Challenges in enzyme mechanism and energetics

Annual Review of Biochemistry

Volumn 72, Issue , 2003, Pages 517-571

  Kraut, Daniel A ^a   Carroll, Kate S ^a   Herschlag, Daniel ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Catalysis; Cooperativity; Dynamics; Evolution; Protein engineering; Site directed mutagenesis; Thermodynamics

Indexed keywords

ENZYME;

CALCULATION; CATALYSIS; CATALYST; CHEMICAL BOND; CONFORMATIONAL TRANSITION; COOPERATION; ENERGY TRANSFER; ENTHALPY; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME ANALYSIS; ENZYME BINDING; ENZYME MECHANISM; ENZYME SPECIFICITY; ENZYME STABILITY; ENZYME STRUCTURE; HUMAN; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; MOLECULAR MODEL; MOLECULAR PROBE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ENGINEERING; PROTEIN SECONDARY STRUCTURE; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; SITE DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS; STRUCTURE ANALYSIS; SUBSTITUTION REACTION; TECHNIQUE; THERMODYNAMICS;

BINDING SITES; CATALYSIS; ENZYMES; KINETICS; MODELS, MOLECULAR; MUTAGENESIS, SITE-DIRECTED; NUCLEIC ACID CONFORMATION; STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP; THERMODYNAMICS;

EID: 0041989850     PISSN: 00664154     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161617     Document Type: Review

References (246)

1. Sumner JB. 1926. J. Biol. Chem. 69:435-41
2. Jencks WP. 1969. Catalysis in Chemistry and Enzymology. New York: McGraw-Hill. 644 pp.
3. Bruice TC, Benkovic SJ. 1966. Bioorganic Mechanisms, Vols. 1, 2. New York: Benjamin. 362 pp. 419 pp.
4. Dolphin D, Poulson R, Avramovic O, eds. 1970. Coenzymes and Cofactors, Vols. 1, 2, 3. New York: Wiley
5. Walsh C. 1979. Enzymatic Reaction Mechanism. San Francisco: Freeman. 978 pp.
6. Silverman RB. 2002. The Organic Chemistry of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions. San Diego: Academic. 717 pp.
7. Radzicka A, Wolfenden R. 1995. Science 267:90-93
8. Radzicka A, Wolfenden R. 1996. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118:6105-9
9. Snider MJ, Wolfenden R. 2000. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122:11507-8
10. Wolfenden R, Ridgeway C, Young G. 1998. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120:833-34
11. Bruice TC, Benkovic SJ. 2000. Biochemistry 39:6267-74
12. Cannon WR, Singleton SF, Benkovic SJ. 1996. Nat. Struct. Biol. 3:821-33
13. Cannon WR, Benkovic SJ. 1998. J. Biol. Chem. 273:26257-60
14. Dewar MJ. 1986. Enzyme 36:8-20
15. Jencks WP. 1973. PAABS Rev. 2:235-43
16. Jencks WP. 1975. Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Areas Mol. Biol. 43:219-410
17. Kirsch JF. 1973. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 42:205-34
18. Koshland DE Jr. 1958. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 44:98-104
19. Koshland DE Jr. 1962. J. Theor. Biol. 2:75-86
20. Levit M. 1974. In Peptides, Polypeptides and Proteins, ed. ER Blout, FA Bowery, M Goodman, N Lotan, pp. 99-113. New York: Wiley
