Wnt signaling in osteoblasts and bone diseases

Gene

Volumn 341, Issue 1-2, 2004, Pages 19-39

  Westendorf, Jennifer J ^a   Kahler, Rachel A ^a   Schroeder, Tania M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

catenin; Dkk; Lef1; Lrp5; Sfrp; Tcf

Indexed keywords

BETA CATENIN; CASEIN KINASE I; CELL SURFACE RECEPTOR; CORE BINDING FACTOR; DICKKOPF PROTEIN; ESTRADIOL; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR; FRIZZLED PROTEIN; GENE PRODUCT; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE 3ALPHA; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE 3BETA; GLYCOPROTEIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR RELATED PROTEIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR RELATED PROTEIN 5; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR RELATED PROTEIN 6; LYMPHOID ENHANCER FACTOR 1; NOTCH RECEPTOR; OSTEOCALCIN; PROTEIN; PROTEIN INHIBITOR; RECEPTOR; SECRETED FRIZZLED RELATED PROTEIN; T CELL FACTOR PROTEIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR RUNX2; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; TYROSINE KINASE RECEPTOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; WNT INHIBITORY FACTOR 1; WNT MODULATOR IN SURFACE ENDOTHELIUM; WNT PROTEIN;

ALLELE; BONE DENSITY; BONE DISEASE; BONE MASS; CELL FUNCTION; CELL MATURATION; CELL NUCLEUS; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL SURVIVAL; CYTOLOGY; DEVELOPMENT; ENZYME ACTIVITY; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC DISORDER; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; HUMAN; INTRACELLULAR SPACE; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; OSSIFICATION; OSTEOBLAST; OSTEOPOROSIS; PERINATAL PERIOD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SKELETON; SOLUBILITY; TUMOR MODEL;

ANIMALS; BONE DISEASES; CELL DIVISION; CELL SURVIVAL; HUMANS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; OSTEOBLASTS; PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; WNT PROTEINS;

EID: 5044228112     PISSN: 03781119     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2004.06.044     Document Type: Review

References (219)

1. H. Aberle, A. Bauer, J. Stappert, A. Kispert, and R. Kemler Beta-catenin is a target for the ubiquitinâ€"proteasome pathway EMBO J. 16 1997 3797 3804
2. A.R. Afzal, A. Rajab, C.D. Fenske, M. Oldridge, N. Elanko, E. Ternes-Pereira, B. Tuysuz, V.A. Murday, M.A. Patton, A.O. Wilkie, and S. Jeffery Recessive Robinow syndrome, allelic to dominant brachydactyly type B, is caused by mutation of ROR2 Nat. Genet. 25 2000 419 422
3. A. Ali, K.P. Hoeflich, and J.R. Woodgett Glycogen synthase kinase-3: properties, functions, and regulation Chem. Rev. 101 2001 2527 2540
4. T. Alliston, L. Choy, P. Ducy, G. Karsenty, and R. Derynck TGF-beta-induced repression of CBFA1 by Smad3 decreases cbfa1 and osteocalcin expression and inhibits osteoblast differentiation EMBO J. 20 2001 2254 2272
5. M. Almeida, J. Chen, L. Han, A.M. Vertino, H. Peng, S. Kousteni, and S.C. Manolagas Potentiation of wnt signaling by activation of the nongenotropic function of the estrogen receptor in osteoblastic cells. American Society for Bone and Mineral Research J. Bone Miner. Res. 2003 S77 (Minneapolis, MN)
6. L. Alonso, and E. Fuchs Stem cells in the skin: waste not, Wnt not Genes Dev. 17 2003 1189 1200
7. S. Avissar, G. Schreiber, A. Danon, and R.H. Belmaker Lithium inhibits adrenergic and cholinergic increases in GTP binding in rat cortex Nature 331 1988 440 442
8. P. Babij, W. Zhao, C. Small, Y. Kharode, P.J. Yaworsky, M.L. Bouxsein, P.S. Reddy, P.V. Bodine, J.A. Robinson, B. Bhat, J. Marzolf, R.A. Moran, and F. Bex High bone mass in mice expressing a mutant LRP5 gene J. Bone Miner. Res. 18 2003 960 974
9. G.H. Baeg, X. Lin, N. Khare, S. Baumgartner, and N. Perrimon Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are critical for the organization of the extracellular distribution of Wingless Development 128 2001 87 94
10. A. Bafico, A. Gazit, T. Pramila, P.W. Finch, A. Yaniv, and S.A. Aaronson Interaction of frizzled related protein (FRP) with Wnt ligands and the frizzled receptor suggests alternative mechanisms for FRP inhibition of Wnt signaling J. Biol. Chem. 274 1999 16180 16187
11. A. Bafico, G. Liu, A. Yaniv, A. Gazit, and S.A. Aaronson Novel mechanism of Wnt signalling inhibition mediated by Dickkopf-1 interaction with LRP6/Arrow Nat. Cell Biol. 3 2001 683 686
12. G. Bain, T. Muller, X. Wang, and J. Papkoff Activated beta-catenin induces osteoblast differentiation of C3H10T1/2 cells and participates in BMP2 mediated signal transduction Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 301 2003 84 91
13. J.C. Baker, R.S. Beddington, and R.M. Harland Wnt signaling in Xenopus embryos inhibits bmp4 expression and activates neural development Genes Dev. 13 1999 3149 3159
14. C. Banerjee, S.W. Hiebert, J.L. Stein, J.B. Lian, and G.S. Stein An AML-1 consensus sequence binds an osteoblast-specific complex and transcriptionally activates the osteocalcin gene Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 93 1996 4968 4973
15. O.Y. Barmina, H.W. Walling, G.J. Fiacco, J.M. Freije, C. Lopez-Otin, J.J. Jeffrey, and N.C. Partridge Collagenase-3 binds to a specific receptor and requires the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein for internalization J. Biol. Chem. 274 1999 30087 30093
16. J. Behrens, J.P. von Kries, M. Kuhl, L. Bruhn, D. Wedlich, R. Grosschedl, and W. Birchmeier Functional interaction of beta-catenin with the transcription factor LEF-1 Nature 382 1996 638 642
17. J. Behrens, B.A. Jerchow, M. Wurtele, J. Grimm, C. Asbrand, R. Wirtz, M. Kuhl, D. Wedlich, and W. Birchmeier Functional interaction of an axin homolog, conductin, with beta-catenin, APC, and GSK3beta Science 280 1998 596 599
18. C.N. Bennett, K.A. Longo, W.S. Wright, K.D. Hankenson, and O.A. MacDougald Wnt signaling promotes osteogenesis in vivo and in vitro. American Society for Bone and Mineral Research J. Bone Miner. Res. 2003 S346 (Minneapolis, MN)
19. T. Berndt, T.A. Craig, A.E. Bowe, J. Vassiliadis, D. Reczek, R. Finnegan, S.M. Jan De Beur, S.C. Schiavi, and R. Kumar Secreted frizzled-related protein 4 is a potent tumor-derived phosphaturic agent J. Clin. Invest. 112 2003 785 794
