Liver regeneration

Journal of the American College of Surgeons

Volumn 197, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 634-659

  Koniaris, Leonidas G ^a,b   McKillop, Iain H ^a   Schwartz, Seymour I ^a   Zimmers, Teresa A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

2,4 THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVE; ACTIVIN; ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CHEMOKINE; DEXTRAN SULFATE; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR; ESTRADIOL; FOLLISTATIN; GLUCAGON; INSULIN; INTERLEUKIN 6; LATENCY ASSOCIATED PEPTIDE; LIOTHYRONINE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PEPTIDE DERIVATIVE; PROSTAGLANDIN; RETINOID; SCATTER FACTOR; STEROID HORMONE; THYROID HORMONE; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

APOPTOSIS; CELL CYCLE; CELL GROWTH; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL SURVIVAL; CYTOKINE RELEASE; DNA CONTENT; DNA SYNTHESIS; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; EXPERIMENTAL MODEL; FATTY ACID METABOLISM; GENETIC MANIPULATION; GROWTH INHIBITION; HEPATITIS; HUMAN; IMMEDIATE EARLY GENE; IN VITRO STUDY; INJECTION; LIVER CELL; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER FIBROSIS; LIVER FUNCTION; LIVER INJURY; LIVER METABOLISM; LIVER REGENERATION; LIVER RESECTION; LIVER TOXICITY; MITOSIS; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; NONHUMAN; ORGAN GROWTH; PARTIAL HEPATECTOMY; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATION; PRESCRIPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STEATOSIS; TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION; TRANSGENIC MOUSE;

EID: 0242378079     PISSN: 10727515     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1072-7515(03)00374-0     Document Type: Article

References (292)

1. Ponfick V.A. Ueber Leberresection und Leberreaction. Verhandl Deutsch Gessellsch Chir. 19:1890;28.
2. Starzl TE, Porter KA, Francavilla JA, et al. A hundred years of the hepatotrophic controversy. Ciba Found Symp 1977;111-129.
3. Fausto N., Webber E.M. Liver regeneration. Arias I., Boyer J., Fausto N., et al. The liver: biology and pathobiology. 1994;1059-1084 Raven Press, New York.
4. Diehl A.M., Rai R. Review regulation of liver regeneration by pro-inflammatory cytokines . J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 11:1996;466-470.
5. Michalopoulos G.K., DeFrances M.C. Liver regeneration. Science. 276:1997;60-66.
6. Holt D.R., Thiel D.V., Edelstein S., Brems J.J. Hepatic resections. Arch Surg. 135:2000;1353-1358.
7. Van Thiel D.H., Gavaler J.S., Kam I., et al. Rapid growth of an intact human liver transplanted into a recipient larger than the donor. Gastroenterology. 93:1987;1414-1419.
8. Kaplowitz N. Biochemical and cellular mechanisms of toxic liver injury. Semin Liver Dis. 22:2002;137-144.
9. Higgins G.M., Anderson R.M. Experimental pathology of the liver. I. Restoration of the liver of the white rat following surgical removal. Arch Pathol. 12:1931;186-206.
10. Klaunig J.E., Goldblatt P.J., Hinton D.E., et al. Mouse liver cell culture. I. Hepatocyte isolation. In Vitro. 17:1981;913-925.
11. Fabrikant J.I. The kinetics of cellular proliferation in regenerating liver. J Cell Biol. 36:1968;551-565.
12. Francavilla A., Porter K.A., Benichou J., et al. Liver regeneration in dogs morphologic and chemical changes . J Surg Res. 25:1978;409-419.
13. Gaglio P.J., Baskin G., Bohm R. Jr, et al. Partial hepatectomy and laparoscopic-guided liver biopsy in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) novel approach for study of liver regeneration . Comp Med. 50:2000;363-368.
14. Bucher N.L.R., Swaffield M.N. The rate of incorporation of labeled thymidine into the deoxyribonucleic acid of regenerating rat liver in relation to the amount of liver excised. Cancer Res. 24:1964;1611-1625.
15. Duncan J.R., Hicks M.E., Cai S.R., et al. Embolization of portal vein branches induces hepatocyte replication in swine a potential step in hepatic gene therapy . Radiology. 210:1999;467-477.
16. Debonera F., Aldeguer X., Shen X., et al. Activation of interleukin-6/STAT3 and liver regeneration following transplantation. J Surg Res. 96:2001;289-295.
17. Saetren H. A principle of auto-regulation of growth. Exp Cell Res. 11:1956;229-232.
18. Leong G.F., Grisham J.W., Hole B.W., et al. Effect of partial hepatectomy on DNA synthesis and mitosis in heterotopic partial allografts of rat liver. Cancer Res. 24:1964;1496-1501.
19. Scaife J.F. Liver homeostasis an in vitro evaluation of a possible specific chalone . Experientia. 26:1970;1071-1072.
20. Verly W.G., Deschamps Y., Pushpathadam J., Desrosiers M. The hepatic chalone. I. Assay method for the hormone and purification of the rabbit liver chalone. Can J Biochem. 49:1971;1376-1383.
21. Moolten F.L., Bucher N.L. Regeneration of rat liver transfer of humoral agent by cross circulation . Science. 158:1967;272-274.
22. Fisher B., Szuch P., Levine M., Fisher E.R. A portal blood factor as the humoral agent in liver regeneration. Science. 171:1971;575-577.
23. Francavilla A., Zeng Q., Polimeno L., et al. Small-for-size liver transplanted into larger recipient a model of hepatic regeneration . Hepatology. 19:1994;210-216.
24. Chari R.S., Baker M.E., Sue S.R., Meyers W.C. Regeneration of a transplanted liver after right hepatic lobectomy. Liver Transplant Surg. 2:1996;233-234.
25. Nagino M., Nimura Y., Kamiya J., et al. Changes in hepatic lobe volume in biliary tract cancer patients after right portal vein embolization. Hepatology. 21:1995;434-439.
26. Zimmers T.A., Davies M.V., Koniaris L.G., et al. Induction of cachexia in mice by systemically administered myostatin. Science. 296:2002;1486-1488.
27. Tsubouchi H., Niitani Y., Hirono S., et al. Levels of the human hepatocyte growth factor in serum of patients with various liver diseases determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Hepatology. 13:1991;1-5.
28. Hillan K.J., Logan M.C., Ferrier R.K., et al. Hepatocyte proliferation and serum hepatocyte growth factor levels in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. J Hepatol. 24:1996;385-390.
29. Tilg H., Wilmer A., Vogel W., et al. Serum levels of cytokines in chronic liver diseases. Gastroenterology. 103:1992;264-274.
30. Shiota G., Wang T.C., Nakamura T., Schmidt E.V. Hepatocyte growth factor in transgenic mice effects on hepatocyte growth, liver regeneration and gene expression . Hepatology. 19:1994;962-972.
