Physiological and pathophysiological regulation of regional adipose tissue in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes

Acta Physiologica

Volumn 186, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 87-101

  Rattarasarn, C ^a  

^a MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY   (Thailand)

Author keywords

Adiponectin; Free fatty acid; Hepatic fat; Insulin resistance; Intramyocellular fat; Leptin; Mitochondrial dysfunction; Visceral fat

Indexed keywords

ADIPOCYTOKINE; ADIPONECTIN; LEPTIN;

ABDOMEN; ADIPOSE TISSUE; BODY FAT DISTRIBUTION; CELL FUNCTION; CYTOKINE RELEASE; EXERCISE; FATTY ACID OXIDATION; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; GLUCOSE TOLERANCE; HUMAN; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LIPID METABOLISM; LIVER; LIVER CELL; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PANCREAS ISLET; PANCREAS ISLET BETA CELL; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; SKELETAL MUSCLE; VISCERA; WEIGHT CONTROL; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

ADIPOCYTES; ADIPONECTIN; ADIPOSE TISSUE; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; HUMANS; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LEPTIN; LIPIDS; MUSCLE CELLS;

EID: 33645014132     PISSN: 17481708     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2005.01521.x     Document Type: Review

References (136)

1. Abbasi F. Chu J.W. Lamendola C. et al. 2004 Discrimination between obesity and insulin resistance in the relationship with adiponectin Diabetes 53 585 590
2. Bajaj M. Suraamornkul S. Piper P. et al. 2004a Decreased plasma adiponectin concentrations are closely related to hepatic fat content and hepatic insulin resistance in pioglitazone-treated type 2 diabetic patients J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 200 206
3. Bajaj M. Suraamornkul S. Kashyap S. Cusi K. Mandarino L. DeFronzo R.A. 2004b Sustained reduction in plasma free fatty acid concentration improves insulin action without altering plasma adipocytokine levels in subjects with strong family history of type 2 diabetes J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 4649 4655
4. Basu A. Basu R. Shah P. Vella A. Rizza R. Jensen M.D. 2001 Systemic and regional free fatty acid metabolism in type 2 diabetes Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 280 E1000 E1006
5. Berg A.H. Combs T.P. Du X. Brownlee M. Scherer P.E. 2001 The adipocyte-secreted protein Acrp30 enhances hepatic insulin action Nat Med 7 947 953
6. Bergman R.N. 2000 Non-esterified fatty acids and the liver: why is insulin secreted into the portal vein? Diabetologia 43 946 952
7. Berndt J. Kloting N. Kralisch S. et al. 2005 Plasma visfatin concentrations and fat depot-specific mRNA expression in humans Diabetes 54 2911 2916
8. Bernstein E.L. Koutkia P. Ljungquist K. Breu J. Canavan B. Grinspoon S. 2004 Acute regulation of adiponectin by free fatty acids Metabolism 53 790 793
9. Bobbert T. Rochlitz H. Wegewitz U. et al. 2005 Changes of adiponectin oligomer composition by moderate weight reduction Diabetes 54 2712 2719
10. Boden G. Homko C. Mozzoli M. Showe L.C. Nichols C. Cheung P. 2005 Thiazolidinediones upregulate fatty acid uptake and oxidation in adipose tissue of diabetic patients Diabetes 54 880 885
11. Brand M.D. Affourtit C. Esteves T.C. et al. 2004 Mito-chondrial superoxides: production, biological effects, and activation of uncoupling proteins Free Rad Biol Med 37 755 767
12. Bugianesi E. Gastaldelli A. Vanni E. et al. 2005 Insulin resistance in non-diabetic patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: sites and mechanisms Diabetologia 48 634 642
13. Carey A.L. Febbraio M.A. 2004 Interleukin-6 and insulin sensitivity: friend or foe? Diabetologia 47 1135 1142
14. Carey A.L. Bruce C.R. Sacchetti M. et al. 2004 Interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α are not increased in patients with type 2 diabetes: evidence that plasma interleukin-6 is related to fat mass and not insulin responsiveness Diabetologia 47 1029 1037
