.⁴

110
- 0034709433
- E. M. Gross, J. D. Anderson, A. F. Slaterbeck, S. Thayumana-van, S. Barlow, Y. Zhang, S. R. Marder, H. K. Hall, M. F. Nabor, J. F. Wang, E. A. Mash, N. R. Armstrong, R. M. Wightman, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 4972.
- (2000) J. Am. Chem. Soc , vol.122 , pp. 4972
- Gross, E.M.¹ Anderson, J.D.² Slaterbeck, A.F.³ Thayumana-van, S.⁴ Barlow, S.⁵ Zhang, Y.⁶ Marder, S.R.⁷ Hall, H.K.⁸ Nabor, M.F.⁹ Wang, J.F.¹⁰ Mash, E.A.¹¹ Armstrong, N.R.¹² Wightman, R.M.¹³

111
- 0000848088
- R. A. Marcus, J. Chem. Phys. 1965, 43, 2654.
- (1965) J. Chem. Phys , vol.43 , pp. 2654
- Marcus, R.A.¹

112
- 0022004980
- R. A. Marcus, N. Sutin, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1985, 822, 265.
- (1985) Biochim. Biophys. Acta , vol.822 , pp. 265
- Marcus, R.A.¹ Sutin, N.²

113
- 10944274148
- R. M. Wightman, S. P. Forry, R. Maus, D. Badocco, P. Pastore, J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 19119.
- (2004) J. Phys. Chem. B , vol.108 , pp. 19119
- Wightman, R.M.¹ Forry, S.P.² Maus, R.³ Badocco, D.⁴ Pastore, P.⁵

114
- 0001544549
- N. C. Greenham, X. G. Peng, A. P. Alivisatos, Phys. Rev. B1996, 54, 17628.
- (1996) Phys. Rev. B , vol.54 , pp. 17628
- Greenham, N.C.¹ Peng, X.G.² Alivisatos, A.P.³

115
- 0035890412
- C. Adachi, M. A. Baldo, M. E. Thompson, S. R. Forrest, J. Appl. Phys. 2001, 90, 5048.
- (2001) J. Appl. Phys , vol.90 , pp. 5048
- Adachi, C.¹ Baldo, M.A.² Thompson, M.E.³ Forrest, S.R.⁴

116
- 0036608020
- A. Kohler, J. S. Wilson, R. H. Friend, M. K. Al-Suti, M. S. Khan, A. Gerhard, H. Bassler, J. Chem. Phys. 2002, 116, 9457.
- (2002) J. Chem. Phys , vol.116 , pp. 9457
- Kohler, A.¹ Wilson, J.S.² Friend, R.H.³ Al-Suti, M.K.⁴ Khan, M.S.⁵ Gerhard, A.⁶ Bassler, H.⁷

117
- 0037123558
- A. Kohler, J. S. Wilson, R. H. Friend, Adv. Mater. 2002, 14, 701.
- (2002) Adv. Mater , vol.14 , pp. 701
- Kohler, A.¹ Wilson, J.S.² Friend, R.H.³

118
- 0000342615
- C. Adachi, M. A. Baldo, S. R. Forrest, M. E. Thompson, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2000, 77, 904.
- (2000) Appl. Phys. Lett , vol.77 , pp. 904
- Adachi, C.¹ Baldo, M.A.² Forrest, S.R.³ Thompson, M.E.⁴

119
- 0036572051
- E. M. Gross, N. R. Armstrong, R. M. Wightman, J. Electrochem. Soc. 2002, 149, E137.
- (2002) J. Electrochem. Soc , vol.149
- Gross, E.M.¹ Armstrong, N.R.² Wightman, R.M.³

120
- 0034709433
- E. M. Gross, J. D. Anderson, A. F. Slaterbeck, S. Thayumana-van, S. Barlow, Y. Zhang, S. R. Marder, H. K. Hall, M. F. Nabor, J. F. Wang, E. A. Mash, N. R. Armstrong, R. M. Wightman, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 4972.
- (2000) J. Am. Chem. Soc , vol.122 , pp. 4972
- Gross, E.M.¹ Anderson, J.D.² Slaterbeck, A.F.³ Thayumana-van, S.⁴ Barlow, S.⁵ Zhang, Y.⁶ Marder, S.R.⁷ Hall, H.K.⁸ Nabor, M.F.⁹ Wang, J.F.¹⁰ Mash, E.A.¹¹ Armstrong, N.R.¹² Wightman, R.M.¹³

121
- 79956056107
- A. Yakimov, S. R. Forrest, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002, 80, 1667.
- (2002) Appl. Phys. Lett , vol.80 , pp. 1667
- Yakimov, A.¹ Forrest, S.R.²

122
- 0000314676
- J. Danziger, J. P. Dodelet, P. Lee, K. W. Nebesny, N. R. Armstrong, Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 821.
- (1991) Chem. Mater , vol.3 , pp. 821
- Danziger, J.¹ Dodelet, J.P.² Lee, P.³ Nebesny, K.W.⁴ Armstrong, N.R.⁵

123
- 0030772941
- D. M. Adams, J. Kerimo, E. J. C. Olson, A. Zaban, B. A. Gregg, P. F. Barbara, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 10608.
- (1997) J. Am. Chem. Soc , vol.119 , pp. 10608
- Adams, D.M.¹ Kerimo, J.² Olson, E.J.C.³ Zaban, A.⁴ Gregg, B.A.⁵ Barbara, P.F.⁶

124
- 0346849956
- J. Y. Kim, A. J. Bard, Chem. Phys. Lett. 2004, 383, 11.
- (2004) Chem. Phys. Lett , vol.383 , pp. 11
- Kim, J.Y.¹ Bard, A.J.²

125
- 11144354614
- B. Maennig, J. Drechsel, D. Gebeyehu, P. Simon, F. Kozlowski, A. Werner, F. Li, S. Grundmann, S. Sonntag, M. Koch, K. Leo, M. Pfeiffer, H. Hoppe, D. Meissner, N. S. Sariciftci, I. Riedel, V. Dyakonov, J. Parisi, Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Process. 2004, 79, 1.
- (2004) Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Process , vol.79 , pp. 1
- Maennig, B.¹ Drechsel, J.² Gebeyehu, D.³ Simon, P.⁴ Kozlowski, F.⁵ Werner, A.⁶ Li, F.⁷ Grundmann, S.⁸ Sonntag, S.⁹ Koch, M.¹⁰ Leo, K.¹¹ Pfeiffer, M.¹² Hoppe, H.¹³ Meissner, D.¹⁴ Sariciftci, N.S.¹⁵ Riedel, I.¹⁶ Dyakonov, V.¹⁷ Parisi, J.¹⁸