31. Shimada M., Matsumata T., Taketomi A., et al. The role of interleukin-6, interleukin-16, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and endotoxin in hepatic resection. Hepato-Gastroenterology. 42:1995;691-697.
32. Hamazaki K., Tagashira H., Mimura T., et al. Changes in IL-6 and IL-8 after hepatectomy in patients with liver cirrhosis. Hepato-Gastroenterology. 42:1995;13-17.
33. Weglarz T.C., Sandgren E.P. Timing of hepatocyte entry into DNA synthesis after partial hepatectomy is cell autonomous. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 97:2000;12595-12600.
34. Weglarz T.C., Degen J.L., Sandgren E.P. Hepatocyte transplantation into diseased mouse liver. Kinetics of parenchymal repopulation and identification of the proliferative capacity of tetraploid and octaploid hepatocytes. Am J Pathol. 157:2000;1963-1974.
35. Choti M.A., Sitzmann J.V., Tiburi M.F., et al. Trends in long-term survival following liver resection for hepatic colorectal metastases. Ann Surg. 235:2002;759-766.
36. Sitzmann J.V., Greene P.S. Perioperative predictors of morbidity following hepatic resection for neoplasm. A multivariate analysis of a single surgeon experience with 105 patients. Ann Surg. 219:1994;13-17.
37. Melendez J., Ferri E., Zwillman M., et al. Extended hepatic resection a 6-year retrospective study of risk factors for perioperative mortality . J Am Coll Surg. 192:2001;47-53.
38. Heslin M.J., Medina-Franco H., Parker M., et al. Colorectal hepatic metastases resection, local ablation, and hepatic artery infusion pump are associated with prolonged survival . Arch Surg. 136:2001;318-323.
39. Bilimoria M.M., Chaoui A.S., Vauthey J.N. Postoperative liver failure. J Am Coll Surg. 189:1999;336-338.
40. Fong Y., Cohen A.M., Fortner J.G., et al. Liver resection for colorectal metastases. J Clin Oncol. 15:1997;938-946.
41. Behrns K.E., Tsiotos G.G., DeSouza N.F., et al. Hepatic steatosis as a potential risk factor for major hepatic resection. J Gastrointest Surg. 2:1998;292-298.
42. Garrison R.N., Cryer H.M., Howard D.A., Polk H.C. Jr. Clarification of risk factors for abdominal operations in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. Ann Surg. 199:1984;648-655.
43. Das B.C., Isaji S., Kawarada Y. Analysis of 100 consecutive hepatectomies risk factors in patients with liver cirrhosis or obstructive jaundice . World J Surg. 25:2001;266-272. discussion 272-273.
44. Rai R.M., Lee F.Y., Rosen A., et al. Impaired liver regeneration in inducible nitric oxide synthase deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:1998;13829-13834.
45. Cressman D.E., Greenbaum L.E., DeAngelis R.A., et al. Liver failure and defective hepatocyte regeneration in interleukin-6-deficient mice. Science. 274:1996;1379-1383.
46. Seglen P.O. Preparation of isolated rat liver cells. Methods Cell Biol. 13:1976;29-83.
47. Fausto N., Laird A.D., Webber E.M. Liver regeneration. 2. Role of growth factors and cytokines in hepatic regeneration. FASEB J. 9:1995;1527-1536.
48. Runge D., Runge D.M., Jager D., et al. Serum-free, long-term cultures of human hepatocytes maintenance of cell morphology, transcription factors, and liver-specific functions . Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 269:2000;46-53.
49. Katsura N., Ikai I., Mitaka T., et al. Long-term culture of primary human hepatocytes with preservation of proliferative capacity and differentiated functions. J Surg Res. 106:2002;115-123.
50. Webber E.M., Godowski P.J., Fausto N. In vivo response of hepatocytes to growth factors requires an initial priming stimulus. Hepatology. 19:1994;489-497.
51. Webber E.M., Bruix J., Pierce R.H., Fausto N. Tumor necrosis factor primes hepatocytes for DNA replication in the rat. Hepatology. 28:1998;1226-1234.
52. Taub R. Liver regeneration 4 transcriptional control of liver regeneration . FASEB J. 10:1996;413-427.
53. Zimmers TA, McKillop IH, Pierce RH, et al. Massive liver growth in mice induced by systemic interleukin-6 administration. Hepatology 2003;38:326-334.
54. Kuma S., Inaba M., Ogata H., et al. Effect of human recombinant interleukin-6 on the proliferation of mouse hepatocytes in the primary culture. Immunobiology. 180:1990;235-242.
55. Satoh M., Yamazaki M. Tumor necrosis factor stimulates DNA synthesis of mouse hepatocytes in primary culture and is suppressed by transforming growth factor β and interleukin 6. J Cell Physiol. 150:1992;134-139.
56. Kordula T., Rokita H., Koj A., et al. Effects of interleukin-6 and leukemia inhibitory factor on the acute phase response and DNA synthesis in cultured rat hepatocytes. Lymphokine Cytokine Res. 10:1991;23-26.
57. Michalopoulos G.K., Bowen W.C., Mule K., Stolz D.B. Histological organization in hepatocyte organoid cultures. Am J Pathol. 159:2001;1877-1887.
58. Sauer I.M., Obermeyer N., Kardassis D., et al. Development of a hybrid liver support system. Ann NY Acad Sci. 944:2001;308-319.
59. Bhandari R.N., Riccalton L.A., Lewis A.L., et al. Liver tissue engineering a role for co-culture systems in modifying hepatocyte function and viability . Tissue Eng. 7:2001;345-357.
60. Miyoshi H., Ehashi T., Ema H., et al. Long-term culture of fetal liver cells using a three-dimensional porous polymer substrate. ASAIO J. 46:2000;397-402.
61. Heckel J.L., Sandgren E.P., Degen J.L., et al. Neonatal bleeding in transgenic mice expressing urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Cell. 62:1990;447-456.
62. Sandgren E.P., Palmiter R.D., Heckel J.L., et al. Complete hepatic regeneration after somatic deletion of an albumin-plasminogen activator transgene. Cell. 66:1991;245-256.
63. Rhim J.A., Sandgren E.P., Degen J.L., et al. Replacement of diseased mouse liver by hepatic cell transplantation. Science. 263:1994;1149-1152.
64. Grompe M. Therapeutic liver repopulation for the treatment of metabolic liver diseases. Hum Cell. 12:1999;171-180.
65. Petrowsky H., Gonen M., Jarnagin W., et al. Second liver resections are safe and effective treatment for recurrent hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer a bi-institutional analysis . Ann Surg. 235:2002;863-871.
66. Little S.A., Jarnagin W.R., DeMatteo R.P., et al. Diabetes is associated with increased perioperative mortality but equivalent long-term outcome after hepatic resection for colorectal cancer. J Gastrointest Surg. 6:2002;88-94.
