Experimental and potential future therapeutic approaches for HIV-1 associated dementia targeting receptors for chemokines, glutamate and erythropoietin

Neurotoxicity Research

Volumn 8, Issue 1-2, 2005, Pages 167-186

  Kaul, Marcus ^a   Lipton, Stuart A ^a  

^a BURNHAM INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Central nervous system; HIV 1; Inflammation; NeuroAIDS; Neurodegeneration; Pharmacology; Therapy

Indexed keywords

CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR; ERYTHROPOIETIN RECEPTOR; GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR; NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENT; NEUROTOXIN;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ANIMAL; DRUG EFFECT; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; METABOLISM; PATHOLOGY; REVIEW;

AIDS DEMENTIA COMPLEX; ANIMALS; HIV-1; HUMANS; NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENTS; NEUROTOXINS; RECEPTORS, CHEMOKINE; RECEPTORS, ERYTHROPOIETIN; RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE;

EID: 33644840780     PISSN: 10298428     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF03033828     Document Type: Article

References (225)

1. Adamson DC, B Wildemann, M Sasaki, JD Glass, JC McArthur, VI Christov, TM Dawson and VL Dawson (1996) Immunologic NO synthase: Elevation in severe AIDS dementia and induction by HIV-1 gp41. Science 274, 1917-1921.
2. Adle-Biassette H, Y Levy, M Colombel, F Poron, S Natchev, C Keohane and F Gray (1995) Neuronal apoptosis in HIV infection in adults. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 21, 218-227.
3. Adle-Biassette H, F Chretien, L Wingertsmann, C Hery, T Ereau, F Scaravilli, M Tardieu and F Gray (1999) Neuronal apoptosis does not correlate with dementia in HIV infection but is related to microglial activation and axonal damage. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 25, 123-133.
4. Agace WW, A Amara, AI Roberts, JL Pablos, S Thelen, M Uguccioni, XY Li, J Marsal, F Arenzana-Seisdedos, T Delaunay, EC Ebert, B Moser and CM Parker (2000) Constitutive expression of stromal derived factor-1 by mucosal epithelia and its role in HIV transmission and propagation. Curr. Biol. 10, 325-328.
5. Aizenman E, AK Stout, KA Hartnett, KE Dineley, B McLaughlin and IJ Reynolds (2000) Induction of neuronal apoptosis by thiol oxidation: putative role of intracellular Zinc release. J. Neurochem. 75, 1878-1888.
6. Alkhatib G, C Combadiere, CC Broder, Y Feng, PE Kennedy, PM Murphy and EA Berger (1996) CC CKR5: A RANTES, MIP- 1alpha, MIP-1beta receptor as a fusion cofactor for macrophagetropic HIV-1. Science 272, 1955-1958.
7. Anderson ER, HE Gendelman and H Xiong (2004) Memantine protects hippocampal neuronal function in murine human immunodeficiency virus type 1 encephalitis. J. Neurosci. 24, 7194-7198.
8. Ankarcrona M, JM Dypbukt, E Bonfoco, B Zhivotovsk, S Orrenius, SA Lipton, and P Nicotera (1995) Glutamate-induced neuronal death: A succession of necrosis or apoptosis depending on mitochondrial integrity. Neuron 15, 961-973.
9. Arundine M and M Tymianski (2004) Molecular mechanisms of glutamate-dependent neurodegeneration in ischemia and traumatic brain injury. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 61, 6578-668.
10. Asensio VC and IL Campbell (1999) Chemokines in the CNS: Plurifunctional mediators in diverse states. Trends Neurosci. 22, 504-512.
11. Bazan JF, KB Bacon, G Hardiman, W Wang, K Soo, D Rossi, DR Greaves, A Zlotnik and TJ Schall (1997) A new class of membrane-bound chemokine with a CX3C motif. Nature 385, 640-644.
12. Beckman JS, TW Beckman, J Chen, PA Marshall and BA Freeman (1990) Apparent hydroxyl radical production by peroxynitrite: Implications for endothelial injury from nitric oxide and superoxide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 1620-1624.
13. Bezzi P, G Carmignoto, L Pasti, S Vesce, D Rossi, BL Rizzini, T Pozzan and A Volterra (1998) Prostaglandins stimulate calciumdependent glutamate release in astrocytes. Nature 391, 281-285.
14. Bezzi P, M Domercq, L Brambilla, R Galli, D Schols, E De Clercq, A Vescovi, G Bagetta, G Kollias, J Meldolesi and A Volterra (2001) CXCR4-activated astrocyte glutamate release via TNFalpha: Amplification by microglia triggers neurotoxicity. Nat. Neurosci. 4, 702-710.
15. Bigge CF (1999) Ionotropic glutamate receptors. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 3, 441-447.
16. Bleul CC, M Farzan, H Choe, C Parolin, I Clark-Lewis, J Sodroski and TA Springer (1996) The lymphocyte chemoattractant SDF-1 is a ligand for LESTR/fusin and blocks HIV-1 entry. Nature 382, 829-833.
17. Bonfoco E, D Krainc, M Ankarcrona, P Nicotera and SA Lipton (1995) Apoptosis and necrosis: Two distinct events induced, respectively, by mild and intense insults with N-methyl-D-aspartate or nitric oxide/ superoxide in cortical cell cultures. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 7162-7166.
18. Bormann J (1989) Memantine is a potent blocker of N-methyl-Daspartate (NMDA) receptor channels. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 166, 591-592.
19. + channels. Neuron 41, 351-365.
20. Brack-Werner R and JE Bell (1999) Replication of HIV-1 in human astrocytes. Science Online: NeuroAids (www.sciencemagorg/NAIDS) 2, 1-7.
21. Brauner-Osborne H, J Egebjerg, EO Nielsen, U Madsen and P Krogsgaard-Larsen (2000) Ligands for glutamate receptors: Design and therapeutic prospects. J. Med. Chem. 43, 2609-2645.
22. Brenneman DE, GL Westbrook, SP Fitzgerald, DL Ennist, KL Elkins, MR Ruff and CB Pert (1988) Neuronal cell killing by the envelope protein of HIV and its prevention by vasoactive intestinal peptide. Nature 335, 639-642.
23. Brew BJ, J Corbeil, L Pemberton, L Evans, K Saito, R Penny, DA Cooper and MP Heyes (1995) Quinolinic acid production is related to macrophage tropic isolates of HIV-1. J. Neurovirol. 1, 369-374.
24. Bruno V, A Copani, G Besong, G Scoto and F Nicoletti (2000) Neuroprotective activity of chemokines against N-methyl-Daspartate or beta-amyloid-induced toxicity in culture. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 399, 117-121.