20. P. Bhanot, M. Brink, C.H. Samos, J.C. Hsieh, Y. Wang, J.P. Macke, D. Andrew, J. Nathans, and R. Nusse A new member of the frizzled family from Drosophila functions as a Wingless receptor Nature 382 1996 225 230
21. M. Bienz, and H. Clevers Linking colorectal cancer to Wnt signaling Cell 103 2000 311 320
22. J. Billiard, R. Moran, D. Way, and P.V. Bodine Receptor tyrosine kinase orphan receptor 2 (Ror2) modulates Wnt signaling pathways in osteoblastic cells. American Society of Bone and Mineral Research J. Bone Miner. Res. 2003 S5 (Minneapolis, MN)
23. A.N. Billin, H. Thirlwell, and D.E. Ayer Beta- cateninâ€"histone deacetylase interactions regulate the transition of LEF1 from a transcriptional repressor to an activator Mol. Cell. Biol. 20 2000 6882 6890
24. P.V. Bodine, W. Zhao, Y.P. Kharode, F.J. Bex, A.J. Lambert, M.B. Goad, T. Gaur, G.S. Stein, J.B. Lian, and B.S. Komm The Wnt antagonist secreted frizzled-related protein-1 is a negative regulator of trabecular bone formation in adult mice Mol. Endocrinol. 18 2004 1227 1237
25. L.M. Boyden, J. Mao, J. Belsky, L. Mitzner, A. Farhi, M.A. Mitnick, D. Wu, K. Insogna, and R.P. Lifton High bone density due to a mutation in LDL-receptor-related protein 5 N. Engl. J. Med. 346 2002 1513 1521
26. J.M. Bradbury, C.C. Niemeyer, T.C. Dale, and P.A. Edwards Alterations of the growth characteristics of the fibroblast cell line C3H 10T1/2 by members of the Wnt gene family Oncogene 9 1994 2597 2603
27. C. Brandon, L.M. Eisenberg, and C.A. Eisenberg WNT signaling modulates the diversification of hematopoietic cells Blood 96 2000 4132 4141
28. M. Brannon, J.D. Brown, R. Bates, D. Kimelman, and R.T. Moon XCtBP is a XTcf-3 co-repressor with roles throughout Xenopus development Development 126 1999 3159 3170
29. H. Brantjes, J. Roose, M. van De Wetering, and H. Clevers All Tcf HMG box transcription factors interact with Groucho-related co-repressors Nucleic Acids Res. 29 2001 1410 1419
30. V. Brault, R. Moore, S. Kutsch, M. Ishibashi, D.H. Rowitch, A.P. McMahon, L. Sommer, O. Boussadia, and R. Kemler Inactivation of the beta-catenin gene by Wnt1-Cre-mediated deletion results in dramatic brain malformation and failure of craniofacial development Development 128 2001 1253 1264
31. M.S. Brown, and J.L. Goldstein Receptor-mediated endocytosis: insights from the lipoprotein receptor system Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 76 1979 3330 3337
32. L. Bruhn, A. Munnerlyn, and R. Grosschedl ALY, a context-dependent coactivator of LE-1 and AML-1, is required for TCRalpha enhancer function Genes Dev. 11 1997 640 653
33. K.M. Cadigan, M.P. Fish, E.J. Rulifson, and R. Nusse Wingless repression of Drosophila frizzled 2 expression shapes the Wingless morphogen gradient in the wing Cell 93 1998 767 777
34. K.M. Cadigan, A.D. Jou, and R. Nusse Wingless blocks bristle formation and morphogenetic furrow progression in the eye through repression of Daughterless Development 129 2002 3393 3402
35. E. Canalis, A.N. Economides, and E. Gazzerro Bone morphogenetic proteins, their antagonists, and the skeleton Endocr. Rev. 24 2003 218 235
36. P. Cardona-Gomez, M. Perez, J. Avila, L.M. Garcia-Segura, and F. Wandosell Estradiol inhibits GSK3 and regulates interaction of estrogen receptors, GSK3, and beta-catenin in the hippocampus Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 25 2004 363 733
37. A. Caricasole, A. Copani, A. Caruso, F. Caraci, L. Iacovelli, M.A. Sortino, G.C. Terstappen, and F. Nicoletti The Wnt pathway, cell-cycle activation and beta-amyloid: novel therapeutic strategies in Alzheimer's disease? Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 24 2003 233 238
38. P. Carlsson, M.L. Waterman, and K.A. Jones The hLEF/TCF-1 alpha HMG protein contains a context-dependent transcriptional activation domain that induces the TCR alpha enhancer in T cells Genes Dev. 7 1993 2418 2430
39. C. Carron, A. Pascal, A. Djiane, J.C. Boucaut, D.L. Shi, and M. Umbhauer Frizzled receptor dimerization is sufficient to activate the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway J. Cell. Sci. 116 2003 2541 2550
40. A. Cattelino, S. Liebner, R. Gallini, A. Zanetti, G. Balconi, A. Corsi, P. Bianco, H. Wolburg, R. Moore, B. Oreda, R. Kemler, and E. Dejana The conditional inactivation of the beta-catenin gene in endothelial cells causes a defective vascular pattern and increased vascular fragility J. Cell Biol. 162 2003 1111 1122
41. M. Centrella, M.C. Horowitz, J.M. Wozney, and T.L. McCarthy Transforming growth factor-beta gene family members and bone Endocr. Rev. 15 1994 27 39
42. E. Chalecka-Franaszek, and D.M. Chuang Lithium activates the serine/threonine kinase Akt-1 and suppresses glutamate-induced inhibition of Akt-1 activity in neurons Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 96 1999 8745 8750
43. S.D. Chan, D.B. Karpf, M.E. Fowlkes, M. Hooks, M.S. Bradley, V. Vuong, T. Bambino, M.Y. Liu, C.D. Arnaud, G.J. Strewler, and R.A. Nissenson Two homologs of the Drosophila polarity gene frizzled (fz) are widely expressed in mammalian tissues J. Biol. Chem. 267 1992 25202 25207
44. S.L. Cheng, F. Lecanda, M.K. Davidson, P.M. Warlow, S.F. Zhang, L. Zhang, S. Suzuki, T. St John, and R. Civitelli Human osteoblasts express a repertoire of cadherins, which are critical for BMP-2-induced osteogenic differentiation J. Bone Miner. Res. 13 1998 633 644
45. D.R. Chesire, and W.B. Isaacs Ligand-dependent inhibition of beta-catenin/TCF signaling by androgen receptor. T cell factor Oncogene 21 2002 8453 8469
46. E.A. Cho, and G.R. Dressler TCF-4 binds beta-catenin and is expressed in distinct regions of the embryonic brain and limbs Mech. Dev. 77 1998 9 18
47. D.S. de Jong, E.J. van Zoelen, S. Bauerschmidt, W. Olijve, and W.T. Steegenga Microarray analysis of bone morphogenetic protein, transforming growth factor beta, and activin early response genes during osteoblastic cell differentiation J. Bone Miner. Res. 17 2002 2119 2129
48. T.M. DeChiara, R.B. Kimble, W.T. Poueymirou, J. Rojas, P. Masiakowski, D.M. Valenzuela, and G.D. Yancopoulos Ror2, encoding a receptor-like tyrosine kinase, is required for cartilage and growth plate development Nat. Genet. 24 2000 271 274
49. V.W. Ding, R.H. Chen, and F. McCormick Differential regulation of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta by insulin and Wnt signaling J. Biol. Chem. 275 2000 32475 32481