67. Kawasaki S., Makuuchi M., Matsunami H., et al. Living related liver transplantation in adults. Ann Surg. 227:1998;269-274.
68. Nishizaki T., Ikegami T., Hiroshige S., et al. Small graft for living donor liver transplantation. Ann Surg. 233:2001;575-580.
69. Azoulay D., Castaing D., Smail A., et al. Resection of nonresectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer after percutaneous portal vein embolization. Ann Surg. 231:2000;480-486.
70. Vauthey J.N., Chaoui A., Do K.A., et al. Standardized measurement of the future liver remnant prior to extended liver resection methodology and clinical associations . Surgery. 127:2000;512-519.
71. Vauthey J.N., Abdalla E.K., Doherty D.A., et al. Body surface area and body weight predict total liver volume in Western adults. Liver Transplant. 8:2002;233-240.
72. Soler L., Delingette H., Malandain G., et al. Fully automatic anatomical, pathological, and functional segmentation from CT scans for hepatic surgery. Comput Aided Surg. 6:2001;131-142.
73. Bucher NLR. Regeneration of mammalian liver. Int Rev Cytol 1963;15:245-300.
74. Starzl T.E., Francavilla A., Halgrimson C.G., et al. The origin, hormonal nature, and action of hepatotrophic substances in portal venous blood. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 137:1973;179-199.
75. Thompson J.S., Porter K.A., Hayashida N., et al. Morphologic and biochemical changes in dogs after portacaval shunt plus bile fistula or ileal bypass failure of bile fistula or ileal bypass to prevent hepatocyte atrophy . Hepatology. 3:1983;581-587.
76. Starzl T.E., Francavilla A., Porter K.A., et al. The effect of splanchnic viscera removal upon canine liver regeneration. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 147:1978;193-207.
77. Starzl T.E., Francavilla A., Porter K.A., Benichou J. The effect upon the liver of evisceration with or without hormone replacement. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 146:1978;524-532.
78. Sigel B., Acevedo F.J., Dunn M.R. The effect of partial hepatectomy on autotransplanted liver tissue. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 117:1963;29-36.
79. Virolainen M. Mitotic response in liver autograft after partial hepatectomy in the rat. Exp Cell Res. 33:1964;588-591.
80. Fausto N. Liver regeneration. J Hepatol. 32:2000;19-31.
81. Braun L., Mead J.E., Panzica M., et al. Transforming growth factor beta mRNA increases during liver regeneration a possible paracrine mechanism of growth regulation . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 85:1988;1539-1543.
82. Jakowlew S.B., Mead J.E., Danielpour D., et al. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) isoforms in rat liver regeneration messenger RNA expression and activation of latent TGF-beta . Cell Regul. 2:1991;535-548.
83. Zarnegar R., Michalopoulos G.K. The many faces of hepatocyte growth factor from hepatopoiesis to hematopoiesis . J Cell Biol. 129:1995;1177-1180.
84. Fausto N. Growth factors in liver development, regeneration and carcinogenesis. Prog Growth Factor Res. 3:1991;219-234.
85. Matsumoto K., Nakamura T. Hepatocyte growth factor molecular structure, roles in liver regeneration, and other biological functions . Crit Rev Oncog. 3:1992;27-54.
86. Russell W.E., Coffey R.J. Jr, Ouellette A.J., Moses H.L. Type beta transforming growth factor reversibly inhibits the early proliferative response to partial hepatectomy in the rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 85:1988;5126-5130.
87. Russell W.E. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) inhibits hepatocyte DNA synthesis independently of EGF binding and EGF receptor autophosphorylation. J Cell Physiol. 135:1988;253-261.
88. Carr B.I., Hayashi I., Branum E.L., Moses H.L. Inhibition of DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes by platelet-derived type beta transforming growth factor. Cancer Res. 46:1986;2330-2334.
89. Nakamura T., Tomita Y., Hirai R., et al. Inhibitory effect of transforming growth factor-beta on DNA synthesis of adult rat hepatocytes in primary culture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 133:1985;1042-1050.
90. McMahon J.B., Richards W.L., del Campo A.A., et al. Differential effects of transforming growth factor-beta on proliferation of normal and malignant rat liver epithelial cells in culture. Cancer Res. 46:1986;4665-4671.
91. Yasuda H., Mine T., Shibata H., et al. Activin A an autocrine inhibitor of initiation of DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes . J Clin Invest. 92:1993;1491-1496.
92. Schwall R.H., Robbins K., Jardieu P., et al. Activin induces cell death in hepatocytes in vivo and in vitro. Hepatology. 18:1993;347-356.
93. Yamada Y., Kirillova I., Peschon J.J., Fausto N. Initiation of liver growth by tumor necrosis factor deficient liver regeneration in mice lacking type I tumor necrosis factor receptor . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94:1997;1441-1446.
94. Kirillova I., Chaisson M., Fausto N. Tumor necrosis factor induces DNA replication in hepatic cells through nuclear factor kappaB activation. Cell Growth Differ. 10:1999;819-828.
95. Hirano T. Interleukin-6. Thomson A.W. The cytokine handbook. 1994;145 Academic Press, New York.
96. Hirano T., Nakajima K., Hibi M. Signaling mechanisms through gp130 a model of the cytokine system . Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 8:1997;241-252.
97. Miki C., Iriyama K., Gunson B.K., et al. Influence of intraoperative blood loss on plasma levels of cytokines and endotoxin and subsequent graft liver function. Arch Surg. 132:1997;136-141.
98. Kim Y.I., Hwang Y.J., Song K.E., et al. Hepatocyte protection by a protease inhibitor against ichemia/reperfusion injury of human liver. J Am Coll Surg. 195:2002;41-50.
99. Kovalovich K., DeAngelis R.A., Li W., et al. Increased toxin-induced liver injury and fibrosis in interleukin-6-deficient mice. Hepatology. 31:2000;149-159.
100. Sakamoto T., Liu Z., Murase N., et al. Mitosis and apoptosis in the liver of interleukin-6-deficient mice after partial hepatectomy. Hepatology. 29:1999;403-411.
101. Fattori E., Della Rocca C., Costa P., et al. Development of progressive kidney damage and myeloma kidney in interleukin-6 transgenic mice. Blood. 83:1994;2570-2579.
102. Maione D., Di Carlo E., Li W., et al. Coexpression of IL-6 and soluble IL-6R causes nodular regenerative hyperplasia and adenomas of the liver. EMBO J. 17:1998;5588-5597.
103. Koga M., Ogasawara H. Induction of hepatocyte mitosis in intact adult rat by interleukin-1 alpha and interleukin-6. Life Sci. 49:1991;1263-1270.
104. Kamiya A., Kojima N., Kinoshita T., et al. Maturation of fetal hepatocytes in vitro by extracellular matrices and oncostatin M induction of tryptophan oxygenase . Hepatology. 35:2002;1351-1359.