21. Lienhard GE. 1973. Science 180:149-54
22. Menger FM. 1992. Biochemistry 31:5368-73
23. Murphy DJ. 1995. Biochemistry 34:4507-10
24. Northrop DB. 1999. Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Areas Mol. Biol. 73:25-55
25. Page MI. 1979. Int. J. Biochem. 10:471-76
26. Page MI. 1987. In Enzyme Mechanisms, ed. MI Page, A Williams, pp. 1-13. London: R. Soc. Chem.
27. Pauling L. 1946. Chem. Eng. News 24:1375-77
28. Pauling L. 1948. Am. Sci. 36:51-58
29. Wolfenden R. 1976. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng. 5:271-306
30. Schowen RL. 1978. In Transition States of Biochemical Processes, pp. 77-114. New York: Plenum
31. Albery WJ, Knowles JR. 1976. Biochemistry 15:5631-40
32. Albery WJ, Knowles JR. 1977. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 16:285-93
33. Fersht AR. 1999. Structure and Mechanism in Protein Science. New York: Freeman
34. Kraut J. 1988. Science 242:533-40
35. Mildvan AS. 1974. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 43:357-99
36. Warshel A. 1978. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75:5250-54
37. Warshel A. 1998. J. Biol. Chem. 273:27035-38
38. Blow D. 2000. Struct. Fold. Des. 8(R):77-81
39. Lumry R. 1959. Enzymes 1:157
40. Westheimer FH. 1962. Adv. Enzymol. 24:441-82
41. Mader MM, Bartlett PA. 1997. Chem. Rev. 97:1281-302
42. Storm DR, Koshland DE Jr. 1970. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 66:445-52
43. Crosby J, Stone R, Lienhard GE. 1970. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 92:2891-900
44. Alston TA, Abeles RH. 1987. Biochemistry 26:4082-85
45. Lightstone FC, Zheng YJ, Maulitz AH, Bruice TC. 1997. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:8417-20
46. Whitty A, Fierke CA, Jencks WP. 1995. Biochemistry 34:11678-89
47. Knowles JR. 1991. Nature 350:121-24
48. Fersht AR. 1986. Trends Biochem. Sci. 11:321-25
49. Davis JP, Zhou MM, Van Etten RL. 1994. J. Biol. Chem. 269:8734-40
50. Admiraal SJ, Schneider B, Meyer P, Janin J, Veron M, et al. 1999. Biochemistry 38:4701-11
51. Ray WJ, Long JW. 1976. Biochemistry 15:3993-4006
52. Carter P, Wells JA. 1990. Proteins 7:335-42
53. Rye CS, Withers SG. 2000. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 4:573-80
54. Levine IN. 2002. Physical Chemistry. New York: McGraw-Hill. 986 pp.
55. Wells JA. 1990. Biochemistry 29:8509-17
56. Mildvan AS, Weber DJ, Kuliopulos A. 1992. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 294:327-40
57. Plapp BV. 1995. Methods Enzymol. 249:91-119
58. Dill KA. 1997. J. Biol. Chem. 272:701-04
59. LiCata VJ, Ackers GK. 1995. Biochemistry 34:3133-39
60. Mark AE, van Gunsteren WF. 1994. J. Mol. Biol. 240:167-76
61. Benson SW, Cruickshank FR, Golden DM, Haugen GR, O'Neal HE, et al. 1969. Chem. Rev. 69:279-324
62. Benson SW, Buss JH. 1958. J. Chem. Phys. 29:546-72
63. Carey FA, Sundberg RJ. 1990. Advanced Organic Chemistry: Structure and Mechanisms. New York: Plenum
64. Natl. Instit. Stand. Technol. 2001. NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/
65. Buzayan JM, Hampel A, Bruening G. 1986. Nucleic Acids Res. 14:9729-43
66. Berzal-Herranz A, Joseph S, Chowrira BM, Butcher SE, Burke JM. 1993. EMBO J. 12:2567-73
67. Symons RH. 1992. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 61:641-71
68. Hertel KJ, Pardi A, Uhlenbeck OC, Koizumi M, Ohtsuka E, et al. 1992. Nucleic Acids Res. 20:3252
69. Peracchi A, Beigelman L, Usman N, Herschlag D. 1996. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:11522-27