25. Budd SL, L Tenneti, T Lishnak and SA Lipton (2000) Mitochondrial and extramitochondrial apoptotic signaling pathways in cerebrocortical neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 6161-6166.
26. Budka H (1991) Neuropathology of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Brain Pathol. 1, 163-175.
27. Budka H, G Costanzi, S Cristina, A Lechi, C Parravicini, R Trabattoni and L Vago (1987) Brain pathology induced by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A histological, immunocytochemical, and electron microscopical study of 100 autopsy cases. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.) 75, 185-198.
28. Celik M, N Gokmen, S Erbayraktar, M Akhisaroglu, S Konakc, C Ulukus, S Genc, K Genc, E Sagiroglu, A Cerami and M Brines (2002) Erythropoietin prevents motor neuron apoptosis and neurologic disability in experimental spinal cord ischemic injury. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 2258-2263.
29. Chapman GA, K Moores, D Harrison, CA Campbell, BR Stewart and PJ Strijbos (2000) Fractalkine cleavage from neuronal membranes represents an acute event in the inflammatory response to excitotoxic brain damage. J. Neurosci. (Online) 20, RC87.
30. Chen HS and SA Lipton (1997) Mechanism of memantine block of NMDA-activated channels in rat retinal ganglion cells: Uncompetitive antagonism. J. Physiol. 499 (Pt. 1), 27-46.
31. Chen HS, JW Pellegrini, SK Aggarwal, SZ Lei, S Warach, FE Jensen and SA Lipton (1992) Open-channel block of N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) responses by memantine: Therapeutic advantage against NMDA receptor-mediated neurotoxicity. J. Neurosci. 12, 4427-4436.
32. Chen HS, YF Wang, PV Rayudu, P Edgecomb, JC Neill, MM Segal, SA Lipton and FE Jensen (1998) Neuroprotective concentrations of the N-methyl-D-aspartate open-channel blocker memantine are effective without cytoplasmic vacuolation following post-ischemic administration and do not block maze learning or long-term potentiation. Neuroscience 86, 1121-1132.
33. Chen W, J Sulcove, I Frank, S Jaffer, H Ozdener and DL Kolson (2002) Development of a human neuronal cell model for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected macrophage-induced neurotoxicity: Apoptosis induced by HIV type 1 primary isolates and evidence for involvement of the Bcl-2/ Bcl-xL-sensitive intrinsic apoptosis pathway. J. Virol. 76, 9407-9419.
34. Choe H, M Farzan, Y Sun, N Sullivan, B Rollins, PD Ponath, L Wu, CR Mackay, G LaRosa, W Newman, N Gerard, C Gerard and J Sodroski (1996) The beta-chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR5 facilitate infection by primary HIV-1 isolates. Cell 85, 1135-1148.
35. Choi DW (1988) Glutamate neurotoxicity and diseases of the nervous system. Neuron 1, 623-634.
36. Choi DW, JY Koh and S Peters (1988a) Pharmacology of glutamate neurotoxicity in cortical cell culture: Attenuation by NMDA antagonists. J. Neurosci. 8, 185-196.
37. Choi DW, M Yokoyama and J Koh (1988b) Zinc neurotoxicity in cortical cell culture. Neuroscience 24, 67-79.
38. Choi YB, L Tenneti, DA Le, J Ortiz, G Bai, HS Chen and SA Lipton (2000) Molecular basis of NMDA receptor-coupled ion channel modulation by S-nitrosylation. Nat. Neurosci. 3, 15-21.
39. 2+ modulation of the NMDA receptor. J. Neurosci. 21, 392-400.
40. Chung KK, B Thomas, X Li, O Pletnikova, JC Troncoso, L Marsh, VL Dawson and TM Dawson (2004) S-Nitrosylation of parkin regulates ubiquitination and compromises parkin's protective function. Science 304, 1328-1331.
41. Clifford DB (1999) Central neurologic complications of HIV infection. Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep. 1, 187-191.
42. Clifford DB (2000) Human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia. Arch. Neurol. 57, 321-324.
43. Cocchi F, AL Devico, A Garzino-Demo, SK Arya, RC Gallo and P Lusso (1995) Identification of RANTES, MIP-1 alpha, and MIP- 1 beta as the major HIV- suppressive factors produced by CD8+ T cells. Science 270, 1811-1815.
44. Conant K, A Garzino-Demo, A Nath, JC McArthur, W Halliday, C Power, RC Gallo and EO Major (1998) Induction of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in HIV-1 Tat-stimulated astrocytes and elevation in AIDS dementia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 3117-3121.
45. Cunningham PH, DG Smith, C Satchell, DA Cooper and B Brew (2000) Evidence for independent development of resistance to HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors in the cerebrospinal fluid. AIDS 14, 1949-1954.
46. D'hooge R, F Franck, L Mucke and PP De Deyn (1999) Age-related behavioural deficits in transgenic mice expressing the HIV-1 coat protein gp120. Eur. J. Neurosci. 11, 4398-4402.
47. Das S, YF Sasaki, T Rothe, LS Premkumar, M Takasu, JE Crandall, P Dikkes, DA Conner, PV Rayudu, W Cheung, HS Chen, SA Lipton and N Nakanishi (1998) Increased NMDA current and spine density in mice lacking the NMDA receptor subunit NR3a. Nature 393, 377-381.
48. Dawson VL, TM Dawson, ED London, DS Bredt and SH Snyder (1991) Nitric oxide mediates glutamate neurotoxicity in primary cortical cultures. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 6368-6371.
49. Dawson VL, TM Dawson, DA Bartley, GR Uhl and SH Snyder (1993) Mechanisms of nitric oxide-mediated neurotoxicity in primary brain cultures. J. Neurosci. 13, 2651-2661.
50. De Clercq E (2004) HIV-chemotherapy and -prophylaxis: New drugs, leads and approaches. Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol. 36, 1800-1822.
51. Digicaylioglu M and SA Lipton (2001) Erythropoietin-mediated neuroprotection involves cross-talk between Jak2 and NF-kappaB signalling cascades. Nature 412, 641-647.
52. Digicaylioglu M, G Garden, S Timberlake, L Fletcher and SA Lipton (2004a) Acute neuroprotective synergy of erythropoietin and insulin-like growth factor I. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 9855-9860.
53. Digicaylioglu M, M Kaul, L Fletcher, R Dowen and SA Lipton (2004b) Erythropoietin protects cerebrocortical neurons from HIV-1/gp120-induced damage. Neuroreport 15, 761-763.
