Drug-drug interactions: An important negative attribute in drugs

Drugs of Today

Volumn 39, Issue 5, 2003, Pages 301-338

  Obach, R Scott ^a  

^a PFIZER GLOBAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AZAPROPAZONE; BENZBROMARONE; CHLOROQUINE; CLARITHROMYCIN; CLOTRIMAZOLE; CYCLOSPORIN; DEXTROPROPOXYPHENE; DICOUMAROL; DILTIAZEM; DIPHENHYDRAMINE; ENOXACIN; ERYTHROMYCIN; FELBAMATE; FLUCONAZOLE; FLUOXETINE; FLUVOXAMINE; HALOFANTRINE; MICONAZOLE; MOCLOBEMIDE; OLTIPRAZ; OMEPRAZOLE; PAROXETINE; PHENYLBUTAZONE; QUINIDINE; STIRIPENTOL; SULFAPHENAZOLE; TERBINAFINE; THIORIDAZINE; TICLOPIDINE; UNINDEXED DRUG;

DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG EXPOSURE; DRUG INDUSTRY; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG SAFETY; HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HUMAN; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT;

EID: 0038375479     PISSN: 16993993     EISSN: 16994019     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1358/dot.2003.39.5.799456     Document Type: Review

References (333)

1. Levy, R.H., Thummel, K.E., Trager, W.F., Hansten, P.D., Eichelbaum, M. (Eds.). Metabolic Drug Interactions. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia 2000.
2. Rodrigues, A.D. (Ed.). Drug-Drug Interactions. Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 116. Marcel Dekker, New York 2002.
3. Greenblatt, D.J., Von Moltke, L.L. Drug-drug interactions: Clinical perspective. In: Rodrigues, A.D. (Ed.). Drug-Drug Interactions. Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 116. Marcel Dekker, New York 2002, 565-84.
4. Pang, K.S., Rowland, M. Hepatic clearance of drugs. I. Theoretical considerations of a "wellstirred" model and a "parallel tube" model. Influence of hepatic blood flow, plasma and blood cell binding, and the hepatocellular enzymatic activity on hepatic drug clearance. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1977, 5: 625-53.
5. Smith, D.A. Induction and drug development. Eur J Pharm Sci 2000, 11: 185-9.
6. Schuetz, E.G. Induction of cytochromes P450. Curr Drug Metab 2001, 2: 139-47.
7. Gibson, G.G., Plant, N.J., Swales, K.E., Ayrton, A., El-Sankary, W. Receptor-dependent transcriptional activation of cytochrome P4503A genes: Induction mechanisms, species differences and interindividual variation in man. Xenobiotica 2002, 32: 165-206.
8. Obach, R.S. The prediction of human clearance from hepatic microsomal metabolism data. Curr Op Drug Disc Dev 2001, 4: 36-44.
9. Yao, C., Levy, R. H. Inhibition-based metabolic drug-drug interactions: Predictions from in vitro data. J Pharm Sci 2002, 91: 1923-35.
10. Venkatakrishnan, K., von Moltke, L.L., Greenblatt, D.J. Human drug metabolism and the cytochromes P450: Application and relevance of in vitro models. J Clin Pharmacol 2001, 41: 1149-79.
11. Lin, J.H., Lu, A.Y.H. Interindividual variability in inhibition and induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes. Ann Rev Pharmacol Tox 2001, 41: 535-67.
12. Mayhew, B.S., Jones, D.R., Hall, S.D. An in vitro model for predicting in vivo inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 by metabolic intermediate complex formation. Drug Metab Disp 2000, 28: 1031-7.
13. Komatsu, K., Ito, K., Nakajima, Y. et al. Prediction of in vivo drug-drug interactions between tolbutamide and various sulfonamides in humans based on in vitro experiments. Drug Metab Disp 2000, 28: 475-81.
14. Kanamitsu, S.I., Ito, K., Sugiyama, Y. Quantitative prediction of in vivo drug-drug interactions from in vitro data based on physiological pharmacokinetics: Use of maximum unbound concentration of inhibitor at the inlet to the liver. Pharm Res 2000, 17: 336-43.
15. Kanamitsu, S.I., Ito, K., Green, C.E., Tyson, C.A., Shimada, N., Sugiyama, Y. Prediction of in vivo interaction between triazolam and erythromycin based on in vitro studies using human liver microsomes and recombinant human CYP3A4. Pharm Res 2000, 17: 419-26.
16. Lin, J.H. Sense and nonsense in the prediction of drug-drug interactions. Curr Drug Metab 2000, 1: 305-31.
17. Ito, K., Iwatsubo, T., Kanamitsu, S., Ueda, K., Suzuki, H., Sugiyama, Y. Prediction of pharmacokinetic alterations caused by drug-drug interactions: Metabolic interaction in the liver. Pharmacol Rev 1998, 50: 387-411.
18. Bertz, R.J., Granneman, G.R. Use of in vitro and in vivo data to estimate the likelihood of metabolic pharmacokinetic interactions. Clin Pharmacokinet 1997, 32: 210-58.
19. Von Moltke, L.L., Greenblatt, D.J., Duan, S.X., Daily, J.P., Harmatz, J.S., Shader, R.I. Inhibition of desipramine hydroxylation (cytochrome P450-2D6) in vitro by quinidine and by viral protease inhibitors: Relation to drug interactions in vivo. J Pharm Sci 1998, 87: 1184-8.
20. Von Moltke, L.L., Greenblatt, D.J., Schmider, J., Wright, C.E., Harmatz, J.S., Shader, R.I. In vitro approaches to predicting drug interactions in vivo. Biochem Pharmacol 1998, 55: 113-22.
21. Tucker, G.T., Houston, J.B., Huang, S.M. Optimizing drug development: Strategies to assess drug metabolism/transporter interaction potential - Toward a consensus. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001, 70: 103-14.
22. Davit, B., Reynolds, K., Yuan, R. et al. FDA evaluations using in vitro metabolism to predict and interpret in vivo metabolic drug-drug interactions: Impact on labeling. J Clin Pharmacol 1999, 39: 899-910.
23. Miller, V.P., Stresser, D.M., Blanchard, A.P., Turner, S., Crespi, C.L. Fluorometric high-throughput screening for inhibitors of cytochrome P450. Ann NY Acad Sci 2000, 919: 26-32.
24. Kenworthy, K. E., Bloomer, J. C., Clarke, S. E., Houston, J.B. CYP3A4 drug interactions: Correlation of 10 in vitro probe substrates. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999, 48: 716-27.
25. Moore, J.T., Kliewer, S.A. Use of the nuclear receptor PXR to predict drug interactions. Toxicology 2000, 153: 1-10.
26. Ogg, M.S., Williams, J.M., Tarbit, M., Goldfarb, P.S., Gray, T.J.B., Gibson, G.G. A reportergene assay to assess the molecular mechanisms of xenobiotic-dependent induction of the human CYP3A4 gene in vitro. Xenobiotica 1999, 29: 269-79.
27. El-Sankary, W., Gibson, G.G., Ayrton, A., Plant, N. Use of a reporter gene assay to predict and rank the potency and efficacy of CYP3A4 inducers. Drug Metab Disp 2001, 29: 1499-504.
28. Li, A.P., Reith, M.K., Rasmussen, A. et al. Primary human hepatocytes as a tool for the evaluation of structure-activity relationship in cytochrome P450 induction potential of xenobiotics: Evaluation of rifampin, rifapentine and rifabutin. Chem-Biol Int 1997, 107: 17-30.
29. Mattes, W.B., Li, A.P. Quantitative reverse transcriptase/PCR assay for the measurement of induction in cultured hepatocytes. Chem-Biol Int 1997, 107: 47-61.
30. Fromm, M.F. P-glycoprotein: A defense mechanism limiting oral bioavailability and CNS accumulation of drugs. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000, 38: 69-74.