70. Peracchi A, Karpeisky A, Maloney L, Beigelman L, Herschlag D. 1998. Biochemistry 37:14765-75
71. Peracchi A, Matulic-Adamic J, Wang S, Beigelman L, Herschlag D. 1998. RNA 4:1332-46
72. McKay DB. 1996. RNA 2:395-403
73. Wang S, Karbstein K, Peracchi A, Beigelman L, Herschlag D. 1999. Biochemistry 38:14363-78
74. Esteban JA, Walter NG, Kotzorek G, Heckman JE, Burke JM. 1998. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:6091-96
75. Walter NG, Burke JM, Millar DP. 1999. Nat. Struct. Biol. 6:544-49
76. Hondal RJ, Zhao Z, Kravchuk AV, Liao H, Riddle SR, et al. 1998. Biochemistry 37:4568-80
77. Gerlt JA, Kreevoy MM, Cleland WW, Frey PA. 1997. Chem. Biol. 4:259-67
78. Cleland WW, Frey PA, Gerlt JA. 1998. J. Biol. Chem. 273:25529-32
79. Harris TK, Mildvan AS. 1999. Proteins 35:275-82
80. Thompson JE, Raines RT. 1994. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116:5467-68
81. Hengge AC, Sowa GA, Wu L, Zhang ZY. 1995. Biochemistry 34:13982-87
82. McCain DF, Catrina IE, Hengge AC, Zhang ZY. 2002. J. Biol. Chem. 277:11190-200
83. MacLeod AM, Tull D, Rupitz K, Warren RA, Withers SG. 1996. Biochemistry 35:13165-72
84. Thompson RC, Blout ER. 1973. Biochemistry 12:57-65
85. Thompson RC, Blout ER. 1973. Biochemistry 12:66-71
86. Narlikar GJ, Herschlag D. 1998. Biochemistry 37:9902-11
87. Herschlag D, Cech TR. 1990. Biochemistry 29:10159-71
88. Cech TR, Herschlag D, Piccirilli JA, Pyle AM. 1992. J. Biol. Chem. 267:17479-82
89. Cech TR, Herschlag D. 1996. In Nucleic Acids and Molecular Biology, ed. F Eckstein, DMJ Lilley, pp. 1-17. Berlin: Springer-Verlag
90. Karbstein K, Carroll KS, Herschlag D. 2002. Biochemistry 41:11171-83
91. Huang Z, Wagner CR, Benkovic SJ. 1994. Biochemistry 33:11576-85
92. Wagner CR, Huang Z, Singleton SF, Benkovic SJ. 1995. Biochemistry 34:15671-80
93. Ha NC, Choi G, Choi KY, Oh BH. 2001. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 11:674-78
94. Koshland DE Jr, Neet KE. 1968. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 37:359-410
95. Bruice TC. 1976. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 45:331-73
96. Page MI, Jencks WP. 1971. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 68:1678-83
97. Bruice TC, Lightstone FC. 1999. Acc. Chem. Res. 32:127-36
98. Boder ET, Midelfort KS, Wittrup KD. 2000. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:10701-5
99. Wedemayer GJ, Patten PA, Wang LH, Schultz PG, Stevens RC. 1997. Science 276:1665-69
100. Menard R, Storer AC. 1992. Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 373:393-400
101. Holden HM, Benning MM, Haller T, Gerlt JA. 2001. Acc. Chem. Res. 34:145-57
102. Kuliopulos A, Talalay P, Mildvan AS. 1990. Biochemistry 29:10271-80
103. Wu ZR, Ebrahimian S, Zawrotny ME, Thornburg LD, Perez-Alvarado GC, et al. 1997. Science 276:415-18
104. Citri N. 1973. Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Areas Mol. Biol. 37:397-648
105. Anderson CM, Zucker FH, Steitz TA. 1979. Science 204:375-80
106. Herschlag D. 1988. Bioorg. Chem. 16:62-96
107. Kempner ES. 1993. FEBS Lett. 326:4-10
108. Gerstein M, Lesk AM, Chothia C. 1994. Biochemistry 33:6739-49
109. Gerstein M, Krebs W. 1998. Nucleic Acids Res. 26:4280-90
110. Young B, Herschlag D, Cech TR. 1991. Cell 67:1007-19
111. Gallagher DT, Mayhew M, Holden MJ, Howard A, Kim KJ, Vilker VL. 2001. Proteins 44:304-11
112. Benkovic SJ, Adams JA, Borders CL Jr, Janda KD, Lerner RA. 1990. Science 250:1135-39