15. Ceddia R.B. 2005 Direct metabolic regulation in skeletal muscle and fat tissue by leptin: implications for glucose and fatty acids homeostasis Int J Obes (Lond) 29 1175 1183
16. Ceddia R.B. Somwar R. Maida A. Fang X. Bikopoulos G. Sweeney G. 2005 Globular adiponectin increases GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake but reduces glycogen synthesis in rat skeletal muscle cells Diabetologia 48 132 139
17. Chan D.C. Watts G.F. Sussekov A.V. et al. 2004 Adipose tissue compartments and insulin resistance in overweight-obese Caucasian men Diabetes Res Clin Pract 63 77 85
18. Chan J.L. Bullen J. Stoyneva V. DePaoli A.M. Addy C. Mantzoros C.S. 2005 Recombinant methionyl human leptin administration to achieve high physiologic or pharmacologic leptin levels does not alter circulating inflammatory marker levels in human with leptin sufficiency or excess J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90 1618 1624
19. Chen M.B. McAinch A.J. Macaulay S.L. et al. 2005 Impaired activation of AMP-kinase and fatty acid oxidation by globular adiponectin in cultured human skeletal muscle from obese type 2 diabetics J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90 3665 3672
20. Civitarese A.E. Jenkinson C.P. Richardson D. et al. 2004 Adiponectin receptors gene expression and insulin sensitivity in non-diabetic Mexican-Americans with and without a family history of type 2 diabetes Diabetologia 47 816 820
21. Cline G.W. Petersen K.F. Krssak M. et al. 1999 Impaired glucose transport as a cause of decreased insulin stimulated muscle glycogen synthesis in type 2 diabetes N Eng J Med 341 240 246
22. Cochran E. Young J.R. Sebring N. DePaoli A. Oral E.A. Gorden P. 2004 Efficacy of recombinant methionyl human leptin therapy for the extreme insulin resistance of the Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 1548 1554
23. Debard C. Laville M. Berbe V. et al. 2004 Expression of key genes of fatty acid oxidation, including adiponectin receptors, in skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic patients Diabetologia 47 917 925
24. Dubois M. Pattou F. Kerr-Conte J. et al. 2000 Expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in normal human pancreatic islet cells Diabetologia 43 1165 1169
25. Dubois M. Kerr-Conte J. Gmyr V. et al. 2004 Non-esterified fatty acids are deleterious for human pancreatic islet function at physiologic glucose concentration Diabetologia 47 463 469
26. Dyck D.J. Peters S.J. Glatz J. et al. 1997 Functional differences in lipid metabolism in resting skeletal muscle of various fiber types Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 271 E340 E351
27. Enevoldsen L.H. Simonsen L. Stallknecht B. Galbo H. Bvilow J. 2001 In vivo human lipolytic activity in preperitoneal and subdivisions of subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 281 E1110 E1114
28. Fasshauser M. Klein J. Neumann S. Eszlinger M. Paschke R. 2002 Hormonal regulation of adiponectin gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes Biochem Biophys Res Commun 290 1084 1089
29. Festi D. Colecchia A. Sacco T. Bondi M. Roda E. Marchesini G. 2004 Hepatic steatosis in obese patients: clinical aspects and prognostic significance Obes Res 5 27 42
30. Fisher ff.M. Trujillo M.E. Hanif W. et al. 2005 Serum high molecular weight complex of adiponectin correlates better with glucose tolerance than total serum adiponectin in Indo-Asian males Diabetologia 48 1084 1087
31. Fruebis J. Tsao T.S. Javorschi S. et al. 2001 Proteolytic cleavage product of 30-Kda adipocyte complement-related protein increases fatty acid oxidation in muscle and causes weight loss in mice Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 2005 2010
32. Fukuhara A. Matsuda M. Nishizawa M. et al. 2005 Visfatin: a protein secreted by visceral fat that mimics the effects of insulin Science 307 426 430
33. Gabriely I. Ma X.H. Yang X.M. et al. 2002 Removal of visceral fat prevents insulin resistance and glucose intolerance of aging. An adipokine-mediated process? Diabetes 51 2951 2958
34. Garg A. 2004 Regional adiposity and insulin resistance J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 4206 4210
