HOMO/LUMO Alignment at PTCDA/ZnPc and PTCDA/ClInPc Heterointerfaces Determined by Combined UPS and XPS Measurements

Journal of Physical Chemistry B

Volumn 103, Issue 15, 1999, Pages 2984-2992

  Schlaf, R ^a   Parkinson, B A ^a   Lee, P A ^b   Nebesny, K W ^b   Armstrong, N R ^b  

^a Immunology and Pathology   (United States)

^b University of Arizona ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0001096784     PISSN: 15206106     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/jp982834y     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. (a) Tang, C. W. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1986,48, 183.
2. (b) Gregg, B. A.; Chem. Phys. Lett. 1996, 258, 376.
3. (c) Danziger, J.; Dodelet, J. P.; Armstrong, N. R. Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 821.
4. (d) Schlettwein, D.; Jäger, N. I.; Wöhrle, D. Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 1526.
5. (e) Yanagi, J.; Tsukatani, K.; Yamaguchi, K.; Ashida, M.; Schlettwein, D.; Wöhrle, D. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1993, 140, 1942.
6. (f) Wöhrle, D.; Kreienhoop, L.; Schlettwein, D. In Phthalocyanines, Properties and Applications; Lever, A. B. P., Leznoff, C., Eds.; VCH Publications: New York, 1996; Vol. 4, pp 219-284, and references therein.
7. (g) Danziger, J.; Dodelet, J. P.; Lee, P.; Nebesny, K. W.; Armstrong, N. R. Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 812.
8. (a) Ostrick, J. R.; Dodabalapur, A.; Torsi, L.; Lovinger, A. J.; Kwock, E. W.; Miller, T. M.; Calvin, M.; Berggren, M.; Katz, H. E. J. Appt. Phys. 1997, 81, 6804.
9. (b) Gregg, B. A. Sprague, J., Peterson, M. W.; J. Phys. Chem., 1997, 101, 5362.
10. (c) Adams, D. M.; Kerimo, J.; Olsen, E. J. C.; Zaban, A.; Gregg, B. A.; Barbara, P. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 10608.
11. (d) Rajagopal, A.; Kahn, A. Adv. Mater 1998, 10, 140.
12. (e) Haskal, E. I.; So, F. F.; Burrows, P. E.; Forrest, S. R. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1992, 60, 3232.
13. (f) So, F. F.; Forrest, S. R. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1991, 66, 2649.
14. (g) So, F. F.; Forrest, S. R.; Shi, Y. Q.; Steier, W. H. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1992, 56, 674.
15. (h) Forrest, S. R.; Leu, L.-Y.; So, F. F.; Yoon, W. Y. J. Appl. Phys. 1989, 66, 5908.
16. (a) Horowitz, G.; Kouki, F.; Spearman, P.; Fichou, D.; Nogues, C.; Pan, X.; Garnier, F. Adv. Mater. 1996, 8, 242.
17. (b) Katz, H. E. J. Mater. Chem. 1997, 7, 369.
18. (c) Bao, Z.; Lovinger, A. J.; Dodabalapur, A. Appl. Phys. Lett 1996, 69, 3066.
19. (d) Bao, Z.; Lovinger, A. J.; Dodabalapur, A. Adv. Mater. 1997, 9, 42.
20. (e) Lovinger, A. J.; Rothberg, L. J. J. Mater. Res. 1996, 11, 1581.
21. (a) Ioannidis, A.; Dodelet, J.-P. J. Phys. Chem. 1997, 101, 5100.
22. (b) Schlettwein, D.; Jaeger, N. I.; Wörhle, D. Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 1526.
23. (a) Schlettwein, D.; Armstrong, N. R. J. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98, 11771.
24. (b) Schlettwein, D.; Armstrong, N. R.; Lee, P. A.; Nebesny, K. W. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1994, 253, 161.
25. (c) Hillier, S.; Schlettwein, D.; Armstrong, N. R.; Wörhle, D. J. Mater. Chem. 1998, 8, 945.
26. (d) Schmidt, A.; Anderson, M. L.; Dunphy, D.; Wehrmeister, Th.; Müllen, K. Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 722.
27. (e) Schmidt, A.; Anderson, M. L.; Armstrong, N. R. J. Appl. Phys. 1995, 78, 5619.
28. (f) Hirose, Y.; Wu, C. I.; Aristrov, V.; Soukiassan, P.; Kahn, A. Appl. Surf. Sci. 1997, 113/114, 291.
29. (g) Seki, K.; Ito, E.; Ishii, H. Synth. Met. 1997, 91, 137.
30. (h) Sugiyama, K.; Yoshimura, D.; Ito, E.; Miyazaki, T.; Hamatani, Y.; Kawamoto, I.; Ishii, H.; Ouchi, Y.; Seki, K. Synth. Met. 1997, 86, 2425.
31. (a) Popovic, Z. D.; Hor, A. M.; Loutfy, R. O. Chem. Phys. 1988, 727, 4.
32. (b) Popovic, Z. D.; Menzel, E. R. J. Chem Phys. 1979, 71, 5090.
33. (c) Popovic, Z. D. J. Chem. Phys., 1982, 77, 498.
34. (d) Popovic, Z. D. J. Chem. Phys. 1983, 78, 1552.
35. (e) Popovic, Z. D.; Loutfy, R. O.; Hor, A. M. Can. J. Chem. 1985, 63, 134.