31. Troutman, M.D., Luo, G., Gan, L.S., Thakker, D. The role of P-glycoprotein in drug disposition: Significance to drug development. In: Rodrigues, A.D. (Ed.). Drug-Drug Interactions. Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 116. Marcel Dekker, New York 2002, 295-357.
32. Kusuhara, H., Sugiyama, Y. Drug-drug interactions involving the membrane transport process. In: Rodrigues, A.D. (Ed.). Drug-Drug Interactions. Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 116. Marcel Dekker, New York 2002, 123-88.
33. Rodrigues, A.D. Integrated cytochrome P450 reaction phenotyping: Attempting to bridge the gap between cDNA-expressed cytochromes P450 and native human liver microsomes. Biochem Pharmacol 1999, 57: 465-80.
34. Madan, A., Usuki, E., Burton, L.A., Oglivie, B.W., Parkinson, A. In vitro approaches for studying the inhibition of drug-metabolizing enzymes and identifying the drug-metabolizing enzymes responsible for the metabolism of drugs. In: Rodrigues, A.D. (Ed.). Drug-Drug Interactions. Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 116. Marcel Dekker, New York 2002, 217-94.
35. Crespi, C.L., Penman, B.W. Use of cDNA-expressed human cytochrome P450 enzymes to study potential drug-drug interactions. Adv Pharmacol 1997, 43: 171-88.
36. Clarke, S.E. In vitro assessment of human cytochrome P450. Xenobiotica 1998, 28: 1167-202.
37. Frye, R., Matzke, G.R., Adedoyin, A., Porter, J.A., Branch, R.A. Validation of the five-drug "Pittsburgh cocktail" approach for assessment of selective regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997, 62: 365-76.
38. Streetman, D.S., Bleakley, J.F., Kim, J.S. et al. Combined phenotypic assessment of CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A, N-acetyltransferase-2, and xanthine oxidase with the "Cooperstown cocktail". Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000, 68: 375-83.
39. Kuehl, P., Zhang, J., Lin, Y. et al. Sequence diversity in CYP3A promoters and characterization of the genetic basis of polymorphic CYP3A5 expression. Nature Gen 2001, 27: 383-91.
40. Gomez, D.Y., Wacher, V.J., Tomlanovich, S.J., Hebert, M.F., Benet, L.Z. The effects of ketoconazole on the intestinal metabolism and bioavailability of cyclosporine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995, 58: 15-9.
41. Paine, M.F., Shen, D.D., Kunze, K.L. et al. First-pass metabolism of midazolam by the human intestine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996, 60: 14-24.
42. Honig, P.K., Wortham, D.C., Zamani, K., Conner, D.P., Mullin, J.C., Cantilena, L.R. Terfenadine-ketoconazole interaction. Pharmacokinetic and electrocardiographic consequences. J Am Med Asso 1993, 269: 1513-8.
43. Fuhr, U. Drug interactions with grapefruit juice: Extent, probable mechanism and clinical relevance. Drug Safety 1998, 18: 251-72.
44. Venkatakrishnan, K., von Moltke, L.L., Greenblatt, D.J. Effects of the antifungal agents on oxidative drug metabolism: Clinical relevance. Clin Pharmacokinet 2000, 38: 111-80.
45. Paine, M.F., Schmiedlin-Ren, P., Watkins, P.B. Cytochrome P-450 1A1 expression in human small bowel: Interindividual variation and inhibition by ketoconazole. Drug Metab Disp 1999, 27: 360-4.
46. Ong, C.E., Coulter, S., Birkett, D.J., Bhasker, C.R., Miners, J.O. The xenobiotic inhibitor profile of cytochrome P4502C8. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000, 50: 573-80.
47. Khaliq, Y., Gallicano, K., Venance, S., Kravcik, S., Cameron, D.W. Effect of ketoconazole on ritonavir and saquinavir concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid from patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000, 68: 637-46.
48. Neuvonen, P.J., Jalava, K.M. Itraconazole drastically increases plasma concentrations of lovastatin and lovastatin acid. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996, 60: 54-61.
49. Vasquez, E., Pollak, R., Benedetti, E. Clotrimazole increases tacrolimus blood levels: A drug interaction in kidney transplant patients. Clin Transplant 2001, 15: 95-9.
50. Ahonen, J., Olkkola, K.T., Takala, A., Neuvonen, P.J. Interaction between fluconazole and midazolam in intensive care patients. Acta Anaesth Scand 1999, 43: 509-14.
51. Zimmermann, T., Yeates, R.A., Laufen, H., Scharpf, F., Leitold, M., Wildfeuer, A. Influence of the antibiotics erythromycin and azithromycin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of midazolam. Arzneim-Forsch 1996, 46: 213-7.
52. Vanakoski, J., Mattila, M. J., Vainio, P., Idanpaan-Heikkila, J.J., Tornwall, M. 150 mg fluconazole does not substantially increase the effects of 10 mg midazolam or the plasma midazolam concentrations in healthy subjects. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995, 33: 518-23.
53. Bailey, D.G., Bend, J.R., Arnold, J.M.O., Tran, L.T., Spence, J.D. Erythromycin-felodipine interaction: Magnitude, mechanism, and comparison with grapefruit juice. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996, 60: 25-33.
54. Muirhead, G.J., Faulkner, S., Harness, J.A., Taubel, J. The effects of steady-state erythromycin and azithromycin on the pharmacokinetics of sildenafil citrate in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002, 53 (Suppl. 1): 37S-43S.
55. Apseloff, G., Foulds, G., LaBoy-Goral, L., Willavize, S., Vincent, J. Comparison of azithromycin and clarithromycin in their interactions with rifabutin in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 1998, 38: 830-5.
56. Yamazaki, H., Shimada, T. Comparative studies of in vitro inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4-dependent testosterone 6beta-hydroxylation by roxithromycin and its metabolites, troleandomycin, and erythromycin. Drug Metab Disp 1998, 26: 1053-7.
57. Jones, D.R., Gorski, J.C., Hamman, M.A., Mayhew, B.S., Rider, S., Hall, S.D. Diltiazem inhibition of cytochrome P-450 3A activity is due to metabolite intermediate complex formation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999, 290: 1116-25.
58. Ma, B., Prueksaritanont, T., Lin, J.H. Drug interactions with calcium channel blockers: Possible involvement of metabolite-intermediate complexation with CYP3A. Drug Metab Disp 2000, 28: 125-30.
59. Backman, J.T., Olkkola, K.T., Aranko, K., Himberg, J.J., Neuvonen, P.J. Dose of midazolam should be reduced during diltiazem and verapamil treatments. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1994, 37: 221-5.
60. Azie, N.E., Brater, D.C., Becker, P.A., Jones, D.R., Hall, S.D. The interaction of diltiazem with lovastatin andpravastatin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998, 64: 369-77.
61. Greene, D.S., Salazar, D.E., Dockens, R.C., Kroboth, P., Barbhaiya, R.H. Coadministration of nefazodone and benzodiazepines: III. A pharmacokinetic interaction study with alprazolam. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1995, 15: 399-408.
62. Abernethy, D.R., Barbey, J.T., Franc, J. et al. Loratadine and terfenadine interaction with nefazodone: Both antihistamines are associated with QTc prolongation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001, 69: 96-103.
63. Barbhaiya, R.H., Shukla, U.A., Kroboth, P.D., Greene, D.S. Coadministration of nefazodone and benzodiazepines: II. A pharmacokinetic interaction study with triazolam. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1995, 15: 320-6.
64. Lamberg, T.S., Kivisto, K.T., Laitila, J., Martensson, K., Neuvonen, P.J. The effect of fluvoxamine on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of buspirone. Eu J Clin Pharmacol 1998, 54: 761-6.
65. Fleishaker, J.C., Hulst, L.K. A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of the combined administration of alprazolam and fluvoxamine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1994, 46: 35-9.
66. Kashuba, A.D.M., Nafziger, A.N., Kearns, G.L. et al. Effect of fluvoxamine therapy on the activities of CYP1A2, CYP2D6, and CYP3A as determined by phenotyping. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998, 64: 257-68.