35. Garg A. Misra A. 2004 Lipodystrophies: rare disorders causing metabolic syndrome Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 33 305 331
36. Gaster M. Rustan A.C. Aas V. Beck-Nielsen H. 2004 Reduced lipid oxidation in skeletal muscle from type 2 diabetic subjects may be of genetic origin. Evidence from cultured myotubes Diabetes 53 542 548
37. Gerber M. Boettner A. Seidel B. et al. 2005 Serum resistin levels of obese and lean children and adolescents: biochemical analysis and clinical relevance J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90 4503 4509
38. Gibson W.T. Farooqi I.S. Moreau M. et al. 2004 Congenital leptin deficiency due to homozygosity for the Delta 133G mutation: report of another case and evaluation of response to four years of leptin therapy J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 4821 4826
39. Goglia F. Skulachev V.P. 2003 A function for novel uncoupling protein: antioxidant defense of mitochondrial matrix by translocating fatty acid peroxides from the inner to the outer membrane leaflet FASEB J 17 1585 1591
40. Greco A.V. Mingrone G. Giancaterini A. et al. 2002 Insulin resistance in morbid obesity. Reversal with intramyocellular fat depletion Diabetes 51 144 151
41. Haffner S.M. Miettinen H. Stern M.P. 1996 Insulin secretion and resistance in nondiabetic Mexican American and non-Hispanic Whites with a parental history of diabetes J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81 1846 1851
42. Halaas J.L. Gajiwala K.S. Maffei M. et al. 1995 Weight-reducing effects of the plasma protein encoded by the obese gene Science 269 543 546
43. Haluzik M. Parizkova J. Haluzik M.M. 2004 Adiponectin and its role in the obesity-induced insulin resistance and related complications Physiol Rev 53 123 129
44. Hara K. Boutin P. Mori Y. et al. 2002 Genetic variation in the gene encoding adiponectin is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in the Japanese population Diabetes 51 536 540
45. He J. Goodpaster B.H. Kelly D.E. 2004 Effects of weight loss and physical activity on muscle lipid content and droplet size Obes Res 12 761 768
46. Heilbronn L.K. Rood J. Janderova L. et al. 2004 Relationship between serum resistin concentrations and insulin resistance in nonobese, obese, and obese diabetic subjects J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 1844 1848
47. Hoffstedt J. Arvidssen E. Sjolin E. Wahlen K. Arner P. 2004 Adipose tissue adiponectin production and adiponectin serum concentration in human obesity and insulin resistance J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 1391 1396
48. Jacob S. Machann J. Rett K. et al. 1999 Association of increased intramyocellular lipid content with insulin resistance in lean nondiabetic offspring of type 2 diabetic subjects Diabetes 48 1113 1119
49. Javor E.D. Cochran E.K. Musso C. Young J.R. DePaoli A.M. Gorden P. 2005 Long-term efficacy of leptin replacement in patients with generalized lipodystrophy Diabetes 54 1994 2002
50. Jensen M.D. Sarr M.G. Dumesic D.A. Southorn P.A. Levine J.A. 2003 Regional uptake of meal fatty acid in humans Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 285 E1282 E1288
51. Johanson E.H. Jansson P.-A. Lonn L. et al. 2003 Fat distribution, lipid accumulation in the liver, and exercise capacity do not explain the insulin resistance in healthy males with a family history of type 2 diabetes J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88 4232 4238
52. Kaltenbach S. Staiger H. Weisser M. et al. 2005 Adiponectin receptor gene expression in human skeletal muscle cells is not regulated by fibrates and thiazolidinediones Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 29 760 765
53. Kang E.S. Park S.Y. Kim H.J. et al. 2005 The influence of adiponectin gene polymorphism on the rosiglitazone response in patients with type 2 diabetes Diabetes Care 28 1139 1144
54. Katsuki A. Sumida Y. Murashima S. et al. 1998 Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α are increased in obese patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83 859 862