126
- 33644784152
- K. O. Sylvester-Hvid, J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 2618.
- (2006) J. Phys. Chem. B , vol.110 , pp. 2618
- Sylvester-Hvid, K.O.¹

127
- 35349031821
- T. Sakurai, R. Fukasawa, K. Saito, K. Akimoto, Org. Electron. 2007, 8, 702.
- (2007) Org. Electron , vol.8 , pp. 702
- Sakurai, T.¹ Fukasawa, R.² Saito, K.³ Akimoto, K.⁴

128
- 30444438308
- S. E. Gledhill, B. Scott, B.A. Gregg, J. Mater. Res. 2005, 20, 3167.
- (2005) J. Mater. Res , vol.20 , pp. 3167
- Gledhill, S.E.¹ Scott, B.² Gregg, B.A.³

129
- 0037389306
- P. Peumans, A. Yakimov, S. R. Forrest, J. Appl. Phys. 2003, 93, 3693.
- (2003) J. Appl. Phys , vol.93 , pp. 3693
- Peumans, P.¹ Yakimov, A.² Forrest, S.R.³

130
- 17744378377
- V. Lemaur, M. Steel, D. Beljonne, J. L. Bredas, J. Cornil, J. Am. Chem Soc. 2005, 127, 6077.
- (2005) J. Am. Chem Soc , vol.127 , pp. 6077
- Lemaur, V.¹ Steel, M.² Beljonne, D.³ Bredas, J.L.⁴ Cornil, J.⁵

131
- 41749115926
- T. Kawatsu, V. Coropceanu, A. J. Ye, J. L. Bredas, J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 3429.
- (2008) J. Phys. Chem. C , vol.112 , pp. 3429
- Kawatsu, T.¹ Coropceanu, V.² Ye, A.J.³ Bredas, J.L.⁴

132
- 49749094082
- C. Falkenberg, C. Uhrich, S. Olthof, B. Maennig, M. K. Riede, K. Leo, J. Appl. Phys. 2008, 104.
- (2008) J. Appl. Phys , vol.104
- Falkenberg, C.¹ Uhrich, C.² Olthof, S.³ Maennig, B.⁴ Riede, M.K.⁵ Leo, K.⁶

133
- 34248386828
- B. M. K. Walzer, M. Pfeiffer, K. Leo, Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 1233.
- (2007) Chem. Rev , vol.107 , pp. 1233
- Walzer, B.M.K.¹ Pfeiffer, M.² Leo, K.³

134
- 35148852780
- M. T. Lloyd, J. E. Anthony, G. G. Malliaras, Mater. Today 2007, 10, 34.
- (2007) Mater. Today , vol.10 , pp. 34
- Lloyd, M.T.¹ Anthony, J.E.² Malliaras, G.G.³

135
- 0032134617
- G.G. Malliaras, J.R. Salem, P.J. Brock, J. C.Scott, J. Appl.Phys. 1998, 84, 1583.
- (1998) J. Appl.Phys , vol.84 , pp. 1583
- Malliaras, G.G.¹ Salem, J.R.² Brock, P.J.³ Scott, J.C.⁴

136
- 58149267455
- I. Salzmann, S. Duhm, R. Opitz, R. L. Johnson, J. P. Rabe, N. Koch, J. Appl. Phys. 2008, 104, 11.
- (2008) J. Appl. Phys , vol.104 , pp. 11
- Salzmann, I.¹ Duhm, S.² Opitz, R.³ Johnson, R.L.⁴ Rabe, J.P.⁵ Koch, N.⁶

137
- 60749088552
- D. M. Alloway, N. R. Armstrong, Appl. Phys. A: Condens. Matter 2009, 95, 209.
- (2009) Appl. Phys. A: Condens. Matter , vol.95 , pp. 209
- Alloway, D.M.¹ Armstrong, N.R.²

138
- 33751061438
- D. Muhlbacher, M. Scharber, M. Morana, Z. G. Zhu, D. Waller, R. Gaudiana, C. Brabec, Adv. Mater. 2006, 18, 2884.
- (2006) Adv. Mater , vol.18 , pp. 2884
- Muhlbacher, D.¹ Scharber, M.² Morana, M.³ Zhu, Z.G.⁴ Waller, D.⁵ Gaudiana, R.⁶ Brabec, C.⁷

139
- 0037064992
- P. Schilinsky, C. Waldauf, C. J. Brabec, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002, 81, 3885.
- (2002) Appl. Phys. Lett , vol.81 , pp. 3885
- Schilinsky, P.¹ Waldauf, C.² Brabec, C.J.³

140
- 49449095269
- R. Kroon, M. Lenes, J. C. Hummelen, P. W. M. Blom, B. De Boer, Polym. Rev. 2008, 48, 531.
- (2008) Polym. Rev , vol.48 , pp. 531
- Kroon, R.¹ Lenes, M.² Hummelen, J.C.³ Blom, P.W.M.⁴ De Boer, B.⁵

141
- 5744248609
- P. Peumans, S. R. Forrest, Chem. Phys. Lett. 2004, 398, 27.
- (2004) Chem. Phys. Lett , vol.398 , pp. 27
- Peumans, P.¹ Forrest, S.R.²

142
- 0000567801
- J. Dresner, RCA Rev. 1969, 30, 322.
- (1969) RCA Rev , vol.30 , pp. 322
- Dresner, J.¹

143
- 0016057243
- R. M. Measures, Appl. Opt. 1974,13, 1121.
- R. M. Measures, Appl. Opt. 1974,13, 1121.

144
- 0017707898
- W. J. Albery, M. D. Archer, Nature 1977, 270, 399.
- (1977) Nature , vol.270 , pp. 399
- Albery, W.J.¹ Archer, M.D.²

145
- 0017496406
- W. J. Albery, M. D. Archer, J. Electrochem. Soc. 1977,124, 688.
- (1977) J. Electrochem. Soc , vol.124 , pp. 688
- Albery, W.J.¹ Archer, M.D.²

146
- 0033583208
- H. Aziz, Z. D. Popovic, N. X. Hu, A. M. Hor, G. Xu, Science 1999, 283, 1900.
- (1999) Science , vol.283 , pp. 1900
- Aziz, H.¹ Popovic, Z.D.² Hu, N.X.³ Hor, A.M.⁴ Xu, G.⁵

147
- 0000266435
- B. J. Chen, W. Y. Lai, Z. Q. Gao, C. S. Lee, S. T. Lee, W. A. Gambling, Appl. Phys. Lett. 1999, 75, 4010.
- (1999) Appl. Phys. Lett , vol.75 , pp. 4010
- Chen, B.J.¹ Lai, W.Y.² Gao, Z.Q.³ Lee, C.S.⁴ Lee, S.T.⁵ Gambling, W.A.⁶

