Leukocytes in glomerular injury

Seminars in Immunopathology

Volumn 29, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 355-374

  Holdsworth, Stephen R ^a   Tipping, Peter G ^a  

^a MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Glomerular injury; Glomerulonephritis; GN; Inflammatory responses; Leukocytes; Macrophages; Mast cells; Neutrophils; T cells

Indexed keywords

ANTIGEN; CHEMOKINE; FC RECEPTOR; HEPARIN; HISTAMINE; L SELECTIN; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 1; PADGEM PROTEIN; RANTES;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ANCA ASSOCIATED VASCULITIS; CHRONIC INFLAMMATION; GLOMERULOPATHY; GLOMERULUS; HUMAN; IMMUNITY; INFLAMMATION; INFLAMMATORY DISEASE; INNATE IMMUNITY; KIDNEY INJURY; LEUKOCYTE; MACROPHAGE; MACROPHAGE FUNCTION; MAST CELL; NEPHRITIS; NEUTROPHIL; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STIMULUS; T LYMPHOCYTE; TISSUE INJURY; TISSUE REPAIR;

ANIMALS; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CHRONIC DISEASE; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, CELLULAR; IMMUNITY, NATURAL; IMMUNOLOGIC MEMORY; INFLAMMATION; KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; MACROPHAGES; REGENERATION; SELF TOLERANCE; T-LYMPHOCYTES;

EID: 35948958132     PISSN: 18632297     EISSN: 18632300     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00281-007-0097-9     Document Type: Review

References (286)

1. Akdis CA, Simons FE (2006) Histamine receptors are hot in immunopharmacology. Eur J Pharmacol 533:69-76
2. Anders HJ, Frink M, Linde Y, Banas B, Wornle M, Cohen CD, Vielhauer V, Nelson PJ, Grone HJ, Schlondorff D (2003) CC chemokine ligand 5/RANTES chemokine antagonists aggravate glomerulonephritis despite reduction of glomerular leukocyte infiltration. J Immunol 170:5658-5666
3. Anders HJ, Belemezova E, Eis V, Segerer S, Vielhauer V, Perez de Lema G, Kretzler M, Cohen CD, Frink M, Horuk R, Hudkins KL, Alpers CE, Mampaso F, Schlondorff D (2004) Late onset of treatment with a chemokine receptor CCR1 antagonist prevents progression of lupus nephritis in MRL-Fas(lpr) mice. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:1504-1513
4. Anders HJ, Vielhauer V, Eis V, Linde Y, Kretzler M, Perez de Lema G, Strutz F, Bauer S, Rutz M, Wagner H, Grone HJ, Schlondorff D (2004) Activation of toll-like receptor-9 induces progression of renal disease in MRL-Fas(lpr) mice. Faseb J 18:534-536
5. Applequist SE, Wallin RP, Ljunggren HG (2002) Variable expression of Toll-like receptor in murine innate and adaptive immune cell lines. Int Immunol 14:1065-1074
6. Arends J, Wu J, Borillo J, Troung L, Zhou C, Vigneswaran N, Lou YH (2006) T cell epitope mimicry in antiglomerular basement membrane disease. J Immunol 176:1252-1258
7. Askenase PW, Van Loveren H, Kraeuter-Kops S, Ron Y, Meade R, Theoharides TC, Nordlund JJ, Scovern H, Gerhson MD, Ptak W (1983) Defective elicitation of delayed-type hypersensitivity in W/Wv and SI/SId mast cell-deficient mice. J Immunol 131:2687-2694
8. Atkins RC, Holdsworth SR, Glasgow EF, Matthews FE (1976) The macrophage in human rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. Lancet 1:830-832
9. Atkins RC, Glasgow EF, Holdsworth SR, Thomson NM, Hancock WW (1980) Tissue culture of isolated glomeruli from patients with glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 17:515-527
10. Atkins RC, Holdsworth SR, Hancock WW, Thomson NM, Glasgow EF (1982) Cellular immune mechanisms in human glomerulonephritis: the role of mononuclear leucocytes. Springer Semin Immunopathol 5:269-296
11. Bankl HC, Valent P (2002) Mast cells, thrombosis, and fibrinolysis: the emerging concept. Thromb Res 105:359-365
12. Bao L, Haas M, Boackle SA, Kraus DM, Cunningham PN, Park P, Alexander JJ, Anderson RK, Culhane K, Holers VM, Quigg RJ (2002) Transgenic expression of a soluble complement inhibitor protects against renal disease and promotes survival in MRL/lpr mice. J Immunol 168:3601-3607
13. Bao L, Osawe I, Puri T, Lambris JD, Haas M, Quigg RJ (2005) C5a promotes development of experimental lupus nephritis which can be blocked with a specific receptor antagonist. Eur J Immunol 35:2496-2506
14. Ben-Smith A, Dove SK, Martin A, Wakelam MJ, Savage CO (2001) Antineutrophil cytoplasm autoantibodies from patients with systemic vasculitis activate neutrophils through distinct signaling cascades: comparison with conventional Fcgamma receptor ligation. Blood 98:1448-1455
15. Bennouna S, Bliss SK, Curiel TJ, Denkers EY (2003) Cross-talk in the innate immune system: neutrophils instruct recruitment and activation of dendritic cells during microbial infection. J Immunol 171:6052-6058
16. Berger J, Galle P (1962) [Unusual change of the basal membranes of the kidney.]. J Urol Nephrol (Paris) 68:116-122
17. Bergtold A, Gavhane A, D, Agati V, Madaio M, Clynes R (2006) FcR-bearing myeloid cells are responsible for triggering murine lupus nephritis. J Immunol 177:7287-7295
18. Bird JE, Giancarli MR, Kurihara T, Kowala MC, Valentine MT, Gitlitz PH, Pandya DG, French MH, Durham SK (2000) Increased severity of glomerulonephritis in C-C chemokine receptor 2 knockout mice. Kidney Int 57:129-136
19. Bischoff SC (2007) Role of mast cells in allergic and non-allergic immune responses: comparison of human and murine data. Nat Rev Immunol 7:93-104
20. Bissonnette EY, Enciso JA, Befus AD (1997) TGF-beta1 inhibits the release of histamine and tumor necrosis factor-alpha from mast cells through an autocrine pathway. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 16:275-282
21. Bolland S, Ravetch JV (2000) Spontaneous autoimmune disease in Fc(gamma)RIIB-deficient mice results from strain-specific epistasis. Immunity 13:277-285
22. Botto M, Dell, Agnola C, Bygrave AE, Thompson EM, Cook HT, Petry F, Loos M, Pandolfi PP, Walport MJ (1998) Homozygous C1q deficiency causes glomerulonephritis associated with multiple apoptotic bodies. Nat Genet 19:56-59
23. Boyce JA (2005) Eicosanoid mediators of mast cells: receptors, regulation of synthesis, and pathobiologic implications. Chem Immunol Allergy 87:59-79
24. Brady HR, Spertini O, Jimenez W, Brenner BM, Marsden PA, Tedder TF (1992) Neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes bind to cytokine-activated kidney glomerular endothelial cells through L-selectin (LAM-1) in vitro. J Immunol 149:2437-2444
25. Brooks CJ, King WJ, Radford DJ, Adu D, McGrath M, Savage CO (1996) IL-1 beta production by human polymorphonuclear leucocytes stimulated by anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies: relevance to systemic vasculitis. Clin Exp Immunol 106:273-279
26. Brouwer E, Huitema MG, Mulder AH, Heeringa P, van Goor H, Tervaert JW, Weening JJ, Kallenberg CG (1994) Neutrophil activation in vitro and in vivo in Wegener' s granulomatosis. Kidney Int 45:1120-1131
27. Brown HJ, Lock HR, Sacks SH, Robson MG (2006) TLR2 stimulation of intrinsic renal cells in the induction of immune-mediated glomerulonephritis. J Immunol 177:1925-1931
28. Bullard DC, King PD, Hicks MJ, Dupont B, Beaudet AL, Elkon KB (1997) Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 deficiency protects MRL/MpJ-Fas(lpr) mice from early lethality. J Immunol 159:2058-2067
29. Bullard DC, Hu X, Schoeb TR, Axtell RC, Raman C, Barnum SR (2005) Critical requirement of CD11b (Mac-1) on T cells and accessory cells for development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 175:6327-6333
30. Burd PR, Rogers HW, Gordon JR, Martin CA, Jayaraman S, Wilson SD, Dvorak AM, Galli SJ, Dorf ME (1989) Interleukin 3-dependent and -independent mast cells stimulated with IgE and antigen express multiple cytokines. J Exp Med 170:245-257