55. Kelly D.E. Goodpaster B.H. 2001 Skeletal muscle triglyceride. An aspect of regional adiposity and insulin resistance Diabetes Care 24 933 941
56. Kelly D.E. Simoneau J.-A. 1994 Impaired free fatty acid utilization by skeletal muscle in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus J Clin Invest 94 2349 2356
57. Kelly D.E. Thaete F.L. Troost F. Huwe T. Goospaster B.H. 2000 Subdivisions of subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue and insulin resistance Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 278 E941 E948
58. Kelly D.E. He J. Menshikova E.V. Ritov V.B. 2002 Dysfunction of mitochondria in human skeletal muscle in type 2 diabetes Diabetes 51 2944 2950
59. Kelly D.E. McKolanis T.M. Hegazi R.A.F. Kuller L.H. Kalhan S.C. 2003 Fatty liver in type 2 diabetes mellitus: relation to regional adiposity, fatty acids, and insulin resistance Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 285 E906 E916
60. Klein S. Fontana L. Young V.L. et al. 2004 Absence of an effect of liposuction on insulin action and risk factors for coronary heart disease N Eng J Med 350 2549 2557
61. Korner A. Wabitsch M. Seidel B. et al. 2005 Adiponectin expression in humans is dependent on differentiation of adipocytes and down-regulated by humoral serum components of high molecular weight Biochem Biophys Res Com 337 540 550
62. Kralisch S. Kline J. Lossner U. et al. 2005a Hormone regulation of the novel adipocytokines visfatin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes J Endocrinol 185 R1 R8
63. Kralisch S. Kline J. Lossner U. et al. 2005b Interleukin-6 is a negative regulator of visfatin gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 289 E586 E590
64. Kriketos A.D. Greenfield J.R. Peake P.W. et al. 2004 Inflammation, insulin resistance and adiposity. A study of first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic subjects Diabetes Care 27 2033 2040
65. Lattuada G. Costantino F. Caumo A. et al. 2005 Reduced whole-body lipid oxidation is associated with insulin resistance, but not with intramyocellular lipid content in offspring of type 2 diabetic patients Diabetologia 48 741 747
66. Lee Y. Yu K. Gonzales F. et al. 2002 PPAR alpha is necessary for the lipogenic action of hyperleptinemia on white adipose and liver tissue Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99 11848 11853
67. Lee Y.Y. Lee N.S. Cho Y.M. et al. 2005 Genetic association study of adiponectin polymorphisms with risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Korean population Diabet Med 22 569 575
68. Licino J. Caglayan S. Ozata M. et al. 2004 Phenotypic effects of leptin replacement on morbid obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypogonadism, and behavior in leptin-deficient adults Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 4531 4536
69. Lihn A.S. Pedersen S.B. Richelsen B. 2005 Adiponectin: action, regulation and association to insulin sensitivity Obes Rev 6 13 21
70. Lupi R. Dotta F. Marselli L. et al. 2002 Prolonged exposure to free fatty acids has cytostatic and pro-apoptotic effects on human pancreatic islets Diabetes 51 1437 1442
71. 2 in the modulation of insulin secretion Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 286 E560 E567
72. Machann J. Haring H. Schick F. Stumvoll M. 2004 Intramyocellular lipids and insulin resistance Diabetes Obes Metab 6 239 248
73. Marchesini G. Brizi M. Bianchi G. et al. 2001 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. A feature of the metabolic syndrome Diabetes 50 1844 1850
74. Matsui J. Terauchi Y. Kubota N. et al. 2004 Pioglitazone reduced islet triglyceride content and restores impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in heterozygous peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-γ-deficient mice on a high-fat diet Diabetes 53 2844 2854
75. McGarry J.D. 2002 Dysregulation of fatty acid metabolism in the etiology of type 2 diabetes Diabetes 51 7 18
76. Minokoshi Y. Kim Y.B. Peroni O.D. et al. 2002 Leptin stimulates fatty-acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase Nature 415 339 343