148
- 0033750286
- A. L. Burin, M. A. Ratner, Z Phys. Chem. A 2000,104, 4704.
- (2000) Z Phys. Chem. A , vol.104 , pp. 4704
- Burin, A.L.¹ Ratner, M.A.²

149
- 0002747205
- A. R. Brown, N. C. Greenham, J. H. Burroughes, D. D. C. Bradley, R. H. Friend, P. L. Burn, A. Kraft, A. B. Holmes, Chem. Phys. Lett. 1992, 200, 46.
- (1992) Chem. Phys. Lett , vol.200 , pp. 46
- Brown, A.R.¹ Greenham, N.C.² Burroughes, J.H.³ Bradley, D.D.C.⁴ Friend, R.H.⁵ Burn, P.L.⁶ Kraft, A.⁷ Holmes, A.B.⁸

150
- 0001151512
- J. J. M. Halls, K. Pichler, R. H. Friend, S. C. Moratti, A. B. Holmes, Appl Phys. Lett 1996, 68, 3120.
- (1996) Appl Phys. Lett , vol.68 , pp. 3120
- Halls, J.J.M.¹ Pichler, K.² Friend, R.H.³ Moratti, S.C.⁴ Holmes, A.B.⁵

151
- 0031070613
- H. Becker, A. Lux, A. B. Holmes, R. H. Friend, Synth. Met. 1997, 85,1289.
- (1997) Synth. Met , vol.85 , pp. 1289
- Becker, H.¹ Lux, A.² Holmes, A.B.³ Friend, R.H.⁴

152
- 0032547622
- C. Hochfilzer, G. Leising, Y. Gao, E. Forsythe, C. W. Tang, Appl. Phys. Lett 1998, 73, 2254.
- (1998) Appl. Phys. Lett , vol.73 , pp. 2254
- Hochfilzer, C.¹ Leising, G.² Gao, Y.³ Forsythe, E.⁴ Tang, C.W.⁵

153
- 0025498642
- J. H. Burroughes, D. D. C. Bradley, A. R. Brown, R. N. Marks, K. Mackay, R. H. Friend, P. L. Burns, A. B. Holmes, Nature 1990, 347, 539.
- (1990) Nature , vol.347 , pp. 539
- Burroughes, J.H.¹ Bradley, D.D.C.² Brown, A.R.³ Marks, R.N.⁴ Mackay, K.⁵ Friend, R.H.⁶ Burns, P.L.⁷ Holmes, A.B.⁸

154
- 21544462646
- D. Wohrle, L Kreienhoop, G. Schnurpfeil, J. Elbe, B. Tennig-keit, S. Hiller, D. Schlettwein, J. Mater. Chem. 1995, 5,1819.
- (1995) J. Mater. Chem , vol.5 , pp. 1819
- Wohrle, D.¹ Kreienhoop, L.² Schnurpfeil, G.³ Elbe, J.⁴ Tennig-keit, B.⁵ Hiller, S.⁶ Schlettwein, D.⁷

155
- 66249098804
- P. Peumans, A. Yakimov, S. R. Forrest, J. Appl Phys. 2004, 95, 938.
- (2004) J. Appl Phys , vol.95 , pp. 938
- Peumans, P.¹ Yakimov, A.² Forrest, S.R.³

156
- 3042598977
- J. Bisquert, D. Cahen, G. Hodes, S. Ruhle, A. Zaban, J. Phys. Chem. B 2004,108, 8106.
- (2004) J. Phys. Chem. B , vol.108 , pp. 8106
- Bisquert, J.¹ Cahen, D.² Hodes, G.³ Ruhle, S.⁴ Zaban, A.⁵

157
- 34250683115
- C. Goh, S. R. Scully, M. D. McGehee, J. Appl Phys. 2007,101.
- (2007) J. Appl Phys , vol.101
- Goh, C.¹ Scully, S.R.² McGehee, M.D.³

158
- 8544235033
- K. M. Coakley, M. D. McGehee, Chem. Mater. 2004,16, 4533.
- (2004) Chem. Mater , vol.16 , pp. 4533
- Coakley, K.M.¹ McGehee, M.D.²

159
- 37549043530
- B. C. Thompson, J. M. J. Frechet, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 58.
- (2008) Angew. Chem., Int. Ed , vol.47 , pp. 58
- Thompson, B.C.¹ Frechet, J.M.J.²

160
- 33644907186
- Y. X. Liu, S. R. Scully, M. D. McGehee, J. S. Liu, C. K. Luscombe, J. M. J. Frechet, S. E. Shaheen, D. S. Ginley, J. Phys. Chem B 2006, 110, 3257.
- (2006) J. Phys. Chem B , vol.110 , pp. 3257
- Liu, Y.X.¹ Scully, S.R.² McGehee, M.D.³ Liu, J.S.⁴ Luscombe, C.K.⁵ Frechet, J.M.J.⁶ Shaheen, S.E.⁷ Ginley, D.S.⁸

161
- 34547545893
- J. Boucle, P. Ravirajan, J. Nelson, J. Mater. Chem. 2007,17, 3141.
- (2007) J. Mater. Chem , vol.17 , pp. 3141
- Boucle, J.¹ Ravirajan, P.² Nelson, J.³

162
- 2642521445
- C. J. Brabec, Solar Energy Mater. Sol Cells 2004, 83, 273.
- (2004) Solar Energy Mater. Sol Cells , vol.83 , pp. 273
- Brabec, C.J.¹

163
- 0000539432
- S. E. Shaheen, C. J. Brabec, N. S. Sariciftci, F. Padinger, T. Fromherz, J. C. Hummelen, Appl. Phys. Lett 2001, 78, 841.
- (2001) Appl. Phys. Lett , vol.78 , pp. 841
- Shaheen, S.E.¹ Brabec, C.J.² Sariciftci, N.S.³ Padinger, F.⁴ Fromherz, T.⁵ Hummelen, J.C.⁶

164
- 37149043533
- F. Yang, K. Sun, S. R. Forrest, Adv. Mater. 2007,19, 4166.
- (2007) Adv. Mater , vol.19 , pp. 4166
- Yang, F.¹ Sun, K.² Forrest, S.R.³

165
- 0035242270
- C. J. Brabec, N. S. Sariciftci, J. C. Hummelen, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2001,11,15.
- (2001) Adv. Funct. Mater , vol.11 , pp. 15
- Brabec, C.J.¹ Sariciftci, N.S.² Hummelen, J.C.³

166
- 53349175689
- L. S. C. Pingree, B. A. MacLeod, D. S. Ginger, J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 7922.
- (2008) J. Phys. Chem. C , vol.112 , pp. 7922
- Pingree, L.S.C.¹ MacLeod, B.A.² Ginger, D.S.³