31. Camussi G, Cappio FC, Messina M, Coppo R, Stratta P, Vercellone A (1980) The polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) immunohistological technique: detection of immune complexes bound to the PMN membrane in acute poststreptococcal and lupus nephritis. Clin Nephrol 14:280-287
32. Cassatella MA (1996) Interferon-gamma inhibits the lipopolysaccharide- induced macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha gene transcription in human neutrophils. Immunol Lett 49:79-82
33. Caughey GH (2002) New developments in the genetics and activation of mast cell proteases. Mol Immunol 38:1353-1357
34. Charles LA, Caldas ML, Falk RJ, Terrell RS, Jennette JC (1991) Antibodies against granule proteins activate neutrophils in vitro. J Leukoc Biol 50:539-546
35. Chen S, Bacon KB, Li L, Garcia GE, Xia Y, Lo D, Thompson DA, Siani MA, Yamamoto T, Harrison JK, Feng L (1998) In vivo inhibition of CC and CX3C chemokine-induced leukocyte infiltration and attenuation of glomerulonephritis in Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats by vMIP-II. J Exp Med 188:193-198
36. Christensen SR, Kashgarian M, Alexopoulou L, Flavell RA, Akira S, Shlomchik MJ (2005) Toll-like receptor 9 controls anti-DNA autoantibody production in murine lupus. J Exp Med 202:321-331
37. Clynes R, Dumitru C, Ravetch JV (1998) Uncoupling of immune complex formation and kidney damage in autoimmune glomerulonephritis. Science 279:1052-1054
38. Cochrane CG, Unanue ER, Dixon FJ (1965) A Role of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes and Complement in Nephrotoxic Nephritis. J Exp Med 122:99-116
39. Coussens LM, Raymond WW, Bergers G, Laig-Webster M, Behrendtsen O, Werb Z, Caughey GH, Hanahan D (1999) Inflammatory mast cells up-regulate angiogenesis during squamous epithelial carcinogenesis. Genes Dev 13:1382-1397
40. Coxon A, Cullere X, Knight S, Sethi S, Wakelin MW, Stavrakis G, Luscinskas FW, Mayadas TN (2001) Fc gamma RIII mediates neutrophil recruitment to immune complexes. a mechanism for neutrophil accumulation in immune-mediated inflammation. Immunity 14:693-704
41. Cunningham MA, Huang XR, Dowling JP, Tipping PG, Holdsworth SR (1999) Prominence of cell-mediated immunity effectors in "pauci-immune" glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:499-506
42. Danilewicz M, Wagrowska-Danilewicz M (2001) Quantitative analysis of the interstitial mast cells in idiopathic mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis type I. Nefrologia 21:253-259
43. Davies DJ, Moran JE, Niall JF, Ryan GB (1982) Segmental necrotising glomerulonephritis with antineutrophil antibody: possible arbovirus aetiology? BrMedJ(ClinResEd) 285:606-606
44. De Heer E, Prodjosudjadi W, Davidoff A, van der Wal A, Bruijn JA, Paul LC (1998) Control of monocyte influx in glomerulonephritis in transplanted kidneys in the rat. Lab Invest 78:1327-1337
45. Drew AF, Tucker HL, Liu H, Witte DP, Degen JL, Tipping PG (2001) Crescentic glomerulonephritis is diminished in fibrinogen-deficient mice. Am j physiol 281:F1157-F1163
46. Duffield JS, Forbes SJ, Constandinou CM, Clay S, Partolina M, Vuthoori S, Wu S, Lang R, Iredale JP (2005) Selective depletion of macrophages reveals distinct, opposing roles during liver injury and repair. J Clin Invest 115:56-65
47. Ehara T, Shigematsu H (2003) Mast cells in the kidney. Nephrology (Carlton) 8:130-138
48. El-Koraie AF, Baddour NM, Adam AG, El Kashef EH, El Nahas AM (2001) Role of stem cell factor and mast cells in the progression of chronic glomerulonephritides. Kidney Int 60:167-172
49. El Kossi MM, El Nahas AM (2003) Stem cell factor and crescentic glomerulonephritis. Am J Kidney Dis 41:785-795
50. Falk RJ, Terrell RS, Charles LA, Jennette JC (1990) Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies induce neutrophils to degranulate and produce oxygen radicals in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:4115-4119
51. Feng L, Xia Y, Yoshimura T, Wilson CB (1995) Modulation of neutrophil influx in glomerulonephritis in the rat with anti-macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) antibody. J Clin Invest 95:1009-1017
52. Feng L, Chen S, Garcia GE, Xia Y, Siani MA, Botti P, Wilson CB, Harrison JK, Bacon KB (1999) Prevention of crescentic glomerulonephritis by immunoneutralization of the fractalkine receptor CX3CR1 rapid communication. Kidney Int 56:612-620
53. Ferenbach D, Kluth DC, Hughes J (2007) Inflammatory cells in renal injury and repair. Semin Nephrol 27:250-259
54. Frank BT, Rossall JC, Caughey GH, Fang KC (2001) Mast cell tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 is cleaved and inactivated extracellularly by alpha-chymase. J Immunol 166:2783-2792
55. Frimat L, Briancon S, Hestin D, Aymard B, Renoult E, Huu TC, Kessler M (1997) IgA nephropathy: prognostic classification of end-stage renal failure. L'Association des Nephrologues de l'Est. Nephrol Dial Transplant 12:2569-2575
56. Fu Y, Xie C, Chen J, Zhu J, Zhou H, Thomas J, Zhou XJ, Mohan C (2006) Innate stimuli accentuate end-organ damage by nephrotoxic antibodies via Fc receptor and TLR stimulation and IL-1/TNF-alpha production. J Immunol 176:632-639
57. Fujinaka H, Yamamoto T, Feng L, Kawasaki K, Yaoita E, Hirose S, Goto S, Wilson CB, Uchiyama M, Kihara I (1997) Crucial role of CD8-positive lymphocytes in glomerular expression of ICAM-1 and cytokines in crescentic glomerulonephritis of WKY rats. J Immunol 158:4978-4983
58. Galli SJ, Kalesnikoff J, Grimbaldeston MA, Piliponsky AM, Williams CM, Tsai M (2005) Mast cells as "tunable" effector and immunoregulatory cells: recent advances. Annu Rev Immunol 23:749-786
59. Garcia GE, Xia Y, Harrison J, Wilson CB, Johnson RJ, Bacon KB, Feng L (2003) Mononuclear cell-infiltrate inhibition by blocking macrophage-derived chemokine results in attenuation of developing crescentic glomerulonephritis. Am J Pathol 162:1061-1073
60. Garcia GE, Truong LD, Li P, Zhang P, Johnson RJ, Wilson CB, Feng L (2007) Inhibition of CXCL16 attenuates inflammatory and progressive phases of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody-associated glomerulonephritis. Am J Pathol 170:1485-1496
61. Gebhardt T, Lorentz A, Detmer F, Trautwein C, Bektas H, Manns MP, Bischoff SC (2005) Growth, phenotype, and function of human intestinal mast cells are tightly regulated by transforming growth factor beta1. Gut 54:928-934
62. Geissmann F, Jung S, Littman DR (2003) Blood monocytes consist of two principal subsets with distinct migratory properties. Immunity 19:71-82
63. Gilchrist M, McCauley SD, Befus AD (2004) Expression, localization, and regulation of NOS in human mast cell lines: effects on leukotriene production. Blood 104:462-469
64. Gordon JR, Galli SJ (1990) Mast cells as a source of both preformed and immunologically inducible TNF-alpha/cachectin. Nature 346:274-276
65. Gordon JR, Galli SJ (1994) Promotion of mouse fibroblast collagen gene expression by mast cells stimulated via the Fc epsilon RI. Role for mast cell-derived transforming growth factor beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha. J Exp Med 180:2027-2037
66. Gordon S (2003) Alternative activation of macrophages. Nat Rev Immunol 3:23-35
67. Gordon S, Taylor PR (2005) Monocyte and macrophage heterogeneity. Nat Rev Immunol 5:953-964
68. Grandaliano G, Valente AJ, Rozek MM, Abboud HE (1994) Gamma interferon stimulates monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP-1) in human mesangial cells. J Lab Clin Med 123:282-289
69. Gregory GD, Bickford A, Robbie-Ryan M, Tanzola M, Brown MA (2005) MASTering the immune response: mast cells in autoimmunity. Novartis Found Symp 271:215-225 discussion 225-231
70. Gregory GD, Robbie-Ryan M, Secor VH, Sabatino JJ Jr., Brown MA (2005) Mast cells are required for optimal autoreactive T cell responses in a murine model of multiple sclerosis. Eur J Immunol 35:3478-3486