54. Dimmeler S, J Haendeler, M Nehls and AM Zeiher (1997) Suppression of apoptosis by nitric oxide via inhibition of interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme (ICE)-like and cysteine protease protein (CPP)-32-like proteases. J. Exp. Med. 185, 601-607.
55. Doble A (1999) The role of excitotoxicity in neurodegenerative disease: implications for therapy. Pharmacol. Ther. 81, 163-221.
56. Doranz BJ, J Rucker, Y Yi, RJ Smyth, M Samson, SC Peiper, M Parmentier, RG Collman and RW Doms (1996) A dual-tropic primary HIV-1 isolate that uses fusin and the beta-chemokine receptors CKR5, CKR3, and CKR2b as fusion cofactors. Cell 85, 1149-1158.
57. Dore GJ, JF Hoy, SA Mallal, Y Li, AM Mijch, MA French, DA Cooper and JM Kaldor (1997) Trends in incidence of AIDS illnesses in Australia from 1983 to 1994: The Australian AIDS cohort. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. 16, 39-43.
58. Dore GJ, PK Correll, Y Li, JM Kaldor, DA Cooper and BJ Brew (1999) Changes to AIDS dementia complex in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 13, 1249-1253.
59. Dragic T, V Litwin, GP Allaway, SR Martin, Y Huang, KA Nagashima, C Cayanan, PJ Maddon, RA Koup, JP Moore and WA Paxton (1996) HIV-1 entry into CD4+ cells is mediated by the chemokine receptor CC-CKR-5. Nature 381, 667-673.
60. Dreyer EB and SA Lipton (1995) The coat protein gp120 of HIV-1 inhibits astrocyte uptake of excitatory amino acids via macrophage arachidonic acid. Eur. J. Neurosci. 7, 2502-2507.
61. Dreyer EB, PK Kaiser, JT Offermannand SA Lipton (1990) HIV-1 coat protein neurotoxicity prevented by calcium channel antagonists. Science 248, 364-367.
62. Ellis RJ, R Deutsch, RK Heaton, TD Marcotte, JA McCutchan, JA Nelson, I Abramson, LJ Thal, JH Atkinson, MR Wallace and I Grant (1997) Neurocognitive impairment is an independent risk factor for death in HIV infection. San Diego HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center Group. Arch. Neurol. 54, 416-424.
63. Enting RH, RM Hoetelmans, JM Lange, DM Burger, JH Beijnen and P Portegies (1998) Antiretroviral drugs and the central nervous system. AIDS 12, 1941-1955.
64. Erdo SL and M Schafer (1991) Memantine is highly potent in protecting cortical cultures against excitotoxic cell death evoked by glutamate and N-methyl-D-aspartate. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 198, 215-217.
65. Everall IP, RK Heaton, TD Marcotte, RJ Ellis, JA McCutchan, JH Atkinson, I Grant, M Mallory and E Masliah (1999) Cortical synaptic density is reduced in mild to moderate human immunodeficiency virus neurocognitive disorder. HNRC group. HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center. Brain Pathol. 9, 209-217.
66. Ferrando S, W van Gorp, M McElhiney, K Goggin, M Sewell and J Rabkin (1998) Highly active antiretroviral treatment in HIV infection: Benefits for neuropsychological function. AIDS 12, F65-F70.
67. Fiala M, DJ Looney, M Stins, DD Way, L Zhang, X Gan, F Chiappelli, ES Schweitzer, P Shapshak, M Weinand, MC Graves, M Witte and KS Kim (1997) TNF-alpha opens a paracellular route for HIV-1 invasion across the blood-brain barrier. Mol. Med. 3, 553-564.
68. Fischer-Smith T, S Croul, AE Sverstiuk, C Capini, D L'Heureux, EG Regulier, MW Richardson, S Amini, S Morgello, K Khalili and J Rappaport (2001) CNS invasion by CD14+/CD16+ peripheral blood-derived monocytes in HIV dementia: Perivascular accumulation and reservoir of HIV infection. J. Neurovirol. 7, 528-541.
69. Fontana G, L Valenti and M Raiteri (1997) gp120 can revert antagonism at the glycine site of NMDA receptors mediating GABA release from cultured hippocampal neurons. J. Neurosci. Res. 49, 732-738.
70. Fox L, M Alford, C Achim, M Mallory and E Masliah (1997) Neurodegeneration of somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons in HIV encephalitis. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 56, 360-368.
71. Gabuzda DH, DD Ho, SM de la Monte, MS Hirsch, TR Rota and RA Sobel (1986) Immunohistochemical identification of HTLVIII antigen in brains of patients with AIDS. Ann. Neurol. 20, 289-295.
72. Galasso JM, JK Harrison and FS Silverstein (1998) Excitotoxic brain injury stimulates expression of the chemokine receptor CCR5 in neonatal rats. Am. J. Pathol. 153, 1631-1640.
73. Garden GA, SL Budd, E Tsai, L Hanson, M Kaul, DM D'Emilia, RM Friedlander, J Yuan, E Masliah and SA Lipton (2002) Caspase cascades in human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurodegeneration. J. Neurosci. 22, 4015-4024.
74. Garden GA, W Guo, S Jayadev, C Tun, S Balcaitis, J Choi, TJ Montine, T Moller and RS Morrison (2004) HIV associated neurodegeneration requires p53 in neurons and microglia. FASEB J. 18, 1141-1143.
75. Gartner S (2000) HIV infection and dementia. Science 287, 602-604.
76. Gelbard HA, HJ James, LR Sharer, SW Perry, Y Saito, AM Kazee, BM Blumberg and LG Epstein (1995) Apoptotic neurons in brains from paediatric patients with HIV-1 encephalitis and progressive encephalopathy. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 21, 208-217.
77. Gendelman HE, I Grant, SA Lipton, I Everall and S Swindells (2005) The Neurology of AIDS (Oxford University Press: London), 1184 pp.
78. Genis P, M Jett, EW Bernton, T Boyle, HA Gelbard, K Dzenko, RW Keane, L Resnick, Y Mizrachi, DJ Volsky et al. (1992) Cytokines and arachidonic metabolites produced during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected macrophage-astroglia interactions: Implications for the neuropathogenesis of HIV disease. J. Exp. Med. 176, 1703-1718.
79. Ghatan S, S Larner, Y Kinoshita, M Hetman, L Patel, Z Xia, RJ Youle and RS Morrison (2000) p38 MAP kinase mediates bax translocation in nitric oxide-induced apoptosis in neurons. J. Cell. Biol. 150, 335-347.