77. Misra A. Garg A. Abate N. Peshock R.M. Stray-Gundensen J. Grundy S.M. 1997 Relationship of anterior and posterior subcutaneous abdominal fat to insulin sensitivity in nondiabetic men Obes Res 5 93 99
78. Miyazaki Y. Glass L. Triplitt C. Wacjberg E. Mandarino L.J. DeFronzo R.A. 2002 Abdominal fat distribution and peripheral and hepatic insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 283 E1135 E1143
79. Mohlig M. Wegewitz U. Osterhoff M. et al. 2002 Insulin decreases human adiponectin plasma levels Horm Metab Res 34 655 658
80. Monzon J.R. Basile R. Heneghan S. Udupi V. Green A. 2002 Lipolysis in adipocytes isolated from deep and superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue Obes Res 10 266 269
81. Nielsen S. Guo Z. Johnson C.M. Hensrud D.D. Jensen M. 2004 Splanchnic lipolysis in human obesity J Clin Invest 113 1582 1588
82. Nyholm B. Nielsen M.F. Kristensen K. et al. 2004 Evidence of increased visceral obesity and reduced physical fitness in healthy insulin-resistant first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients Eur J Endocrinol 150 207 214
83. Ofei F. Hurel S. Newkirk J. Sopwith M. Taylor R. 1996 Effects of an engineered human anti- TNF-α antibody (CDP571) on insulin sensitivity and glycemic control in patients with NIDDM Diabetes 45 881 885
84. Ohya M. Taniguchi A. Fukushima M. et al. 2005 Three measures of tumor necrosis factor alpha activity and insulin resistance in nonobese Japanese type 2 diabetic patients Metabolism 54 1297 1301
85. Orci L. Cook W.S. Ravazzola M. et al. 2004 Rapid transformation of white adipocyte into fat-oxidizing machines Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 2058 2063
86. Pajvani U.B. Hawkins M. Combs T.P. et al. 2004 Complex distribution, not absolute amount of adiponectin, correlates with thiazolidinedione-mediated improvement in insulin sensitivity J Biol Chem 279 12152 12162
87. Peake P.W. Kriketos A.D. Denyer G.S. Campbell L.V. Charlesworth J.A. 2003 The postprandial response of adiponectin to a high-fat meal in normal and insulin-resistant subjects Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 27 657 662
88. Peake P.W. Kriketos A.D. Campbell L.V. Shen Y. Charlesworth J.A. 2005 The metabolism of isoforms of human adiponectin: studies in human subjects and in experimental animals Eur J Endocrinol 153 409 417
89. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy assessment in offspring of type 2 diabetic parents Diabetes 48 1600 1606
90. Perseghin G. Lattuada G. Danna M. et al. 2003 Insulin resistance, intramyocellular lipid content, and plasma adiponectin in patients with type 1 diabetes Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 285 E1174 E1181
91. Petersen K.F. Dufour S. Befroy D. Garcia R. Shulman G.I. 2004 Impaired mitochondrial activity in the insulin resistant offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes N Eng J Med 350 664 671
92. Plomgaard P. Bouzakri K. Krogh-Madsen R. Mittendorfer B. Zierzth J.R. Pedersen B.K. 2005 Tumor necrosis factor-α induces skeletal muscle insulin resistance in healthy human subjects via inhibition of Akt substrate 160 phosphorylation Diabetes 54 2939 2945
93. Punyadeera C. Zorenc A.H. Koopman R. et al. 2005 The effects of exercise and adipose tissue lipolysis on plasma adiponectin concentration and adiponectin receptor expression in human skeletal muscle Eur J Endocrinol 152 427 436
94. Rattarasarn C. Leelawattana R. Soonthornpun S. et al. 2003a Relationships of body fat distribution, insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular risk factors in lean, healthy non-diabetic Thai men and women Diabetes Res Clin Pract 60 87 94
95. Rattarasarn C. Leelawattana R. Soonthornpun S. et al. 2003b Regional abdominal fat distribution in lean and obese Thai type 2 diabetic women: relationships with insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular risk factors Metabolism 52 1444 1447