71. Gupta AA, Leal-Berumen I, Croitoru K, Marshall JS (1996) Rat peritoneal mast cells produce IFN-gamma following IL-12 treatment but not in response to IgE-mediated activation. J Immunol 157:2123-2128
72. Gutzmer R, Diestel C, Mommert S, Kother B, Stark H, Wittmann M, Werfel T (2005) Histamine H4 receptor stimulation suppresses IL-12p70 production and mediates chemotaxis in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Immunol 174:5224-5232
73. Hall JB, Wadham BM, Wood CJ, Ashton V, Adam WR (1984) Vasculitis and glomerulonephritis: a subgroup with an antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody. Aust N Z J Med 14:277-278
74. Hallgren J, Pejler G (2006) Biology of mast cell tryptase. An inflammatory mediator. Febs J 273:1871-1895
75. Hartmann K, Henz BM, Kruger-Krasagakes S, Kohl J, Burger R, Guhl S, Haase I, Lippert U, Zuberbier T (1997) C3a and C5a stimulate chemotaxis of human mast cells. Blood 89:2863-2870
76. Hasegawa H, Kohno M, Sasaki M, Inoue A, Ito MR, Terada M, Hieshima K, Maruyama H, Miyazaki J, Yoshie O, Nose M, Fujita S (2003) Antagonist of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 ameliorates the initiation and progression of lupus nephritis and renal vasculitis in MRL/lpr mice. Arthritis Rheum 48:2555-2566
77. He X, Schoeb TR, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, Zinn KR, Kesterson RA, Zhang J, Samuel S, Hicks MJ, Hickey MJ, Bullard DC (2006) Deficiency of P-selectin or P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 leads to accelerated development of glomerulonephritis and increased expression of CC chemokine ligand 2 in lupus-prone mice. J Immunol 177:8748-8756
78. Hebert MJ, Takano T, Papayianni A, Rennke HG, Minto A, Salant DJ, Carroll MC, Brady HR (1998) Acute nephrotoxic serum nephritis in complement knockout mice: relative roles of the classical and alternate pathways in neutrophil recruitment and proteinuria. Nephrol Dial Transplant 13:2799-2803
79. Henson PM (1972) Pathologic mechanisms in neutrophil-mediated injury. Am J Pathol 68:593-612
80. Hickey MJ, Bullard DC, Issekutz A, James WG (2002) Leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions are enhanced in dermal postcapillary venules of MRL/fas(lpr) (lupus-prone) mice: roles of P- and E-selectin. J Immunol 168:4728-4736
81. Hirokawa K, Aoki N (1991) Up-regulation of thrombomodulin by activation of histamine H1-receptors in human umbilical-vein endothelial cells in vitro. Biochem J 276(Pt 3):739-743
82. Hochegger K, Siebenhaar F, Vielhauer V, Heininger D, Mayadas TN, Mayer G, Maurer M, Rosenkranz AR (2005) Role of mast cells in experimental anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis. Eur J Immunol 35:3074-3082
83. Holdsworth SR, Thomson NM, Glasgow EF, Atkins RC (1979) The effect of defibrination on macrophage participation in rabbit nephrotoxic nephritis: studies using glomerular culture and electronmicroscopy. Clin Exp Immunol 37:38-43
84. Holdsworth SR, Neale TJ, Wilson CB (1981) Abrogation of macrophage-dependent injury in experimental glomerulonephritis in the rabbit. Use of an antimacrophage serum. J Clin Invest 68:686-698
85. Holdsworth SR (1983) Fc dependence of macrophage accumulation and subsequent injury in experimental glomerulonephritis. J Immunol 130:735-739
86. Holdsworth SR, Tipping PG (1985) Macrophage-induced glomerular fibrin deposition in experimental glomerulonephritis in the rabbit. J Clin Invest 76:1367-1374
87. Holgate ST, Peters-Golden M, Panettieri RA, Henderson WR Jr. (2003) Roles of cysteinyl leukotrienes in airway inflammation, smooth muscle function, and remodeling. J Allergy Clin Immunol 111:S18-S34 discussion S34-S16
88. Holland JA, Pritchard KA, Rogers NJ, Stemerman MB (1988) Perturbation of cultured human endothelial cells by atherogenic levels of low density lipoprotein. Am J Pathol 132:474-478
89. Hooke DH, Gee DC, Atkins RC (1987) Leukocyte analysis using monoclonal antibodies in human glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 31:964-972
90. Hora K, Satriano JA, Santiago A, Mori T, Stanley ER, Shan Z, Schlondorff D (1992) Receptors for IgG complexes activate synthesis of monocyte chemoattractant peptide 1 and colony-stimulating factor 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:1745-1749
91. Huugen D, van Esch A, Xiao H, Peutz-Kootstra CJ, Buurman WA, Tervaert JW, Jennette JC, Heeringa P (2007) Inhibition of complement factor C5 protects against anti-myeloperoxidase antibody-mediated glomerulonephritis in mice. Kidney Int 71:646-654
92. Irani AA, Schechter NM, Craig SS, DeBlois G, Schwartz LB (1986) Two types of human mast cells that have distinct neutral protease compositions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:4464-4468
93. Isomaki P, Luukkainen R, Saario R, Toivanen P, Punnonen J (1996) Interleukin-10 functions as an antiinflammatory cytokine in rheumatoid synovium. Arthritis Rheum 39:386-395
94. Janssen U, Ostendorf T, Gaertner S, Eitner F, Hedrich HJ, Assmann KM, Floege J (1998) Improved survival and amelioration of nephrotoxic nephritis in intercellular adhesion molecule-1 knockout mice. J Am Soc Nephrol 9:1805-1814
95. Jin FY, Nathan C, Radzioch D, Ding A (1997) Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor: a macrophage product induced by and antagonistic to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Cell 88:417-426
96. Johnson RJ, Couser WG, Chi EY, Adler S, Klebanoff SJ (1987) New mechanism for glomerular injury. Myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-halide system. J Clin Invest 79:1379-1387
97. 2-halide system in immune complex nephritis. Kidney Int 32:342-349
98. Johnson RJ, Alpers CE, Pritzl P, Schulze M, Baker P, Pruchno C, Couser WG (1988) Platelets mediate neutrophil-dependent immune complex nephritis in the rat. J Clin Invest 82:1225-1235
99. Johnson RJ, Couser WG, Alpers CE, Vissers M, Schulze M, Klebanoff SJ (1988) The human neutrophil serine proteinases, elastase and cathepsin G, can mediate glomerular injury in vivo. J Exp Med 168:1169-1174
100. Johnson RJ, Lovett D, Lehrer RI, Couser WG, Klebanoff SJ (1994) Role of oxidants and proteases in glomerular injury. Kidney Int 45:352-359
101. Johnston B, Burns AR, Kubes P (1998) A role for mast cells in the development of adjuvant-induced vasculitis and arthritis. Am J Pathol 152:555-563
102. Jones DB (1951) Inflammation and repair in the glomerulus. Am J Pathol 27:991-991
103. Jones SE, Kelly DJ, Cox AJ, Zhang Y, Gow RM, Gilbert RE (2003) Mast cell infiltration and chemokine expression in progressive renal disease. Kidney Int 64:906-913
104. Jutel M, Watanabe T, Klunker S, Akdis M, Thomet OA, Malolepszy J, Zak-Nejmark T, Koga R, Kobayashi T, Blaser K, Akdis CA (2001) Histamine regulates T-cell and antibody responses by differential expression of H1 and H2 receptors. Nature 413:420-425
105. Kambe N, Hiramatsu H, Shimonaka M, Fujino H, Nishikomori R, Heike T, Ito M, Kobayashi K, Ueyama Y, Matsuyoshi N, Miyachi Y, Nakahata T (2004) Development of both human connective tissue-type and mucosal-type mast cells in mice from hematopoietic stem cells with identical distribution pattern to human body. Blood 103:860-867
106. Kanamaru Y, Scandiuzzi L, Essig M, Brochetta C, Guerin-Marchand C, Tomino Y, Monteiro RC, Peuchmaur M, Blank U (2006) Mast cell-mediated remodeling and fibrinolytic activity protect against fatal glomerulonephritis. J Immunol 176:5607-5615
107. Kaneko Y, Nimmerjahn F, Madaio MP, Ravetch JV (2006) Pathology and protection in nephrotoxic nephritis is determined by selective engagement of specific Fc receptors. J Exp Med 203:789-797