80. Giulian D, K Vacaand CA Noonan (1990) Secretion of neurotoxins by mononuclear phagocytes infected with HIV-1. Science 250, 1593-1596.
81. Giulian D, E Wendt, K Vaca and CA Noonan (1993) The envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 stimulates release of neurotoxins from monocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 2769-2773.
82. Giulian D, J Yu, X Li, D Tom, J Li, E Wendt, SN Lin, R Schwarcz and C Noonan (1996) Study of receptor-mediated neurotoxins released by HIV-1 infected mononuclear phagocytes found in human brain. J. Neurosci. 16, 3139-3153.
83. Glass JD, H Fedor, SL Wesselingh and JC McArthur (1995) Immunocytochemical quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus in the brain: Correlations with dementia. Ann. Neurol. 38, 755-762.
84. Gleichmann M, C Gillen, M Czardybon, F Bosse, R Greiner-Petter, J Auer and HW Muller (2000) Cloning and characterization of SDF-1gamma, a novel SDF-1 chemokine transcript with developmentally regulated expression in the nervous system. Eur. J. Neurosci. 12, 1857-1866.
85. Gonzalez-Zulueta M, AB Feldman, LJ Klesse, RG Kalb, JF Dillman, LF Parada, TM Dawson and VL Dawson (2000) Requirement for nitric oxide activation of p21(ras)/extracellular regulated kinase in neuronal ischemic preconditioning. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 436-441.
86. Gu Z, M Kaul, B Yan, SJ Kridel, J Cui, A Strongin, JW Smith, RC Liddington and SA Lipton (2002) S-nitrosylation of matrix metalloproteinases: Signaling pathway to neuronal cell death. Science 297, 1186-1190.
87. He J, Y Chen, M Farzan, H Choe, A Ohagen, S Gartner, J Busciglio, X Yang, W Hofmann, W Newman, CR Mackay, J Sodroski and D Gabuzda (1997) CCR3 and CCR5 are co-receptors for HIV-1 infection of microglia. Nature 385, 645-649.
88. Hesselgesser J, D Taub, P Baskar, M Greenberg, J Hoxie, DL Kolson and R Horuk (1998) Neuronal apoptosis induced by HIV-1 gp120 and the chemokine SDF-1 alpha is mediated by the chemokine receptor CXCR4. Curr. Biol. 8, 595-598.
89. Heyes MP, BJ Brew, A Martin, RW Price, AM Salazar, JJ Sidtis, JA Yergey, MM Mouradian, AE Sadler, J Keilp, D Rubinow and SP Markey (1991) Quinolinic acid in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in HIV-1 infection: relationship to clinical and neurological status. Ann. Neurol. 29, 202-209.
90. Jain KK (2000) Evaluation of memantine for neuroprotection in dementia. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs 9, 1397-1406.
91. Jiang ZG, C Piggee, MP Heyes, C Murphy, B Quearry, M Bauer, J Zheng, HE Gendelman and SP Markey (2001) Glutamate is a mediator of neurotoxicity in secretions of activated HIV-1- infected macrophages. J. Neuroimmunol. 117, 97-107.
92. Johnston JB, Y Jiang, G van Marle, MB Mayne, W Ni, J Holden, JC McArthur and C Power (2000) Lentivirus infection in the brain induces matrix metalloproteinase expression: Role of envelope diversity. J. Virol. 74, 7211-7220.
93. Kaul M (2002) Chemokines and their receptors in HIV-associated dementia. J. Neurovirol. 8(suppl. 1), 41-42.
94. Kaul M and SA Lipton (1999) Chemokines and activated macrophages in gp120-induced neuronal apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 8212-8216.
95. Kaul M and SA Lipton (2001) Knock out of HIV-1 coreceptors attenuates neuronal apoptosis induced by HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120. Soc. Neurosci. 27, 678.8 (Abstr.).
96. Kaul M, GA Garden and SA Lipton (2001) Pathways to neuronal injury and apoptosis in HIV-associated dementia. Nature 410, 988-994.
97. Kaul M, J Zheng, S Okamoto, HE Gendelman and SA Lipton (2005) HIV-1 infection and AIDS: Consequences for the central nervous system. Cell Death Differ. 12(Suppl. 1), 878-892.
98. Keilhoff G and G Wolf (1992) Memantine prevents quinolinic acid-induced hippocampal damage. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 219, 1
99. Kikuchi M, L Tenneti and SA Lipton (2000) Role of p38 mitogenactivated protein kinase in axotomy-induced apoptosis of rat retinal ganglion cells. J. Neurosci. 20, 5037-5044.
100. -. Neuron 24, 461-469.
101. Koenig S, HE Gendelman, JM Orenstein, MC Dal Canto, GH Pezeshkpour, M Yungbluth, F Janotta, A Aksamit, MA Martin and AS Fauci (1986) Detection of AIDS virus in macrophages in brain tissue from AIDS patients with encephalopathy. Science 233, 1089-1093.
102. Kohr G, S Eckardt, H Luddens, H Monyer and PH Seeburg (1994) NMDA receptor channels: Subunit-specific potentiation by reducing agents. Neuron 12, 1031-1040.
103. Krathwohl MD and JL Kaiser (2004a) Chemokines promote quiescence and survival of human neural progenitor cells. Stem Cells 22, 109-118.
104. Krathwohl MD and JL Kaiser (2004b) HIV-1 promotes quiescence in human neural progenitor cells. J. Infect. Dis. 190, 216-226.
105. Langford D, VJ Sanders, M Mallory, M Kaul and E Masliah (2002) Expression of stromal cell-derived factor 1alpha protein in HIV encephalitis. J. Neuroimmunol. 127, 115-126.
106. i homeostasis and induce neurotoxicity in human embryonic neurons. Eur. J. Neurosci. 7, 2285-2293.
107. Lapidot T and I Petit (2002) Current understanding of stem cell mobilization: The roles of chemokines, proteolytic enzymes, adhesion molecules, cytokines, and stromal cells. Exp. Hematol. 30, 973-981.
108. Le D, S Das, YF Wang, T Yoshizawa, YF Sasaki, M Takasu, A Nemes, M Mendelsohn, P Dikkes, SA Lipton and N Nakanishi (1997) Enhanced neuronal death from focal ischemia in AMPA receptor transgenic mice. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 52, 235-241.
109. Le DA and SA Lipton (2001) Potential and current use of N-methyl- D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists in diseases of aging. Drugs Aging 18, 717-724.