50. Y. Dong, W. Lathrop, D. Weaver, Q. Qiu, J. Cini, D. Bertolini, and D. Chen Molecular cloning and characterization of LR3, a novel LDL receptor family protein with mitogenic activity Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 251 1998 784 790
51. P. Ducy, and G. Karsenty Two distinct osteoblast-specific cis-acting elements control expression of a mouse osteocalcin gene Mol. Cell. Biol. 15 1995 1858 1869
52. V. Easwaran, M. Pishvaian, and S. Byers Cross-regulation of beta-cateninâ€"LEF/TCF and retinoid signaling pathways Curr. Biol. 9 1999 1415 1418
53. M. El-Tanani, D.G. Fernig, R. Barraclough, C. Green, and P. Rudland Differential modulation of transcriptional activity of estrogen receptors by direct proteinâ€"protein interactions with the T cell factor family of transcription factors J. Biol. Chem. 276 2001 41675 41682
54. M. El-Tanani, A. Platt-Higgins, P.S. Rudland, and F.C. Campbell Ets gene, PEA3 cooperates with beta-cateninâ€"Lef-1 and c-jun in regulation of osteopontin transcription J. Biol. Chem. 279 2004 20794 20806
55. G.H. Farr 3rd, D.M. Ferkey, C. Yost, S.B. Pierce, C. Weaver, and D. Kimelman Interaction among GSK-3, GBP, axin, and APC in Xenopus axis specification J. Cell Biol. 148 2000 691 702
56. S. Frame, P. Cohen, and R.M. Biondi A common phosphate binding site explains the unique substrate specificity of GSK3 and its inactivation by phosphorylation Mol. Cell 7 2001 1321 1327
57. T. Fujino, H. Asaba, M.J. Kang, Y. Ikeda, H. Sone, S. Takada, D.H. Kim, R.X. Ioka, M. Ono, H. Tomoyori, M. Okubo, T. Murase, A. Kamataki, J. Yamamoto, K. Magoori, S. Takahashi, Y. Miyamoto, H. Oishi, M. Nose, M. Okazaki, S. Usui, K. Imaizumi, M. Yanagisawa, J. Sakai, and T.T. Yamamoto Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) is essential for normal cholesterol metabolism and glucose-induced insulin secretion Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100 2003 229 234
58. J. Galceran, I. Farinas, M.J. Depew, H. Clevers, and R. Grosschedl Wnt3a-/ - like phenotype and limb deficiency in Lef1(-/-)Tcf1(-/-) mice Genes Dev. 13 1999 709 717
59. K. Giese, and R. Grosschedl LEF-1 contains an activation domain that stimulates transcription only in a specific context of factor-binding sites EMBO J. 12 1993 4667 4676
60. K. Giese, A. Amsterdam, and R. Grosschedl DNA-binding properties of the HMG domain of the lymphoid-specific transcriptional regulator LEF-1 Genes Dev. 5 1991 2567 2578
61. K. Giese, C. Kingsley, J.R. Kirshner, and R. Grosschedl Assembly and function of a TCR alpha enhancer complex is dependent on LEF-1-induced DNA bending and multiple proteinâ€"protein interactions Genes Dev. 9 1995 995 1008
62. K. Giese, J. Pagel, and R. Grosschedl Functional analysis of DNA bending and unwinding by the high mobility group domain of LEF-1 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 94 1997 12845 12850
63. R.H. Giles, J.H. van Es, and H. Clevers Caught up in a Wnt storm: Wnt signaling in cancer Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1653 2003 1 24
64. D. Glass, M. Patel, F. Long, M.M. Taketo, A. McMahon, and G. Karsenty Regulation of bone formation by Wnt signaling. American Society of Bone and Mineral Research J. Bone Miner. Res. 2003 S14 (Minneapolis, MN)
65. T. Golan, A. Yaniv, A. Bafico, G. Liu, and A. Gazit The human frizzled 6 (HFz6) acts as a negative regulator of the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling cascade J. Biol. Chem. 279 2004 14879 14888
66. Y. Gong, M. Vikkula, L. Boon, J. Liu, P. Beighton, R. Ramesar, L. Peltonen, H. Somer, T. Hirose, B. Dallapiccola, A. De Paepe, W. Swoboda, B. Zabel, A. Superti-Furga, B. Steinmann, H.G. Brunner, A. Jans, R.G. Boles, W. Adkins, M.J. van den Boogaard, B.R. Olsen, and M.L. Warman Osteoporosisâ €"pseudoglioma syndrome, a disorder affecting skeletal strength and vision, is assigned to chromosome region 11q12â€"13 Am. J. Hum. Genet. 59 1996 146 151
67. Y. Gong, R.B. Slee, N. Fukai, G. Rawadi, S. Roman-Roman, A.M. Reginato, H. Wang, T. Cundy, F.H. Glorieux, D. Lev, M. Zacharin, K. Oexle, J. Marcelino, W. Suwairi, S. Heeger, G. Sabatakos, S. Apte, W.N. Adkins, J. Allgrove, M. Arslan-Kirchner, J.A. Batch, P. Beighton, G.C. Black, R.G. Boles, L.M. Boon, C. Borrone, H.G. Brunner, G.F. Carle, B. Dallapiccola, A. De Paepe, B. Floege, M.L. Halfhide, B. Hall, R.C. Hennekam, T. Hirose, A. Jans, H. Juppner, C.A. Kim, K. Keppler-Noreuil, A. Kohlschuetter, D. LaCombe, M. Lambert, E. Lemyre, T. Letteboer, L. Peltonen, R.S. Ramesar, M. Romanengo, H. Somer, E. Steichen-Gersdorf, B. Steinmann, B. Sullivan, A. Superti-Furga, W. Swoboda, M.J. van den Boogaard, W. Van Hul, M. Vikkula, M. Votruba, B. Zabel, T. Garcia, R. Baron, B.R. Olsen, and M.L. Warman LDL receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) affects bone accrual and eye development Cell 107 2001 513 523
68. J.M. Gonzalez-Sancho, K.R. Brennan, L.A. Castelo-Soccio, and A.M. Brown Wnt proteins induce dishevelled phosphorylation via an LRP5/6-independent mechanism, irrespective of their ability to stabilize {beta}-catenin Mol. Cell. Biol. 24 2004 4757 4768
69. C.A. Gregory, H. Singh, A.S. Perry, and D.J. Prockop The Wnt signaling inhibitor dickkopf-1 is required for reentry into the cell cycle of human adult stem cells from bone marrow J. Biol. Chem. 278 2003 28067 28078
70. R. Habas, I.B. Dawid, and X. He Coactivation of Rac and Rho by Wnt/Frizzled signaling is required for vertebrate gastrulation Genes Dev. 17 2003 295 309
71. M. Hadjiargyrou, F. Lombardo, S. Zhao, W. Ahrens, J. Joo, H. Ahn, M. Jurman, D.W. White, and C.T. Rubin Transcriptional profiling of bone regeneration. Insight into the molecular complexity of wound repair J. Biol. Chem. 277 2002 30177 30182
72. H. Haegel, L. Larue, M. Ohsugi, L. Fedorov, K. Herrenknecht, and R. Kemler Lack of beta-catenin affects mouse development at gastrulation Development 121 1995 3529 3537
73. C. Hartmann, and C.J. Tabin Dual roles of Wnt signaling during chondrogenesis in the chicken limb Development 127 2000 3141 3159
74. X. He, J.P. Saint-Jeannet, J.R. Woodgett, H.E. Varmus, and I.B. Dawid Glycogen synthase kinase-3 and dorsoventral patterning in Xenopus embryos Nature 374 1995 617 622