108. Karkar AM, Koshino Y, Cashman SJ, Dash AC, Bonnefoy J, Meager A, Rees AJ, Tomosugi NI, Hay H, Pusey CD, Evans DJ, Shaw A (1992) Passive immunization against tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and IL-1 beta protects from LPS enhancing glomerular injury in nephrotoxic nephritis in rats. Clin Exp Immunol 90:312-318
109. Kawasaki K, Yaoita E, Yamamoto T, Tamatani T, Miyasaka M, Kihara I (1993) Antibodies against intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 prevent glomerular injury in rat experimental crescentic glomerulonephritis. J Immunol 150:1074-1083
110. Keane MP, Arenberg DA, Lynch JP 3rd, Whyte RI, Iannettoni MD, Burdick MD, Wilke CA, Morris SB, Glass MC, DiGiovine B, Kunkel SL, Strieter RM (1997) The CXC chemokines, IL-8 and IP-10, regulate angiogenic activity in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Immunol 159:1437-1443
111. Kelly M, Hwang JM, Kubes P (2007) Modulating leukocyte recruitment in inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 120:3-10
112. Khan SB, Cook HT, Bhangal G, Smith J, Tam FW, Pusey CD (2005) Antibody blockade of TNF-alpha reduces inflammation and scarring in experimental crescentic glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 67:1812-1820
113. Kincaid-Smith P, Nicholls K, Birchall I (1989) Polymorphs infiltrate glomeruli in mesangial IgA glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 36:1108-1111
114. Kitamura Y, Go S, Hatanaka K (1978) Decrease of mast cells in W/Wv mice and their increase by bone marrow transplantation. Blood 52:447-452
115. Kluth DC, Ainslie CV, Pearce WP, Finlay S, Clarke D, Anegon I, Rees AJ (2001) Macrophages transfected with adenovirus to express IL-4 reduce inflammation in experimental glomerulonephritis. J Immunol 166:4728-4736
116. Kobayashi T, Miura T, Haba T, Sato M, Serizawa I, Nagai H, Ishizaka K (2000) An essential role of mast cells in the development of airway hyperresponsiveness in a murine asthma model. J Immunol 164:3855-3861
117. Kondo S, Kagami S, Kido H, Strutz F, Muller GA, Kuroda Y (2001) Role of mast cell tryptase in renal interstitial fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 12:1668-1676
118. Kuligowski MP, Kitching AR, Hickey MJ (2006) Leukocyte recruitment to the inflamed glomerulus: a critical role for platelet-derived P-selectin in the absence of rolling. J Immunol 176:6991-6999
119. Kung TT, Stelts D, Zurcher JA, Jones H, Umland SP, Kreutner W, Egan RW, Chapman RW (1995) Mast cells modulate allergic pulmonary eosinophilia in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 12:404-409
120. Kurusu A, Suzuki Y, Horikoshi S, Shirato I, Tomino Y (2001) Relationship between mast cells in the tubulointerstitium and prognosis of patients with IgA nephropathy. Nephron 89:391-397
121. Largen PJ, Tam FW, Rees AJ, Cattell V (1995) Rat mesangial cells have a selective role in macrophage recruitment and activation. Exp Nephrol 3:34-39
122. Launay P, Grossetete B, Arcos-Fajardo M, Gaudin E, Torres SP, Beaudoin L, Patey-Mariaud de Serre N, Lehuen A, Monteiro RC (2000) Fcalpha receptor (CD89) mediates the development of immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy (Berger's disease). Evidence for pathogenic soluble receptor-Iga complexes in patients and CD89 transgenic mice. J Exp Med 191:1999-2009
123. Leal-Berumen I, Conlon P, Marshall JS (1994) IL-6 production by rat peritoneal mast cells is not necessarily preceded by histamine release and can be induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide. J Immunol 152:5468-5476
124. Lee DM, Friend DS, Gurish MF, Benoist C, Mathis D, Brenner MB (2002) Mast cells: a cellular link between autoantibodies and inflammatory arthritis. Science 297:1689-1692
125. Lefkowith JB (1997) Leukocyte migration in immune complex glomerulonephritis: role of adhesion receptors. Kidney Int 51:1469-1475
126. Lhotta K, Neumayer HP, Joannidis M, Geissler D, Konig P (1991) Renal expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in different forms of glomerulonephritis. Clin Sci (Lond) 81:477-481
127. Lin L, Gerth AJ, Peng SL (2004) Susceptibility of mast cell-deficient W/Wv mice to pristane-induced experimental lupus nephritis. Immunol Lett 91:93-97
128. Lin TJ, Issekutz TB, Marshall JS (2000) Human mast cells transmigrate through human umbilical vein endothelial monolayers and selectively produce IL-8 in response to stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha. J Immunol 165:211-220
129. Little MA, Smyth CL, Yadav R, Ambrose L, Cook HT, Nourshargh S, Pusey CD (2005) Antineutrophil cytoplasm antibodies directed against myeloperoxidase augment leukocyte-microvascular interactions in vivo. Blood 106:2050-2058
130. Little MA, Bhangal G, Smyth CL, Nakada MT, Cook HT, Nourshargh S, Pusey CD (2006) Therapeutic effect of anti-TNF-alpha antibodies in an experimental model of anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody-associated systemic vasculitis. J Am Soc Nephrol 17:160-169
131. Lloyd AR, Oppenheim JJ (1992) Poly's lament: the neglected role of the polymorphonuclear neutrophil in the afferent limb of the immune response. Immunol Today 13:169-172
132. Lloyd CM, Dorf ME, Proudfoot A, Salant DJ, Gutierrez-Ramos JC (1997) Role of MCP-1 and RANTES in inflammation and progression to fibrosis during murine crescentic nephritis. J Leukoc Biol 62:676-680
133. Lloyd CM, Minto AW, Dorf ME, Proudfoot A, Wells TN, Salant DJ, Gutierrez-Ramos JC (1997) RANTES and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) play an important role in the inflammatory phase of crescentic nephritis, but only MCP-1 is involved in crescent formation and interstitial fibrosis. J Exp Med 185:1380
134. Lorentz A, Schwengberg S, Mierke C, Manns MP, Bischoff SC (1999) Human intestinal mast cells produce IL-5 in vitro upon IgE receptor cross-linking and in vivo in the course of intestinal inflammatory disease. Eur J Immunol 29:1496-1503
135. Lorentz A, Schwengberg S, Sellge G, Manns MP, Bischoff SC (2000) Human intestinal mast cells are capable of producing different cytokine profiles: role of IgE receptor crosslinking and IL-4. J Immunol 164:43-48
136. Love KS, Lakshmanan RR, Butterfield JH, Fox CC (1996) IFN-gamma-stimulated enhancement of MHC class II antigen expression by the human mast cell line HMC-1. Cell Immunol 170:85-90
137. Lu LF, Lind EF, Gondek DC, Bennett KA, Gleeson MW, Pino-Lagos K, Scott ZA, Coyle AJ, Reed JL, Van Snick J, Strom TB, Zheng XX, Noelle RJ (2006) Mast cells are essential intermediaries in regulatory T-cell tolerance. Nature 442:997-1002
138. Lu X, Garfield A, Rainger GE, Savage CO, Nash GB (2006) Mediation of endothelial cell damage by serine proteases, but not superoxide, released from antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-stimulated neutrophils. Arthritis Rheum 54:1619-1628
139. Magil AB, Wadsworth LD (1982) Monocyte involvement in glomerular crescents. A histochemical and ultrastructural study. Lab Invest 47:160-166
140. Malbec O, Attal JP, Fridman WH, Daeron M (2002) Negative regulation of mast cell proliferation by FcgammaRIIB. Mol Immunol 38:1295-1299
141. Malliaros J, Holdsworth SR, Wojta J, Erlich J, Tipping PG (1993) Glomerular fibrinolytic activity in anti-GBM glomerulonephritis in rabbits. Kidney Int 44:557-564
142. Mantovani A, Sica A, Locati M (2007) New vistas on macrophage differentiation and activation. Eur J Immunol 37:14-16
143. Marshall JS (2004) Mast-cell responses to pathogens. Nat Rev Immunol 4:787-799
144. Matsuda K, Piliponsky AM, Iikura M, Nakae S, Wang EW, Dutta SM, Kawakami T, Tsai M, Galli SJ (2005) Monomeric IgE enhances human mast cell chemokine production: IL-4 augments and dexamethasone suppresses the response. J Allergy Clin Immunol 116:1357-1363