96. Rattarasarn C. Leelawattana R. Soonthornpun S. Setasuban W. Thamprasit A. 2004 Gender differences of regional abdominal fat distribution and their relationships with insulin sensitivity in healthy and glucose-intolerant Thais J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 6266 6270
97. Roden M. Price T.B. Perseghin G. et al. 1996 Mechanism of free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance in humans J Clin Invest 97 2859 2865
98. Ross R. Aru J. Freeman J. Hudson R. Janssen I. 2002 Abdominal adiposity and insulin resistance in obese men Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 282 E657 E663
99. Rousset S. Alves-Guerra M.-C. Mozo J. et al. 2004 The biology of motichondrial uncoupling proteins Diabetes 53 Suppl. 1 S130 S135
100. Salmenniemi U. Zacharova J. Ruotsalainen E. et al. 2005 Association of adiponectin level and variants in the adiponectin gene with glucose metabolism, energy expenditure and cytokines in offspring of type 2 diabetic patients J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90 4216 4223
101. Santamauro A.T. Boden G. Silva M.E. et al. 1999 Overnight lowering of free fatty acids with acipimox improves insulin resistance and glucose tolerance in obese diabetic and nondiabetic subjects Diabetes 48 1836 1841
102. Satapathy S.K. Garg S. Chauhan R. et al. 2004 Beneficial effects of tumor necrosis factor-α inhibition by pentoxifylline on clinical, biochemical and metabolic parameters of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis Am J Gastroenterol 99 1946 1952
103. Scherer P.E. Williams S. Fogliano M. Baldini G. Lodish H.F. 1995 A novel serum protein similar to C1q produced exclusively in adipocytes J Biol Chem 270 26746 26749
104. Schrauwen P. Hesselink M.K.C. 2004 Oxidative capacity, lipotoxicity, and mitochondrial damage in type 2 diabetes Diabetes 53 1412 1417
105. Schrauwen P. Hesselink M.K.C. Blaak E.E. et al. 2001 Uncoupling protein 3 content is decreased in skeletal muscle of patients with type 2 diabetes Diabetes 50 2870 2873
106. Schrauwen P. Hoeks J. Schaart G. et al. 2003 Uncoupling protein 3 as a mitochondrial fatty acid anion exporter FASEB J 17 2272 2274
107. Seufert J. 2004 Leptin effects on pancreatic β-cell gene expression and function Diabetes 53 Suppl. 1 S152 S158
108. Shulman G.I. 2000 Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance J Clin Invest 106 171 176
109. Smith S.R. Lovejoy J.C. Greenway F. et al. 2001 Contributions of total body fat, abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue compartments, and visceral adipose tissue to the metabolic complications of obesity Metabolism 50 425 435
110. Sparks L.M. Xie H. Koza R.A. et al. 2005 A high-fat diet coordinately downregulates genes required for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in skeletal muscle Diabetes 54 1926 1933
111. Staiger H. Tschritter O. Kausch C. Lammess R. Stumvoll M. Haring H.U. 2002 Human serum adiponectin levels are not under short-term negative control by free fatty acids in vivo Horm Metab Res 34 601 603
112. Stettler R. Ith M. Acheson K.J. et al. 2005 Interaction between lipids and physical inactivity on insulin sensitivity and on intramyocellular lipids in healthy men Diabetes Care 28 1404 1409
113. Tamura Y. Tanaka Y. Sato F. et al. 2005 Effects of diet and exercise on muscle and liver intracellular lipid contents and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients J Clin Endo-crinol Metab 90 3191 3196
114. Tan G.D. Debard C. Funahashi T. et al. 2005 Changes in adiponectin receptor expression in muscle and adipose tissue of type 2 diabetic patients during rosiglitazone therapy Diabetologia 48 1585 1589
115. Thamer C. Machann J. Tschritter O. et al. 2002 Relationship between serum adiponectin concentration and intramyocellular lipid stores in humans Horm Metab Res 34 646 649
116. The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group 2005a Role of insulin secretion and sensitivity in the evolution of type 2 diabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Program Diabetes 54 2404 2414