110. Lees KR (1997) Cerestat and other NMDA antagonists in ischemic stroke. Neurology 49, S66-S69.
111. Lei SZ, ZH Pan, SK Aggarwal, HS Chen, J Hartman, NJ Sucher and SA Lipton (1992) Effect of nitric oxide production on the redox modulatory site of the NMDA receptor-channel complex. Neuron 8, 1087-1099.
112. Letendre SL, ER Lanier and JA McCutchan (1999) Cerebrospinal fluid beta chemokine concentrations in neurocognitively impaired individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Infect. Dis. 180, 310-319.
113. Lipton SA (1991a) Calcium channel antagonists and human immunodeficiency virus coat protein-mediated neuronal injury. Ann. Neurol. 30, 110-114.
114. Lipton SA (1991b) Calcium channel antagonists in the prevention of neurotoxicity. Adv. Pharmacol. 22, 271-297.
115. Lipton SA (1992a) Memantine prevents HIV coat protein-induced neuronal injury in vitro. Neurology 42, 1403-1405.
116. Lipton SA (1992b) Models of neuronal injury in AIDS: Another role for the NMDA receptor? Trends Neurosci. 15, 75-79.
117. Lipton SA (1992c) Requirement for macrophages in neuronal injury induced by HIV envelope protein gp120. Neuroreport 3, 913-915.
118. Lipton SA (1993) Prospects for clinically tolerated NMDA antagonists: open-channel blockers and alternative redox states of nitric oxide. Trends Neurosci. 16, 527-532.
119. Lipton SA (1994a) HIV coat protein gp120 induces soluble neurotoxins in culture medium. Neurosci. Res. Commun. 15, 31-37.
120. Lipton SA (1994b) HIV displays its coat of arms. Nature 367, 113-114 [Erratum 367, 320].
121. Lipton SA (1997a) Neuropathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome dementia. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 10, 247-253.
122. Lipton SA (1997b) Treating AIDS dementia [letter; comment]. Science 276, 1629-1630.
123. Lipton SA (1998) Neuronal injury associated with HIV-1: Approaches to treatment. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 38, 159-177.
124. Lipton SA (2004a) Erythropoietin for neurologic protection and diabetic neuropathy. N. Engl. J. Med. 350, 2516-2517.
125. Lipton SA (2004b) Concepts: Turning down but not off - Neuroprotection requires a paradigm shift in drug development. Nature 428, 473.
126. Lipton SA (2004c) Failures and successes of NMDA receptor antagonists: molecular basis for the use of open-channel blockers like memantine in the treatment of acute and chronic neurologic insults. NeuroRx 1, 101-110.
127. Lipton SA (2005) The molecular basis of memantine action in Alzheimer's disease and other neurologic disorders: Low affinity, uncompetitive antagonism. Curr. Alzheim. Res. 2(2), 155-165.
128. Lipton SA and H-SV Chen (2004) Paradigm shift in neuroprotective drug development: Clinically tolerated NMDA receptor inhibition by memantine. Cell Death Diff. 11, 18-20.
129. Lipton SA and HE Gendelman (1995) Seminars in Medicine of the Beth Israel Hospital, Boston. Dementia associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 332, 934-940.
130. Lipton SA and FE Jensen (1992) Memantine, a clinically-tolerated NMDA open-channel blocker, prevents HIV coat proteininduced neuronal injury in vitro and in vivo. Soc. Neurosci. 18, 757 (Abstr.).
131. Lipton SA and K Kieburtz (1998) Development of adjunctive therapies for the neurologic manifestations of AIDS: Dementia and painful neuropathy, In: The Neurology of AIDS (Gendelman HE, SA Lipton, LG Epstein and S Swindells, Eds.) (Chapman and Hall: New York), pp 377-381.
132. Lipton SA and P Nicotera (1998) Calcium, free radicals and excitotoxins in neuronal apoptosis. Cell Calcium 23, 165-171.
133. Lipton SA and PA Rosenberg (1994) Excitatory amino acids as a final common pathway for neurologic disorders. N. Engl. J. Med. 330, 613-622.
134. Lipton SA and JS Stamler (1994) Actions of redox-related congeners of nitric oxide at the NMDA receptor. Neuropharmacology 33, 1229-1233.
135. Lipton SA, Y-B Choi, ZH Pan, SZ Lei, H-SV Chen, NJ Sucher, J Loscalzo, DJ Singel and JS Stamler (1993) A redox-based mechanism for the neuroprotective and neurodestructive effects of nitric oxide and related nitroso-compounds. Nature 364, 626-632.
136. Lipton SA, Y-B Choi, T Takahashi, D Zhang, W Li, A Godzik and LA Bankston (2002) Cysteine regulation of protein function - as exemplified by NMDA-receptor modulation. Trends Neurosci. 25, 474-480.
137. Lipton SA, NJ Sucher, PK Kaiser and EB Dreyer (1991) Synergistic effects of HIV coat protein and NMDA receptor-mediated neurotoxicity. Neuron 7, 111-118.
138. Lipton SA and YF Wang (1996) NO-related species can protect from focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, In: Pharmacology of Cerebral Ischemia (Krieglstein J, Ed.) (Medpharm Scientific Publ.: Stuttgart), pp 183-191.
139. Lipton SA, T Nakamura, D Yao, Z-Q Shi, T Uehara and Z Gu (2005) Comment on S-nitrosylation of parkin regulates ubiquitination and compromises parkin's protective function. Science 308(5730), 1870; author reply 1870.
140. Liu R, WA Paxton, S Choe, D Ceradini, SR Martin, R Horuk, ME MacDonald, H Stuhlmann, RA Koup and NR Landau (1996) Homozygous defect in HIV-1 coreceptor accounts for resistance of some multiply-exposed individuals to HIV-1 infection. Cell 86, 367-377.
141. Liu Y, M Jones, CM Hingtgen, G Bu, N Laribee, RE Tanzi, RD Moir, A Nath and JJ He (2000) Uptake of HIV-1 Tat protein mediated by low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein disrupts the neuronal metabolic balance of the receptor ligands. Nat. Med. 6, 1380-1387.
142. Lo TM, CJ Fallert, TM Piser and SA Thayer (1992) HIV-1 envelope protein evokes intracellular calcium oscillations in rat hippocampal neurons. Brain Res. 594, 189-196.
143. Locati M and PM Murphy (1999) Chemokines and chemokine receptors: biology and clinical relevance in inflammation and AIDS. Annu. Rev. Med. 50, 425-440.
144. Lucas DR and JP Newhouse (1957) The toxic effect of sodium L-glutamate on the inner layers of the retina. AMA Arch. Ophthalmol. 58, 193-201.