145. Maurer M, Metz M (2005) The status quo and quo vadis of mast cells. Exp Dermatol 14:923-929
146. Maurer M, Lopez Kostka S, Siebenhaar F, Moelle K, Metz M, Knop J, von Stebut E (2006) Skin mast cells control T cell-dependent host defense in Leishmania major infections. Faseb J 20:2460-2467
147. Mayadas TN, Mendrick DL, Brady HR, Tang T, Papayianni A, Assmann KJ, Wagner DD, Hynes RO, Cotran RS (1996) Acute passive anti-glomerular basement membrane nephritis in P-selectin-deficient mice. Kidney Int 49:1342-1349
148. Mencia-Huerta JM, Lewis RA, Razin E, Austen KF (1983) Antigen-initiated release of platelet-activating factor (PAF-acether) from mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells sensitized with monoclonal IgE. J Immunol 131:2958-2964
149. Metcalfe DD, Baram D, Mekori YA (1997) Mast cells. Physiol Rev 77:1033-1079
150. Metz M, Maurer M (2007) Mast cells-key effector cells in immune responses. Trends Immunol 28:234-241
151. Mitchell S, Thomas G, Harvey K, Cottell D, Reville K, Berlasconi G, Petasis NA, Erwig L, Rees AJ, Savill J, Brady HR, Godson C (2002) Lipoxins, aspirin-triggered epi-lipoxins, lipoxin stable analogues, and the resolution of inflammation: stimulation of macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils in vivo. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:2497-2507
152. Mitsui H, Furitsu T, Dvorak AM, Irani AM, Schwartz LB, Inagaki N, Takei M, Ishizaka K, Zsebo KM, Gillis S et al (1993) Development of human mast cells from umbilical cord blood cells by recombinant human and murine c-Kit ligand. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:735-739
153. Monga G, Mazzucco G, Coppo R, Piccoli G, Coda R (1976) Glomerular findings in mixed IgG-IgM cryoglobulinemia. Light, electron microscopic, immunofluorescence and histochemical correlations. Virchows ArchBCell Pathol 20:185-196
154. Monga G, Mazzucco G, Castello R (1985) Glomerular monocyte infiltration in human nephropathies: prevalence and correlation with clinical and morphological variables. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 405:483-496
155. Morgan MD, Harper L, Lu X, Nash G, Williams J, Savage CO (2005) Can neutrophils be manipulated in vivo? Rheumatology (Oxford) 44:597-601
156. Mrowka C, Csernok E, Gross WL, Feucht HE, Bechtel U, Thoenes GH (1995) Distribution of the granulocyte serine proteinases proteinase 3 and elastase in human glomerulonephritis. Am J Kidney Dis 25:253-261
157. Muller GA, Markovic-Lipkovski J, Muller CA (1991) Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in human kidneys with glomerulonephritis. Clin Nephrol 36:203-208
158. Mulligan MS, Johnson KJ, Todd RF, Issekutz TB, Miyasaka M, Tamatani T, Smith CW, Anderson DC, Ward PA (1993) Requirements for leukocyte adhesion molecules in nephrotoxic nephritis. J Clin Invest 91:577-587
159. Nagano H, Mitchell RN, Taylor MK, Hasegawa S, Tilney NL, Libby P (1997) Interferongamma deficiency prevents coronary arteriosclerosis but not myocardial rejection in transplanted mouse hearts. J Clin Invest 100:550-557
160. Nagaoka T, Kaburagi Y, Hamaguchi Y, Hasegawa M, Takehara K, Steeber DA, Tedder TF, Sato S (2000) Delayed wound healing in the absence of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 or L-selectin expression. Am J Pathol 157:237-247
161. Naish PF, Thomson NM, Simpson IJ, Peters DK (1975) The role of polymorphonuclear leucocytes in the autologous phase of nephrotoxic nephritis. Clin Exp Immunol 22:102-111
162. Nakajima T, Inagaki N, Tanaka H, Tanaka A, Yoshikawa M, Tamari M,
163. Nakamura A, Yuasa T, Ujike A, Ono M, Nukiwa T, Ravetch JV, Takai T (2000) Fcgamma receptor IIB-deficient mice develop Goodpasture's syndrome upon immunization with type IV collagen: a novel murine model for autoimmune glomerular basement membrane disease. J Exp Med 191:899-906
164. Neale TJ, Tipping PG, Carson SD, Holdsworth SR (1988) Participation of cell-mediated immunity in deposition of fibrin in glomerulonephritis. Lancet 2:421-424
165. Nishikawa K, Guo YJ, Miyasaka M, Tamatani T, Collins AB, Sy MS, McCluskey RT, Andres G (1993) Antibodies to intercellular adhesion molecule 1/lymphocyte function associated antigen 1 prevent crescent formation in rat autoimmune glomerulonephritis. J Exp Med 177:667-677
166. Noronha IL, Kruger C, Andrassy K, Ritz E, Waldherr R (1993) In situ production of TNFalpha, IL-1 beta and IL-2R in ANCA-positive glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 43:682-692
167. Norris AA (1996) Pharmacology of sodium cromoglycate. Clin Exp Allergy 26(Suppl 4):5-7
168. Ochi H, Hirani WM, Yuan Q, Friend DS, Austen KF, Boyce JA (1999) T helper cell type 2 cytokine-mediated comitogenic responses and CCR3 expression during differentiation of human mast cells in vitro. J Exp Med 190:267-280
169. Odobasic D, Kitching AR, Semple TJ, Holdsworth SR (2007) Endogenous myeloperoxidase promotes neutrophil-mediated renal injury, but attenuates T cell immunity inducing crescentic glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:760-770
170. Ogawa J, Koike R, Sugihara T, Hagiyama H, Nishio J, Kohsaka H, Kubota T, Kawachi H, Kasahara I, Miyasaka N (2002) An autopsied case of chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection complicated in systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Nihon Rinsho Meneki Gakkai Kaishi 25:458-465
171. Ohmori J (1994) A study of mast cells in autoimmune mice: the proliferative response of autoimmune mast cells to cytokines. Autoimmunity 17:279-285
172. Ohse T, Ota T, Kieran N, Godson C, Yamada K, Tanaka T, Fujita T, Nangaku M (2004) Modulation of interferon-induced genes by lipoxin analogue in anti-glomerular basement membrane nephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:919-927
173. Ostendorf T, Kunter U, Eitner F, Loos A, Regele H, Kerjaschki D, Henninger DD, Janjic N, Floege J (1999) VEGF(165) mediates glomerular endothelial repair. J Clin Invest 104:913-923
174. Otsubo S, Nitta K, Uchida K, Yumura W, Nihei H (2003) Mast cells and tubulointerstitial fibrosis in patients with ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis. Clin Exp Nephrol 7:41-47
175. Packard KA, Khan MM (2003) Effects of histamine on Th1/Th2 cytokine balance. Int Immunopharmacol 3:909-920
176. Pankhurst T, Savage CO (2006) Pathogenic role of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in vasculitis. Curr Opin Pharmacol 6:190-196
177. Panzer U, Schneider A, Wilken J, Thompson DA, Kent SB, Stahl RA (1999) The chemokine receptor antagonist AOP-RANTES reduces monocyte infiltration in experimental glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 56:2107-2115
178. Panzer U, Thaiss F, Zahner G, Barth P, Reszka M, Reinking RR, Wolf G, Helmchen U, Stahl RA (2001) Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and osteopontin differentially regulate monocytes recruitment in experimental glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 59:1762-1769
179. Panzer U, Steinmetz OM, Paust HJ, Meyer-Schwesinger C, Peters A, Turner JE, Zahner G, Heymann F, Kurts C, Hopfer H, Helmchen U, Haag F, Schneider A, Stahl RA (2007) Chemokine receptor CXCR3 mediates T cell recruitment and tissue injury in nephrotoxic nephritis in mice. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:2071-2084
180. Pardanani A, Elliott M, Reeder T, Li CY, Baxter EJ, Cross NC, Tefferi A (2003) Imatinib for systemic mast-cell disease. Lancet 362:535-536
181. Patole PS, Zecher D, Pawar RD, Grone HJ, Schlondorff D, Anders HJ (2005) G-rich DNA suppresses systemic lupus. J Am Soc Nephrol 16:3273-3280
182. Pawar RD, Patole PS, Zecher D, Segerer S, Kretzler M, Schlondorff D, Anders HJ (2006) Toll-like receptor-7 modulates immune complex glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 17:141-149