67. Brynne, N., Svanstrom, C., Aberg-Wistedt, A., Hallen, B., Bertilsson, L. Fluoxetine inhibits the metabolism of tolterodine-pharmacokinetic implications and proposed clinical relevance. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999, 48: 553-63.
68. Brynne, N., Forslund, C., Hallen, B., Gustafsson, L.L., Bertilsson, L. Ketoconazole inhibits the metabolism of tolterodine in subjects with deficient CYP2D6 activity. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999, 48: 564-72.
69. Bottiger, Y., Tybring, G., Gotharson, E., Bertilsson, L. Inhibition of the sulfoxidation of omeprazole by ketoconazole in poor and extensive metabolizers of S-mephenytoin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997, 62: 384-91.
70. Greenblatt, D,J., Wright, C.E., Von Moltke, L.L. et al. Pharmacokinetics and drug disposition. Ketoconazole inhibition of triazolam and alprazolam clearance: Differential kinetic and dynamic consequences. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998, 64: 237-47.
71. Furukori, H., Otani, K., Yasui, N. et al. Effect of carbamazepine on the single oral dose pharmacokinetics of alprazolam. Neuropsychopharmacology 1998, 18: 364-9.
72. Robertson, P., Jr., Hellriegel, E.T., Arora, S., Nelson, M. Effect of modafinil on the pharmacokinetics of ethinyl estradiol and triazolam in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002, 71: 46-56.
73. Mouly, S., Lown, K.S., Kornhauser, D. et al. Pharmacokinetics and drug disposition: Hepatic but not intestinal CYP3A4 displays dose-dependent induction by efavirenz in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002, 72: 1-9.
74. Fleishaker, J.C., Pearson, L.K., Peters, G.R. Phenytoin causes a rapid increase in 6β-hydroxycortisol urinary excretion in humans - A putative measure of CYP3A induction. J Pharm Sci 1995, 84: 292-4.
75. LeBel, M., Masson, E., Guilbert, E. et al. Effects of rifabutin and rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of ethinylestradiol and norethindrone. J Clin Pharmacol 1998, 38: 1042-50.
76. McCune, J.S., Hawke, R.L., LeCluyse, E.L. et al. In vivo and in vitro induction of human cytochrome P4503A4 by dexamethasone. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000, 68: 356-66.
77. Dickinson, B.D., Altman, R.D., Nielsen, N.H., Sterling, M.L. Drug interactions between oral contraceptives and antibiotics. Obst Gyn 2001, 98: 853-60.
78. Grub, S., Bryson, H., Goggin, T., Ludin, E., Jorga, K. The interaction of saquinavir (soft gelatin capsule) with ketoconazole, erythromycin and rifampicin: Comparison of the effect in healthy volunteers and in HIV-infected patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2001, 57: 115-21.
79. Bertilsson, L., Dahl, M.L., Dalen, P., Al-Shurbaji, A. Molecular genetics of CYP2D6: Clinical relevance with focus on psychotropic drugs. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002, 53: 111-22.
80. Desta, Z., Zhao, X., Shin, J.G., Flockhart, D.A. Clinical significance of the cytochrome P450 2C19 genetic polymorphism. Clin Pharmacokinet 2002, 41: 913-58.
81. Capon, D.A., Bochner, F., Kerry, N., Mikus, G., Danz, C., Somogyi, A.A. The influence of CYP2D6 polymorphism and quinidine on the disposition and antitussive effect of dextromethorphan in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996, 60: 295-307.
82. Bertelson, K., Venkatakrishnan, K., Von Moltke, L.L., Obach, R.S., Greenblatt, D.J. Apparent mechanism-based inhibition of human CYP2D6 in vitro by paroxetine: Comparison with fluoxetine and quinidine. Drug Metab Disp 2003, 31: 289-93.
83. Sindrup, S.H., Brosen, K., Gram, L.F. et al. The relationship between paroxetine and sparteine oxidation polymorphism. Clin Pharmacol Ther 51: 278-87.
84. Abdel-Rahman, S.M., Gotschall, R.R., Kauffman, R.E., Leeder, J.S., Kearns, G.L. Investigation of terbinafine as a CYP2D6 inhibitor in vivo. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999, 65: 465-72.
85. Sanz, E.J., Bertilsson, L. d-Propoxyphene is a potent inhibitor of debrisoquine, but not S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylation in vivo. Ther Drug Monit 1990, 12: 297-9.
86. Lessard, E., Yessine, M-A., Hamelin, B.A. et al. Diphenhydramine alters the disposition of venlafaxine through inhibition of CYP2D6 activity in humans. J Clin Psychopharm 2001, 21: 175-84.
87. Baumann, P., Meyer, J.W., Amey, M. et al. Dextromethorphan and mephenytoin phenotyping of patients treated with thioridazine and amitriptyline. Ther Drug Monit 1992, 14: 1-8.
88. Hamelin, B.A., Bouayad, A., Methot, J. et al. Significant interaction between the nonprescription antihistamine diphenhydramine and the CYP2D6 substrate metoprolol in healthy men with high or low CYP2D6 activity. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000, 67: 466-77.
89. Hirschowitz, J., Bennett, J.A., Zemlan, F.P., Garver, D.L. Thioridazine effect on desipramine plasma levels. J Clin Psychopharm 1983, 3: 376-9.
90. Maynard, G.L., Soni, P. Thioridazine interferences with imipramine metabolism and measurement. Ther Drug Monit 1996, 18: 729-31.
91. Funck-Brentano, C., Kroemer, H.K., Pavlou, H., Woosley, R.L., Roden, D.M. Genetically-determined interaction between propafenone and low dose quinidine: Role of active metabolites in modulating net drug effect. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1989, 27: 435-44.
92. Alderman, J., Preskorn, S.H., Greenblatt, D.J. et al. Desipramine pharmacokinetics when coadministered with paroxetine or sertraline in extensive metabolizers. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1997, 17: 284-91.
93. Albers, L.J., Reist, C., Helmeste, D., Vu, R., Tang, S.W. Paroxetine shifts imipramine metabolism. Psych Res 1996, 59: 189-96.
94. Sindrup, S.H., Hofmann, U., Asmussen, J. Impact of quinidine on plasma and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of codeine and morphine after codeine intake. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1996, 49: 503-9.
95. Christensen, M., Tybring, G., Mihara, K. et al. Low daily 10-mg and 20-mg doses of fluvoxamine inhibit the metabolism of both caffeine (cytochrome P4501A2) and omeprazole (cytochrome P4502C19). Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002, 71: 141-52.
96. Cho, J.Y., Yu, K.S., Jang, I.J., Yang, B.H., Shin, S.G., Yim, D.S. Omeprazole hydroxylation is inhibited by a single dose of moclobemide in homozygotic EM genotype for CYP2C19. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002, 53: 393-7.
97. Tateishi, T., Kumai, T., Watanabe, M. et al. Ticlopidine decreases the in vivo activity of CYP2C19 as measured by omeprazole metabolism. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999, 47: 454-7.
98. Yu, K.S., Yim, D.S., Cho, J.Y. et al. Effect of omeprazole on the pharmacokinetics of moclobemide according to the genetic polymorphism of CYP2C19. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001, 69: 266-73.
99. Jeppesen, U., Gram, L.F., Vistisen, K., Loft, S., Poulsen, H.E., Brosen, K. Dose-dependent-inhibition of CYP1A2, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 by citalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, and paroxetine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1996, 51: 73-8.
100. Xu, Z.H., Xie, H.G., Zhou, H.H. In vivo inhibition of CYP2C19 but not CYP2D6 by fluvoxamine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1996, 42: 518-21.
101. Vandel, S., Bertschy, G., Baumann, P. et al. Fluvoxamine and fluoxetine: Interaction studies with amitriptyline, clomipramine and neuroleptics in phenotyped patients. Pharmacol Res 1995, 31: 347-53.