167
- 33847189600
- F. S. Marrikar, M. Brumbach, D. H. Evans, A. Lebron-Paler, J. E. Pemberton, R. J. Wysocki, N. R. Armstrong, Langmuir 2007, 23, 1530.
- (2007) Langmuir , vol.23 , pp. 1530
- Marrikar, F.S.¹ Brumbach, M.² Evans, D.H.³ Lebron-Paler, A.⁴ Pemberton, J.E.⁵ Wysocki, R.J.⁶ Armstrong, N.R.⁷

168
- 1642635074
- A. Gadisa, M. Svensson, M. R. Andersson, O. Inganas, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 84, 1609.
- (2004) Appl. Phys. Lett , vol.84 , pp. 1609
- Gadisa, A.¹ Svensson, M.² Andersson, M.R.³ Inganas, O.⁴

169
- 66249119636
- T. Aernouts, P. Vanlaeke, W. Geens, J. Poortmans, P. Here-mans, S. Borghs, R. Mertens, R. Andriessen, L. Leenders, Thin Solid Films 2004, 22, 451.
- (2004) Thin Solid Films , vol.22 , pp. 451
- Aernouts, T.¹ Vanlaeke, P.² Geens, W.³ Poortmans, J.⁴ Here-mans, P.⁵ Borghs, S.⁶ Mertens, R.⁷ Andriessen, R.⁸ Leenders, L.⁹

170
- 1642324177
- N. R. Armstrong, C. Carter, C. Donley, A. Simmonds, P. Lee, M. Brumbach, B. Kippelen, B. Domercq, S. Y. Yoo, Thin Solid Films 2003, 445, 342.
- (2003) Thin Solid Films , vol.445 , pp. 342
- Armstrong, N.R.¹ Carter, C.² Donley, C.³ Simmonds, A.⁴ Lee, P.⁵ Brumbach, M.⁶ Kippelen, B.⁷ Domercq, B.⁸ Yoo, S.Y.⁹

171
- 0035545993
- G. Greczynski, T. Kugler, M. Keil, W. Osikowicz, M. Fahlman, W. R. Salaneck, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat Phenom. 2001, 121,1.
- (2001) J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat Phenom , vol.121 , pp. 1
- Greczynski, G.¹ Kugler, T.² Keil, M.³ Osikowicz, W.⁴ Fahlman, M.⁵ Salaneck, W.R.⁶

172
- 44649136727
- F. C. Chen, J. L. Wu, S. S. Yang, K. H. Hsieh, W. C. Chen, J. Appl. Phvs. 2008.103.
- (2008) J. Appl. Phvs , vol.103
- Chen, F.C.¹ Wu, J.L.² Yang, S.S.³ Hsieh, K.H.⁴ Chen, W.C.⁵

173
- 0037120097
- H. Frohne, S. E. Shaheen, C. J. Brabec, D. C. Muller, N. S. Sariciftci, K. Meerholz, ChemPhysChem 2002, 3, 795.
- (2002) ChemPhysChem , vol.3 , pp. 795
- Frohne, H.¹ Shaheen, S.E.² Brabec, C.J.³ Muller, D.C.⁴ Sariciftci, N.S.⁵ Meerholz, K.⁶

174
- 33749659014
- J. Huang, X. Wang, Y. Kim, A. J. deMello, D. D. C. Bradley, J. C. Demello, Phys. Chem Chem. Phys. 2006, 8, 3904.
- (2006) Phys. Chem Chem. Phys , vol.8 , pp. 3904
- Huang, J.¹ Wang, X.² Kim, Y.³ deMello, A.J.⁴ Bradley, D.D.C.⁵ Demello, J.C.⁶

175
- 0043172454
- S. K. M. Jonsson, J. Birgerson, X. Crispin, G. Greczynski, W. Osikowicz, A. W. D. van der Gon, W. R. Salaneck, M. Fahlman, Synth. Met. 2003,139, 1.
- (2003) Synth. Met , vol.139 , pp. 1
- Jonsson, S.K.M.¹ Birgerson, J.² Crispin, X.³ Greczynski, G.⁴ Osikowicz, W.⁵ van der Gon, A.W.D.⁶ Salaneck, W.R.⁷ Fahlman, M.⁸

176
- 54849423288
- K. R. Choudhury, J. H. Yoon, F. So, Adv. Mater. 2008,20,1456.
- (2008) Adv. Mater , vol.20 , pp. 1456
- Choudhury, K.R.¹ Yoon, J.H.² So, F.³

177
- 34748897310
- K. Lee, J. Y. Kim, S. H. Park, S. H. Kim, S. Cho, A. J. Heeger, Adv. Mater. 2007,19, 2445.
- (2007) Adv. Mater , vol.19 , pp. 2445
- Lee, K.¹ Kim, J.Y.² Park, S.H.³ Kim, S.H.⁴ Cho, S.⁵ Heeger, A.J.⁶

178
- 53949091430
- E. Salomon, Q. Zhang, S. Barlow, S. R. Marder, A. Kahn, Org. Electron. 2008, 9, 944.
- (2008) Org. Electron , vol.9 , pp. 944
- Salomon, E.¹ Zhang, Q.² Barlow, S.³ Marder, S.R.⁴ Kahn, A.⁵

179
- 0001431709
- M. K. Nazeeruddin, A. Kay, I. Rodicio, R. Humphry-Baker, E. Mueller, P. Liska, N. Vlachopoulos, M. Graetzel, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 1993, 115, 6382.
- (1993) J. Am. Ceram. Soc , vol.115 , pp. 6382
- Nazeeruddin, M.K.¹ Kay, A.² Rodicio, I.³ Humphry-Baker, R.⁴ Mueller, E.⁵ Liska, P.⁶ Vlachopoulos, N.⁷ Graetzel, M.⁸

180
- 19944404252
- M. Gratzel, MRS Bull. 2005, 30, 23.
- (2005) MRS Bull , vol.30 , pp. 23
- Gratzel, M.¹

181
- 49249085777
- Y. Bai, Y. M. Cao, J. Zhang, M. Wang, R. Z. Li, P. Wang, S. M. Zakeeruddin, M. Gratzel, Nat Mater. 2008, 7, 626.
- (2008) Nat Mater , vol.7 , pp. 626
- Bai, Y.¹ Cao, Y.M.² Zhang, J.³ Wang, M.⁴ Li, R.Z.⁵ Wang, P.⁶ Zakeeruddin, S.M.⁷ Gratzel, M.⁸

182
- 37249084561
- D. B. Kuang, C. Klein, Z. P. Zhang, S. Ito, J. E. Moser, S. M. Zakeeruddin, M. Gratzel, Small 2007, 3, 2094.
- (2007) Small , vol.3 , pp. 2094
- Kuang, D.B.¹ Klein, C.² Zhang, Z.P.³ Ito, S.⁴ Moser, J.E.⁵ Zakeeruddin, S.M.⁶ Gratzel, M.⁷