105. Omori N., Evarts R.P., Omori M., et al. Expression of leukemia inhibitory factor and its receptor during liver regeneration in the adult rat. Lab Invest. 75:1996;15-24.
106. Sakata H., Takayama H., Sharp R., et al. Hepatocyte growth factor/ scatter factor overexpression induces growth, abnormal development, and tumor formation in transgenic mouse livers. Cell Growth Differ. 7:1996;1513-1523.
107. Roos F., Ryan A.M., Chamow S.M., et al. Induction of liver growth in normal mice by infusion of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor. Am J Physiol. 268:1995;G380-G386.
108. Fujiwara K., Nagoshi S., Ohno A., et al. Stimulation of liver growth by exogenous human hepatocyte growth factor in normal and partially hepatectomized rats. Hepatology. 18:1993;1443-1449.
109. Schlessinger J. Cell signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases. Cell. 103:2000;211-225.
110. Noguchi S., Ohba Y., Oka T. Influence of epidermal growth factor on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in mice. J Endocrinol. 128:1991;425-431.
111. Jones D.E. Jr, Tran-Patterson R., Cui D.M., et al. Epidermal growth factor secreted from the salivary gland is necessary for liver regeneration. Am J Physiol. 268:1995;G872-G878.
112. Mann G.B., Fowler K.J., Gabriel A., et al. Mice with a null mutation of the TGF alpha gene have abnormal skin architecture, wavy hair, and curly whiskers and often develop corneal inflammation. Cell. 73:1993;249-261.
113. Webber E.M., Wu J.C., Wang L., et al. Overexpression of transforming growth factor-alpha causes liver enlargement and increased hepatocyte proliferation in transgenic mice. Am J Pathol. 145:1994;398-408.
114. Bucher N.L.R., Swaffield M.N. Regulation of hepatic regeneration in rats by synergistic action of insulin and glucagon. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 72:1975;1157-1160.
115. Hwang T.L., Chen M.F., Chen T.J. Augmentation of liver regeneration with glucagon after partial hepatectomy in rats. J Formos Med Assoc. 92:1993;725-728.
116. McPherron A.C., Lee S.-J. The transforming growth factor-β superfamily. LeRoith D. Growth factors and cytokines in health and disease. 1996;357-393 JAI Press, Greenwich, CT.
117. Miyazono K., Hellman U., Wernstedt C., Heldin C.-H. Latent high molecular weight complex of transforming growth factor β1. J Biol Chem. 263:1988;6407-6415.
118. Wakefield L.M., Smith D.M., Broz S., et al. Recombinant TGF-beta 1 is synthesized as a two-component latent complex that shares some structural features with the native platelet latent TGF-beta 1 complex. Growth Factors. 1:1989;203-218.
119. Brown P.D., Wakefield L.M., Levinson A.D., Sporn M.B. Physicochemical activation of recombinant latent transforming growth factor-beta's 1, 2, and 3. Growth Factors. 3:1990;35-43.
120. Oberhammer F, Fritsch G, Pavelka M, et al. Induction of apoptosis in cultured hepatocytes and in the regressing liver by transforming growth factor-beta 1 occurs without activation of an endonuclease. Toxicol Lett 1992;64-65 Spec No:701-704.
121. Fausto N., Mead J.E., Gruppuso P.A., et al. Effects of TGF-beta s in the liver cell proliferation and fibrogenesis . Ciba Found Symp. 157:1991;165-174.
122. 1 (latency-associated peptide) inhibits active transforming growth factor beta1 in transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93:1996;5877-5882.
123. Esquela A.F., Zimmers T.A., Koniaris L.G., et al. Transient down-regulation of inhibin-betaC expression following partial hepatectomy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 235:1997;553-556.
124. Hsiao E.C., Koniaris L.G., Zimmers-Koniaris T., et al. Characterization of growth-differentiation factor 15, a transforming growth factor beta superfamily member induced following liver injury. Mol Cell Biol. 20:2000;3742-3751.
125. Hillier S.G., Miro F. Inhibin, activin, and follistatin. Ann NY Acad Sci. 687:1993;29-38.
126. Kogure K., Zhang Y.Q., Kanzaki M., et al. Intravenous administration of follistatin delivery to the liver and effect on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy . Hepatology. 24:1996;361-366.
127. Mahalingam S., Foster P.S., Lobigs M., et al. Interferon-inducible chemokines and immunity to poxvirus infections. Immunol Rev. 177:2000;127-133.
128. Koniaris L.G., Zimmers-Koniaris T., Hsiao E.C., et al. Cytokine-responsive gene-2/IFN-inducible protein-10 expression in multiple models of liver and bile duct injury suggests a role in tissue regeneration. J Immunol. 167:2001;399-406.
129. Hogaboam C.M., Bone-Larson C.L., Steinhauser M.L., et al. Novel CXCR2-dependent liver regenerative qualities of ELR-containing CXC chemokines. FASEB J. 13:1999;1565-1574.
130. Hogaboam C.M., Simpson K.J., Chensue S.W., et al. Macrophage inflammatory protein-2 gene therapy attenuates adenovirus- and acetaminophen-mediated hepatic injury. Gene Ther. 6:1999;573-584.
131. Colletti L.M., Green M., Burdick M.D., et al. Proliferative effects of CXC chemokines in rat hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo. Shock. 10:1998;248-257.
132. Sgadari C., Angiolillo A.L., Cherney B.W., et al. Interferon-inducible protein-10 identified as a mediator of tumor necrosis in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93:1996;13791-13796.
133. Miller JR. The Wnts. Genome Biol 2001;3:reviews 3001.1-3001.15.
134. Dierick H., Bejsovec A. Cellular mechanisms of wingless/Wnt signal transduction. Curr Top Dev Biol. 43:1999;153-190.
135. Malbon C.C., Wang H., Moon R.T. Wnt signaling and heterotrimeric G-proteins strange bedfellows or a classic romance? Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 287:2001;589-593.
136. Nusse R. WNT targets. Repression and activation. Trends Genet. 15:1999;1-3.
137. Smalley M.J., Dale T.C. Wnt signaling and mammary tumorigenesis. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 6:2001;37-52.
138. Bienz M., Clevers H. Linking colorectal cancer to Wnt signaling. Cell. 103:2000;311-320.
139. Peifer M. Beta-catenin as oncogene the smoking gun . Science. 275:1997;1752-1753.
140. Orford K., Orford C.C., Byers S.W. Exogenous expression of beta-catenin regulates contact inhibition, anchorage-independent growth, anoikis, and radiation-induced cell cycle arrest. J Cell Biol. 146:1999;855-868.
141. Taniguchi K., Roberts L.R., Aderca I.N., et al. Mutational spectrum of beta-catenin, AXIN1, and AXIN2 in hepatocellular carcinomas and hepatoblastomas. Oncogene. 21:2002;4863-4871.