102. Wagner, W., Vause, E.W. Fluvoxamine: A review of global drug-drug interaction data. Clin Pharmacokinet 1995, 29 (Suppl. 11): 26-32.
103. Laine, K., Tybring, G., Bertilsson, L. No sex-related differences but significant inhibition by oral contraceptives of CYP2C19 activity as measured by the probe drugs mephenytoin and omeprazole in healthy Swedish white subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000, 68: 151-9.
104. Perucca, E., Gatti, G., Cipolla, G. et al. Inhibition of diazepam metabolism by fluvoxamine: A pharmacokinetic study in normal volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1994, 56: 471-6.
105. Ishizaki, T., Chiba, K., Manabe, K. et al. Comparison of the interaction potential of a new proton pump inhibitor, E3810, versus omeprazole with diazepam in extensive and poor metabolizers of S-mephenytoin 4′-hydroxylation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995, 58: 155-64.
106. Andersson, T., Hassan-Alin, M., Hasselgren, G., Rohss, K. Drug interaction studies with esomeprazole, the (S)-isomer of omeprazole. Clin Pharmacokinetet 2001, 40: 523-37.
107. Gugler, R., Jensen, J.C. Omeprazole inhibits oxidative drug metabolism. Studies with diazepam and phenytoin in vivo and 7-ethoxy-coumarin in vitro. Gastroenterology 1985, 89: 1235-41.
108. Carrillo, J.A., Ramos, S.I., Herraiz, A.G. et al. Pharmacokinetic interaction of fluvoxamine and thioridazine in schizophrenic patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1999, 19: 494-9.
109. Kang, B.C., Yang, C.Q., Cho, H.K., Suh, O.K., Shin, W.G. Influence of fluconazole on the pharmacokinetics of omeprazole in healthy volunteers. Biopharm Drug Disp 2002, 23: 77-81.
110. Wienkers, L.C., Wurden, C.J., Storch, E., Kunze, K.L., Rettie, A.E., Trager, W.F. Formation of (R)-8-hydroxywarfarin in human liver microsomes: A new metabolic marker for the (S)-mephenytoin hydroxylase, P4502C19. Drug Metab Disp 1996, 24: 610-4.
111. Svensson, U.S.H., Ashton, M., Hai, T.N. et al. Artemisinin induces omeprazole metabolism in human beings. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998, 64: 160-7.
112. Lee, C.R., Goldstein, J.A., Pieper, J.A. Cytochrome P450 2C9 polymorphisms: A comprehensive review of the in-vitro and human data. Pharmacogenetics 2002, 12: 251-63.
113. Hansen, J.M., Kampmann, J.P., Siersbaek-Nielsen, K. et al. The effect of different sulfonamides on phenytoin metabolism in man. Acta Med Scand Suppl 1979, 624: 106-10.
114. Pond, S.M., Birkett, D.J., Wade, D.N. Mechanisms of inhibition of tolbutamide metabolism: Phenylbutazone, oxyphenbutazone, sulfaphenazole. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1977, 22: 573-9.
115. Back, D.J., Tjia, J., Moenig, H., Ohnhaus, E.E., Park, B.K. Selective inhibition of drug oxidation after simultaneous administration of two probe drugs, antipyrine and tolbutamide. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1988, 34: 157-63.
116. Kazierad, D.J., Martin, D.E., Blum, R.A. et al. Effect of fluconazole on the pharmacokinetics of eprosartan and losartan in healthy male volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997, 62: 417-25.
117. Lazar, J.D., Wilner, K.D. Drug interactions with fluconazole. Rev Infect Dis 1990, 12 (Suppl. 3): S327-S333.
118. Black, D.J., Kunze, K.L., Wienkers, L.C. et al. Warfarin-fluconazole. II. A metabolically based drug interaction: In vivo studies. Drug Metab Disp 1996, 24: 422-8.
119. Geaney, D.P., Carver, J.G., Davies, C.L., Aronson, J.K. Pharmacokinetic investigation of the interaction of azapropazone with phenytoin. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1983, 15: 727-34.
120. Sachdeo, R., Wagner, M.L., Sachdeo, S. et al. Coadministration of phenytoin and felbamate: Evidence of additional phenytoin dose-reduction requirements based on pharmacokinetics and tolerability with increasing doses of felbamate. Epilepsia 1999, 40: 1122-8.
121. Levy, R.H., Loiseau, P., Guyot, M., Blehaut, H.M., Tor, J., Moreland, T.A. Stiripentol kinetics in epilepsy: Nonlinearity and interactions. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1984, 36: 661-9.
122. Skovsted, L., Kristensen, M., Hansen, M., Siersbaek-Nielsen, K. The effect of different oral anticoagulants on diphenylhydantoin (DPH) and tolbutamide metabolism. Acta Med Scand 1976, 199: 513-5.
123. O'Reilly, R.A., Goulart, D.A., Kunze, K.L. Mechanisms of the stereoselective interaction between miconazole and racemic warfarin in human subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992, 51: 656-67.
124. Miners, J.O., Foenander, T., Wanwimolruk, S., Gallus, A.S., Birkett, D.J. Interaction of sulphin-pyrazone with warfarin. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1982, 22: 327-31.
125. Takahashi, H., Sato, T., Shimoyama, Y. et al. Potentiation of anticoagulant effect of warfarin caused by enantioselective metabolic inhibition by the uricosuric agent benzbromarone. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999, 66: 569-81.
126. Nolan, P.E., Jr., Erstad, B.L., Hoyer, G.L., Bliss, M., Gear, K., Marcus, F.I. Steady-state interaction between amiodarone and phenytoin in normal subjects. Am J Cardiol 1990, 65: 1252-7.
127. O'Reilly, R.A., Trager, W.F., Rettie, A.E., Goulart, D.A. Interaction of amiodarone with racemic warfarin and its separated enantiomorphs in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1987, 42: 290-4.
128. Lumholtz, B., Siersbaek-Nielsen, K., Skovsted, L., Kampmann, J., Hansen, J.M. Sulfamethiazole-induced inhibition of diphenylhydantoin, tolbutamide, and warfarin metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1975, 17: 731-4.
129. Zielinski, J.J., Haidukewych, D. Dual effects of carbamazepine-phenytoin interaction. Ther Drug Mon 1987, 9: 21-3.
130. Browne, T.R., Szabo, G.K., Evans, J.E., Evans, B.A., Greenblatt, D.J., Mikati, M.A. Carbamazepine increases phenytoin serum concentration and reduces phenytoin clearance. Neurology 1988, 38: 1146-50.
131. O'Reilly, R.A. The stereoselective interaction of warfarin and metronidazole in man. N Engl J Med 1976, 295: 354-7.
132. Rambeck, B. Pharmacological interactions of mesuximide with phenobarbital and phenytoin in hospitalized epileptic patients. Epilepsia 1979, 20: 147-56.
133. Gill, H.J., Maggs, J.L., Madden, S., Pirmohamed, M., Park, B.K. The effect of fluconazole and ketoconazole on the metabolism of sulfamethoxazole. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1996, 42: 347-53.
134. Mitra, A.K., Thummel, K.E., Kalhorn, T.F. et al. Inhibition of sulfamethoxazole hydroxylamine formation by fluconazole in human liver microsomes and healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996, 59: 332-40.
135. Kaukonen, K.-M., Olkkola, K.T., Neuvonen, P.J. Fluconazole but not itraconazole decreases the metabolism of losartan to E-3174. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1998, 53: 445-9.
136. Donahue, S., Flockhart, D.A., Abernethy, D.R. Ticlopidine inhibits phenytoin clearance. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999, 66: 563-8.
137. Madsen, H., Enggaard, T.P., Hansen, L., Lindal, K.N.A., Brosen, K. Fluvoxamine inhibits the CYP2C9-catalyzed biotransformation of tolbutamide. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001, 69: 41-7.