183
- 37249051419
- J. Bisquert, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2008,10, 49.
- (2008) Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys , vol.10 , pp. 49
- Bisquert, J.¹

184
- 33847100452
- C. P. Kelly, C. J. Cramer, D. G. Truhlař, J. Phys. Chem. B 2007, 111, 408.
- (2007) J. Phys. Chem. B , vol.111 , pp. 408
- Kelly, C.P.¹ Cramer, C.J.² Truhlař, D.G.³

185
- 0003823854
- 2 nd edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York
- nd edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York 1995, p. 203.
- (1995) Electrochemistry for Chemists , pp. 203
- Sawyer, D.T.¹ Roberts, J.L.²

186
- 0030910123
- K. M. Maness, H. Masui, R. M. Wightman, R. W. Murray, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997,119, 3987.
- (1997) J. Am. Chem. Soc , vol.119 , pp. 3987
- Maness, K.M.¹ Masui, H.² Wightman, R.M.³ Murray, R.W.⁴

187
- 0029799817
- K. M. Maness, R. H. Terrill, T. J. Meyer, R. W. Murray, R. M. Wightman, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996,128,10609.
- (1996) J. Am. Chem. Soc , vol.128 , pp. 10609
- Maness, K.M.¹ Terrill, R.H.² Meyer, T.J.³ Murray, R.W.⁴ Wightman, R.M.⁵

188
- 0029360282
- A. Schmidt, M. L. Anderson, D. Dunphy, T. Wehrmeister, K. Mullen, N. R. Armstrong, Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 722.
- (1995) Adv. Mater , vol.7 , pp. 722
- Schmidt, A.¹ Anderson, M.L.² Dunphy, D.³ Wehrmeister, T.⁴ Mullen, K.⁵ Armstrong, N.R.⁶

189
- 0000507552
- R. Schlaf, B. A. Parkinson, P. A. Lee, K. W. Nebesny, N. R. Armstrong, Appl. Phys. Lett. 1998, 73, 1026.
- (1998) Appl. Phys. Lett , vol.73 , pp. 1026
- Schlaf, R.¹ Parkinson, B.A.² Lee, P.A.³ Nebesny, K.W.⁴ Armstrong, N.R.⁵

190
- 0011336568
- H. Ishii, K. Sugiyama, E. Ito, K. Seki,Adv. Mater. 1999,11,605.
- (1999) Adv. Mater , vol.11 , pp. 605
- Ishii, H.¹ Sugiyama, K.² Ito, E.³ Seki, K.⁴

191
- 49249112449
- C. K. Chan, W. Zhao, S. Barlow, S. R. Marder, A. Kahn, Org. Electron 2008, 9, 575.
- (2008) Org. Electron , vol.9 , pp. 575
- Chan, C.K.¹ Zhao, W.² Barlow, S.³ Marder, S.R.⁴ Kahn, A.⁵

192
- 0042842606
- W. Y. Gao, A. Kahn, J. Appl. Phys. 2003, 94, 359.
- (2003) J. Appl. Phys , vol.94 , pp. 359
- Gao, W.Y.¹ Kahn, A.²

193
- 0038782329
- W. Y. Gao, A. Kahn, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 82, 4815.
- (2003) Appl. Phys. Lett , vol.82 , pp. 4815
- Gao, W.Y.¹ Kahn, A.²

194
- 0034299266
- I. G. Hill, D. Milliron, J. Schwartz, A. Kahn, Appl. Surf. Sci. 2000,166, 354.
- (2000) Appl. Surf. Sci , vol.166 , pp. 354
- Hill, I.G.¹ Milliron, D.² Schwartz, J.³ Kahn, A.⁴

195
- 34247169885
- S. Kera, H. Yamane, H. Fukagawa, T. Hanatani, K. K. Oku-daira, K. Seki, N. Ueno, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat Phenom. 2007, 256, 135.
- (2007) J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat Phenom , vol.256 , pp. 135
- Kera, S.¹ Yamane, H.² Fukagawa, H.³ Hanatani, T.⁴ Oku-daira, K.K.⁵ Seki, K.⁶ Ueno, N.⁷

196
- 34250644421
- H. Fukagawa, S. Kera, T. Kataoka, S. Hosoumi, Y. Watanabe, K. Kudo, N. Ueno, Adv. Mater. 2007,19, 665.
- (2007) Adv. Mater , vol.19 , pp. 665
- Fukagawa, H.¹ Kera, S.² Kataoka, T.³ Hosoumi, S.⁴ Watanabe, Y.⁵ Kudo, K.⁶ Ueno, N.⁷

197
- 66249132979
- H. Fukagawa, H. Yamane, S. Kera, K. K. Okudaira, N. Ueno, Phys. Rev. B 2006, 73.
- (2006) Phys. Rev. B , vol.73
- Fukagawa, H.¹ Yamane, H.² Kera, S.³ Okudaira, K.K.⁴ Ueno, N.⁵

198
- 57549091743
- W. Chen, H. Huang, S. Chen, Y. L. Huang, X. Y. Gao, A. T. S. Wee, Chem. Mater. 2008, 20, 7017.
- (2008) Chem. Mater , vol.20 , pp. 7017
- Chen, W.¹ Huang, H.² Chen, S.³ Huang, Y.L.⁴ Gao, X.Y.⁵ Wee, A.T.S.⁶

199
- 61349172483
- O. L. Griffith, N. E. Gruhn, J. E. Anthony, B. Purushothaman, D. L. Lichtenberger, J. Phys. Chem. C 2008,112, 20518.
- (2008) J. Phys. Chem. C , vol.112 , pp. 20518
- Griffith, O.L.¹ Gruhn, N.E.² Anthony, J.E.³ Purushothaman, B.⁴ Lichtenberger, D.L.⁵

200
- 51749115509
- C.Risko,C.D.Zangmeister,Y.Yao,T.J.Marks,J.M.Tour,M.A. Ratner, R. D. van Zee, J. Phys. Chem. C 2008,122,13215.
- (2008) J. Phys. Chem. C , vol.122 , pp. 13215
- Risko, C.¹ Zangmeister, C.D.² Yao, Y.³ Marks, T.J.⁴ Tour, J.M.⁵ Ratner, M.A.⁶ van Zee, R.D.⁷

201
- 33748041456
- O. McDonald, A. A. Cafolla, D. Carty, G. Sheerin, G. Hughes, Surf. Sci 2006, 600, 3217.
- (2006) Surf. Sci , vol.600 , pp. 3217
- McDonald, O.¹ Cafolla, A.A.² Carty, D.³ Sheerin, G.⁴ Hughes, G.⁵