145. Ma Q, D Jones, PR Borghesani, RA Segal, T Nagasawa, T Kishimoto, RT Bronson and TA Springer (1998) Impaired Blymphopoiesis, myelopoiesis, and derailed cerebellar neuron migration in CXCR4- and SDF-1-deficient mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 9448-9453.
146. Major EO, D Rausch, C Marra and D Clifford (2000) HIV-associated dementia. Science 288, 440-442.
147. Mannick JB, A Hausladen, L Liu, DT Hess, M Zeng, QX Miao, LS Kane, AJ Gow and JS Stamler (1999) Fas-induced caspase denitrosylation. Science 284, 651-654.
148. Marshall DC, T Wyss-Coray and CR Abraham (1998) Induction of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in human immunodeficiency virus- 1 glycoprotein 120 transgenic mouse brains. Neurosci. Lett. 254, 97-100.
149. Masliah E, N Ge, CL Achim, LA Hansen and CA Wiley (1992) Selective neuronal vulnerability in HIV encephalitis. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 51, 585-593.
150. Masliah E, RK Heaton, TD Marcotte, RJ Ellis, CA Wiley, M Mallory, CL Achim, JA McCutchan, JA Nelson, JH Atkinson and I Grant (1997) Dendritic injury is a pathological substrate for human immunodeficiency virus-related cognitive disorders. HNRC group. The HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center. Ann. Neurol. 42, 963-972.
151. Masuda S, M Nagao, K Takahata, Y Konishi, F Gallyas Jr, T Tabira and R Sasaki (1993) Functional erythropoietin receptor of the cells with neural characteristics. Comparison with receptor properties of erythroid cells. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 11208-11216.
152. McArthur JC (1987) Neurologic manifestations of AIDS. Medicine (Baltimore) 66, 407-437.
153. McArthur JC, DR Hoover, H Bacellar, EN Miller, BA Cohen, JT Becker, NM Graham, JH McArthur, OA Selnes and LP Jacobson (1993) Dementia in AIDS patients: Incidence and risk factors. Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Neurology 43, 2245-2252.
154. McArthur JC, DR McClernon, MF Cronin, TE Nance-Sproson, AJ Saah, M St Clair and ER Lanier (1997) Relationship between human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia and viral load in cerebrospinal fluid and brain. Ann. Neurol. 42, 689-698.
155. McGrath KE, AD Koniski, KM Maltby, JK McGann and J Palis (1999) Embryonic expression and function of the chemokine SDF-1 and its receptor, CXCR4. Dev. Biol. 213, 442-456.
156. Melino G F Bernassola, RA Knight, MT Corasaniti, G Nistico and A Finazzi-Agro (1997) S-nitrosylation regulates apoptosis. Nature 388, 432-433.
157. Melton ST, CK Kirkwood and SN Ghaemi (1997) Pharm-acotherapy of HIV dementia. Ann. Pharmacother. 31, 457-473.
158. Mennicken F, R Maki, EB de Souza and R Quirion (1999) Chemokines and chemokine receptors in the CNS: A possible role in neuroinflammation and patterning. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 20, 73-78.
159. Meucci O, A Fatatis, AA Simen, TJ Bushell, PW Gray and RJ Miller (1998) Chemokines regulate hippocampal neuronal signaling and gp120 neurotoxicity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 14500-14505.
160. Michael NL and JP Moore (1999) HIV-1 entry inhibitors: Evading the issue [news] [see comments]. Nat. Med. 5, 740-742.
161. Moore RD, JC Keruly and RE Chaisson (1998) Anemia and survival in HIV infection. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. 19, 29-33.
162. Morishita E, S Masuda, M Nagao, Y Yasuda and R Sasaki (1997) Erythropoietin receptor is expressed in rat hippocampal and cerebral cortical neurons, and erythropoietin prevents in vitro glutamate-induced neuronal death. Neuroscience 76, 105-116.
163. Mukherjee PK, MA DeCoster, FZ Campbell, RJ Davis and NG Bazan (1999) Glutamate receptor signaling interplay modulates stress-sensitive mitogen-activated protein kinases and neuronal cell death. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 6493-6498.
164. Muller WE, HC Schroder, H Ushijima, J Dapper and J Bormann (1992) Gp120 of HIV-1 induces apoptosis in rat cortical cell cultures: Prevention by memantine. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 226, 209-214.
165. Navia BA, U Dafni, D Simpson, T Tucker, E Singer, JC McArthur, C Yiannoutsos, L Zaborski and SA Lipton (1998) A phase I/II trial of nimodipine for HIV-related neurologic complications. Neurology 51, 221-228.
166. Navia BA, C Yiannoutsos, R Ellis, G Schifitto, A Nath, S Shriver, L Millar and SA Lipton (2005) Memantine may prevent further cognitive decline in subjects with the AIDS Dementia Complex with detectable CSF HIV RNA. Neurology 64 (Suppl. 1), A247-A238.
167. Nicotera P, M Ankarcrona, E Bonfoco, S Orrenius and SA Lipton (1997) Neuronal necrosis and apoptosis: Two distinct events induced by exposure to glutamate or oxidative stress. Adv. Neurol. 72, 95-101.
168. Nottet HS, Y Persidsky, VG Sasseville, AN Nukuna, P Bock, QH Zhai, LR Sharer, RD McComb, S Swindells, C Soderland and HE Gendelman (1996) Mechanisms for the transendothelial migration of HIV-1-infected monocytes into brain. J. Immunol. 156, 1284-1295.
169. Oberlin E, A Amara, F Bachelerie, C Bessia, JL Virelizier, F Arenzana-Seisdedos, O Schwartz, JM Heard, I Clark-Lewis, DF Legler, M Loetscher, M Baggiolini and B Moser (1996) The CXC chemokine SDF-1 is the ligand for LESTR/fusin and prevents infection by T-cell-line-adapted HIV-1. Nature 382, 833-835.
170. Ohagen A, S Ghosh, J He, K Huang, Y Chen, M Yuan, R Osathanondh, S Gartner, B Shi, G Shaw and D Gabuzda (1999) Apoptosis induced by infection of primary brain cultures with diverse human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates: Evidence for a role of the envelope. J. Virol. 73, 897-906.
171. Okamoto S, Z Li, C Ju, MN Scholzke, E Mathews, J Cui, GS Salvesen, E Bossy-Wetzel and SA Lipton (2002) Dominantinterfering forms of MEF2 generated by caspase cleavage contribute to NMDA-induced neuronal apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 3974-3979.