113. Hilvert D. 2000. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 69:751-93
114. Herschlag D. 1991. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:6921-25
115. Alber T. 1981. Structural origins of the catalytic power of triose phosphate isomerase. PhD thesis. MIT, Cambridge
116. Makinen MW. 1998. Spectrochim. Acta A 54(A):2269-81
117. Kelemen BR, Schultz LW, Sweeney RY, Raines RT. 2000. Biochemistry 39:14487-94
118. Narlikar GJ, Gopalakrishnan V, McConnell TS, Usman N, Herschlag D. 1995. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:3668-72
119. Polanyi M. 1921. Z. Elektrochem. 27:142-50
120. Wells JA, Estell DA. 1988. Trends Biochem. Sci. 13:291-97
121. Fersht AR, Winter G. 1992. Trends Biochem. Sci. 17:292-94
122. Kicska GA, Tyler PC, Evans GB, Furneaux RH, Shi W, et al. 2002. Biochemistry. 41:14489-98
123. Teeter MM, Roe SM, Heo NH. 1993. J. Mol. Biol. 230:292-311
124. Kuhn P, Knapp M, Soltis SM, Ganshaw G, Thoene M, Bott R. 1998. Biochemistry. 37:13446-52
125. Niimura N. 1999. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 9:602-8
126. Schramm VL, Shi W. 2001. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 11:657-65
127. Palmer AG III. 1993. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 4:385-91
128. Wand AJ. 2001. Nat. Struct. Biol. 8:926-31
129. Ishima R, Torchia DA. 2000. Nat. Struct. Biol. 7:740-43
130. Kay LE. 1998. Biochem. Cell Biol. 76:145-52
131. Stone MJ. 2001. Acc. Chem. Res. 34:379-88
132. Matthews BW. 1996. FASEB J. 10:35-41
133. Chen J, Stites WE. 2001. Biochemistry 40:15280-89
134. Silverman JA, Balakfishnan R, Harbury PB. 2001. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:3092-97
135. Peracchi A. 2001. Trends Biochem. Sci. 26:497-503
136. Xiao G, Parsons JF, Tesh K, Armstrong RN, Gilliland GL. 1998. J. Mol. Biol. 281:323-39
137. Lowry TH, Richardson KS. 1997. Mechanism and Theory in Organic Chemistry. Baltimore: Addison-Wesley. 1090 pp.
138. Miranda LP, Alewood PF. 2000. Biopolymers 55:217-26
139. Kochendoerfer GG, Kent SB. 1999. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 3:665-71
140. Dawson PE, Kent SB. 2000. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 69:923-60
141. Blaschke UK, Silberstein J, Muir TW. 2000. Methods Enzymol. 328:478-96
142. Wang L, Schultz PG. 2002. Chem. Commun. 1:1-11
143. Spudich G, Lorenz S, Marqusee S. 2002. Protein Sci. 11:522-28
144. Johnson KA. 1995. Methods Enzymol. 249:38-61
145. Fierke CA, Hammes GG. 1995. Methods Enzymol. 249:3-37
146. Ha T. 2001. Methods 25:78-86
147. Kagawa Y. 1999. Adv. Biophys. 36:1-25
148. Xie XS, Lu HP. 1999. J. Biol. Chem. 274:15967-70
149. Zhuang XW, Kim H, Pereira MJB, Babcock HP, Walter NG, Chu S. 2002. Science 296:1473-76
150. Karplus M, Evanseck JD, Joseph D, Bash PA, Field MJ. 1992. Faraday Discuss. 93:239-48
151. Hammes GG. 2002. Biochemistry 41:8221-28
152. Dunn SM, Batchelor JG, King RW. 1978. Biochemistry 17:2356-64
153. Lu HP, Xun LY, Xie XS. 1998. Science 282:1877-82
154. Beebe JA, Fierke CA. 1994. Biochemistry 33:10294-304
155. Matthews CR. 1993. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 62:653-83
156. Jencks WP. 1981. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:4046-50
157. Fersht AR. 1974. Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 187:397-407
158. Joyce GF. 2002. Nature 418:214-21
159. Cech TR. 1993. Gene 135:33-36
160. Orgel LE. 1998. Trends Biochem. Sci. 23:491-95