142. MacManus J.P., Braceland B.M. A connection between the production of prostaglandins during liver regeneration and the DNA synthetic response. Prostaglandins. 11:1976;609-620.
143. Tsujii H., Okamoto Y., Kikuchi E., et al. Prostaglandin E2 and rat liver regeneration. Gastroenterology. 105:1993;495-499.
144. McNeil G.E., Chen T.S., Leevy C.M. Reversal of ethanol and indomethacin-induced suppression of hepatic DNA synthesis by 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2. Hepatology. 5:1985;43-46.
145. Kanzaki Y., Mahmud I., Asanagi M., et al. Thromboxane as possible trigger of liver regeneration. Cell Mol Biol. 25:1979;147-152.
146. Miura Y., Fukui N. Prostaglandins as possible triggers for liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. A review. Cell Mol Biol. 25:1979;179-184.
147. Rudnick D.A., Perlmutter D.H., Muglia L.J. Prostaglandins are required for CREB activation and cellular proliferation during liver regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 98:2001;8885-8890.
148. Repa J.J., Lund E.G., Horton J.D., et al. Disruption of the sterol 27-hydroxylase gene in mice results in hepatomegaly and hypertriglyceridemia. Reversal by cholic acid feeding. J Biol Chem. 275:2000;39685-39692.
149. Kuebler J.F., Jarrar D., Wang P., et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone restores hepatocellular function and prevents liver damage in estrogen-deficient females following trauma and hemorrhage. J Surg Res. 97:2001;196-201.
150. Kuebler J.F., Jarrar D., Toth B., et al. Estradiol administration improves splanchnic perfusion following trauma-hemorrhage and sepsis. Arch Surg. 137:2002;74-79.
151. Francavilla A., di Leo A., Eagon P.K., et al. Regenerating rat liver correlations between estrogen receptor localization and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis . Gastroenterology. 86:1984;552-557.
152. Francavilla A., Gavaler J.S., Makowka L., et al. Estradiol and testosterone levels in patients undergoing partial hepatectomy. A possible signal for hepatic regeneration? Dig Dis Sci. 34:1989;818-822.
153. Francavilla A., Polimeno L., DiLeo A., et al. The effect of estrogen and tamoxifen on hepatocyte proliferation in vivo and in vitro. Hepatology. 9:1989;614-620.
154. Short J., Brown R.F., Husakova A., et al. Induction of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the liver of the intact animal. J Biol Chem. 247:1972;1757-1766.
155. Richman R.A., Claus T.H., Pilkis S.J., Friedman D.L. Hormonal stimulation of DNA synthesis in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 73:1976;3589-3593.
156. Francavilla A., Carr B.I., Azzarone A., et al. Hepatocyte proliferation and gene expression induced by triiodothyronine in vivo and in vitro. Hepatology. 20:1994;1237-1241.
157. Rixon R.H., MacManus J.P., Whitfield J.F. The control of liver regeneration by calcitonin, parathyroid hormone and 1 alpha,25- dihydroxycholecalciferol. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 15:1979;79-89.
158. Beyer H.S. Lack of effect of hypothyroidism on rat liver regeneration. Biochem Int. 27:1992;497-500.
159. Ibdah J.A., Yang Z., Bennett M.J. Liver disease in pregnancy and fetal fatty acid oxidation defects. Mol Genet Metab. 71:2000;182-189.
160. Bradham C.A., Plumpe J., Manns M.P., et al. Mechanisms of hepatic toxicity. I. TNF-induced liver injury. Am J Physiol. 275:1998;G387-G392.
161. Chen G., Goeddel D.V. TNF-R1 signaling a beautiful pathway . Science. 296:2002;1634-1635.
162. Akerman P., Cote P., Yang S.Q., et al. Antibodies to tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibit liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Am J Physiol. 263:1992;G579-G585.
163. Yamada Y., Webber E.M., Kirillova I., et al. Analysis of liver regeneration in mice lacking type 1 or type 2 tumor necrosis factor receptor requirement for type 1 but not type 2 receptor . Hepatology. 28:1998;959-970.
164. Chaisson M.L., Brooling J.T., Ladiges W., et al. Hepatocyte-specific inhibition of NF-kappaB leads to apoptosis after TNF treatment, but not after partial hepatectomy. J Clin Invest. 110:2002;193-202.
165. Deaciuc I.V., D'Souza N.B., de Villiers W.J., et al. Inhibition of caspases in vivo protects the rat liver against alcohol-induced sensitization to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 25:2001;935-943.
166. Radomski M.W. Nitric oxide biological mediator, modulator and effector . Ann Med. 27:1995;321-329.
167. Geller D.A., Lowenstein C.J., Shapiro R.A., et al. Molecular cloning and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase from human hepatocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 90:1993;3491-3495.
168. Forstermann U., Boissel J.P., Kleinert H. Expressional control of the 'constitutive' isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS I and NOS III). FASEB J. 12:1998;773-790.
169. Schoen J.M., Wang H.H., Minuk G.Y., Lautt W.W. Shear stress-induced nitric oxide release triggers the liver regeneration cascade. Nitric Oxide. 5:2001;453-464.
170. Wang H.H., Lautt W.W. Does nitric oxide (NO) trigger liver regeneration? Proc West Pharmacol Soc. 40:1997;17-18.
171. Sass G., Koerber K., Bang R., et al. Inducible nitric oxide synthase is critical for immune-mediated liver injury in mice. J Clin Invest. 107:2001;439-447.
172. Bourdi M., Masubuchi Y., Reilly T.P., et al. Protection against acetaminophen-induced liver injury and lethality by interleukin 10 role of inducible nitric oxide synthase . Hepatology. 35:2002;289-298.
173. Diehl A.M., Rai R.M. Liver regeneration 3 regulation of signal transduction during liver regeneration . FASEB J. 10:1996;215-227.
174. Moshage H. Cytokines and the hepatic acute phase response. J Pathol. 181:1997;257-266.
175. Coni P., Simbula G., de Prati A.C., et al. Differences in the steady-state levels of c-fos, c-jun and c-myc messenger RNA during mitogen-induced liver growth and compensatory regeneration. Hepatology. 17:1993;1109-1116.
176. Attisano L., Wrana J.L. Signal transduction by the TGF-beta superfamily. Science. 296:2002;1646-1647.
177. Devi L.A. Heterodimerization of G-protein-coupled receptors pharmacology, signaling and trafficking . Trends Pharmacol Sci. 22:2001;532-537.
178. Gether U. Uncovering molecular mechanisms involved in activation of G protein-coupled receptors. Endocr Rev. 21:2000;90-113.
179. Morris A.J., Malbon C.C. Physiological regulation of G protein-linked signaling. Physiol Rev. 79:1999;1373-1430.
180. Simonds W.F. G protein regulation of adenylate cyclase. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 20:1999;66-73.
181. Taylor S.S., Buechler J.A., Slice L.W., et al. cAMP-dependent protein kinase a framework for a diverse family of enzymes . Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol. 53:1988;121-130.