172. Olney JW (1969) Brain lesions, obesity, and other disturbances in mice treated with monosodium glutamate. Science 164, 719-721.
173. Olney JW and LG Sharpe (1969) Brain lesions in an infant rhesus monkey treated with monsodium glutamate. Science 166, 386-388.
174. Orgogozo J-M, A-S Rigaud, A Stöffler, H-J Möbius and F Forette (2002) Efficacy and safety of memantine in patients with mild to moderate vascular dementia - a randomized, placebo-controlled trial (MMM 300). Stroke 33, 1834-1839.
175. Osborne NN and G Quack (1992) Memantine stimulates inositol phosphates production in neurones and nullifies N-methyl-Daspartate-induced destruction of retinal neurones. Neurochem. Int. 21, 329-336.
176. Parsons CG, W Danysz and G Quack (1999) Memantine is a clinically well tolerated N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist - a review of preclinical data. Neuropharmacology 38, 735-767.
177. Paxton WA, R Liu, S Kang, L Wu, TR Gingeras, NR Landau, CR Mackay and RA Koup (1998) Reduced HIV-1 infectability of CD4+ lymphocytes from exposed-uninfected individuals: Association with low expression of CCR5 and high production of beta-chemokines. Virology 244, 66-73.
178. Pellegrini JW and SA Lipton (1993) Delayed administration of memantine prevents N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated neurotoxicity. Ann. Neurol. 33, 403-407.
179. Petito CK and B Roberts (1995) Evidence of apoptotic cell death in HIV encephalitis. Am. J. Pathol. 146, 1121-1130.
180. Pierson TC, RW Doms and S Pohlmann (2004) Prospects of HIV-1 entry inhibitors as novel therapeutics. Rev. Med. Virol. 14, 255-270.
181. Piot P, M Bartos, PD Ghys, N Walker and B Schwartlander (2001) The global impact of HIV/AIDS. Nature 410, 968-973.
182. Pittaluga A, R Pattarini, P Severi and M Raiteri (1996) Human brain N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors regulating noradrenaline release are positively modulated by HIV-1 coat protein gp120. AIDS 10, 463-468.
183. Power C, JC McArthur, A Nath, K Wehrly, M Mayne, J Nishio, T Langelier, RT Johnson and B Chesebro (1998) Neuronal death induced by brain-derived human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope genes differs between demented and nondemented AIDS patients. J. Virol. 72, 9045-9053.
184. Power C, MJ Gilland RT Johnson (2002) Progress in clinical neurosciences: The neuropathogenesHs of HIV infection: host-virus interaction and the impact of therapy. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 29, 19-32.
185. Reisberg B, R Doody, A Stöffler, F Schmitt, S Ferris and HF Möbius (2003) Memantine in moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 1333-1341.
186. Rottman JB, KP Ganley, K Williams, L Wu, CR Mackay and DJ Ringler (1997) Cellular localization of the chemokine receptor CCR5. Correlation to cellular targets of HIV-1 infection. Am. J. Pathol. 151, 1341-1351.
187. Sacktor N, RH Lyles, R Skolasky, C Kleeberger, OA Selnes, EN Miller, JT Becker, B Cohen and JC McArthur (2001) HIV-associated neurologic disease incidence changes: Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, 1990-1998. Neurology 56, 257-260.
188. Sadamoto Y, K Igase, M Sakanaka, K Sato, H Otsuka, S Sakaki, S Masuda and R Sasaki (1998) Erythropoietin prevents place navigation disability and cortical infarction in rats with permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 253, 26-32.
189. Samson M, F Libert, BJ Doranz, J Rucker, C Liesnard, CM Farber, S Saragosti, C Lapoumeroulie, J Cognaux, C Forceille, G Muyldermans, C Verhofstede, G Burtonboy, M Georges, T Imai, S Rana, Y Yi, RJ Smyth, RG Collman, RW Doms, G Vassart and M Parmentier (1996) Resistance to HIV-1 infection in caucasian individuals bearing mutant alleles of the CCR5 chemokine receptor gene. Nature 382, 722-725.
190. Sardar AM, PH Hutson and GP Reynolds (1999) Deficits of NMDA receptors and glutamate uptake sites in the frontal cortex in AIDS. Neuroreport 10, 3513-3515.
191. Sathi S, P Edgecomb, S Warach, K Manchester, T Donaghey, PE Stieg, FE Jensen and SA Lipton 1993 Chronic transdermal nitroglycerin (NTG) is neuroprotective in experimental rodent stroke models. Soc. Neurosci. 19, 849 (Abstr.).
192. Sattler R,Z Xiong, WY Lu, M Hafner, JF MacDonald and M Tymianski (1999) Specific coupling of NMDA receptor activation to nitric oxide neurotoxicity by PSD-95 protein. Science 284, 1845-1848.
193. Savio T and G Levi (1993) Neurotoxicity of HIV coat protein gp120, NMDA receptors, and protein kinase C: A study with rat cerebellar granule cell cultures. J. Neurosci. Res. 34, 265-272.
194. Scala E, G D'Offizi, R Rosso, O Turriziani, R Ferrara, AM Mazzone, G Antonelli, F Aiuti and R Paganelli (1997) C-C chemokines, IL- 16, and soluble antiviral factor activity are increased in cloned T cells from subjects with long-term nonprogressive HIV infection. J. Immunol. 158, 4485-4492.
195. Schifitto G, N Sacktor, K Marder, MP McDermott, JC McArthur, K Kieburtz, S Small and LG Epstein (1999) Randomized trial of the platelet-activating factor antagonist lexipafant in HIV-associated cognitive impairment. Neurological AIDS Research Consortium. Neurology 53, 391-396.
196. Schulzer M, E Mak and DB Calne (1992) The antiparkinson efficacy of depreyl derives from transient improvement that is likely to be symptomatic. Ann. Neurol. 32, 795-798.
197. Seif nel Nasr M, B Peruche, C Rossberg, HD Mennel and J Krieglstein (1990) Neuroprotective effect of memantine demonstrated in vivo and in vitro. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 185, 19-24.
198. Simmons G, D Wilkinson, JD Reeves, MT Dittmar, S Beddows, J Weber, G Carnegie, U Desselberger, PW Gray, RA Weiss and PR Clapham (1996) Primary, syncytium-inducing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates are dual-tropic and most can use either Lestr or CCR5 as coreceptors for virus entry. J. Virol. 70, 8355-8360.
199. Sinor AD and DA Greenberg (2000) Erythropoietin protects cultured cortical neurons, but not astroglia, from hypoxia and AMPA toxicity. Neurosci. Lett. 290, 213-215.