75. T.C. He, A.B. Sparks, C. Rago, H. Hermeking, L. Zawel, L.T. da Costa, P.J. Morin, B. Vogelstein, and K.W. Kinzler Identification of c-MYC as a target of the APC pathway Science 281 1998 1509 1512
76. C. Heaney, H. Shalev, K. Elbedour, R. Carmi, J.B. Staack, V.C. Sheffield, and D.R. Beier Human autosomal recessive osteopetrosis maps to 11q13, a position predicted by comparative mapping of the murine osteosclerosis (oc) mutation Hum. Mol. Genet. 7 1998 1407 1410
77. A. Hecht, K. Vleminckx, M.P. Stemmler, F. van Roy, and R. Kemler The p300/CBP acetyltransferases function as transcriptional coactivators of beta-catenin in vertebrates EMBO J. 19 2000 1839 1850
78. P.J. Hey, R.C. Twells, M.S. Phillips, N. Yusuke, S.D. Brown, Y. Kawaguchi, R. Cox, X. Guochun, V. Dugan, H. Hammond, M.L. Metzker, J.A. Todd, and J.F. Hess Cloning of a novel member of the low-density lipoprotein receptor family Gene 216 1998 103 111
79. B. Hoang, M. Moos Jr., S. Vukicevic, and F.P. Luyten Primary structure and tissue distribution of FRZB, a novel protein related to Drosophila frizzled, suggest a role in skeletal morphogenesis J. Biol. Chem. 271 1996 26131 26137
80. B.H. Hoang, T. Kubo, J.H. Healey, R. Sowers, B. Mazza, R. Yang, A.G. Huvos, P.A. Meyers, and R. Gorlick Expression of LDL receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) as a novel marker for disease progression in high-grade osteosarcoma Int. J. Cancer 109 2004 106 111
81. K.P. Hoeflich, J. Luo, E.A. Rubie, M.S. Tsao, O. Jin, and J.R. Woodgett Requirement for glycogen synthase kinase-3beta in cell survival and NF-kappaB activation Nature 406 2000 86 90
82. K. Hovanes, T.W. Li, and M.L. Waterman The human LEF-1 gene contains a promoter preferentially active in lymphocytes and encodes multiple isoforms derived from alternative splicing Nucleic Acids Res. 28 2000 1994 2003
83. K. Hovanes, T.W. Li, J.E. Munguia, T. Truong, T. Milovanovic, J. Lawrence Marsh, R.F. Holcombe, and M.L. Waterman Beta-catenin-sensitive isoforms of lymphoid enhancer factor-1 are selectively expressed in colon cancer Nat. Genet. 28 2001 53 57
84. J.C. Hsieh, L. Kodjabachian, M.L. Rebbert, A. Rattner, P.M. Smallwood, C.H. Samos, R. Nusse, I.B. Dawid, and J. Nathans A new secreted protein that binds to Wnt proteins and inhibits their activities Nature 398 1999 431 436
85. S.C. Hsu, J. Galceran, and R. Grosschedl Modulation of transcriptional regulation by LEF-1 in response to Wnt-1 signaling and association with beta-catenin Mol. Cell. Biol. 18 1998 4807 4818
86. O. Huber, R. Korn, J. McLaughlin, M. Ohsugi, B.G. Herrmann, and R. Kemler Nuclear localization of beta-catenin by interaction with transcription factor LEF-1 Mech. Dev. 59 1996 3 10
87. J. Huelsken, R. Vogel, B. Erdmann, G. Cotsarelis, and W. Birchmeier Beta-catenin controls hair follicle morphogenesis and stem cell differentiation in the skin Cell 105 2001 533 545
88. S.M. Hussein, E.K. Duff, and C. Sirard Smad4 and beta-catenin co-activators functionally interact with lymphoid-enhancing factor to regulate graded expression of Msx2 J. Biol. Chem. 278 2003 48805 48814
89. T. Ishitani, J. Ninomiya-Tsuji, S. Nagai, M. Nishita, M. Meneghini, N. Barker, M. Waterman, B. Bowerman, H. Clevers, H. Shibuya, and K. Matsumoto The TAK1-NLK-MAPK-related pathway antagonizes signalling between beta-catenin and transcription factor TCF Nature 399 1999 798 802
90. T. Ishitani, J. Ninomiya-Tsuji, and K. Matsumoto Regulation of lymphoid enhancer factor 1/T-cell factor by mitogen-activated protein kinase-related Nemo-like kinase-dependent phosphorylation in Wnt/beta-catenin signaling Mol. Cell. Biol. 23 2003 1379 1389
91. N. Itasaki, C.M. Jones, S. Mercurio, A. Rowe, P.M. Domingos, J.C. Smith, and R. Krumlauf Wise, a context-dependent activator and inhibitor of Wnt signalling Development 130 2003 4295 4305
92. I.E. James, S. Kumar, M.R. Barnes, C.J. Gress, A.T. Hand, R.A. Dodds, J.R. Connor, B.R. Bradley, D.A. Campbell, S.E. Grabill, K. Williams, S.M. Blake, M. Gowen, and M.W. Lark FrzB-2: a human secreted frizzled-related protein with a potential role in chondrocyte apoptosis Osteoarthr. Cartil. 8 2000 452 463
93. C. Jamora, R. DasGupta, P. Kocieniewski, and E. Fuchs Links between signal transduction, transcription and adhesion in epithelial bud development Nature 422 2003 317 322
94. H. Jeon, W. Meng, J. Takagi, M.J. Eck, T.A. Springer, and S.C. Blacklow Implications for familial hypercholesterolemia from the structure of the LDL receptor YWTD-EGF domain pair Nat. Struct. Biol. 8 2001 499 504
95. J. Jiang, and G. Struhl Regulation of the Hedgehog and Wingless signalling pathways by the F-box/WD40-repeat protein Slimb Nature 391 1998 493 496
96. M.L. Johnson, G. Gong, W. Kimberling, S.M. Recker, D.B. Kimmel, and R.B. Recker Linkage of a gene causing high bone mass to human chromosome 11 (11q12â€"13) Am. J. Hum. Genet. 60 1997 1326 1332
97. R.A. Kahler, and J.J. Westendorf Lymphoid enhancer factor-1 and beta-catenin inhibit Runx2-dependent transcriptional activation of the osteocalcin promoter J. Biol. Chem. 278 2003 11937 11944
98. M. Kato, M.S. Patel, R. Levasseur, I. Lobov, B.H. Chang, D.A. Glass II, C. Hartmann, L. Li, T.H. Hwang, C.F. Brayton, R.A. Lang, G. Karsenty, and L. Chan Cbfa1-independent decrease in osteoblast proliferation, osteopenia, and persistent embryonic eye vascularization in mice deficient in Lrp5, a Wnt coreceptor J. Cell Biol. 157 2002 303 314
99. Y. Kawano, and R. Kypta Secreted antagonists of the Wnt signalling pathway J. Cell. Sci. 116 2003 2627 2634
100. Y. Kharode, P. Green, J. Marzolf, W. Zhao, R. Askew, and F. Bex Alteration in bone density of mice due to heterozygous inactivation of LRP6. American Society of Bone and Mineral Research J. Bone Miner. Res. 2003 S60 (Minneapolis, MN)
101. K.W. Kinzler Identification of FAP locus genes from chromosome 5q21 Science 253 1991 661 665
102. P.S. Klein, and D.A. Melton A molecular mechanism for the effect of lithium on development Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 93 1996 8455 8459
103. D.L. Koller, L.A. Rodriguez, J.C. Christian, C.W. Slemenda, M.J. Econs, S.L. Hui, P. Morin, P.M. Conneally, G. Joslyn, M.E. Curran, M. Peacock, C.C. Johnston, and T. Foroud Linkage of a QTL contributing to normal variation in bone mineral density to chromosome 11q12â€"13 J. Bone Miner. Res. 13 1998 1903 1908