182. Winder W.W., Hardie D.G. AMP-activated protein kinase, a metabolic master switch possible roles in type 2 diabetes . Am J Physiol. 277:1999;E1-E10.
183. Servillo G., Della Fazia M.A., Sassone-Corsi P. Coupling cAMP signaling to transcription in the liver pivotal role of CREB and CREM . Exp Cell Res. 275:2002;143-154.
184. De Cesare D., Fimia G.M., Sassone-Corsi P. Signaling routes to CREM and CREB plasticity in transcriptional activation . Trends Biochem Sci. 24:1999;281-285.
185. Sassone-Corsi P. Coupling gene expression to cAMP signalling role of CREB and CREM . Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 30:1998;27-38.
186. Sternweis P.C., Smrcka A.V., Gutowski S. Hormone signalling via G-protein regulation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate hydrolysis by Gq . Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 336:1992;35-41. discussion 41-42.
187. Drissi H., Lasmoles F., Le Mellay V., et al. Activation of phospholipase C-beta1 via Galphaq/11 during calcium mobilization by calcitonin gene-related peptide. J Biol Chem. 273:1998;20168-20174.
188. Fields T.A., Casey P.J. Signalling functions and biochemical properties of pertussis toxin-resistant G-proteins. Biochem J. 321:1997;561-571.
189. Gutkind JS. Regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling networks by G protein-coupled receptors. Sci STKE 2000;2000:1-13.
190. Gudermann T. Multiple pathways of ERK activation by G protein-coupled receptors. Novartis Found Symp. 239:2001;68-79. discussion 80-84, 150-159.
191. Yagami T., Kirita S., Matsushita A., et al. Alterations in the stimulatory G protein of the rat liver after partial hepatectomy. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1222:1994;81-87.
192. Diehl A.M., Yang S.Q., Wolfgang D., Wand G. Differential expression of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins enhances cAMP synthesis in regenerating rat liver. J Clin Invest. 89:1992;1706-1712.
193. Servillo G., Della Fazia M.A., Sassone-Corsi P. Transcription factor CREM coordinates the timing of hepatocyte proliferation in the regenerating liver. Genes Dev. 12:1998;3639-3643.
194. Servillo G., Penna L., Foulkes N.S., et al. Cyclic AMP signalling pathway and cellular proliferation induction of CREM during liver regeneration . Oncogene. 14:1997;1601-1606.
195. Marshall C.J. Specificity of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling transient versus sustained extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation . Cell. 80:1995;179-185.
196. Merenmies J., Parada L.F., Henkemeyer M. Receptor tyrosine kinase signaling in vascular development. Cell Growth Differ. 8:1997;3-10.
197. Madhani H.D. Accounting for specificity in receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. Cell. 106:2001;9-11.
198. Maru Y., Peters K.L., Afar D.E., et al. Tyrosine phosphorylation of BCR by FPS/FES protein-tyrosine kinases induces association of BCR with GRB-2/SOS. Mol Cell Biol. 15:1995;835-842.
199. Terada Y., Inoshita S., Nakashima O., et al. Regulation of cyclin D1 expression and cell cycle progression by mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. Kidney Int. 56:1999;1258-1261.
200. Plyte S., Majolini M.B., Pacini S., et al. Constitutive activation of the Ras/MAP kinase pathway and enhanced TCR signaling by targeting the Shc adaptor to membrane rafts. Oncogene. 19:2000;1529-1537.
201. Kerkhoff E., Rapp U.R. The Ras-Raf relationship an unfinished puzzle . Adv Enzyme Regul. 41:2001;261-267.
202. Fanger G.R. Regulation of the MAPK family members role of subcellular
203. Graves J.D., Campbell J.S., Krebs E.G. Protein serine/threonine kinases of the MAPK cascade. Ann NY Acad Sci. 766:1995;320-343.
204. Inglese J., Koch W.J., Touhara K., Lefkowitz R.J. G beta gamma interactions with PH domains and Ras-MAPK signaling pathways. Trends Biochem Sci. 20:1995;151-156.
205. Seger R., Krebs E.G. The MAPK signaling cascade. FASEB J. 9:1995;726-735.
206. Laird A.D., Shalloway D. Oncoprotein signalling and mitosis. Cell Signal. 9:1997;249-255.
207. Spector M.S., Auer K.L., Jarvis W.D., et al. Differential regulation of the mitogen-activated protein and stress-activated protein kinase cascades by adrenergic agonists in quiescent and regenerating adult rat hepatocytes. Mol Cell Biol. 17:1997;3556-3565.
208. Behrens A., Sibilia M., David J.P., et al. Impaired postnatal hepatocyte proliferation and liver regeneration in mice lacking c-jun in the liver. EMBO J. 21:2002;1782-1790.
209. Chen J., Ishac E.J., Dent P., et al. Effects of ethanol on mitogen-activated protein kinase and stress-activated protein kinase cascades in normal and regenerating liver. Biochem J. 334:1998;669-676.
210. De Meyts P., Urso B., Christoffersen C.T., Shymko R.M. Mechanism of insulin and IGF-I receptor activation and signal transduction specificity. Receptor dimer cross-linking, bell-shaped curves, and sustained versus transient signaling. Ann NY Acad Sci. 766:1995;388-401.
211. Keller S.R., Lamphere L., Lavan B.E., et al. Insulin and IGF-I signaling through the insulin receptor substrate 1. Mol Reprod Dev. 35:1993;346-351. discussion 351-352.
212. Werner H., Le Roith D. The insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signaling pathways are important for tumorigenesis and inhibition of apoptosis. Crit Rev Oncog. 8:1997;71-92.
213. Hirano T. Interleukin 6 and its receptor ten years later . Int Rev Immunol. 16:1998;249-284.
214. Montero-Julian F.A. The soluble IL-6 receptors serum levels and biological function . Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 47:2001;583-597.
215. Mogensen K.E., Lewerenz M., Reboul J., et al. The type I interferon receptor structure, function, and evolution of a family business . J Interferon Cytokine Res. 19:1999;1069-1098.
216. Clevenger C.V., Kline J.B. Prolactin receptor signal transduction. Lupus. 10:2001;706-718.
217. O'Shea J.J., Gadina M., Schreiber R.D. Cytokine signaling in 2002 new surprises in the Jak/Stat pathway . Cell. 109:2002;S121-S131. [Suppl].
218. Leonard W.J. Role of Jak kinases and STATs in cytokine signal transduction. Int J Hematol. 73:2001;271-277.
219. Subramaniam P.S., Torres B.A., Johnson H.M. So many ligands, so few transcription factors a new paradigm for signaling through the STAT transcription factors . Cytokine. 15:2001;175-187.
