Controlled growth of a molecular bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cell

Nature Materials

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 37-41

  Yang, Fan ^a   Shtein, Max ^a   Forrest, Stephen R ^a  

^a Princeton University   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EXCITONS; FILM GROWTH; HETEROJUNCTIONS; INTERFACES (MATERIALS); MIXTURES; SPIN COATING; X RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS;

HETEROJUNCTION DEVICES; HIGH-TEMPERATURE ANNEALING; PHASE SEGREGATION;

PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS;

EID: 11144347693     PISSN: 14761122     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nmat1285     Document Type: Article

References (18)

1. Tang, C. W. Two-layer organic photovoltaic cell. Appl. Phys. Lett. 48, 183-185 (1986).
2. Yu, G., Gao, J., Hummelen, J. C., Wudl, F. & Heeger, A. J. Polymer photovoltaic cells: enhanced efficiencies via a network of internal donor-acceptor heterojunctions. Science 270, 1789-1791 (1995).
3. Halls, J. J. M. et al. Efficient photodiodes from interpenetrating polymer networks. Nature 376, 498-500 (1995).
4. Peumans, P., Uchida, S. & Forrest, S. R. Efficient bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cells using small-molecular-weight organic thin films. Nature 425, 158-162 (2003).
5. Baldo, M. et al. Organic vapor phase deposition. Adv. Mater. 10, 1505-1514 (1998).
6. Peumans, P., Bulovi, V. & Forrest, S. R. Efficient photon harvesting at high optical intensities in ultrathin organic double-heterostructure photovoltaic diodes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 2650-2652 (2000).
7. Shtein, M., Mapel, J., Benziger, J. B. & Forrest, S. R. Effects of film morphology and gate dielectric surface preparation on the electrical characteristics of organic-vapor-phase-deposited pentacene thin-film transistors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 268-270 (2002).
8. Shtein, M., Peumans, P., Benziger, J. B. & Forrest, S. R. Micropatterning of small molecular weight organic semiconductor thin films using organic vapor phase deposition. J. Appl. Phys. 93, 4005-4016 (2003).
9. Shtein, M., Gossenberger, H. F., Benziger, J. B. & Forrest, S. R. Material transport regimes and mechanisms for growth of molecular organic thin films using low-pressure organic vapor phase deposition. J. Appl. Phys. 89, 1470-1476 (2001).
10. Venables, J. A., Spiller, G. D. T. & Hanbücken, M. Nucleation and growth of thin films. Rep. Prog. Phys. 47, 399-459 (1984).
11. Klug, H. P. & Alexander, L. E. X-ray Diffraction Procedures (Wiley, New York, 1974).
12. Forrest, S. R. Ultrathin organic films grown by organic molecular beam deposition and related techniques. Chem. Rev. 97, 1793-1896 (1997).
13. Makinen, A. J., Melnyk, A. R., Schoemann, S., Headrick, R. L. & Gao, Y. Effect of crystalline domain size on the photophysical properties of thin organic molecular films. Phys. Rev. B 60, 14683-14687 (1999).
14. Xue, J., Uchida, S., Rand, B. P. & Forrest, S. 4.2% efficient organic photovoltaic cells with low series resistances. Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 3013-3015 (2004).
15. Hoppe, H. & Sariciftci, N. S. Organic solar cells: an overview. J. Mater. Res. 19, 1924-1945 (2004).
16. Rostalski, J. & Meissner, D. Photocurrent spectroscopy for the investigation of charge carrier generation and transport mechanisms in organic p/n-junction solar cells. Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 63, 37-17 (2000).
17. Sharma, G. D. & Saxena, D. Characterization of ITO/ZnPc/CHR/In p-n junction photovoltaic device using J-V, C-V and photoaction measurements. J. Mater. Sci. 10, 539-544 (1999).
18. 60 active layer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 4218-4220 (2004).