183. Pawar RD, Ramanjaneyulu A, Kulkarni OP, Lech M, Segerer S, Anders HJ (2007) Inhibition of toll-like receptor-7 (TLR-7) or TLR-7 plus TLR-9 attenuates glomerulonephritis and lung injury in experimental lupus. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:1721-1731
184. Pfister H, Ollert M, Frohlich LF, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Colby TV, Specks U, Jenne DE (2004) Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies against the murine homolog of proteinase3 (Wegener autoantigen) are pathogenic in vivo. Blood 104:1411-1418
185. Pickering MC, Cook HT, Warren J, Bygrave AE, Moss J, Walport MJ, Botto M (2002) Uncontrolled C3 activation causes membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in mice deficient in complement factor H. Nat Genet 31:424-428
186. Pickering MC, Warren J, Rose KL, Carlucci F, Wang Y, Walport MJ, Cook HT, Botto M (2006) Prevention of C5 activation ameliorates spontaneous and experimental glomerulonephritis in factor H-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:9649-9654
187. Poelstra K, Hardonk MJ, Koudstaal J, Bakker WW (1990) Intraglomerular platelet aggregation and experimental glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 37:1500-1508
188. Porges AJ, Redecha PB, Kimberly WT, Csernok E, Gross WL, Kimberly RP (1994) Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies engage and activate human neutrophils via Fc gamma RIIa. J Immunol 153:1271-1280
189. Radeke HH, Janssen-Graalfs I, Sowa EN, Chouchakova N, Skokowa J, Loscher F, Schmidt RE, Heeringa P, Gessner JE (2002) Opposite regulation of type II and III receptors for immunoglobulin G in mouse glomerular mesangial cells and in the induction of antiglomerular basement membrane (GBM) nephritis. J Biol Chem 277:27535-27544
190. Randolph H, Hanan R, Coleman FW (1965) Hemorrhagic Pulmonary Renal Syndrome. Ariz Med 22:19-22
191. Ravetch JV, Bolland S (2001) IgG Fc receptors. Annu Rev Immunol 19:275-290
192. Razin E, Mencia-Huerta JM, Lewis RA, Corey EJ, Austen KF (1982) Generation of leukotriene C4 from a subclass of mast cells differentiated in vitro from mouse bone marrow. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:4665-4667
193. Razin E, Mencia-Huerta JM, Stevens RL, Lewis RA, Liu FT, Corey E, Austen KF (1983) IgE-mediated release of leukotriene C4, chondroitin sulfate E proteoglycan, betahexosaminidase, and histamine from cultured bone marrow-derived mouse mast cells. J Exp Med 157:189-201
194. Rees AJ, Lockwood CM, Peters DK (1977) Enhanced allergic tissue injury in Goodpasture's syndrome by intercurrent bacterial infection. Br Med J 2:723-726
195. Rehan A, Wiggins RC, Kunkel RG, Till GO, Johnson KJ (1986) Glomerular injury and proteinuria in rats after intrarenal injection of cobra venom factor. Evidence for the role of neutrophil-derived oxygen free radicals. Am J Pathol 123:57-66
196. Roberts IS, Brenchley PE (2000) Mast cells: the forgotten cells of renal fibrosis. J Clin Pathol 53:858-862
197. Robson MG, Cook HT, Botto M, Taylor PR, Busso N, Salvi R, Pusey CD, Walport MJ, Davies KA (2001) Accelerated nephrotoxic nephritis is exacerbated in C1q-deficient mice. J Immunol 166:6820-6828
198. Rosenkranz AR, Mendrick DL, Cotran RS, Mayadas TN (1999) P-selectin deficiency exacerbates experimental glomerulonephritis: a protective role for endothelial P-selectin in inflammation. J Clin Invest 103:649-659
199. Royer B, Varadaradjalou S, Saas P, Guillosson JJ, Kantelip JP, Arock M (2001) Inhibition of IgE-induced activation of human mast cells by IL-10. Clin Exp Allergy 31:694-704
200. Ruger BM, Hasan Q, Greenhill NS, Davis PF, Dunbar PR, Neale TJ (1996) Mast cells and type VIII collagen in human diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia 39:1215-1222
201. Rumsaeng V, Cruikshank WW, Foster B, Prussin C, Kirshenbaum AS, Davis TA, Kornfeld H, Center DM, Metcalfe DD (1997) Human mast cells produce the CD4+ T lymphocyte chemoattractant factor, IL-16. J Immunol 159:2904-2910
202. Ruth AJ, Kitching AR, Kwan RY, Odobasic D, Ooi JD, Timoshanko JR, Hickey MJ, Holdsworth SR (2006) Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and effector CD4+ cells play nonredundant roles in anti-myeloperoxidase crescentic glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 17:1940-1949
203. Saeki T, Kuroda T, Morita T, Suzuki K, Arakawa M, Kawasaki K (1995) Significance of myeloperoxidase in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. Am J Kidney Dis 26:13-21
204. Sanchez-Torres C, Garcia-Romo GS, Cornejo-Cortes MA, Rivas-Carvalho A, Sanchez-Schmitz G (2001) CD16+ and CD16- human blood monocyte subsets differentiate in vitro to dendritic cells with different abilities to stimulate CD4+ T cells. Int Immunol 13:1571-1581
205. Satriano JA, Shuldiner M, Hora K, Xing Y, Shan Z, Schlondorff D (1993) Oxygen radicals as second messengers for expression of the monocyte chemoattractant protein, JE/MCP-1, and the monocyte colony-stimulating factor, CSF-1, in response to tumor necrosis factoralpha and immunoglobulin G. Evidence for involvement of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-dependent oxidase. J Clin Invest 92:1564-1571
206. Scapini P, Carletto A, Nardelli B, Calzetti F, Roschke V, Merigo F, Tamassia N, Pieropan S, Biasi D, Sbarbati A, Sozzani S, Bambara L, Cassatella MA (2005) Proinflammatory mediators elicit secretion of the intracellular B-lymphocyte stimulator pool (BLyS) that is stored in activated neutrophils: implications for inflammatory diseases. Blood 105:830-837
207. Schreiber A, Xiao H, Falk RJ, Jennette JC (2006) Bone marrow-derived cells are sufficient and necessary targets to mediate glomerulonephritis and vasculitis induced by antimyeloperoxidase antibodies. J Am Soc Nephrol 17:3355-3364
208. Schrijver G, Schalkwijk J, Robben JC, Assmann KJ, Koene RA (1989) Antiglomerular basement membrane nephritis in beige mice. Deficiency of leukocytic neutral proteinases prevents the induction of albuminuria in the heterologous phase. J Exp Med 169:1435-1448
209. Schwartz LB, Bradford TR, Littman BH, Wintroub BU (1985) The fibrinogenolytic activity of purified tryptase from human lung mast cells. J Immunol 135:2762-2767
210. Schwarz M, Radeke HH, Resch K, Uciechowski P (1997) Lymphocyte-derived cytokines induce sequential expression of monocyte- and T cell-specific chemokines in human mesangial cells. Kidney Int 52:1521-1531
211. Secor VH, Secor WE, Gutekunst CA, Brown MA (2000) Mast cells are essential for early onset and severe disease in a murine model of multiple sclerosis. J Exp Med 191:813-822
212. Serhan CN, Savill J (2005) Resolution of inflammation: the beginning programs the end. Nat Immunol 6:1191-1197
213. Sheerin NS, Springall T, Abe K, Sacks SH (2001) Protection and injury: the differing roles of complement in the development of glomerular injury. Eur J Immunol 31:1255-1260
214. Shigematsu H, Shishido H, Kuhara K, Tsuchida H, Suzuki H (1973) Participation of monocytes in transient glomerular hypercellularity in poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Virchows ArchBCell Pathol 12:367-370
215. Shimizu S, Nakashima H, Masutani K, Inoue Y, Miyake K, Akahoshi M, Tanaka Y, Egashira K, Hirakata H, Otsuka T, Harada M (2004) Anti-monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 gene therapy attenuates nephritis in MRL/lpr mice. Rheumatology (Oxford) 43:1121-1128
216. Sillaber C, Baghestanian M, Bevec D, Willheim M, Agis H, Kapiotis S, Fureder W, Bankl HC, Kiener HP, Speiser W, Binder BR, Lechner K, Valent P (1999) The mast cell as site of tissue-type plasminogen activator expression and fibrinolysis. J Immunol 162:1032-1041