202
- 0034433381
- A. Back, D. Alloway, D. Schlettwein, B. Schilling, J.-F. Wang, M. Carducci, N. R. Armstrong, Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. 2000,620, M3.2.1.
- (2000) Mat. Res. Soc. Symp , vol.620
- Back, A.¹ Alloway, D.² Schlettwein, D.³ Schilling, B.⁴ Wang, J.-F.⁵ Carducci, M.⁶ Armstrong, N.R.⁷

203
- 0029734645
- W. R. Salaneck, J. L. Bredas, Adv. Mater. 1996, 8, 48.
- (1996) Adv. Mater , vol.8 , pp. 48
- Salaneck, W.R.¹ Bredas, J.L.²

204
- 0001282631
- T. Kugler, W. R. Salaneck, H. Rost, A. B. Holmes, Chem. Phys. Lett 1999, 310, 391.
- (1999) Chem. Phys. Lett , vol.310 , pp. 391
- Kugler, T.¹ Salaneck, W.R.² Rost, H.³ Holmes, A.B.⁴

205
- 33750816503
- C. Tengstedt, A. Kanciurzewska, M. P. de Jong, S. Braun, W. R. Salaneck, M. Fahlman, Thin Solid Films 2006, 515, 2085.
- (2006) Thin Solid Films , vol.515 , pp. 2085
- Tengstedt, C.¹ Kanciurzewska, A.² de Jong, M.P.³ Braun, S.⁴ Salaneck, W.R.⁵ Fahlman, M.⁶

206
- 34248392592
- D. R. T. Zahn, G. N. Gavrila, G. Salvan, Chem. Rev. 2007, 207, 1161.
- (2007) Chem. Rev , vol.207 , pp. 1161
- Zahn, D.R.T.¹ Gavrila, G.N.² Salvan, G.³

207
- 33747068008
- D. R. T. Zahn, G. N. Gavrila, M. Gorgoi, Chem. Phys. 2006, 325, 99.
- (2006) Chem. Phys , vol.325 , pp. 99
- Zahn, D.R.T.¹ Gavrila, G.N.² Gorgoi, M.³

208
- 66249113105
- O. V. Molodtsova, M. Knupfer, J. Appl. Phys. 2006, 99.
- (2006) J. Appl. Phys , vol.99
- Molodtsova, O.V.¹ Knupfer, M.²

209
- 79956013822
- H. Peisert, M. Knupfer, J. Fink, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002,81,2400.
- (2002) Appl. Phys. Lett , vol.81 , pp. 2400
- Peisert, H.¹ Knupfer, M.² Fink, J.³

210
- 33748276727
- G. D. Scholes, G. Rumbles, Nat. Mater. 2006, 5, 683.
- (2006) Nat. Mater , vol.5 , pp. 683
- Scholes, G.D.¹ Rumbles, G.²

211
- 0001174145
- I. G. Hill, A. Kahn, Z. G. Soos, R. A. Pascal, Chem. Phys. Lett 2000, 327, 181.
- (2000) Chem. Phys. Lett , vol.327 , pp. 181
- Hill, I.G.¹ Kahn, A.² Soos, Z.G.³ Pascal, R.A.⁴

212
- 66249129985
- S. Krause, M. B. Casu, A. Scholl, E. Umbach, New J. Phys. 2008, 10.
- (2008) New J. Phys , vol.10
- Krause, S.¹ Casu, M.B.² Scholl, A.³ Umbach, E.⁴

213
- 66249086847
- H. Shiozawa, H. Ishii, H. Kihara, N. Sasaki, S. Nakamura, T. Yoshida, Y. Takayama, T. Miyahara, S. Suzuki, Y. Achiba, T. Kodama, M. Higashiguchi, X. Y. Chi, M. Nakatake, K. Shi-mada, H. Namatame, M. Taniguchi, H. Kataura, Phys. Rev. B 2006, 73.
- (2006) Phys. Rev. B , vol.73
- Shiozawa, H.¹ Ishii, H.² Kihara, H.³ Sasaki, N.⁴ Nakamura, S.⁵ Yoshida, T.⁶ Takayama, Y.⁷ Miyahara, T.⁸ Suzuki, S.⁹ Achiba, Y.¹⁰ Kodama, T.¹¹ Higashiguchi, M.¹² Chi, X.Y.¹³ Nakatake, M.¹⁴ Shi-mada, K.¹⁵ Namatame, H.¹⁶ Taniguchi, M.¹⁷ Kataura, H.¹⁸

214
- 0042659717
- T. Schwieger, M. Knupfer, W. Gao, A. Kahn, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 83, 500.
- (2003) Appl. Phys. Lett , vol.83 , pp. 500
- Schwieger, T.¹ Knupfer, M.² Gao, W.³ Kahn, A.⁴

215
- 34250374923
- S. Barlow, Q. Zhang, B. R. Kaafarani, C. Risko, F. Amy, C. K. Chan, B. Domercq, Z. A. Starikova, M. Y. Antipin, T. V. Timofeeva, B. Kippelen, J. L. Bredas, A. Kahn, S. R. Marder, Chem. -A Eur. J. 2007,13, 3537.
- (2007) Chem. -A Eur. J , vol.13 , pp. 3537
- Barlow, S.¹ Zhang, Q.² Kaafarani, B.R.³ Risko, C.⁴ Amy, F.⁵ Chan, C.K.⁶ Domercq, B.⁷ Starikova, Z.A.⁸ Antipin, M.Y.⁹ Timofeeva, T.V.¹⁰ Kippelen, B.¹¹ Bredas, J.L.¹² Kahn, A.¹³ Marder, S.R.¹⁴

216
- 44949179519
- N. Koch, A. Gerlach, S. Duhm, H. Glowatzki, G. Heimel, A. Vollmer, Y. Sakamoto, T. Suzuki, J. Zegenhagen, J. P. Rabe, F. Schreiber, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008,130, 7300.
- (2008) J. Am. Chem. Soc , vol.130 , pp. 7300
- Koch, N.¹ Gerlach, A.² Duhm, S.³ Glowatzki, H.⁴ Heimel, G.⁵ Vollmer, A.⁶ Sakamoto, Y.⁷ Suzuki, T.⁸ Zegenhagen, J.⁹ Rabe, J.P.¹⁰ Schreiber, F.¹¹

217
- 47149096192
- A. Cristadoro, M. Ai, H. J. Rader, J. P. Rabe, K. Mullen, J. Phys. Chem. C 2008,112, 5563.
- (2008) J. Phys. Chem. C , vol.112 , pp. 5563
- Cristadoro, A.¹ Ai, M.² Rader, H.J.³ Rabe, J.P.⁴ Mullen, K.⁵