36. Schlaf, R.; Lang, O.; Pettenkofer, C.; Jaegermann, W.; Armstrong, N. R. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 1997, A15, 1365-1370.
37. (a) Schlaf, R.; Louder, D.; Lang, O.; Pettenkofer, C.; Jaegermann, W., Nebesny, K. W.; Lee, P. A.; Parkinson, B. A.; Armstrong, N. R. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 1995, 13, 1761.
38. (b) Lang, O.; Klein, A., Pettenkofer, C.; Jaegermann, W.; Chevy, A. J. Appl. Phys. 1996, 80, 3817.
39. (c) Klein, A.; Loher, T.; Tomm, Y.; Pettenkofer, C.; Jaegermann, W. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1997, 70, 1299.
40. Horn, K. Appl. Phys. 1990, A51, 289.
41. Waldrop, J. R.; Grant, R. W. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1979, 43, 1686-1689.
42. (a) Schlaf, R.; Parkinson, B. A.; Lee, P. A.;. Nebesny, K. W.; Armstrong, N. R. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1998, 73, 1026.
43. (b) Shimada, T.; Hamaguchi, K.; Koma, A.; Ohuchi, F. S. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1998, 72, 1869.
44. (a) Seah, M. P. In Practical Surface Analysis by Auger and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Briggs, D., Seah, M. P., Eds.; John Wiley and Sons: New York, 1983; pp 181-216 and references therein.
45. (a) Schmidt, A.; Chau, L.-K.; Back, A.; Armstrong, N. R. In Phthalocyanines; Lever, A. B. P., Leznoff, C., Eds.; VCH: New York, 1996; Vol. 4; pp 307-341.
46. (b) Arbour, C.; Chau, L.-K.; Collins, G. E.; Nebesny, K. W.; Lee, P. A.; England, C. D.; Parkinson, B. A. J. Phys. Chem. 1993, 97, 2690.
47. (a) Schlettwein, D.; Back, A.; Schilling, B.; Fritz, T.; Armstrong, N. R. Chem. Mater. 1998, 10, 601.
48. (b) Anderson, M. L.; Collins, G. E.; Williams, V. S.; England, C. D.; Chau, L.-K.; Schuerlein, T. J.; Lee, P. A.; Nebesny, K. W.; Armstrong, N. R. Surf. Sci. 1994, 551, 307-309.
49. (c) Schuerlein, T. J.; Armstrong, N. R. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 1994, 4, 12. (
50. Schlaf, R.; Armstrong, N. R.; Parkinson, B. A.; Pettenkofer, C.; Jaegermann, W. Surf. Sci. 1997, 385, 1-14.
51. Jaegermann, W.; Tributsch, H. Prog. Surf. Sci 1988, 29, 1-167.
52. Jaegermann, W. In Photoelectrochemistry and Photovoltaics of Layered Semiconductors, Physics and Chemistry of Materials with Low-Dimensional Structures; Aruchamy, A., Ed.; Kluwer Academic Press: Boston, 1992; Vol. 14.
53. Schuerlein, T. J.; Schmidt, A.; Lee, P. A.; Nebesny, K. W.; Armstrong, N. R. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 1995, 34, 3837.
54. Ludwig, C.; Gompf, B.; Petersen, J.; Strohmaier, R.; Eisenmenger, W. Z. Phys. 1994, B93, 365-373.
55. Kendrick, C.; Kahn, A.; Forrest, S. R. Appl. Surf. Sci. 1996, 104/ 105, 586.
56. Chau, L.-K.; England, C. D.; Chen, S.; Armstrong, N. R. J. Phys. Chem. 1993, 97, 2699.
57. Ertl, G.; Küppers, J. Low Energy Electrons and Surface Chemistry, VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 1985.
58. Anderson, R. L. Solid State Electronics 1962, 5, 341.
59. Schmidt, A.; Schuerlein, T. J.; Collins, G. E.; Armstrong, N. R. J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 11770.
60. (a) Tang, C. W.; VanSlyke, S. A. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1987, 51, 913. VanSlyke, S. A.; Chen, C. H.; Tang, C. W. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1996, 69, 2160.
61. (a) Tang, C. W.; VanSlyke, S. A. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1987, 51, 913. VanSlyke, S. A.; Chen, C. H.; Tang, C. W. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1996, 69, 2160.
62. Lee, P. A.; Armstrong, N. R. Work in progress.
63. Lever, A. P. B.; Milaeva, E. R.; Speier, G. Phthalocyanines: Properties and Applications; Lever, A. P. B., Leznoff, C. C., Eds.; VCH Publications: New York, 1991; pp 9-18, and references therein.
64. Rajagopal, A.; Kahn, A. Adv. Mater. 1998, 10, 140.
65. Rajagopal, A.; Wu, C. I.; Kahn, A. J. Appl. Phys. 1998, 83, 2649.
66. DeLuca, C.; Giomini, C.; Rampazzo, L. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1987, 238, 215.
67. Nablo, B.; Belsher, A.; Armstrong, N. R. Manuscript in preparation.