161. Narlikar GJ, Herschlag D. 1997. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 66:19-59
162. Kunitake T, Shinkai S. 1980. Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 17:435-87
163. Breslow R, Dong SD. 1998. Chem. Rev. 98:1997-2012
164. Wilson DS, Szostak JW. 1999. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 68:611-47
165. Roberts RW, Ja WW. 1999. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 9:521-29
166. Gartner ZJ, Kanan MW, Liu DR. 2002. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124:10304-6
167. Vaish NK, Fraley AW, Szostak JW, McLaughlin LW. 2000. Nucleic Acids Res. 28:3316-22
168. Roth A, Breaker RR. 1998. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:6027-31
169. Shoichet BK, Baase WA, Kuroki R, Matthews BW. 1995. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:452-56
170. Dutton JL, Craik DJ. 2001. Curr. Med. Chem. 8:327-44
171. Matsumura M, Becktel WJ, Levitt M, Matthews BW. 1989. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:6562-66
172. Mitchinson C, Wells JA. 1989. Biochemistry 28:4807-15
173. Burton RE, Hunt JA, Fierke CA, Oas TG. 2000. Protein Sci. 9:776-85
174. Warshel A, Åqvist J, Creighton S. 1989. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:5820-24
175. Lockhart DJ, Kim PS. 1992. Science 257:947-51
176. Doran JD, Carey PR. 1996. Biochemistry 35:12495-502
177. Davies C, Heath RJ, White SW, Rock CO. 2000. Struct. Fold. Des. 8:185-95
178. Sitkoff D, Lockhart DJ, Sharp KA, Honig B. 1994. Biophys. J. 67:2251-60
179. Bublitz GU, Boxer SG. 1997. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 48:213-42
180. Cheng H, Nikolic-Hughes I, Wang JH, Deng H, O'Brien PJ, et al. 2002. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124:11295-306
181. Tonge PJ, Carey PR. 1992. Biochemistry 31:9122-25
182. Tonge PJ, Carey PR. 1995. Acc. Chem. Res. 28:8-13
183. Gilson HS, Honig BH, Croteau A, Zarrilli G, Nakanishi K. 1988. Biophys. J. 53:261-69
184. Callender R, Deng H. 1994. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 23:215-45
185. Schutz CN, Warshel A. 2001. Proteins 44:400-17
186. Sham YY, Muegge I, Warshel A. 1998. Biophys. J. 74:1744-53
187. Shan S, Herschlag D. 1999. Methods Enzymol. 308:246-76
188. Honig B, Nicholls A. 1995. Science 268:1144-49
189. Chong LT, Dempster SE, Hendsch ZS, Lee LP, Tidor B. 1998. Protein Sci. 7:206-10
190. Petrounia IP, Blotny G, Pollack RM. 2000. Biochemistry 39:110-16
191. Petrounia IP, Pollack RM. 1998. Biochemistry 37:700-5
192. Thorson JS, Chapman E, Schultz PG. 1995. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117:9361-62
193. Palcic MM, Floss HG. 1986. In Vitamin B6 Pyridoxal Phosphate, ed. D Dolphin, R Poulson, O Avramovic, pp. 25-68, New York: Wiley
194. Kirsch JF, Eichele G, Ford GC, Vincent MG, Jansonius JN, et al. 1984. J. Mol. Biol. 174:497-525
195. Alber T, Banner DW, Bloomer AC, Petsko GA, Phillips D, et al. 1981. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 293:159-71
196. Banner DW, Bloomer AC, Petsko GA, Phillips DC, Pogson CI, et al. 1975. Nature 255:609-14
197. Pompliano DL, Peyman A, Knowles JR. 1990. Biochemistry 29:3186-94
198. Kuroki R, Weaver LH, Matthews BW. 1993. Science 262:2030-33
199. Sidhu G, Withers SG, Nguyen NT, McIntosh LP, Ziser L, Brayer GD. 1999. Biochemistry 38:5346-54
200. Zechel DL, Withers SG. 1999. Acc. Chem. Res. 33:11-18
201. LaReau RD, Wan W, Anderson VE. 1989. Biochemistry 28:3619-24
202. Tonge PJ, Carey PR. 1990. Biochemistry 29:10723-27