220. Schindler C. Cytokines and JAK-STAT signaling. Exp Cell Res. 253:1999;7-14.
221. Wery-Zennaro S., Zugaza J.L., Letourneur M., et al. IL-4 regulation of IL-6 production involves Rac/Cdc42- and p38 MAPK-dependent pathways in keratinocytes. Oncogene. 19:2000;1596-1604.
222. Kim J., Adam R.M., Freeman M.R. Activation of the Erk mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway stimulates neuroendocrine differentiation in LNCaP cells independently of cell cycle withdrawal and STAT3 phosphorylation. Cancer Res. 62:2002;1549-1554.
223. Hirano T., Ishihara K., Hibi M. Roles of STAT3 in mediating the cell growth, differentiation and survival signals relayed through the IL-6 family of cytokine receptors. Oncogene. 19:2000;2548-2556.
224. Akira S. Roles of STAT3 defined by tissue-specific gene targeting. Oncogene. 19:2000;2607-2611.
225. Bowman T., Garcia R., Turkson J., Jove R. STATs in oncogenesis. Oncogene. 19:2000;2474-2488.
226. Runge D.M., Runge D., Foth H., et al. STAT 1alpha/1beta, STAT 3 and STAT 5 expression and association with c-MET and EGF-receptor in long-term cultures of human hepatocytes . Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 265:1999;376-381.
227. Pitts R.L., Wang S., Jones E.A., Symes A.J. Transforming growth factor-beta and ciliary neurotrophic factor synergistically induce vasoactive intestinal peptide gene expression through the cooperation of Smad, STAT, and AP-1 sites. J Biol Chem. 276:2001;19966-19973.
228. Li W., Liang X., Kellendonk C., et al. STAT3 Contributes to the mitogenic response of hepatocytes during liver regeneration. J Biol Chem. 277:2002;28411-28417.
229. McKenna N.J., O'Malley B.W. Combinatorial control of gene expression by nuclear receptors and coregulators. Cell. 108:2002;465-474.
230. McKenna N.J., O'Malley B.W. Minireview nuclear receptor coactivators - an update . Endocrinology. 143:2002;2461-2465.
231. Chambon P. A decade of molecular biology of retinoic acid receptors. FASEB J. 10:1996;940-954.
232. Giguere V. Orphan nuclear receptors from gene to function . Endocr Rev. 20:1999;689-725.
233. Imai T., Jiang M., Kastner P., et al. Selective ablation of retinoid X receptor alpha in hepatocytes impairs their lifespan and regenerative capacity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 98:2001;4581-4586.
234. Miyazono K., Kusanagi K., Inoue H. Divergence and convergence of TGF-beta/BMP signaling. J Cell Physiol. 187:2001;265-276.
235. Ten Dijke P., Goumans M.J., Itoh F., Itoh S. Regulation of cell proliferation by Smad proteins. J Cell Physiol. 191:2002;1-16.
236. Grasl-Kraupp B., Rossmanith W., Ruttkay-Nedecky B., et al. Levels of transforming growth factor beta and transforming growth factor beta receptors in rat liver during growth, regression by apoptosis and neoplasia. Hepatology. 28:1998;717-726.
237. Bouzahzah B., Fu M., Iavarone A., et al. Transforming growth factor-beta1 recruits histone deacetylase 1 to a p130 repressor complex in transgenic mice in vivo. Cancer Res. 60:2000;4531-4537.
238. Macias-Silva M., Li W., Leu J.I., et al. Up-regulated transcriptional repressors SnoN and Ski bind Smad proteins to antagonize transforming growth factor-beta signals during liver regeneration. J Biol Chem. 277:2002;28483- 28490.
239. Ichikawa T., Zhang Y.Q., Kogure K., et al. Transforming growth factor beta and activin tonically inhibit DNA synthesis in the rat liver. Hepatology. 34:2001;918-925.
240. Hully J.R., Chang L., Schwall R.H., et al. Induction of apoptosis in the murine liver with recombinant human activin A. Hepatology. 20:1994;854-862.
241. Neuman M.G. Apoptosis in diseases of the liver. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 38:2001;109-166.
242. Koteish A., Yang S., Lin H., et al. Chronic ethanol exposure potentiates lipopolysaccharide liver injury despite inhibiting Jun N-terminal kinase and caspase 3 activation. J Biol Chem. 277:2002;13037-13044.
243. Kovalovich K., Li W., DeAngelis R., et al. Interleukin-6 protects against Fas-mediated death by establishing a critical level of anti-apoptotic hepatic proteins FLIP, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL. J Biol Chem. 276:2001;26605-26613.
244. Panis Y., McMullan D.M., Emond J.C. Progressive necrosis after hepatectomy and the pathophysiology of liver failure after massive resection. Surgery. 121:1997;142-149.
245. Gertsch P., Stipa F., Ho J., et al. Changes in hepatic portal resistance and in liver morphology during regeneration in vitro study in rats . Eur J Surg. 163:1997;297-304.
246. Masson S., Scotte M., Garnier S., et al. Differential expression of apoptosis-associated genes post-hepatectomy in cirrhotic vs. normal rats. Apoptosis. 5:2000;173-179.
247. Kohli V., Selzner M., Madden J.F., et al. Endothelial cell and hepatocyte deaths occur by apoptosis after ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat liver. Transplantation. 67:1999;1099-1105.
248. Clavien P.A., Yadav S., Sindram D., Bentley R.C. Protective effects of ischemic preconditioning for liver resection performed under inflow occlusion in humans. Ann Surg. 232:2000;155-162.
249. Yadav S.S., Sindram D., Perry D.K., Clavien P.A. Ischemic preconditioning protects the mouse liver by inhibition of apoptosis through a caspase-dependent pathway. Hepatology. 30:1999;1223-1231.
250. Selzner M., Rudiger H.A., Sindram D., et al. Mechanisms of ischemic injury are different in the steatotic and normal rat liver. Hepatology. 32:2000;1280-1288.
251. Jaeschke H., Bautista A.P., Spolarics Z., Spitzer J.J. Superoxide generation by neutrophils and Kupffer cells during in vivo reperfusion after hepatic ischemia in rats. J Leukoc Biol. 52:1992;377-382.
252. Jaeschke H., Schini V.B., Farhood A. Role of nitric oxide in the oxidant stress during ischemia/reperfusion injury of the liver. Life Sci. 50:1992;1797-1804.
253. Jaeschke H., Farhood A., Bautista A.P., et al. Functional inactivation of neutrophils with a Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) monoclonal antibody protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat liver. Hepatology. 17:1993;915-923.
254. Jaeschke H. Mechanisms of reperfusion injury after warm ischemia of the liver. J Hepatobil Pancreat Surg. 5:1998;402-408.
255. Li X.K., Matin A.F., Suzuki H., et al. Effect of protease inhibitor on ischemia/reperfusion injury of the rat liver. Transplantation. 56:1993;1331-1336.
256. Jung S.E., Yun I.J., Youn Y.K., et al. Effect of protease inhibitor on ischemia-reperfusion injury to rat liver. World J Surg. 23:1999;1027-1031.