104. T. Komori, H. Yagi, S. Nomura, A. Yamaguchi, K. Sasaki, K. Deguchi, Y. Shimizu, R.T. Bronson, Y.H. Gao, M. Inada, M. Sato, R. Okamoto, Y. Kitamura, S. Yoshiki, and T. Kishimoto Targeted disruption of Cbfa1 results in a complete lack of bone formation owing to maturational arrest of osteoblasts Cell 89 1997 755 764
105. V. Korinek, N. Barker, P. Moerer, E. van Donselaar, G. Huls, P.J. Peters, and H. Clevers Depletion of epithelial stemâ€"cell compartments in the small intestine of mice lacking Tcf-4 Nat. Genet. 19 1998 379 383
106. S. Kousteni, T. Bellido, L.I. Plotkin, C.A. O'Brien, D.L. Bodenner, L. Han, K. Han, G.B. DiGregorio, J.A. Katzenellenbogen, B.S. Katzenellenbogen, P.K. Roberson, R.S. Weinstein, R.L. Jilka, and S.C. Manolagas Nongenotropic, sex-nonspecific signaling through the estrogen or androgen receptors: dissociation from transcriptional activity Cell 104 2001 719 730
107. S. Kousteni, J.R. Chen, T. Bellido, L. Han, A.A. Ali, C.A. O'Brien, L. Plotkin, Q. Fu, A.T. Mancino, Y. Wen, A.M. Vertino, C.C. Powers, S.A. Stewart, R. Ebert, A.M. Parfitt, R.S. Weinstein, R.L. Jilka, and S.C. Manolagas Reversal of bone loss in mice by nongenotropic signaling of sex steroids Science 298 2002 843 846
108. S. Kousteni, L. Han, M. Almeida, J. Chen, H. Peng, R.L. Jilka, and S.C. Manolagas Induction of osteoblast lineage commitment and differentiation by 4-estren-3alpha, 17β-diol (estren), but not 17β-estradiol: a putative explanation of the bone anabolic properties of ANGELS. American Society for Bone and Mineral Research J. Bone Miner. Res. 2003 S28 (Minneapolis, MN)
109. T. Kramps, O. Peter, E. Brunner, D. Nellen, B. Froesch, S. Chatterjee, M. Murone, S. Zullig, and K. Basler Wnt/wingless signaling requires BCL9/legless-mediated recruitment of pygopus to the nuclear beta- cateninâ€"TCF complex Cell 109 2002 47 60
110. K. Kratochwil, M. Dull, I. Farinas, J. Galceran, and R. Grosschedl Lef1 expression is activated by BMP-4 and regulates inductive tissue interactions in tooth and hair development Genes Dev. 10 1996 1382 1394
111. V.E. Krupnik, J.D. Sharp, C. Jiang, K. Robison, T.W. Chickering, L. Amaravadi, D.E. Brown, D. Guyot, G. Mays, K. Leiby, B. Chang, T. Duong, A.D. Goodearl, D.P. Gearing, S.Y. Sokol, and S.A. McCarthy Functional and structural diversity of the human Dickkopf gene family Gene 238 1999 301 313
112. M. Kundu, A. Javed, J.P. Jeon, A. Horner, L. Shum, M. Eckhaus, M. Muenke, J.B. Lian, Y. Yang, G.H. Nuckolls, G.S. Stein, and P.P. Liu Cbfbeta interacts with Runx2 and has a critical role in bone development Nat. Genet. 32 2002 639 644
113. E. Labbe, A. Letamendia, and L. Attisano Association of smads with lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1/T cell-specific factor mediates cooperative signaling by the transforming growth factor-beta and wnt pathways Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97 2000 8358 8363
114. K.S. Lee, H.J. Kim, Q.L. Li, X.Z. Chi, C. Ueta, T. Komori, J.M. Wozney, E.G. Kim, J.Y. Choi, H.M. Ryoo, and S.C. Bae Runx2 is a common target of transforming growth factor beta1 and bone morphogenetic protein 2, and cooperation between Runx2 and Smad5 induces osteoblast-specific gene expression in the pluripotent mesenchymal precursor cell line C2C12 Mol. Cell. Biol. 20 2000 8783 8792
115. D. Levanon, R.E. Goldstein, Y. Bernstein, H. Tang, D. Goldenberg, S. Stifani, Z. Paroush, and Y. Groner Transcriptional repression by AML1 and LEF-1 is mediated by the TLE/Groucho corepressors Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95 1998 11590 11595
116. L. Levy, Y. Wei, C. Labalette, Y. Wu, C.A. Renard, M.A. Buendia, and C. Neuveut Acetylation of beta-catenin by p300 regulates beta- cateninâ€"Tcf4 interaction Mol. Cell. Biol. 24 2004 3404 3414
117. L. Li, H. Yuan, C.D. Weaver, J. Mao, G.H. Farr III, D.J. Sussman, J. Jonkers, D. Kimelman, and D. Wu Axin and Frat1 interact with dvl and GSK, bridging Dvl to GSK in Wnt-mediated regulation of LEF-1 EMBO J. 18 1999 4233 4240
118. H. Li, J.H. Kim, S.S. Koh, and M.R. Stallcup Synergistic effects of coactivators GRIP1 and beta-catenin on gene activation: cross-talk between androgen receptor and Wnt signaling pathways J. Biol. Chem. 279 2004 4212 4220
119. X. Lin, and N. Perrimon Dally cooperates with Drosophila Frizzled 2 to transduce Wingless signalling Nature 400 1999 281 284
120. R.D. Little, J.P. Carulli, R.G. Del Mastro, J. Dupuis, M. Osborne, C. Folz, S.P. Manning, P.M. Swain, S.C. Zhao, B. Eustace, M.M. Lappe, L. Spitzer, S. Zweier, K. Braunschweiger, Y. Benchekroun, X. Hu, R. Adair, L. Chee, M.G. FitzGerald, C. Tulig, A. Caruso, N. Tzellas, A. Bawa, B. Franklin, S. McGuire, X. Nogues, G. Gong, K.M. Allen, A. Anisowicz, A.J. Morales, P.T. Lomedico, S.M. Recker, P. Van Eerdewegh, R.R. Recker, and M.L. Johnson A mutation in the LDL receptor-related protein 5 gene results in the autosomal dominant high-bone-mass trait Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70 2002 11 19
121. C. Liu, Y. Li, M. Semenov, C. Han, G.H. Baeg, Y. Tan, Z. Zhang, X. Lin, and X. He Control of beta-catenin phosphorylation/degradation by a dual-kinase mechanism Cell 108 2002 837 847
122. J.J. Love, X. Li, D.A. Case, K. Giese, R. Grosschedl, and P.E. Wright Structural basis for DNA bending by the architectural transcription factor LEF-1 Nature 376 1995 791 795
123. J.J. Lucas, F. Hernandez, P. Gomez-Ramos, M.A. Moran, R. Hen, and J. Avila Decreased nuclear beta-catenin, tau hyperphosphorylation and neurodegeneration in GSK-3beta conditional transgenic mice EMBO J. 20 2001 27 39
124. S.C. Manolagas, S. Kousteni, and R.L. Jilka Sex steroids and bone Recent Prog. Horm. Res. 57 2002 385 409
125. B. Mao, and C. Niehrs Kremen2 modulates Dickkopf2 activity during Wnt/LRP6 signaling Gene 302 2003 179 183
126. B. Mao, W. Wu, Y. Li, D. Hoppe, P. Stannek, A. Glinka, and C. Niehrs LDL-receptor-related protein 6 is a receptor for Dickkopf proteins Nature 411 2001 321 325
127. J. Mao, J. Wang, B. Liu, W. Pan, G.H. Farr, C. Flynn, H. Yuan, S. Takada, D. Kimelman, L. Li, and D. Wu Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-5 binds to Axin and regulates the canonical Wnt signaling pathway Mol. Cell 7 2001 801 809
128. B. Mao, W. Wu, G. Davidson, J. Marhold, M. Li, B.M. Mechler, H. Delius, D. Hoppe, P. Stannek, C. Walter, A. Glinka, and C. Niehrs Kremen proteins are Dickkopf receptors that regulate Wnt/beta-catenin signalling Nature 417 2002 664 667