138. Figgitt, D.P., McClellan, K.J. Fluvoxamine: An updated review of its use in the management of adults with anxiety disorders. Drugs 2000, 60: 925-54.
139. Kinzig-Schippers, M., Fuhr, U., Zaigler, M. et al. Interaction of pefloxacin and enoxacin with the human cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP1A2. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999, 65: 262-74.
140. Rasmussen, B.B., Jeppesen, U., Gaist, D., Brosen, K. Griseofulvin and fluvoxamine interactions with the metabolism of theophylline. Ther Drug Monit 1997, 19: 56-62.
141. Yao, C., Kunze, K.L., Kharasch, E.D. et al. Fluvoxamine-theophylline interaction: Gap between in vitro and in vivo inhibition constants toward cytochrome P4501A2. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001, 70: 415-24.
142. Wijnands, W.J.A., Vree, T.B., Van Herwaarden, C.L.A. The influence of quinolone derivatives on theophylline clearance. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1986, 22: 677-83.
143. Beckmann, J., Elsaesser, W., Gundert-Remy, H.R. Enoxacin - A potent inhibitor of theophylline metabolism. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1987, 33: 227-30.
144. Takagi, K., Hasegawa, T., Yamaki, K. et al. Interaction between theophylline and enoxacin. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Tox 1988, 26: 288-92.
145. Rogge, M.C., Solomon, W.R., Sedman, A.J., Welling, P.G., Toothaker, R.D., Wagner, J.G. The theophylline-enoxacin interaction: I. Effect of enoxacin dose size on theophylline disposition. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1988, 44: 579-87.
146. Batty, K.T., Davis, T.M.E., Ilett, K.F., Dusci, L.J., Langton, S.R. The effect of ciprofloxacin on theophylline pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1995, 39: 305-11.
147. Loi, C.M., Wei, X., Vestal, R.E. Inhibition of theophylline metabolism by mexiletine in young male and female nonsmokers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1991, 49: 571-80.
148. Maeda, Y., Konishi, T., Omoda, K. et al. Inhibition of theophylline metabolism by aciclovir. Biol Pharm Bull 1996, 19: 1591-5.
149. Lu, M.L., Lane, H.Y., Chen, K.P., Jann, M.W., Su, M.H., Chang, W.H. Fluvoxamine reduces the clozapine dosage needed in refractory refractory schizophrenic patients. J Clin Psych 2000, 61: 594-9.
150. Wetzel, H., Anghelescu, I., Szegedi, A. et al. Pharmacokinetic interactions of clozapine with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: Differential effects of fluvoxamine and paroxetine in a prospective study. J Clin Psychopharm 1998, 18: 2-9.
151. Becquemont, L., Ragueneau, I., Le Bot, M.A. et al. Influence of the CYP1A2 inhibitor fluvoxamine on tacrine pharmacokinetics in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997, 61: 619-27.
152. Teilmann Larsen, J., Lindal Hansen, L., Spigset, O., Brosen, K. Fluvoxamine is a potent inhibitor of tacrine metabolism in vivo. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1999, 55: 375-82.
153. Jeppesen, U., Loft, S., Poulsen, H.E., Brosen, K. A fluvoxamine-caffeine interaction study. Pharmacogenetics 1996, 6: 213-22.
154. Sarich, T., Kalhorn, T., Magee, S. et al. The effect of omeprazole pretreatment on acetaminophen metabolism in rapid and slow metabolizers of S-mephenytoin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997, 62: 21-8.
155. Rizzo, N., Padoin, C., Palombo, S., Scherrmann, J.M., Girre, C. Omeprazole and lansoprazole are not inducers of cytochrome P4501A2 under conventional therapeutic conditions. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1996, 49: 491-5.
156. Xiaodong, S., Gatti, G., Bartoli, A. et al. Omeprazole does not enhance the metabolism of phenacetin, a marker of CYP1A2 activity, in healthy volunteers. Ther Drug Monit 1994, 16: 248-50.
157. Rost, K.L., Roots, I. Accelerated caffeine metabolism after omeprazole treatment is indicated by urinary metabolite ratios: Coincidence with plasma clearance and breath test. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1994, 55: 402-11.
158. Butler, M.A., Lang, N.P., Young, J.F. et al. Determination of CYP1A2 and NAT2 phenotypes in human populations by analysis of caffeine urinary metabolites. Pharmacogenetics 1992, 2: 116-27.
159. Schrenk, D., Brockmeier, D., Morike, K., Bock, K.W., Eichelbaum, M. A distribution study of CYP1A2 phenotypes among smokers and non-smokers in a cohort of healthy Caucasian volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1998, 53: 361-7.
160. Maenpaa, J., Juvonen, R., Raunio, H., Rautio, A., Pelkonen, O. Metabolic interactions of methoxsalen and coumarin in humans and mice. Biochem Pharmacol 1994, 48: 1363-9.
161. Sellers, E.M., Kaplan, H.L., Tyndale, R.F. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 2A6 increases nicotine's oral bioavailability and decreases smoking. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000, 68: 35-43.
162. Williams, M.L., Wainer, I.W., Embree, L., Barnett, M., Granvil, C.L., Ducharme, M.P. Enantioselective induction of cyclophosphamide metabolism by phenytoin. Chirality 1999, 11: 569-74.
163. Ducharme, M.P., Bernstein, M.L., Granvill, C.P., Gehrcke, B., Wainer, I.W. Phenytoin-induced alteration in the N-dechloroethylation of ifosfamide stereoisomers. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1997, 40: 531-3.
164. Hassan, M., Ljungman, P., Ringden, O. et al. The effect of busulphan on the pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide and its 4-hydroxy metabolite: Time interval influence on therapeutic efficacy and therapy-related toxicity. Bone Marrow Transplant 2000, 25: 915-24.
165. Hesse, L.M., Venkatakrishnan, K., Court, M.H. et al. CYP2B6 mediates the in vitro hydroxylation of bupropion: Potential drug interactions with other antidepressants. Drug Metab Disp 2000, 28: 1176-83.
166. Sonnichsen, D.S., Liu, Q., Scheutz, E.G., Schuetz, J.D., Pappo, A., Relling, M.V. Variability in human cytochrome P450 paclitaxel metabolism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995, 275: 566-75.
167. Baldwin, S.J., Clarke, S.E., Chenery, R.J. Characterization of the cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the in vitro metabolism of rosiglitazone. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999, 48: 424-32.
168. Klotz, U., Sailer, D. Drug interactions - Their impact on safe drug therapy as exemplified by the novel class of thiazolidinediones (glitazones). Arzneim-Forsch 2001, 51: 112-7.
169. Kerr, B.M., Thummel, K.E., Wurden, C.J. et al. Human liver carbamazepine metabolism. Role of CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 in 10,11-epoxide formation. Biochem Pharmacol 1994, 47: 1969-79.
170. Kraemer, G., Theisohn, M., Von Unruh, G.E., Eichelbaum, M. Carbamazepine-danazol drug interaction: Its mechanism examined by a stable isotope technique. Ther Drug Monit 1986, 8: 387-92.
171. Barzaghi, N., Gatti, G., Crema, F. et al. Inhibition by erythromycin
172. Van Haarst, A.D., Van Gerven, J.M.A., Cohen, A.F. et al. The effects of moclobemide on the pharmacokinetics of the 5-HT1B/1D agonist rizatriptan in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999, 48: 190-6.
173. Rolan, P. Potential drug interactions with the novel antimigraine compound zolmitriptan (Zomig®, 311C90). Cephalagia 1997, 17 (Suppl. 18): 21-7.
174. Lake, B.G., Ball, S.E., Kao, J., Renwick, A.B., Price, R.J., Scatina, J.A. Metabolism of zaleplon by human liver: Evidence for involvement of aldehyde oxidase. Xenobiotica 2002, 32: 835-47.