117. The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group 2005b Intensive lifestyle intervention or metformin on inflammation and coagulation in participants with impaired glucose tolerance Diabetes 54 1566 1572
118. Tiikkainen M. Hakkinen A.-M. Korsheninnikova E. Nyman T. Makimattila S. Yki-Jarvinen H. 2004 Effects of rosiglitazone and metformin on liver fat content, hepatic insulin resistance, insulin clearance and gene expression in adipose tissue in patients with type 2 diabetes Diabetes 53 2169 2176
119. Tonelli J. Li W. Kishore P. et al. 2004 Mechanisms of early insulin-sensitizing effects of thiazolidinediones in type 2 diabetes Diabetes 53 1621 1629
120. Toyoshima Y. Gavrilova O. Yakar S. et al. 2005 Leptin improves insulin resistance and hyperglycemia in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes Endocrinology 146 4024 4035
121. Tsao T.S. Lodish H.F. Fruebis J. 2002 ACRP 30, a new hormone controlling fat and glucose metabolism Eur J Pharmacol 440 213 221
122. Tsuchida A. Yamauchi T. Ito Y. et al. 2004 Insulin/Foxo1 pathway regulates expression levels of adiponectin receptors and adiponectin sensitivity J Biol Chem 279 30817 30822
123. Unger R.H. 2005 Longevity, lipotoxicity and leptin: the adipocyte defense against feasting and famine Biochimie 87 57 64
124. Vaag A. Skott P. Damsbo P. Gall M.A. Richter E.A. Beck-Nielsen H. 1991 Effect of the antilipolytic nicotinic acid analogue acipimox on whole-body and skeletal muscle glucose metabolism in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus J Clin Invest 88 1282 1290
125. Van Loon L.J.C. Koopman R. Manders R. Van der Weegen W. Van Kranenberg G.P. Keizer H.A. 2004 Intramyocellular lipid content in type 2 diabetes patients compared with overnight sedentary men and highly trained endurance athletes Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 287 E558 E565
126. Vasseur F. Helbecque N. Dina C. et al. 2002 Single-nucleotide polymorphism haplotypes in both the proximal promotor and exon 3 of the AMP1 gene modulate adipocyte-secreted adiponectin hormone levels and contribute to the genetic risk for type 2 diabetes in French Caucasians Hum Mol Genet 11 2607 2614
127. Virkamaki A. Korsheninnikova E. Seppala-Lindroos A. et al. 2001 Intramyocellular lipid is associated with resistance to in vivo insulin actions on glucose uptake, antilipolysis, and early insulin signaling pathways in human skeletal muscle Diabetes 50 2337 2343
128. Vozarova de Courten B. Degawa-Yamauchi M. Considine R.V. Tataranni P.A. 2004 High serum resistin is associated with an increase in adiposity but not a worsening of insulin resistance in Pima Indians Diabetes 53 1279 1284
129. Waki H. Yamauchi T. Kamon J. et al. 2003 Impaired multimerization of human adiponectin mutants associated with diabetes. Molecular structure and multimer formation of adiponectin J Biol Chem 278 40352 40363
130. Weiss R. Dufour S. Groszmann A. et al. 2003 Low adiponectin levels in adolescent obesity: a marker of increased intramyocellular lipid accumulation J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88 2014 2018
131. Weyer C. Bogardus C. Mott D.M. Pratley R.E. 1999 The natural history of insulin secretory dysfunction and insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus J Clin Invest 104 787 794
132. Wiesenthal S.R. Sandhu H. McCall R.H. et al. 1999 Free fatty acids impair hepatic insulin extraction in vivo Diabetes 48 766 774
133. Xu A. Wang Y. Keshaw H. Xu L.Y. Lam K.S.L. Cooper G.J.S. 2003 The fat-derived hormone adiponectin alleviates alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice J Clin Invest 112 91 100
134. Yamauchi T. Komon J. Waki H. et al. 2001 The fat-derived hormone adiponectin reverses insulin resistance associated with both lipoatrophy and obesity Nat Med 7 941 946
135. Yamauchi T. Kamon J. Ito Y. et al. 2003 Cloning of adiponectin receptors that mediate antidiabetic metabolic effects Nature 423 762 769
136. Yazdani-Biuki B. Stelzl H. Brezinschek H.P. et al. 2004 Improvement of insulin sensitivity in insulin resistant subjects during prolonged treatment with the anti- TNF-α antibody infliximab Eur J Clin Invest 34 641 642