129. J.M. Mariadason, M. Bordonaro, F. Aslam, L. Shi, M. Kuraguchi, A. Velcich, and L.H. Augenlicht Down-regulation of beta-catenin TCF signaling is linked to colonic epithelial cell differentiation Cancer Res. 61 2001 3465 3471
130. J. Massague, S.W. Blain, and R.S. Lo TGFbeta signaling in growth control, cancer, and heritable disorders Cell 103 2000 295 309
131. L.G. May, and C.V. Gay Multiple G-protein involvement in parathyroid hormone regulation of acid production by osteoclasts J. Cell. Biochem. 64 1997 161 170
132. K. Mayer, T. Hieronymus, J. Castrop, H. Clevers, and W.G. Ballhausen Ectopic activation of lymphoid high mobility group-box transcription factor TCF-1 and overexpression in colorectal cancer cells Int. J. Cancer 72 1997 625 630
133. H.S. Melkonyan, W.C. Chang, J.P. Shapiro, M. Mahadevappa, P.A. Fitzpatrick, M.C. Kiefer, L.D. Tomei, and S.R. Umansky SARPs: a family of secreted apoptosis-related proteins Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 94 1997 13636 13641
134. B.J. Merrill, H.A. Pasolli, L. Polak, M. Rendl, M.J. Garcia-Garcia, K.V. Anderson, and E. Fuchs Tcf3: a transcriptional regulator of axis induction in the early embryo Development 131 2004 263 274
135. J.R. Miller The Wnts Genome Biol. 2002 3
136. J. Miller, A. Horner, T. Stacy, C. Lowrey, J.B. Lian, G. Stein, G.H. Nuckolls, and N.A. Speck The core-binding factor beta subunit is required for bone formation and hematopoietic maturation Nat. Genet. 32 2002 645 649
137. M. Miyagishi, R. Fujii, M. Hatta, E. Yoshida, N. Araya, A. Nagafuchi, S. Ishihara, T. Nakajima, and A. Fukamizu Regulation of Lef-mediated transcription and p53-dependent pathway by associating β-catenin with CBP/p300 J. Biol. Chem. 275 2000 35170 35175
138. H. Monaghan, V.J. Bubb, R. Sirimujalin, S.J. Millward-Sadler, and D.M. Salter Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), beta-catenin, and cadherin are expressed in human bone and cartilage Histopathology 39 2001 611 619
139. S.P. Monga, W.M. Mars, P. Pediaditakis, A. Bell, K. Mule, W.C. Bowen, X. Wang, R. Zarnegar, and G.K. Michalopoulos Hepatocyte growth factor induces Wnt-independent nuclear translocation of beta-catenin after Met-beta-catenin dissociation in hepatocytes Cancer Res. 62 2002 2064 2071
140. R.T. Moon, B. Bowerman, M. Boutros, and N. Perrimon The promise and perils of Wnt signaling through beta-catenin Science 296 2002 1644 1646
141. D.J. Mulholland, J.T. Read, P.S. Rennie, M.E. Cox, and C.C. Nelson Functional localization and competition between the androgen receptor and T-cell factor for nuclear beta-catenin: a means for inhibition of the Tcf signaling axis Oncogene 22 2003 5602 5613
142. T. Nakamura, S. Aoki, K. Kitajima, T. Takahashi, and K. Matsumoto Molecular cloning and characterization of Kremen, a novel kringle-containing transmembrane protein Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1518 2001 63 72
143. S. Niemann, C. Zhao, F. Pascu, U. Stahl, U. Aulepp, L. Niswander, J.L. Weber, and U. Muller Homozygous WNT3 mutation causes tetra-amelia in a large consanguineous family Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74 2004 558 563
144. I. Nishisho, Y. Nakamura, Y. Miyoshi, Y. Miki, H. Ando, A. Horii, K. Koyama, J. Utsunomiya, S. Baba, and P. Hedge Mutations of chromosome 5q21 genes in FAP and colorectal cancer patients Science 253 1991 665 669
145. M. Nishita, M.K. Hashimoto, S. Ogata, M.N. Laurent, N. Ueno, H. Shibuya, and K.W. Cho Interaction between Wnt and TGF-beta signalling pathways during formation of Spemann's organizer Nature 403 2000 781 785
146. J. Noordermeer, J. Klingensmith, N. Perrimon, and R. Nusse dishevelled and armadillo act in the wingless signalling pathway in Drosophila Nature 367 1994 80 83
147. R. Nusse, E. Rulifson, M. Fish, C. Harryman-Samos, M. Brink, C.H. Wu, and
148. I. Oishi, H. Suzuki, N. Onishi, R. Takada, S. Kani, B. Ohkawara, I. Koshida, K. Suzuki, G. Yamada, G.C. Schwabe, S. Mundlos, H. Shibuya, S. Takada, and Y. Minami The receptor tyrosine kinase Ror2 is involved in non-canonical Wnt5a/JNK signalling pathway Genes Cells 8 2003 645 654
149. M. Okubo, A. Horinishi, D.H. Kim, T.T. Yamamoto, and T. Murase Seven novel sequence variants in the human low density lipoprotein receptor related protein 5 (LRP5) gene Human Mutat. 19 2002 186
150. M. Oldridge, A.M. Fortuna, M. Maringa, P. Propping, S. Mansour, C. Pollitt, T.M. DeChiara, R.B. Kimble, D.M. Valenzuela, G.D. Yancopoulos, and A.O. Wilkie Dominant mutations in ROR2, encoding an orphan receptor tyrosine kinase, cause brachydactyly type B Nat. Genet. 24 2000 275 278
151. M. Oosterwegel, M. van de Wetering, and H. Clevers HMG box proteins in early T-cell differentiation Thymus 22 1993 67 81
152. M. Oosterwegel, M. van de Wetering, J. Timmerman, A. Kruisbeek, O. Destree, F. Meijlink, and H. Clevers Differential expression of the HMG box factors TCF-1 and LEF-1 during murine embryogenesis Development 118 1993 439 448
153. F. Otto, A.P. Thornell, T. Crompton, A. Denzel, K.C. Gilmour, I.R. Rosewell, G.W. Stamp, R.S. Beddington, S. Mundlos, B.R. Olsen, P.B. Selby, and M.J. Owen Cbfa1, a candidate gene for cleidocranial dysplasia syndrome, is essential for osteoblast differentiation and bone development Cell 89 1997 765 771
154. H.G. Palmer, J.M. Gonzalez-Sancho, J. Espada, M.T. Berciano, I. Puig, J. Baulida, M. Quintanilla, A. Cano, A.G. de Herreros, M. Lafarga, and A. Munoz Vitamin D(3) promotes the differentiation of colon carcinoma cells by the induction of E-cadherin and the inhibition of beta-catenin signaling J. Cell Biol. 154 2001 369 387
155. F. Payre, A. Vincent, and S. Carreno ovo/svb integrates Wingless and DER pathways to control epidermis differentiation Nature 400 1999 271 275
156. M. Peifer, D. Sweeton, M. Casey, and E. Wieschaus Wingless signal and Zeste-white 3 kinase trigger opposing changes in the intracellular distribution of Armadillo Development 120 1994 369 380
157. S. Piccolo, E. Agius, L. Leyns, S. Bhattacharyya, H. Grunz, T. Bouwmeester, and E.M. De Robertis The head inducer Cerberus is a multifunctional antagonist of Nodal, BMP and Wnt signals Nature 397 1999 707 710