175. Renwick, A.B., Ball, S.E., Tredger, J.M. et al. Inhibition of zaleplon metabolism by cimetidine in the human liver: In vitro studies with subcellular fractions and precision-cut liver slices. Xenobiotica 2002, 32: 849-62.
176. Zimm, S., Collins, J.M., O'Neill, D., Chabner, B.A., Poplack, D.G. Inhibition of first-pass metabolism in cancer chemotherapy: Interaction of 6-mercaptopurine and allopurinol. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1983, 34: 810-7.
177. Coffey, J.J., White, C.A., Lesk, A.B., Rogers, W.I., Serpick, A.A. Effect of allopurinol on the pharmacokinetics of 6-mercaptopurine (NSC 755) in cancerpatients. Cancer Res 1972, 32: 1283-9.
178. Jacobsen, D., Sebastian, C.S., Dies, D.F. et al. Kinetic interactions between 4-methylpyrazole and ethanol in healthy humans. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1996, 20: 804-9.
179. Roine, R., Gentry, R.T., Hernández-Muñoz R., Baraona, E., Lieber, C.S. Aspirin increases blood alcohol concentrations in humans after ingestion of ethanol. J Am Med Assoc 1990, 264: 2406-8.
180. Abernethy, D.R., Greenblatt, D.J., Ameer, B., Shader, R.I. Probenecid impairment of acetaminophen and lorazepam clearance: Direct inhibition of ether glucuronide formation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1985, 234: 345-9.
181. Hedaya, M.A., Elmquist, W.F., Sawchuk, R.J. Probenecid inhibits the metabolic and renal clearances of zidovudine (AZT) in human volunteers. Pharm Res 1990, 7: 411-7.
182. Veenendaal, J.R., Brooks, P.M., Meffin, P.J. Probenecid-clofibrate interaction. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1981, 29: 351-8.
183. Upton, R.A., Williams, R.L., Buskin, J.N., Jones, R.M. Effects of probenecid on ketoprofen kinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1982, 31: 705-12.
184. Anderson, G.D., Gidal, B.E., Kantor, E.D., Wilensky, A.J. Lorazepam-valproate interaction: Studies in normal subjects and isolated perfused rat liver. Epilepsia 1994, 35: 221-5.
185. Lertora, J.J., Rege, A.B., Greenspan, D.L. Pharmacokinetic interaction between zidovudine and valproic acid in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1994, 56: 272-8.
186. Yuen, A.W.C., Land, G., Weatherly, B.C., Peck, A.W. Sodium valproate inhibits lamotrigine metabolism. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1992, 33: 511-3.
187. Backman, J.T., Kyrklund, C., Kivisto, K.T., Wang, J.S., Neuvonen, P.J. Plasma concentrations of active simvastatin acid are increased by gemfibrozil. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000, 68: 122-9.
188. Prueksaritanont, T., Zhao, J.J., Ma, B. et al. Mechanistic studies on metabolic interactions between gemfibrozil and statins. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002, 301: 1042-51.
189. Gallicano, K.D., Sahai, J., Shukla, V.K. et al. Induction of zidovudine glucuronidation and amination pathways by rifampicin in HIV-infected patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999, 48: 168-79.
190. Fromm, M.F., Eckhardt, K., Li, S. et al. Loss of analgesic effect of morphine due to coadministration of rifampin. Pain 1997, 72: 261-7.
191. Patwardhan, R.V., Mitchell, M.C., Johnson, R.F., Schenker, S. Differential effects of oral contraceptive steroids on the metabolism of benzodiazepines. Hepatology 1983, 3: 248-53.
192. Relling, M.V., Hancock, M.L., Rivera, G.K. et al. Mercaptopurine therapy, intolerance and heterozygosity at the thiopurine S-methyltransferase gene locus. J Nat Cancer Inst 1999, 91: 2001-8.
193. Lewis, L.D., Benin, A., Szumlanski, C.L. Osalazine and 6-mercaptopurine-related bone marrow suppression: A possible drug-drug interaction. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997, 62: 464-75.
194. Jorga, K.M., Sedek, G., Fotteler, B.I., Zurcher, G., Nielsen, T., Aitken, J.W. Optimizing levodopa pharmacokinetics with multiple tolcapone doses in the elderly. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997, 62: 300-10.
195. Wandel, C., Kim, R.B., Kajiji, S., Guengerich, F.P., Wilkinson, G.R., Wood, A.J.J. P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P-450 3A inhibition: Dissociation of inhibitory potencies. Cancer Res 1999, 59: 3944-8.
196. Dorian, P., Strauss, M., Cardella, C. et al. Digoxin-cyclosporine interaction: Severe digitalis toxicity after cyclosporine treatment. Clin Invest Med 1988, 11: 108-12.
197. Pedersen, K.E., Christiansen, B.D., Klitgaard, N.A., Nielsen-Kudsk, F. Effect of quinidine on digoxin bioavailability. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1983, 24: 41-7.
198. Angelin, B., Arvidsson, A., Dahlqvist, R., Hedman, A., Schenck-Gustafsson, K. Quinidine reduces biliary clearance of digoxin in man. Eur J Clin Invest 1987, 17: 262-5.
199. Hedman, A., Angelin, B., Arvidsson, A., Dahlqvist, R., Nilsson, B. Interactions in the renal and biliary elimination of digoxin: Stereoselective difference between quinine and quinidine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1990, 47: 20-6.
200. Pedersen, K.E., Christiansen, B.D., Kjaer, K., Klitgaard, N.A., Nielsen-Kudsk, F. Verapamil-induced changes in digoxin kinetics and intra-erythrocytic sodium concentration. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1983, 34: 8-13.
201. Partanen, J., Jalava, K.M., Neuvonen, P.J. Itraconazole increases serum digoxin concentration. Pharmacol Toxicol 1996, 79: 274-6.
202. Kovarik, J.M., Rigaudy, L., Guerret, M., Gerbeau, C., Rost, K.L. Longitudinal assessment of a P-glycoprotein-mediated drug interaction of valspodar on digoxin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999, 66: 391-400.
203. Muck, W., Mai, I., Fritsche, L. et al. Increase in cerivastatin systemic exposure after single and multiple dosing in cyclosporine-treated kidney transplant recipients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999, 65: 251-61.
204. Malingre, M.M., Richel, D.J., Beijnen, J.H. et al. Coadministration of cyclosporine strongly enhances the oral bioavailability of docetaxel. J Clin Oncol 2001, 19: 1160-6.
205. Meerum Terwogt, J.M., Malingre, M.M., Beijnen, J.H. et al. Coadministration of oral cyclosporin A enables oral therapy with paclitaxel. Clin Canc Res 1999, 5: 3379-84.
206. Rushing, D.A., Raber, S.R., Rodvold, K.A., Piscitelli, S.C., Plank, G.S., Tewksbury, D.A. The effects of cyclosporine on the pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin in patients with small cell lung cancer. Cancer 1994, 74: 834-41.
207. Lum, B.L., Kaubisch, S., Yahanda, A.M. et al. Alteration of etoposide pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics by cyclosporine in a phase I trial to modulate multidrug resistance. J Clin Oncol 1992, 10: 1635-42.
208. Olbricht, C., Wanner, C., Eisenhauer, T. et al. Accumulation of lovastatin, but not pravastatin, in the blood of cyclosporine-treated kidney graft patients after multiple doses. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997, 62: 311-21.
209. Arnadottir, M., Eriksson, L.O., Thysell, H., Karkas, J.D. Plasma concentration profiles of simvastatin 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitory activity in kidney trahsplant recipients with and without ciclosporin. Nephron 1993, 65: 410-3.
210. Giaccone, G., Linn, S.C., Welink, J. et al. A dose-finding and pharmacokinetic study of reversal of multidrug resistance with SDZ PSC 833 in combination with doxorubicin in patients with solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 1997 3: 2005-15.
211. Sonneveld, P., Marie, J.P., Huisman, C. et al. Reversal of multidrug resistance by SDZ PSC 833, combined with VAD (vincristine, doxorubicin, dexamethasone) in refractory multiple myeloma. A phase I study. Leukemia 1996, 10: 1741-50.