218
- 33144486863
- F. Jackel, M. D. Watson, K. Mullen, J. P. Rabe, Phys. Rev. B 2006, 73.
- (2006) Phys. Rev. B , vol.73
- Jackel, F.¹ Watson, M.D.² Mullen, K.³ Rabe, J.P.⁴

219
- 38749152863
- X. H. Kong, Y. L. Yang, S. B. Lei, C. Wang, Surf. Sci. 2008, 602, 684.
- (2008) Surf. Sci , vol.602 , pp. 684
- Kong, X.H.¹ Yang, Y.L.² Lei, S.B.³ Wang, C.⁴

220
- 0009932803
- M. Toerker, T. Fritz, H. Proehl, F. Sellam, K. Leo, Surf. Sci. 2001, 491, 255.
- (2001) Surf. Sci , vol.491 , pp. 255
- Toerker, M.¹ Fritz, T.² Proehl, H.³ Sellam, F.⁴ Leo, K.⁵

221
- 66249128550
- M. Muntwiler, Q. Yang, W. A. Tisdale, X. Y. Zhu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 2008,101, 4.
- (2008) Phys. Rev. Lett , vol.101 , pp. 4
- Muntwiler, M.¹ Yang, Q.² Tisdale, W.A.³ Zhu, X.Y.⁴

222
- 66249087916
- M.Muntwiler, C. D. Lindstrom,X.Y. Zhu,J. Chem. Phys. 2006, 224, 3.
- (2006) J. Chem. Phys , vol.224 , pp. 3
- Muntwiler, M.¹ Lindstrom, C.D.² Zhu, X.Y.³

223
- 29044441166
- C. D. Lindstrom, M. Muntwiler, X. Y. Zhu, J. Phys. Chem B 2005, 209, 21492.
- (2005) J. Phys. Chem B , vol.209 , pp. 21492
- Lindstrom, C.D.¹ Muntwiler, M.² Zhu, X.Y.³

224
- 66249144600
- J. G. Wang, E. Prodan, R. Car, A. Selloni, Phys. Rev. B 2008, 77.
- (2008) Phys. Rev. B , vol.77
- Wang, J.G.¹ Prodan, E.² Car, R.³ Selloni, A.⁴

225
- 66249107690
- O. V. Molodtsova, M. Grobosch, M. Knupfer, V. Y. Aristov, Appl. Phys. Lett 2007, 91, 3.
- (2007) Appl. Phys. Lett , vol.91 , pp. 3
- Molodtsova, O.V.¹ Grobosch, M.² Knupfer, M.³ Aristov, V.Y.⁴

226
- 66249146334
- V. De Renzi, R. Rousseau, D. Marchetto, R. Biagi, S. Scandolo, U. del Pennino, Phys. Rev. Lett 2005, 95.
- (2005) Phys. Rev. Lett , vol.95
- De Renzi, V.¹ Rousseau, R.² Marchetto, D.³ Biagi, R.⁴ Scandolo, S.⁵ del Pennino, U.⁶

227
- 0032533084
- I. G. Hill, A. Kahn, J. Appl. Phys. 1998, 84, 5583.
- (1998) J. Appl. Phys , vol.84 , pp. 5583
- Hill, I.G.¹ Kahn, A.²

228
- 66249134534
- S. Kera, H. Fukagawa, T. Kataoka, S. Hosoumi, H. Yamane, N. Ueno, Phys. Rev. B 2007, 75.
- (2007) Phys. Rev. B , vol.75
- Kera, S.¹ Fukagawa, H.² Kataoka, T.³ Hosoumi, S.⁴ Yamane, H.⁵ Ueno, N.⁶

229
- 0037012438
- E. L. Bruner, N. Koch, A. R. Span, S. L. Bemasek, A. Kahn, J. Schwartz, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002,124, 3192.
- (2002) J. Am. Chem. Soc , vol.124 , pp. 3192
- Bruner, E.L.¹ Koch, N.² Span, A.R.³ Bemasek, S.L.⁴ Kahn, A.⁵ Schwartz, J.⁶

230
- 0035873442
- L. Yan, M. G. Mason, C. W. Tang, Y. L. Gao, Appl. Surf. Sci. 2001, 175, 412.
- (2001) Appl. Surf. Sci , vol.175 , pp. 412
- Yan, L.¹ Mason, M.G.² Tang, C.W.³ Gao, Y.L.⁴

231
- 0000009891
- Q. T. Le, L. Yan, Y. G. Gao,M. G. Mason, D.J. Giesen, C. W. Tang, J. Appl. Phys. 2000, 87, 375.
- (2000) J. Appl. Phys , vol.87 , pp. 375
- Le, Q.T.¹ Yan, L.² Gao, Y.G.³ Mason, M.G.⁴ Giesen, D.J.⁵ Tang, C.W.⁶

232
- 0032074213
- K. Sugiyama, D. Yoshimura, T. Miyamae, T. Miyazaki, H. Ishii, Y. Ouchi, K. Seki, J. Appl. Phys. 1998, 83, 4928.
- (1998) J. Appl. Phys , vol.83 , pp. 4928
- Sugiyama, K.¹ Yoshimura, D.² Miyamae, T.³ Miyazaki, T.⁴ Ishii, H.⁵ Ouchi, Y.⁶ Seki, K.⁷

233
- 56249143250
- H. Fukagawa, T. Kataoka, S. Hosoumi, S. Kera, N. Ueno, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat Phenom. 2007,156, 37.
- (2007) J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat Phenom , vol.156 , pp. 37
- Fukagawa, H.¹ Kataoka, T.² Hosoumi, S.³ Kera, S.⁴ Ueno, N.⁵

234
- 41149131198
- S. Duhm, G. Heimel, I. Salzmann, H. Glowatzkl, R. L. Johnson, A. Vollmer, J. P. Rabe, N. Koch, Nat Mater. 2008, 7, 326.
- (2008) Nat Mater , vol.7 , pp. 326
- Duhm, S.¹ Heimel, G.² Salzmann, I.³ Glowatzkl, H.⁴ Johnson, R.L.⁵ Vollmer, A.⁶ Rabe, J.P.⁷ Koch, N.⁸

235
- 34447580226
- N. Koch, ChemPhysChem 2007, 8, 1438.
- (2007) ChemPhysChem , vol.8 , pp. 1438
- Koch, N.¹

236
- 33751009667
- N. Koch, I. Salzmann, R. L. Johnson, J. Pflaum, R. Friedlein, J. P. Rabe, Org. Electron. 2006, 7, 537.
- (2006) Org. Electron , vol.7 , pp. 537
- Koch, N.¹ Salzmann, I.² Johnson, R.L.³ Pflaum, J.⁴ Friedlein, R.⁵ Rabe, J.P.⁶