257. Todo S., Demetris A.J., Makowka L., et al. Primary nonfunction of hepatic allografts with preexisting fatty infiltration. Transplantation. 47:1989;903-905.
258. Hakamada K., Sasaki M., Takahashi K., et al. Sinusoidal flow block after warm ischemia in rats with diet-induced fatty liver. J Surg Res. 70:1997;12-20.
259. Minchin R.F., McManus M.E., Boobis A.R., et al. Polymorphic metabolism of the carcinogen 2-acetylaminofluorene in human liver microsomes. Carcinogenesis. 6:1985;1721-1724.
260. Farrell G.C. Drugs and steatohepatitis. Semin Liver Dis. 22:2002;185-194.
261. Kurumiya Y., Nozawa K., Sakaguchi K., et al. Differential suppression of liver-specific genes in regenerating rat liver induced by extended hepatectomy. J Hepatol. 32:2000;636-644.
262. Selzner M., Clavien P.A. Failure of regeneration of the steatotic rat liver disruption at two different levels in the regeneration pathway . Hepatology. 31:2000;35-42.
263. Yang S.Q., Lin H.Z., Yin M., et al. Effects of chronic ethanol consumption on cytokine regulation of liver regeneration. Am J Physiol. 275:1998;G696-G704.
264. Caldwell S.H., Oelsner D.H., Iezzoni J.C., et al. Cryptogenic cirrhosis clinical characterization and risk factors for underlying disease . Hepatology. 29:1999;664-669.
265. Angulo P., Lindor K.D. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 17:2002;186-190.
266. Laurin J., Lindor K.D., Crippin J.S., et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid or clofibrate in the treatment of non-alcohol-induced steatohepatitis a pilot study . Hepatology. 23:1996;1464-1467.
267. Poynard T., Bedossa P., Opolon P. Natural history of liver fibrosis progression in patients with chronic hepatitis C. The OBSVIRC, METAVIR, CLINIVIR, and DOSVIRC groups. Lancet. 349:1997;825-832.
268. Friedman S.L. The hepatic stellate cell. Semin Liver Dis. 21:2001;307-452.
269. Riley T.R. III, Bhatti A.M. Preventive strategies in chronic liver disease part I. Alcohol, vaccines, toxic medications and supplements, diet and exercise . Am Fam Phys. 64:2001;1555-1560.
270. Flora K., Hahn M., Rosen H., Benner K. Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) for the therapy of liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 93:1998;139-143.
271. Desdouets C., Matesic G., Molina C.A., et al. Cell cycle regulation of cyclin A gene expression by the cyclic AMP-responsive transcription factors CREB and CREM. Mol Cell Biol. 15:1995;3301-3309.
272. Fukuchi M., Hussain S.N., Giaid A. Heterogeneous expression and activity of endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthases in end-stage human heart failure their relation to lesion site and beta-adrenergic receptor therapy . Circulation. 98:1998;132-139.
273. Tatematsu M., Ho R.H., Kaku T., et al. Studies on the proliferation and fate of oval cells in the liver of rats treated with 2-acetylaminofluorene and partial hepatectomy. Am J Pathol. 114:1984;418-430.
274. Reynolds E.S. Liver parenchymal cell injury. I. Initial alterations of the cell following poisoning with carbon tetrachloride. J Cell Biol. 19:1963;139-157.
275. LeSage G.D., Benedetti A., Glaser S., et al. Acute carbon tetrachloride feeding selectively damages large, but not small, cholangiocytes from normal rat liver. Hepatology. 29:1999;307-319.
276. Desmet V.J., Krstulovic B., Van Damme B. Histochemical study of rat liver in alpha-naphthyl isothiocyanate (ANIT) induced cholestasis. Am J Pathol. 52:1968;401-421.
277. Kossor D.C., Goldstein R.S., Ngo W., et al. Biliary epithelial cell proliferation following alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) treatment relationship to bile duct obstruction . Fundam Appl Toxicol. 26:1995;51-62.
278. Kountouras J., Billing B.H., Scheuer P.J. Prolonged bile duct obstruction a new experimental model for cirrhosis in the rat . Br J Exp Pathol. 65:1984;305-311.
279. Kimura K., Ando K., Ohnishi H., et al. Immunopathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis in chronic liver injury induced by repeatedly administered concanavalin A. Int Immunol. 11:1999;1491-1500.
280. Bailie M.B., Mullaney T.P., Roth R.A. Characterization of acute 4,4′-methylene dianiline hepatotoxicity in the rat. Environ Health Perspect. 101:1993;130-133.
281. Kanz M.F., Gunasena G.H., Kaphalia L., et al. A minimally toxic dose of methylene dianiline injures biliary epithelial cells in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 150:1998;414-426.
282. Factor V.M., Radaeva S.A., Thorgeirsson S.S. Origin and fate of oval cells in dipin-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in the mouse. Am J Pathol. 145:1994;409-422.
283. Dabeva M.D., Alpini G., Hurston E., Shafritz D.A. Models for hepatic progenitor cell activation. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 204:1993;242-252.
284. Dabeva M.D., Shafritz D.A. Activation, proliferation, and differentiation of progenitor cells into hepatocytes in the D-galactosamine model of liver regeneration. Am J Pathol. 143:1993;1606-1620.
285. Lemire J.M., Shiojiri N., Fausto N. Oval cell proliferation and the origin of small hepatocytes in liver injury induced by D-galactosamine. Am J Pathol. 139:1991;535-552.
286. Lentsch A.B., Kato A., Yoshidome H., et al. Inflammatory mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for warm hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Hepatology. 32:2000;169-173.
287. Shinozuka H., Ohmura T., Katyal S.L., et al. Possible roles of nonparenchymal cells in hepatocyte proliferation induced by lead nitrate and by tumor necrosis factor alpha. Hepatology. 23:1996;1572-1577.
288. Columbano A., Ledda G.M., Sirigu P., et al. Liver cell proliferation induced by a single dose of lead nitrate. Am J Pathol. 110:1983;83-88.
289. Lesage G., Glaser S.S., Gubba S., et al. Regrowth of the rat biliary tree after 70% partial hepatectomy is coupled to increased secretin-induced ductal secretion. Gastroenterology. 111:1996;1633-1644.
290. Ohmura T., Ledda-Columbano G.M., Piga R., et al. Hepatocyte proliferation induced by a single dose of a peroxisome proliferator. Am J Pathol. 148:1996;815-824.
291. Ohmura T., Columbano G.L., Columbano A., et al. 9-cis Retinoic acid is a direct hepatocyte mitogen in rats. Life Sci. 58:1996;L211-L216.
292. Laconi E., Oren R., Mukhopadhyay D.K., et al. Long-term, near-total liver replacement by transplantation of isolated hepatocytes in rats treated with retrorsine. Am J Pathol. 153:1998;319-329.