212. Sadeque, A.J., Wandel, C., He, H., Shah, S., Wood, A.J. Increased drug delivery to the brain by P-glycoprotein inhibition. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000, 68: 231-7.
213. Johne, A., Brockmoller, J., Bauer, S., Maurer, A., Langheinrich, M., Roots, I. Pharmacokinetic interaction of digoxin with an herbal extract from St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum). Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999, 66: 338-45.
214. Durr, D., Stieger, B., Kullak-Ublick, G.A. et al. St John's wort induces intestinal P-glycoprotein/MDR1 and intestinal and hepatic CYP3A4. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000, 68: 598-604.
215. Henderson, L., Yue, Q.Y., Bergquist, C., Gerden, B., Arlett, P. St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum): Drug interactions and clinical outcomes. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002, 54: 349-56.
216. Ayrton, A., Morgan, P. Role of transport proteins in drug absorption, distribution and excretion. Xenobiotica 2001, 31: 469-97.
217. Masereeuw, R., Russel, F.G.M. Mechanisms and clinical implications of renal drug excretion. Drug Metab Rev 2001, 33: 299-51.
218. Bonate, P.L., Reith, K., Weir, S. Drug interactions at the renal level: Implications for drug development. Clin Pharmacokinet 1998, 34: 375-404.
219. Somogyi, A., Stockley, C., Keal, J., Rolan, P., Bochner, F. Reduction of metformin renal tubular secretion by cimetidine in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1987, 23: 545-51.
220. Muirhead, M.R., Somogyi, A.A., Rolan, P.E., Bochner, F. Effect of cimetidine on renal and hepatic drug elimination: Studies with triamterene. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1986, 40: 400-7.
221. Inotsume, N., Nishimura, M, Nakano, M., Fujiyama, S., Sato, T. The inhibitory effect of probenecid on renal excretion of famotidine in young healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 1990, 30: 50-6.
222. Hoener, B.A., Benet, L.Z. Changes in plasma binding have little clinical relevance. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002, 71: 115-21.
223. Ahonen, J., Olkkola, K.T., Neuvonen, RJ. Effect of route of administration of fluconazole on the interaction between fluconazole and midazolam. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1997, 51: 415-9.
224. Alfaro, C.L., Lam, Y.W.F., Simpson, J., Ereshefsky, L. CYP2D6 inhibition by fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, and venlafaxine in a cross-over study: Intraindividual variability and plasma concentration correlations. J Clin Pharmacol 2000, 40: 58-66.
225. Amchin, J., Ereshefsky, L., Zarycranski, W., Taylor, K., Albano, D., Klockowski, P.M. Effect of venlafaxine versus fluoxetine on metabolism of dextromethorphan, a CYP2D6 probe. J Clin Pharmacol 2001, 41: 443-51.
226. Arlander, E., Ekstrom, G., Alm, C. et al. Metabolism of ropivacaine in humans is mediated by CYP1A2 and to a minor extent by CYP3A4: An interaction study with fluvoxamine and ketoconazole as in vivo inhibitors. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998, 64: 484-91.
227. Baber, N., Halliday, L., Sibeon, R., Littler, T., Orme, M.L.E. The interaction between indomethacin and probenecid. A clinical and pharmacokinetic study. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1978, 24: 298-307.
228. Backman, J.T., Kivisto, K.T., Olkkola, K.T., Neuvonen, P.J. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve for oral midazolam is 400-fold larger during treatment with itraconazole than with rifampicin. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1998, 54: 53-8.
229. Backman, J.T., Wang, J.S., Wen, X., Kivisto, K.T., Neuvonen, P.J. Mibefradil but not isradipine substantially elevates the plasma concentrations of the CYP3A4 substrate triazolam. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999, 66: 401-7.
230. Belle, D.J., Ernest, C.S., Sauer, J.M., Smith, B. P., Thomasson, H.R., Witcher, J.W. Effect of potent CYP2D6 inhibition by paroxetine on atomoxetine pharmacokinetics. J Clin Pharmacol 2002, 42: 1219-27.
231. Bergstrom, R.F., Peyton, A.L., Lemberger, L. Quantification and mechanism of the fluoxetine and tricyclic antidepressant interaction. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992, 51: 239-48.
232. Binet, I., Wallfnaur, A., Weber, C., Jones, R., Thiel, G. Renal hemodynamics and pharmacokinetics of bosentan with and without cyclosporine A. Kidney Int 2000, 57: 224-31.
233. Blum, R.A., Wilton, J.H., Hilligoss, D.M. et al. Effect of fluconazole on the disposition of phenytoin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1991, 49: 415-20.
234. Bondolfi, G., Eap, C.B., Bertschy, G., Zullino, D., Vermeulen, A., Baumann, P. The effect of fluoxetine on the pharmacokinetics and safety of risperidone in psychotic patients. Pharmacopsychiatry 2002, 35: 50-6.
235. Caraco, Y., Sheller, J., Wood, A.J.J. Pharmacogenetic determination of the effects of codeine and prediction of drug interactions. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1996, 278: 1165-74.
236. Desmond, P.V., Mashford, M.L., Harman, P.J., Morphett, B.J., Breen, K.J., Wang, Y.M. Decreased oral warfarin clearance after ranitidine and cimetidine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1984, 35: 338-41.
237. Eap, C.B., Guentert, T.W., Schaublin-Loidl, M. et al. Plasma levels of the enantiomers of thioridazine, thioridazine 2-sulfoxide, thioridazine 2-sulfone, and thioridazine 5-sulfoxide in poor and extensive metabolizers of dextromethorphan and mephenytoin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996, 59: 322-31.
238. El-Yazigi, A., Chaleby, K., Gad, A., Raines, D.A. Steady-state kinetics of fluoxetine and amitriptyline in patients treated with a combination of these drugs as compared with those treated with amitriptyline alone. J Clin Pharmacol 1995, 35: 17-21.
239. Fichtenbaum, C.J., Gerber, J.G., Rosenkranz, S.L. et al. Pharmacokinetic interactions between protease inhibitors and statins in HIV seronegative volunteers: ACTG study A5047. AIDS 2002, 16: 569-77.
240. First, M.R., Schroeder, T.J., Alexander, J.W. et al. Cyclosporine dose reduction by ketoconazole administration in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 1991, 51: 365-70.
241. Fleishaker, J.C., Pearson, P.G., Wienkers, L.C., Pearson, L.K., Peters, G.R. Biotransformation of tirilazad in human: 2. Effect of ketoconazole on tirilazad clearance and oral bioavailability. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1996, 277: 991-8.
242. Floren, L.C., Bekersky, I., Benet, L.Z. et al. Tacrolimus oral bioavailability doubles with co-administration of ketoconazole. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997, 62: 41-9.
243. Frye, R.F., Tammara, B., Cowart, T.D., Bramer, S.L. Effect of disulfiram-mediated CYP2E1 inhibition on the disposition of vesnarinone. J Clin Pharmacol 1999, 39: 1177-83.
244. Frye, R.F., Branch, R.A. Effect of chronic disulfiram administration on the activities of CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, and N-acetyltransferase in healthy human subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002, 53: 155-62.
245. Funck-Brentano, C., Turgeon, J., Woosley, R.L., Roden, D.M. Effect of low dose quinidine on encainide pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Influence of genetic polymorphism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1989, 249: 134-42.
246. Furukori, H., Kondo, T., Yasui, N. et al. Effects of itraconazole on the steady-state plasma concentrations of bromperidol and reduced bromperidol in schizophrenic patients. Psychopharmacology 1999, 145: 189-92.
247. Furuta, T., Ohashi, K., Kobayashi, K. et al. Effects of clarithromycin on the metabolism of omeprazole in relation to CYP2C19 genotype status in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999, 66: 265-74.