217. Sorger K, Gessler U, Hubner FK, Kohler H, Schulz W, Stuhlinger W, Thoenes GH, Thoenes W (1982) Subtypes of acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis. Synopsis of clinical and pathological features. Clin Nephrol 17:114-128
218. Stachura I, Si L, Madan E, Whiteside T (1984) Mononuclear cell subsets in human renal disease. Enumeration in tissue sections with monoclonal antibodies. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 30:362-373
219. Stachura I, Si L, Whiteside TL (1984) Mononuclear-cell subsets in human idiopathic crescentic glomerulonephritis (ICGN): analysis in tissue sections with monoclonal antibodies. J Clin Immunol 4:202-208
220. Stassen M, Muller C, Arnold M, Hultner L, Klein-Hessling S, Neudorfl C, Reineke T, Serfling E, Schmitt E (2001) IL-9 and IL-13 production by activated mast cells is strongly enhanced in the presence of lipopolysaccharide: NF-kappa B is decisively involved in the expression of IL-9. J Immunol 166:4391-4398
221. Stegeman CA, Tervaert JW, Sluiter WJ, Manson WL, de Jong PE, Kallenberg CG (1994) Association of chronic nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and higher relapse rates in Wegener granulomatosis. Ann Intern Med 120:12-17
222. Stegeman CA, Tervaert JW, de Jong PE, Kallenberg CG (1996) Trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole) for the prevention of relapses of Wegener's granulomatosis. Dutch Co-Trimoxazole Wegener Study Group. N Engl J Med 335:16-20
223. Stenton GR, Nohara O, Dery RE, Vliagoftis H, Gilchrist M, Johri A, Wallace JL, Hollenberg MD, Moqbel R, Befus AD (2002) Proteinase-activated receptor (PAR)-1 and -2 agonists induce mediator release from mast cells by pathways distinct from PAR-1 and PAR-2. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 302:466-474
224. Stilmant MM, Bolton WK, Sturgill BC, Couser WG (1979) Crescentic glomerulonephritis without immune deposits: clinicopathologic features. Kidney Int 15:184-195
225. Suzuki S, Gejyo F, Kuroda T, Kazama JJ, Imai N, Kimura H, Arakawa M (1998) Effects of a novel elastase inhibitor, ONO-5046, on nephrotoxic serum nephritis in rats. Kidney Int 53:1201-1208
226. Suzuki Y, Shirato I, Okumura K, Ravetch JV, Takai T, Tomino Y, Ra C (1998) Distinct contribution of Fc receptors and angiotensin II-dependent pathways in anti-GBM glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 54:1166-1174
227. Suzuki Y, Gomez-Guerrero C, Shirato I, Lopez-Franco O, Gallego-Delgado J, Sanjuan G, Lazaro A, Hernandez-Vargas P, Okumura K, Tomino Y, Ra C, Egido J (2003) Pre-existing glomerular immune complexes induce polymorphonuclear cell recruitment through an Fc receptor-dependent respiratory burst: potential role in the perpetuation of immune nephritis. J Immunol 170:3243-3253
228. Sylvestre DL, Ravetch JV (1996) A dominant role for mast cell Fc receptors in the Arthus reaction. Immunity 5:387-390
229. Takemura T, Yoshioka K, Murakami K, Akano N, Okada M, Aya N, Maki S (1994) Cellular localization of inflammatory cytokines in human glomerulonephritis. Virchows Archiv 424:459-464
230. Tam FW, Karkar AM, Smith J, Yoshimura T, Steinkasserer A, Kurrle R, Langner K, Rees AJ (1996) Differential expression of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in experimental glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 49:715-721
231. Tanda S, Mori Y, Kimura T, Sonomura K, Kusaba T, Kishimoto N, Kameyama H, Tamagaki K, Okigaki M, Hatta T, Sasaki S, Takeda K, Sado Y, Adachi N, Matsubara H (2007) Histamine ameliorates anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody-induced glomerulonephritis in rats. Kidney Int 72:608-613
232. Tang T, Rosenkranz A, Assmann KM, Goodman MJ, Gutierrez-Ramos JC, Carroll MC, Cotran RS, Mayadas TN (1997) A role for Mac-1 (CDIIb/CD18) in immune complex stimulated neutrophil function in vivo: Mac-1 deficiency abrogates sustained Fcgamma receptor-dependent neutrophil adhesion and complement-dependent proteinuria in acute glomerulonephritis. J Exp Med 186:1853-1863
233. Tang WW, Qi M, Van GY, Wariner GP, Samal B (1996) Leukemia inhibitory factor ameliorates experimental anti-GBM Ab glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 50:1922-1927
234. Tang YW, Graham BS (1995) Interleukin-12 treatment during immunization elicits a T helper cell type 1-like response in mice challenged with respiratory syncytial virus and improves vaccine immunogenicity. J Infect Dis 172:734-738
235. Tarzi RM, Davies KA, Robson MG, Fossati-Jimack L, Saito T, Walport MJ, Cook HT (2002) Nephrotoxic nephritis is mediated by Fcgamma receptors on circulating leukocytes and not intrinsic renal cells. Kidney Int 62:2087-2096
236. Tarzi RM, Davies KA, Claassens JW, Verbeek JS, Walport MJ, Cook HT (2003) Both Fcgamma receptor I and Fcgamma receptor III mediate disease in accelerated nephrotoxic nephritis. Am J Pathol 162:1677-1683
237. Teder P, Vandivier RW, Jiang D, Liang J, Cohn L, Pure E, Henson PM, Noble PW (2002) Resolution of lung inflammation by CD44. Science 296:155-158
238. Tesch GH, Maifert S, Schwarting A, Rollins BJ, Kelley VR (1999) Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1-dependent leukocytic infiltrates are responsible for autoimmune disease in MRL-Fas(lpr) mice. J Exp Med 190:1813-1824
239. Theilgaard-Monch K, Porse BT, Borregaard N (2006) Systems biology of neutrophil differentiation and immune response. Curr Opin Immunol 18:54-60
240. Thomson NM, Naish PF, Simpson IJ, Peters DK (1976) The role of C3 in the autologous phase of nephrotoxic nephritis. Clin Exp Immunol 24:464-473
241. Timoshanko JR, Sedgwick JD, Holdsworth SR, Tipping PG (2003) Intrinsic renal cells are the major source of tumor necrosis factor contributing to renal injury in murine crescentic glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 14:1785-1793
242. Timoshanko JR, Kitching AR, Iwakura Y, Holdsworth SR, Tipping PG (2004) Contributions of IL-1beta and IL-1alpha to crescentic glomerulonephritis in mice. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:910-918
243. Timoshanko JR, Kitching AR, Iwakura Y, Holdsworth SR, Tipping PG (2004) Leukocytederived interleukin-1beta interacts with renal interleukin-1 receptor I to promote renal tumor necrosis factor and glomerular injury in murine crescentic glomerulonephritis. Am J Pathol 164:1967-1977
244. Timoshanko JR, Kitching R, Semple TJ, Tipping PG, Holdsworth SR (2006) A pathogenetic role for mast cells in experimental crescentic glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 17:150-159
245. Tipping PG, Dowling JP, Holdsworth SR (1988) Glomerular procoagulant activity in human proliferative glomerulonephritis. J Clin Invest 81:119-125
246. Tipping PG, Lowe MG, Holdsworth SR (1988) Glomerular macrophages express augmented procoagulant activity in experimental fibrin-related glomerulonephritis in rabbits. J Clin Invest 82:1253-1259
247. Tipping PG, Leong TW, Holdsworth SR (1991) Tumor necrosis factor production by glomerular macrophages in anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis in rabbits. Lab Invest 65:272-279
248. Tipping PG, Lowe MG, Holdsworth SR (1991) Glomerular interleukin 1 production is dependent on macrophage infiltration in anti-GBM glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 39:103-110
249. Tipping PG, Huang XR, Berndt MC, Holdsworth SR (1994) A role for P selectin in complement-independent neutrophil- mediated glomerular injury. Kidney Int 46:79-88
250. Tipping PG, Huang XR, Berndt MC, Holdsworth SR (1996) P-selectin directs T lymphocyte-mediated injury in delayed-type hypersensitivity responses: studies in glomerulonephritis and cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity. Eur J Immunol 26:454-460