158. O. Piepenburg, G. Vorbruggen, and H. Jackle Drosophila segment borders result from unilateral repression of hedgehog activity by wingless signaling Mol. Cell 6 2000 203 209
159. S.B. Pierce, and D. Kimelman Overexpression of Xgsk-3 disrupts anterior ectodermal patterning in Xenopus Dev. Biol. 175 1996 256 264
160. K.I. Pinson, J. Brennan, S. Monkley, B.J. Avery, and W.C. Skarnes An LDL-receptor-related protein mediates Wnt signalling in mice Nature 407 2000 535 538
161. E. Porfiri, B. Rubinfeld, I. Albert, K. Hovanes, M. Waterman, and P. Polakis Induction of a beta-cateninâ€"LEF-1 complex by wnt-1 and transforming mutants of beta-catenin Oncogene 15 1997 2833 2839
162. M.G. Prieve, and M.L. Waterman Nuclear localization and formation of beta-cateninâ€"lymphoid enhancer factor 1 complexes are not sufficient for activation of gene expression Mol. Cell. Biol. 19 1999 4503 4515
163. H. Qi, D.J. Aguiar, S.M. Williams, A. La Pean, W. Pan, and C.M. Verfaillie Identification of genes responsible for osteoblast differentiation from human mesodermal progenitor cells Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100 2003 3305 3310
164. G. Rawadi, B. Vayssiere, F. Dunn, R. Baron, and S. Roman-Roman BMP-2 controls alkaline phosphatase expression and osteoblast mineralization by a Wnt autocrine loop J. Bone Miner. Res. 18 2003 1842 1853
165. R.A. Rimerman, A. Gellert-Randleman, and J.A. Diehl Wnt1 and MEK1 cooperate to promote cyclin D1 accumulation and cellular transformation J. Biol. Chem. 275 2000 14736 14742
166. J. Robitaille, M.L. MacDonald, A. Kaykas, L.C. Sheldahl, J. Zeisler, M.P. Dube, L.H. Zhang, R.R. Singaraja, D.L. Guernsey, B. Zheng, L.F. Siebert, A. Hoskin-Mott, M.T. Trese, S.N. Pimstone, B.S. Shastry, R.T. Moon, M.R. Hayden, Y.P. Goldberg, and M.E. Samuels Mutant frizzled-4 disrupts retinal angiogenesis in familial exudative vitreoretinopathy Nat. Genet. 32 2002 326 330
167. S. Roman-Roman, D.L. Shi, V. Stiot, E. Hay, B. Vayssiere, T. Garcia, R. Baron, and G. Rawadi Murine Frizzled-1 behaves as an antagonist of the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling J. Biol. Chem. 279 2004 5725 5733
168. D.A. Ross, and T. Kadesch The notch intracellular domain can function as a coactivator for LEF-1 Mol. Cell. Biol. 21 2001 7537 7544
169. S.E. Ross, N. Hemati, K.A. Longo, C.N. Bennett, P.C. Lucas, R.L. Erickson, and O.A. MacDougald Inhibition of adipogenesis by Wnt signaling Science 289 2000 950 953
170. E.J. Rulifson, C.H. Wu, and R. Nusse Pathway specificity by the bifunctional receptor frizzled is determined by affinity for wingless Mol. Cell 6 2000 117 126
171. S. Sachdev, L. Bruhn, H. Sieber, A. Pichler, F. Melchior, and R. Grosschedl PIASy, a nuclear matrix-associated SUMO E3 ligase, represses LEF1 activity by sequestration into nuclear bodies Genes Dev. 15 2001 3088 3103
172. G.C. Schwabe, S. Tinschert, C. Buschow, P. Meinecke, G. Wolff, G. Gillessen-Kaesbach, M. Oldridge, A.O. Wilkie, R. Komec, and S. Mundlos Distinct mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinase gene ROR2 cause brachydactyly type B Am. J. Hum. Genet. 67 2000 822 831
173. F. Schweisguth Notch signaling activity Curr. Biol. 14 2004 R129 R138
174. M. Sciaudone, E. Gazzerro, L. Priest, A.M. Delany, and E. Canalis Notch 1 impairs osteoblastic cell differentiation Endocrinology 144 2003 5631 5639
175. S. Shah, A. Hecht, R. Pestell, and S.W. Byers Trans-repression of beta-catenin activity by nuclear receptors J. Biol. Chem. 278 2003 48137 48145
176. S. Shibamoto, J. Winer, M. Williams, and P. Polakis A blockade in Wnt signaling is activated following the differentiation of F9 teratocarcinoma cells Exp. Cell Res. 292 2004 11 20
177. M. Shtutman, J. Zhurinsky, I. Simcha, C. Albanese, M. D'Amico, R. Pestell, and A. Ben-Ze'ev The cyclin D1 gene is a target of the beta-catenin/LEF-1 pathway Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 96 1999 5522 5527
178. E. Siegfried, T.B. Chou, and N. Perrimon Wingless signaling acts through zeste-white 3, the Drosophila homolog of glycogen synthase kinase-3, to regulate engrailed and establish cell fate Cell 71 1992 1167 1179
179. E. Siegfried, E.L. Wilder, and N. Perrimon Components of wingless signalling in Drosophila Nature 367 1994 76 80
180. L. Smit, A. Baas, J. Kuipers, H. Korswagen, M. Van De Wetering, and H. Clevers Wnt activates the Tak1/Nlk kinase pathway J. Biol. Chem. 279 2004 17232 17240
181. E. Smith, G.A. Coetzee, and B. Frenkel Glucocorticoids inhibit cell cycle progression in differentiating osteoblasts via glycogen synthase kinase-3beta J. Biol. Chem. 277 2002 18191 18197
182. F.J. Staal, and H.C. Clevers Wnt signaling in the thymus Curr. Opin. Immunol. 15 2003 204 208
183. V. Stambolic, and J.R. Woodgett Mitogen inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta in intact cells via serine 9 phosphorylation Biochem. J. 303 Pt. 3 1994 701 704
184. V. Stambolic, L. Ruel, and J.R. Woodgett Lithium inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3 activity and mimics wingless signalling in intact cells Curr. Biol. 6 1996 1664 1668
185. Y. Sun, F.T. Kolligs, M.O. Hottiger, R. Mosavin, E.R. Fearon, and G.J. Nabel Regulation of beta-catenin transformation by the p300 transcriptional coactivator Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97 2000 12613 12618
186. H. Suzuki, E. Gabrielson, W. Chen, R. Anbazhagan, M. van Engeland, M.P. Weijenberg, J.G. Herman, and S.B. Baylin A genomic screen for genes upregulated by demethylation and histone deacetylase inhibition in human colorectal cancer Nat. Genet. 31 2002 141 149
187. K. Tamai, M. Semenov, Y. Kato, R. Spokony, C. Liu, Y. Katsuyama, F. Hess, J.P. Saint-Jeannet, and X. He LDL-receptor-related proteins in Wnt signal transduction Nature 407 2000 530 535
188. K. Tamai, X. Zeng, C. Liu, X. Zhang, Y. Harada, Z. Chang, and X. He A mechanism for Wnt coreceptor activation Mol. Cell 13 2004 149 156
189. E. Tian, F. Zhan, R. Walker, E. Rasmussen, Y. Ma, B. Barlogie, and J.D. Shaughnessy Jr. The role of the Wnt-signaling antagonist DKK1 in the development of osteolytic lesions in multiple myeloma N. Engl. J. Med. 349 2003 2483 2494