237
- 33846444330
- N. Koch, A. Vollmer, S. Duhm, Y. Sakamoto, T. Suzuki, Adv. Mater. 2007,19,112.
- (2007) Adv. Mater , vol.19 , pp. 112
- Koch, N.¹ Vollmer, A.² Duhm, S.³ Sakamoto, Y.⁴ Suzuki, T.⁵

238
- 0035148390
- K. Walzer, M. Hietschold, Surf. Sci. 2001, 471, 1.
- (2001) Surf. Sci , vol.471 , pp. 1
- Walzer, K.¹ Hietschold, M.²

239
- 33747078912
- G. Klebe, F. Graser, E. Hadicke, J. Bemdt, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B: Struct. Sci. 1989, 45, 69.
- (1989) Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B: Struct. Sci , vol.45 , pp. 69
- Klebe, G.¹ Graser, F.² Hadicke, E.³ Bemdt, J.⁴

240
- 0000270309
- E. Hadicke, F. Graser, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C: Cryst. Struct. Commun. 1986, 42, 195.
- (1986) Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C: Cryst. Struct. Commun , vol.42 , pp. 195
- Hadicke, E.¹ Graser, F.²

241
- 0001007320
- E. Hadicke, F. Graser, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C: Cryst. Struct. Commun. 1986, 42, 189.
- (1986) Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C: Cryst. Struct. Commun , vol.42 , pp. 189
- Hadicke, E.¹ Graser, F.²

242
- 0343680215
- T. Schmitz-Hubsch, T. Fritz, R. Staub, A. Back, N. R. Armstrong, K. Leo, Surf. Sci. 1999, 437, 163.
- (1999) Surf. Sci , vol.437 , pp. 163
- Schmitz-Hubsch, T.¹ Fritz, T.² Staub, R.³ Back, A.⁴ Armstrong, N.R.⁵ Leo, K.⁶

243
- 0001596796
- D. Schlettwein, A. Back, B. Schilling, T. Fritz, N. R. Armstrong, Chem. Mater. 1998,10, 601.
- (1998) Chem. Mater , vol.10 , pp. 601
- Schlettwein, D.¹ Back, A.² Schilling, B.³ Fritz, T.⁴ Armstrong, N.R.⁵

244
- 0347289687
- A. Schmidt, T. J. Schuerlein, G. E. Collins, N. R. Armstrong, J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 11770.
- (1995) J. Phys. Chem , vol.99 , pp. 11770
- Schmidt, A.¹ Schuerlein, T.J.² Collins, G.E.³ Armstrong, N.R.⁴

245
- 19244377989
- M. L. Anderson, V. S. Williams, T. J. Schuerlein, G. E. Collins, C. D. England, L. K. Chau, P. A. Lee, K. W. Nebesny, N. R. Armstrong, Surf. Sci. 1994, 309, 551.
- (1994) Surf. Sci , vol.309 , pp. 551
- Anderson, M.L.¹ Williams, V.S.² Schuerlein, T.J.³ Collins, G.E.⁴ England, C.D.⁵ Chau, L.K.⁶ Lee, P.A.⁷ Nebesny, K.W.⁸ Armstrong, N.R.⁹

246
- 66249107839
- F. Yang, R. R. Lunt, S. R. Forrest, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 92.
- (2008) Appl. Phys. Lett , vol.92
- Yang, F.¹ Lunt, R.R.² Forrest, S.R.³

247
- 13144282747
- J. G. Xue, B. P. Rand, S. Uchida, S. R. Forrest, Adv. Mater. 2005, 17, 66.
- (2005) Adv. Mater , vol.17 , pp. 66
- Xue, J.G.¹ Rand, B.P.² Uchida, S.³ Forrest, S.R.⁴

248
- 66249141226
- B. P. Rand, J. G. Xue, F. Yang, S. R. Forrest, Appl Phys. Lett. 2005, 87.
- (2005) Appl Phys. Lett , vol.87
- Rand, B.P.¹ Xue, J.G.² Yang, F.³ Forrest, S.R.⁴

249
- 66249112443
- C. F. Zhang, S. W. Tong, C. Y. Jiang, E. T. Kang, D. S. H. Chan, C. X. Zhu, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 92.
- (2008) Appl. Phys. Lett , vol.92
- Zhang, C.F.¹ Tong, S.W.² Jiang, C.Y.³ Kang, E.T.⁴ Chan, D.S.H.⁵ Zhu, C.X.⁶

250
- 66249119958
- K. Tvingstedt, V. Andersson, F. Zhang, O. Inganas, Appl. Phys. Lett 2007, 92.
- (2007) Appl. Phys. Lett , vol.92
- Tvingstedt, K.¹ Andersson, V.² Zhang, F.³ Inganas, O.⁴

251
- 34447504948
- J. Y. Kim, K. Lee, N. E. Coates, D. Moses, T. Q. Nguyen, M. Dante, A. J. Heeger, Science 2007, 327, 222.
- (2007) Science , vol.327 , pp. 222
- Kim, J.Y.¹ Lee, K.² Coates, N.E.³ Moses, D.⁴ Nguyen, T.Q.⁵ Dante, M.⁶ Heeger, A.J.⁷

252
- 66249132637
- A. G. F. Janssen, T. Riedl, S. Hamwi, H. H. Johannes, W. Kowalsky, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 92.
- (2007) Appl. Phys. Lett , vol.92
- Janssen, A.G.F.¹ Riedl, T.² Hamwi, S.³ Johannes, H.H.⁴ Kowalsky, W.⁵

253
- 66249090815
- V. Shrotriya, E. H. E. Wu, G. Li, Y. Yao, Y. Yang, Appl Phys. Lett. 2006, 88.
- (2006) Appl Phys. Lett , vol.88
- Shrotriya, V.¹ Wu, E.H.E.² Li, G.³ Yao, Y.⁴ Yang, Y.⁵

254
- 66249100827
- G. Dennler, H. J. Prall, R. Koeppe, M. Egginger, R. Autengruber, N. S. Sariciftci, Appl Phys. Lett. 2006, 89.
- (2006) Appl Phys. Lett , vol.89
- Dennler, G.¹ Prall, H.J.² Koeppe, R.³ Egginger, M.⁴ Autengruber, R.⁵ Sariciftci, N.S.⁶

255
- 66249099823
- manuscript in preparation
- W. Wang, D. Placencia, N. R. Armstrong, (manuscript in preparation).
- Wang, W.¹ Placencia, D.² Armstrong, N.R.³

256
- 66249100490
- K. Harada, M. Riede, K. Leo, O. R. Hild, C. M. Elliott,Phys. Rev. B 2008, 77.
- (2008) Phys. Rev. B , vol.77
- Harada, K.¹ Riede, M.² Leo, K.³ Hild, O.R.⁴ Elliott, C.M.⁵

* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.