200. Stieg PE, S Sathi, S Warach, DA Le and SA Lipton (1999) Neuroprotection by the NMDA receptor-associated open-channel blocker memantine in a photothrombotic model of cerebral focal ischemia in neonatal rat. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 375, 115-120.
201. Stumm RK, J Rummel, V Junker, C Culmsee, M Pfeiffer, J Krieglstein, V Hollt and S Schulz (2002) A dual role for the SDF- 1/CXCR4 chemokine receptor system in adult brain: Isoformselective regulation of SDF-1 expression modulates CXCR4- dependent neuronal plasticity and cerebral leukocyte recruitment after focal ischemia. J. Neurosci. 22, 5865-5878.
202. Sullivan JM, SF Traynelis, HS Chen, W Escobar, SF Heinemann and SA Lipton (1994) Identification of two cysteine residues that are required for redox modulation of the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptor. Neuron 13, 929-936.
203. Susman E (2001) Memantine improves function and cognition i advanced Alzheimer's. Inpharma Weekly 1292, 5.
204. Tachibana K, S Hirota, H Iizasa, H Yoshida, K Kawabata, Y Kataoka, Y Kitamura, K Matsushima, N Yoshida, S Nishikawa, T Kishimoto and T Nagasawa (1998) The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is essential for vascularization of the gastrointestinal tract. Nature 393, 591-594.
205. Tariot PN, MR Farlow, GT Grossberg, SM Graham, S McDonald and I Gergel (2004) Memantine treatment in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer disease already receiving donepezil: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 291, 317-324.
206. Tenneti L, DM D'Emilia and SA Lipton (1997) Suppression of neuronal apoptosis by S-nitrosylation of caspases. Neurosci. Lett. 236, 139-142.
207. Tenneti L, DM D'Emilia, CM Troy and SA Lipton (1998) Role of caspases in N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced apoptosis in cerebrocortical neurons. J. Neurochem. 71, 946-959.
208. Toggas SM, E Masliah, EM Rockenstein, GF Rall, CR Abraham and L Mucke (1994) Central nervous system damage produced by expression of the HIV-1 coat protein gp120 in transgenic mice. Nature 367, 188-193.
209. Toggas SM, E Masliah and L Mucke (1996) Prevention of HIV-1 gp120-induced neuronal damage in the central nervous system of transgenic mice by the NMDA receptor antagonist memantine. Brain Res. 706, 303-307.
210. Tran PB and RJ Miller (2003) Chemokine receptors: Signposts to brain development and disease. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 4, 444-455.
211. Turchan J, N Sacktor, V Wojna, K Conant and A Nath (2003) Neuroprotective therapy for HIV dementia. Curr. HIV Res. 1, 373-383.
212. Verani A and P Lusso (2002) Chemokines as natural HIV antagonists. Curr. Mol. Med. 2, 691-702.
213. Wang H, S-W Yu, DW Koh, J lew, C Coombs, W Bowers, HJ Federoff, GG Poirier, TM Dawson and VL Dawson (2004) Apoptosis-inducing factor substitutes for caspase executioners in NMDA-triggered excitotoxic neuronal death. J. Neurosci. 24, 10963-10973.
214. 2+ permeable AMPA or kainate receptors: Possible key factors in selective neurodegeneration. Trends Neurosci. 23, 365-371.
215. Wen TC, Y Sadamoto, J Tanaka, PX Zhu, K Nakata, YJ Ma, R Hata and M Sakanaka (2002) Erythropoietin protects neurons against chemical hypoxia and cerebral ischemic injury by up-regulating Bcl-xL expression. J. Neurosci. Res. 67, 795-803.
216. Wesselingh SL, K Takahashi, JD Glass, JC McArthur, JW Griffin and DE Griffin (1997) Cellular localization of tumor necrosis factor mRNA in neurological tissue from HIV-infected patients by combined reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. J. Neuroimmunol. 74, 1-8.
217. Wiley CA, V Soontornniyomkij, L Radhakrishnan, E Masliah, J Mellors, SA Hermann, P Dailey and CL Achim (1998) Distribution of brain HIV load in AIDS. Brain Pathol. 8, 277-284.
218. Yao D, Z Gu, T Nakamura, Z-Q Shi, Y Ma, B Gaston, LA Palmer, EM Rockenstein, Z Zhang, E Masliah, T Uehara and SA Lipton (2004) Nitrosative stress linked to sporadic Parkinson's disease: S-nitrosylation of parkin regulates it E3 ligase activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 10810-10814.
219. Yeh MW, M Kaul, J Zheng, HS Nottet, M Thylin, HE Gendelman and SA Lipton (2000) Cytokine-stimulated, but not HIV-infected, human monocyte-derived macrophages produce neurotoxic levels of L-cysteine. J. Immunol. 164, 4265-4270.
220. Zagury D, A Lachgar, V Chams, LS Fall, J Bernard, JF Zagury, B Bizzini, A Gringeri, E Santagostino, J Rappaport, M Feldman, SJ O'Brien, A Burny and RC Gallo (1998) C-C chemokines, pivotal in protection against HIV type 1 infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 3857-3861.
221. Zhang K, GA McQuibban, C Silva, GS Butler, JB Johnston, J Holden, I Clark-Lewis, CM Overall and C Power (2003) HIV induced metalloproteinase processing of the chemokine stromal cell derived factor-1 causes neurodegeneration. Nat. Neurosci. 6, 1064-1071.
222. Zhang L, T He, A Talal, G Wang, SS Frankel and DD Ho (1998) In vivo distribution of the human immunodeficiency virus/simian immunodeficiency virus coreceptors: CXCR4, CCR3, and CCR5. J. Virol. 72, 5035-5045.
223. Zhao J, AL Lopez, D Erichsen, S Herek, RL Cotter, NP Curthoys and J Zheng (2004) Mitochondrial glutaminase enhances extracellular glutamate production in HIV-1-infected macrophages: Linkage to HIV-1 associated dementia. J. Neurochem. 88, 169-180.
224. Zheng J, MR Thylin, A Ghorpade, H Xiong, Y Persidsky, R Cotter, D Niemann, M Che, YC Zeng, HA Gelbard, RB Shepard, JM Swartz and HE Gendelman (1999) Intracellular CXCR4 signaling, neuronal apoptosis and neuropathogenic mechanisms of HIV-1-associated dementia. J. Neuroimmunol. 98, 185-200.
225. Zou YR, AH Kottmann, M Kuroda, I Taniuchi and DR Littman (1998) Function of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 in haematopoiesis and in cerebellar development. Nature 393, 595-599.