251. Tipping PG, Timoshanko J (2005) Contributions of intrinsic renal cells to crescentic glomerulonephritis. Nephron Exp Nephrol 101:e173-e178
252. Topham PS, Csizmadia V, Soler D, Hines D, Gerard CJ, Salant DJ, Hancock WW (1999) Lack of chemokine receptor CCR1 enhances Th1 responses and glomerular injury during nephrotoxic nephritis. J Clin Invest 104:1549-1557
253. Toth T, Toth-Jakatics R, Jimi S, Ihara M, Urata H, Takebayashi S (1999) Mast cells in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:1498-1505
254. Tsuda Y, Takahashi H, Kobayashi M, Hanafusa T, Herndon DN, Suzuki F (2004) Three different neutrophil subsets exhibited in mice with different susceptibilities to infection by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Immunity 21:215-226
255. van der Woude FJ, Rasmussen N, Lobatto S, Wiik A, Permin H, van Es LA, van derGiessen M, van der Hem GK, The TH (1985) Autoantibodies against neutrophils and monocytes: a new tool for diagnosis and marker of disease activity in Wegener's granulomatosis. Lancet 1:425-429
256. van Gisbergen KP, Sanchez-Hernandez M, Geijtenbeek TB, van Kooyk Y (2005) Neutrophils mediate immune modulation of dendritic cells through glycosylation-dependent interactions between Mac-1 and DC-SIGN. J Exp Med 201:1281-1292
257. Venkatesan BA, Mahimainathan L, Ghosh-Choudhury N, Gorin Y, Bhandari B, Valente AJ, Abboud HE, Choudhury GG (2006) PI 3 kinase-dependent Akt kinase and PKCepsilon independently regulate interferon-gamma-induced STAT1alpha serine phosphorylation to induce monocyte chemotactic protein-1 expression. Cell Signal 18:508-518
258. Villa I, Skokos D, Tkaczyk C, Peronet R, David B, Huerre M, Mecheri S (2001) Capacity of mouse mast cells to prime T cells and to induce specific antibody responses in vivo. Immunology 102:165-172
259. Wada T, Yokoyama H, Su SB, Mukaida N, Iwano M, Dohi K, Takahashi Y, Sasaki T, Furuichi K, Segawa C, Hisada Y, Ohta S, Takasawa K, Kobayashi K, Matsushima K (1996) Monitoring urinary levels of monocyte chemotactic and activating factor reflects disease activity of lupus nephritis. Kidney Int 49:761-767
260. Waldherr R, Noronha IL, Niemir Z, Kruger C, Stein H, Stumm G (1993) Expression of cytokines and growth factors in human glomerulonephritides. Pediatr Nephrol (Berlin, Germany) 7:471-478
261. Waldmann H (2006) Immunology: protection and privilege. Nature 442:987-988
262. Walsh LJ, Trinchieri G, Waldorf HA, Whitaker D, Murphy GF (1991) Human dermal mast cells contain and release tumor necrosis factor alpha, which induces endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:4220-4224
263. Ward PA, Duque RE, Sulavik MC, Johnson KJ (1983) In vitro and in vivo stimulation of rat neutrophils and alveolar macrophages by immune complexes. Production of O-2 and H2O2. Am J Pathol 110:297-309
264. Watanabe H, Garnier G, Circolo A, Wetsel RA, Ruiz P, Holers VM, Boackle SA, Colten HR, Gilkeson GS (2000) Modulation of renal disease in MRL/lpr mice genetically deficient in the alternative complement pathway factor B. J Immunol 164:786-794
265. Weller CL, Collington SJ, Brown JK, Miller HR, Al-Kashi A, Clark P, Jose PJ, Hartnell A, Williams TJ (2005) Leukotriene B4, an activation product of mast cells, is a chemoattractant for their progenitors. J Exp Med 201:1961-1971
266. Wenzel U, Schneider A, Valente AJ, Abboud HE, Thaiss F, Helmchen UM, Stahl RA (1997) Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 mediates monocyte/macrophage influx in antithymocyte antibody-induced glomerulonephritis. Kidney International 51:770-776
267. Williams CM, Galli SJ (2000) The diverse potential effector and immunoregulatory roles of mast cells in allergic disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 105:847-859
268. Williams CM, Galli SJ (2000) Mast cells can amplify airway reactivity and features of chronic inflammation in an asthma model in mice. J Exp Med 192:455-462
269. Williams JM, Ben-Smith A, Hewins P, Dove SK, Hughes P, McEwan R, Wakelam MJ, Savage CO (2003) Activation of the G(i) heterotrimeric G protein by ANCA IgG F(ab')2 fragments is necessary but not sufficient to stimulate the recruitment of those downstream mediators used by intact ANCA IgG. J Am Soc Nephrol 14:661-669
270. Wilson HM, Stewart KN, Brown PA, Anegon I, Chettibi S, Rees AJ, Kluth DC (2002) Bone-marrow-derived macrophages genetically modified to produce IL-10 reduce injury in experimental glomerulonephritis. Mol Ther 6:710-717
271. Wittamer V, Bondue B, Guillabert A, Vassart G, Parmentier M, Communi D (2005) Neutrophil-mediated maturation of chemerin: a link between innate and adaptive immunity. J Immunol 175:487-493
272. Woolhiser MR, Okayama Y, Gilfillan AM, Metcalfe DD (2001) IgG-dependent activation of human mast cells following up-regulation of FcgammaRI by IFN-gamma. Eur J Immunol 31:3298-3307
273. Wu X, Pippin J, Lefkowith JB (1993) Attenuation of immune-mediated glomerulonephritis with an anti-CD11b monoclonal antibody. Am J Physiol 264:F715-F721
274. Wu X, Helfrich MH, Horton MA, Feigen LP, Lefkowith JB (1994) Fibrinogen mediates platelet-polymorphonuclear leukocyte cooperation during immune-complex glomerulonephritis in rats. J Clin Invest 94:928-936
275. Wu X, Tiwari AK, Issekutz TB, Lefkowith JB (1996) Differing roles of CD18 and VLA-4 in leukocyte migration/activation during anti-GBM nephritis. Kidney Int 50:462-472
276. Wu X, Dolecki GJ, Sherry B, Zagorski J, Lefkowith JB (1997) Chemokines are expressed in a myeloid cell-dependent fashion and mediate distinct functions in immune complex glomerulonephritis in rat. J Immunol 158:3917-3924
277. Xiao H, Heeringa P, Hu P, Liu Z, Zhao M, Aratani Y, Maeda N, Falk RJ, Jennette JC (2002) Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies specific for myeloperoxidase cause glomerulonephritis and vasculitis in mice. J Clin Invest 110:955-963
278. Xiao H, Heeringa P, Liu Z, Huugen D, Hu P, Maeda N, Falk RJ, Jennette JC (2005) The role of neutrophils in the induction of glomerulonephritis by anti-myeloperoxidase antibodies. Am J Pathol 167:39-45
279. Xiao H, Schreiber A, Heeringa P, Falk RJ, Jennette JC (2007) Alternative complement pathway in the pathogenesis of disease mediated by anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies. Am J Pathol 170:52-64
280. Yokoo T, Ohashi T, Utsunomiya Y, Kojima H, Imasawa T, Kogure T, Hisada Y, Okabe M, Eto Y, Kawamura T, Hosoya T (1999) Prophylaxis of antibody-induced acute glomerulonephritis with genetically modified bone marrow-derived vehicle cells. Human Gene Therapy 10:2673-2678
281. Yokoo T, Ohashi T, Utsunomiya Y, Shen JS, Hisada Y, Eto Y, Kawamura T, Hosoya T (2001) Genetically modified bone marrow continuously supplies anti-inflammatory cells and suppresses renal injury in mouse Goodpasture syndrome. Blood 98:57-64
282. Yoshimoto S, Nakatani K, Iwano M, Asai O, Samejima K, Sakan H, Terada M, Harada K, Akai Y, Shiiki H, Nose M, Saito Y (2007) Elevated levels of fractalkine expression and accumulation of CD16+ monocytes in glomeruli of active lupus nephritis. Am J Kidney Dis 50:47-58
283. Zelenika D, Adams E, Humm S, Lin CY, Waldmann H, Cobbold SP (2001) The role of CD4+ T-cell subsets in determining transplantation rejection or tolerance. Immunol Rev 182:164-179
284. Zhang S, Cherwinski H, Sedgwick JD, Phillips JH (2004) Molecular mechanisms of CD200 inhibition of mast cell activation. J Immunol 173:6786-6793
285. Zhu J, Nathan C, Jin W, Sim D, Ashcroft GS, Wahl SM, Lacomis L, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Wright CD, Ding A (2002) Conversion of proepithelin to epithelins: roles of SLPI and elastase in host defense and wound repair. Cell 111:867-878
286. Ziegler-Heitbrock HW, Ulevitch RJ (1993) CD14: cell surface receptor and differentiation marker. Immunol Today 14:121-125