203. Schramm VL. 1998. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 67:693-720
204. O'Brien PJ, Herschlag D. 1999. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121:11022-23
205. O'Brien PJ, Herschlag D. 2002. Biochemistry 41:3207-25
206. Hengge AC. 1998. In Comprehensive Biological Catalysis, ed. ML Sinnott, pp. 517-42. London: Academic
207. Jencks WP. 1972. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 94:4731-32
208. Jencks WP. 1976. Acc. Chem. Res. 9:425-32
209. Hine J. 1972. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 94:5766-71
210. Stahl N, Jencks WP. 1986. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 108:4196-205
211. Maegley KA, Admiraal SJ, Herschlag D. 1996. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:8160-66
212. Zhang M, Zhou M, Van Etten RL, Stauffacher CV. 1997. Biochemistry 36:15-23
213. Alhambra C, Wu L, Zhang ZY, Gao J. 1998. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120:3858-66
214. Cleland WW, Hengge AC. 1995. FASEB J. 9:1585-94
215. Fedorov A, Shi W, Kicska G, Fedorov E, Tyler PC, et al. 2001. Biochemistry 40:853-60
216. Bruice TC. 1970. In The Enzymes, ed. PD Boyer, pp. 217-79. New York: Academic
217. Winstein S, Lindegren CR, Marshall H, Ingraham LL. 1953. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 75:147-55
218. Page MI, Jencks WP. 1987. Gazz. Chim. Ital. 117:455-60
219. Milstien S, Cohen LA. 1970. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 67:1143-47
220. DeLisi C, Crothers DM. 1973. Biopolymers 12:1689-704
221. Murphy KP, Xie D, Thompson KS, Amzel LM, Freire E. 1994. Proteins 18:63-67
222. Finkelstein AV, Janin J. 1989. Protein Eng. 3:1-3
223. Tidor B, Karplus M. 1994. J. Mol. Biol. 238:405-14
224. Mammen M, Shakhnovich EI, Deutch JM, Whitesides GM. 1998. J. Org. Chem. 63:3821-30
225. Dunitz JD. 1995. Chem. Biol. 2:709-12
226. Bruice TC, Pandit UK. 1960. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 46:402-4
227. Kirby AJ. 1980. Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 17:183-278
228. Jencks WP, Page MI. 1974. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 57:887-92
229. Bruice TC, Brown A, Harris DO. 1971. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 68:658-61
230. Lightstone FC, Bruice TC. 1996. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118:2595-605
231. Miller BG, Snider MJ, Short SA, Wolfenden R. 2000. Biochemistry 39:8113-18
232. Carlow D, Wolfenden R. 1998. Biochemistry 37:11873-78
233. Nakamura CE, Abeles RH. 1985. Biochemistry 24:1364-76
234. Bode W. 1979. J. Mol. Biol. 127:357-74
235. Sanders CR II, Tian GC, Tsai MD. 1989. Biochemistry 28:9028-43
236. Jen-Jacobson L, Engler LE, Jacobson LA. 2000. Struct. Fold. Des. 8:1015-23
237. Klinman JP. 1989. Trends Biochem. Sci. 14:368-73
238. Sutcliffe MJ, Scrutton NS. 2002. Eur. J. Biochem. 269:3096-102
239. Knapp MJ, Klinman JP. 2002. Eur. J. Biochem. 269:3113-21
240. Kohen A, Klinman JP. 1999. Chem. Biol. 6(R):191-98
241. Gertner BJ, Whitnell RM, Wilson KR, Hynes JT. 1991. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113:74-87
242. Kohen A, Cannio R, Bartolucci S, Klinman JP. 1999. Nature 399:496-99
243. Tsai S, Klinman JP. 2001. Biochemistry 40:2303-11
244. Kohen A, Klinman JP. 2001. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122:10738-39
245. Kramers HA. 1940. Physica 7:284-304
246. Borgis DC, Lee S, Hynes JT. 1989. Chem. Phys. Lett. 162:19-26