190. C. Toomes, H.M. Bottomley, R.M. Jackson, K.V. Towns, S. Scott, D.A. Mackey, J.E. Craig, L. Jiang, Z. Yang, R. Trembath, G. Woodruff, C.Y. Gregory-Evans, K. Gregory-Evans, M.J. Parker, G.C. Black, L.M. Downey, K. Zhang, and C.F. Inglehearn Mutations in LRP5 or FZD4 underlie the common familial exudative vitreoretinopathy locus on chromosome 11q Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74 2004 721 730
191. A. Travis, A. Amsterdam, C. Belanger, and R. Grosschedl LEF-1, a gene encoding a lymphoid-specific protein with an HMG domain, regulates T-cell receptor alpha enhancer function [corrected] Genes Dev. 5 1991 880 894
192. M. Tsuda, K. Kamimura, H. Nakato, M. Archer, W. Staatz, B. Fox, M. Humphrey, S. Olson, T. Futch, V. Kaluza, E. Siegfried, L. Stam, and S.B. Selleck The cell-surface proteoglycan Dally regulates Wingless signalling in Drosophila Nature 400 1999 276 280
193. R.S. Tuan Cellular signaling in developmental chondrogenesis: N-cadherin, Wnts, and BMP-2 J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am. 85-A Suppl. 2 2003 137 141
194. A.V. Tutter, C.J. Fryer, and K.A. Jones Chromatin-specific regulation of LEF-1â€"beta-catenin transcription activation and inhibition in vitro Genes Dev. 15 2001 3342 3354
195. M. Umbhauer, A. Djiane, C. Goisset, A. Penzo-Mendez, J.F. Riou, J.C. Boucaut, and D.L. Shi The C-terminal cytoplasmic Lys-Thr-X-X-X-Trp motif in frizzled receptors mediates Wnt/beta-catenin signalling EMBO J. 19 2000 4944 4954
196. B.L. Vaes, K.J. Dechering, A. Feijen, J.M. Hendriks, C. Lefevre, C.L. Mummery, W. Olijve, E.J. van Zoelen, and W.T. Steegenga Comprehensive microarray analysis of bone morphogenetic protein 2-induced osteoblast differentiation resulting in the identification of novel markers for bone development J. Bone Miner. Res. 17 2002 2106 2118
197. H. van Bokhoven, J. Celli, H. Kayserili, E. van Beusekom, S. Balci, W. Brussel, F. Skovby, B. Kerr, E.F. Percin, N. Akarsu, and H.G. Brunner Mutation of the gene encoding the ROR2 tyrosine kinase causes autosomal recessive Robinow syndrome Nat. Genet. 25 2000 423 426
198. M. van de Wetering, and H. Clevers Sequence-specific interaction of the HMG box proteins TCF-1 and SRY occurs within the minor groove of a Watsonâ€"Crick double helix EMBO J. 11 1992 3039 3044
199. M. Van de Wetering, J. Castrop, V. Korinek, and H. Clevers Extensive alternative splicing and dual promoter usage generate Tcf-1 protein isoforms with differential transcription control properties Mol. Cell. Biol. 16 1996 745 752
200. D.J. Van Den Berg, A.K. Sharma, E. Bruno, and R. Hoffman Role of members of the Wnt gene family in human hematopoiesis Blood 92 1998 3189 3202
201. C. van Genderen, R.M. Okamura, I. Farinas, R.G. Quo, T.G. Parslow, L. Bruhn, and R. Grosschedl Development of several organs that require inductive epithelial- mesenchymal interactions is impaired in LEF-1-deficient mice Genes Dev. 8 1994 2691 2703
202. L. Van Wesenbeeck, E. Cleiren, J. Gram, R.K. Beals, O. Benichou, D. Scopelliti, L. Key, T. Renton, C. Bartels, Y. Gong, M.L. Warman, M.C. De Vernejoul, J. Bollerslev, and W. Van Hul Six novel missense mutations in the LDL receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) gene in different conditions with an increased bone density Am. J. Hum. Genet. 72 2003 763 771
203. M.T. Veeman, J.D. Axelrod, and R.T. Moon A second canon. Functions and mechanisms of beta-catenin-independent Wnt signaling Dev. Cell 5 2003 367 377
204. H.Y. Wang, and C.C. Malbon Wnt signaling, Ca2+, and cyclic GMP: visualizing Frizzled functions Science 300 2003 1529 1530
205. Q.M. Wang, C.J. Fiol, A.A. DePaoli-Roach, and P.J. Roach Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta is a dual specificity kinase differentially regulated by tyrosine and serine/threonine phosphorylation J. Biol. Chem. 269 1994 14566 14574
206. M. Wehrli, S.T. Dougan, K. Caldwell, L. O'Keefe, S. Schwartz, D. Vaizel-Ohayon, E. Schejter, A. Tomlinson, and S. DiNardo arrow encodes an LDL-receptor-related protein essential for Wingless signalling Nature 407 2000 527 530
207. J. Willert, M. Epping, J.R. Pollack, P.O. Brown, and R. Nusse A transcriptional response to Wnt protein in human embryonic carcinoma cells BMC Dev. Biol. 2 2002 8
208. K. Willert, J.D. Brown, E. Danenberg, A.W. Duncan, I.L. Weissman, T. Reya, J.R. Yates III, and R. Nusse Wnt proteins are lipid-modified and can act as stem cell growth factors Nature 423 2003 448 452
209. W. Wu, A. Glinka, H. Delius, and C. Niehrs Mutual antagonism between dickkopf1 and dickkopf2 regulates Wnt/beta-catenin signalling Curr. Biol. 10 2000 1611 1614
210. H. Yamamoto, M. Ihara, Y. Matsuura, and A. Kikuchi Sumoylation is involved in beta-catenin-dependent activation of Tcf-4 EMBO J. 22 2003 2047 2059
211. Y. Yang Wnts, wing: Wnt signaling in vertebrate limb development and musculoskeletal morphogenesis Birth Defects Res., Part C Embryo Today 69 2003 305 317
212. X. Yang, M. van Beest, H. Clevers, T. Jones, D.A. Hursh, and M.A. Mortin Decapentaplegic is a direct target of dTcf repression in the Drosophila visceral mesoderm Development 127 2000 3695 3702
213. F. Yang, X. Li, M. Sharma, C.Y. Sasaki, D.L. Longo, B. Lim, and Z. Sun Linking beta-catenin to androgen-signaling pathway J. Biol. Chem. 277 2002 11336 11344
214. J. Yang-Snyder, J.R. Miller, J.D. Brown, C.J. Lai, and R.T. Moon A frizzled homolog functions in a vertebrate Wnt signaling pathway Curr. Biol. 6 1996 1302 1306
215. C.A. Yoshida, T. Furuichi, T. Fujita, R. Fukuyama, N. Kanatani, S. Kobayashi, M. Satake, K. Takada, and T. Komori Core-binding factor beta interacts with Runx2 and is required for skeletal development Nat. Genet. 32 2002 633 638
216. S.K. Zaidi, A.J. Sullivan, A.J. van Wijnen, J.L. Stein, G.S. Stein, and J.B. Lian Integration of Runx and Smad regulatory signals at transcriptionally active subnuclear sites Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99 2002 8048 8053
217. Y. Zhang, Y. Wang, X. Li, J. Zhang, J. Mao, Z. Li, J. Zheng, L. Li, S. Harris, and D. Wu The LRP5 High-Bone-Mass G171V Mutation Disrupts LRP5 Interaction with Mesd Mol. Cell. Biol. 24 2004 4677 4684
218. P. Zhou, C. Byrne, J. Jacobs, and E. Fuchs Lymphoid enhancer factor 1 directs hair follicle patterning and epithelial cell fate Genes Dev. 9 1995 700 713
219. A. Zilberberg, A. Yaniv, and A. Gazit The low-density lipoprotein receptor-1, LRP1, interacts with the human frizzled-1 (HFz1) and downregulates the canonical Wnt signaling pathway J. Biol. Chem. 2004