248. Gebhardt, A.C., Lucas, D., Menez, J.F., Seitz, H.K. Chlormethiazole inhibition of cytochrome P450 2E1 as assessed by chlorzoxazone hydroxylation in humans. Hepatology 1997, 26: 957-61.
249. Glynn, A.M., Slaughter, R.L., Brass, C., D'Ambrosio, R., Jusko, W.J. Effect of ketoconazole on methylprednisolone pharmacokinetics and cortisol secretion. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1986, 39: 654-9.
250. Gorski, J.C., Jones, D.R., Haehner-Daniels, B.D., Hamman, M.A., O'Mara, E.M., Hall, S.D. The contribution of intestinal and hepatic CYP 3A to the interaction between midazolam and clarithromycin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998, 64: 133-43.
251. Greenblatt, D.J., Von Moltke, L.L., Harmatz, J.S. et al. Inhibition of triazolam clearance by macrolide antimicrobial agents: In vitro correlates and dynamic consequences. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998, 64: 278-85.
252. Greenblatt, D.J., Von Moltke, L.L., Harmatz, J.S. et al. Alprazolam-ritonavir interaction: Implications for product labeling. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000, 67: 335-41.
253. Greenblatt, D.J., Von Moltke, L.L., Harmatz, J.S. et al. Differential impairment of triazolam and zolpidem clearance by ritonavir. J Acq Imm Def Synd 2000, 24: 129-36.
254. Gupta, S.K., Bakran, A., Johnson, R.W., Rowland, M. Cyclosporin-erythromycin interaction in renal transplant patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1989, 27: 475-81.
255. Haefeli, W.E., Bargetzi, M.J., Follath, F., Meyer, U.A. Potent inhibition of cytochrome P45011D6 (debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase) by flecainide in vitro and in vivo. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1990, 15: 776-9.
256. Heinig, R., Adelmann, H.G., Ahr, G. The effect of ketoconazole on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of nisoldipine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1999, 55: 57-60.
257. Hemeryck, A., Lefebvre, R.A., De Vriendt, C., Belpaire, F.M. Paroxetine affects metoprolol pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000, 67: 283-91.
258. Honig, RK., Woosley, R.L., Zamani, K., Conner, D.P., Cantilena, L.R., Jr. Changes in the pharmacokinetics and electrocardiograph pharmacodynamics of terfenadine with concomitant administration of erythromycin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992, 52: 231-8.
259. Honig, P.K., Wortham, D.C., Hull, R., Zamani, K., Smith, J.E., Cantilena, L.R. Itraconazole affects single-dose terfenadine pharmacokinetics and cardiac repolarization pharmacodynamics. J Clin Pharmacol 1993, 33: 1201-6.
260. Hsyu, P.H., Schultz-Smith, M.D., Lillibridge, J.H., Lewis, R.H., Kerr, B.M. Pharmacokinetic interactions between nelfinavir and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors atorvastatin and simvastatin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001, 45: 3445-50.
261. Kantola, T., Kivisto, K.T., Neuvonen, P.J. Erythromycin and verapamil considerably increase serum simvastatin and simvastatin acid concentrations. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998, 64: 177-82.
262. Kantola, T., Kivistoe, K.T., Neuvonen, P.J. Effect of itraconazole on the pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998, 64: 58-65.
263. Kehrer, D.F.S., Mathijssen, R.H.J., Verweij, J., de Bruijn, P., Sparreboom, A. Modulation of irinotecan metabolism by ketoconazole. J Clin Oncol 2002, 20: 3122-9.
264. Kharasch, E.D., Hankins, D.C., Cox, K. Clinical isoflurane metabolism by cytochrome P450 2E1. Anesthesiology 1999, 90: 766-71.
265. Kharasch, E.D., Thummel, K.E., Mautz, D., Bosse, S. Clinical enflurane metabolism by cytochrome P450 2E1. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1994, 55: 434-40.
266. Kharasch, E.D., Thummel, K.E., Mhyre, J., Lillibridge, J.H. Single-dose disulfiram inhibition of chlorzoxazone metabolism: A clinical probe for P450 2E1. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993, 53: 643-50.
267. Kharasch, E.D., Russell, M., Mautz, D. et al. The role of cytochrome P450 3A4 in alfentanil clearance. Implications for interindividual variability in disposition and perioperative drug interactions. Anesthesiology 1997, 87: 36-50.
268. Kivisto, K.T., Lamberg, T.S., Kantola, T., Neuvonen, P.J. Plasma buspirone concentrations are greatly increased by erythromycin and itraconazole. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997, 62: 348-54.
269. Kivisto, K.T., Lamberg, T.S., Neuvonen, P.J. Interactions of buspirone with itraconazole and rifampicin: Effects on the pharmacokinetics of the active 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)piperazine metabolite of buspirone. Pharmacol Toxicol 1999, 84: 94-7.
270. Kivisto, K.T., Kantola, T., Neuvonen, P.J. Different effects of itraconazole on the pharmacokinetics of fluvastatin and lovastatin. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1998, 46: 49-53.
271. Kosoglou, T., Salfi, M., Lim, J.M., Batra, V.K., Cayen, M.N., Affrime, M.B. Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and electrocardiographic pharmacodynamics of loratadine with concomitant administration of ketoconazole or cimetidine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000, 50: 581-9.
272. Lamberg, T.S., Kivisto, K.T., Neuvonen, P.J. Effects of verapamil and diltiazem on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of buspirone. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998, 63: 640-5.
273. Lebrun-Vignes, B., Archer, V.C., Diquet, B. et al. Effect of itraconazole on the pharmacokinetics of prednisolone and methylprednisolone and cortisol secretion in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2001, 51: 443-50.
274. Leclercq, I., Desager, J.P., Horsmans, Y. Inhibition of chlorzoxazone metabolism, a clinical probe for CYP2E1, by a single ingestion of watercress. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998, 64: 144-9.
275. Lehmann, J.M., McKee, D.D., Watson, M.A., Willson, T.M., Moore, J.T., Kliewer, S.A. The human orphan nuclear receptor PXR is activated by compounds that regulate CYP3A4 gene expression and cause drug interactions. J Clin Inv 1998, 102: 1016-23.
276. Llerena, A., Berecz, R., De la Rubia, A., Norberto, M.J., Benitez, J. Use of the mesoridazine/thioridazine ratio as a marker for CYP2D6 enzyme activity. Ther Drug Monit 2000, 22: 397-401.
277. Lucas, D., Menez, C., Girre, C., Bodenez, P., Hispard, E., Menez, J.F. Decrease in cytochrome P4502E1 as assessed by the rate of chlorzoxazone hydroxylation in alcoholics during the withdrawal phase. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1995, 19: 362-6.
278. Lukkari, E., Juhakoski, A., Aranko, K., Neuvonen, P.J. Itraconazole moderately increases serum concentrations of oxybutynin but does not affect those of the active metabolite. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1997, 52: 403-6.
279. Luo, G., Cunningham, M., Kim, S. et al. CYP3A4 induction by drugs: Correlation between a pregnane X receptor reporter gene assay and CYP3A4 expression in human hepatocytes. Drug Metab Disp 2002, 30: 795-804.
280. Madsen, J.K., Jensen, J.D., Jensen, L.W., Pedersen, E.B. Pharmacokinetic interaction between cyclosporine and the dihydropyridine calcium antagonist felodipine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1996, 50: 203-38.
281. Markowitz, J.S., DeVane, C.L., Liston, H.L., Boulton, D.W., Risch, S.C. The effects of probenecid on the disposition of risperidone and olanzapine in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002, 71: 30-8.
282. Masica, A.L., Azie, N.E., Brater, D.C., Hall, S.D., Jones, D.R. Intravenous diltiazem and CYP3A-mediated metabolism. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000, 50: 273-6.
283. Mazzu, A.L., Lasseter, K.C., Shamblen, E.C., Agarwal, V., Lettieri, J., Sundaresen, P. Itraconazole alters the pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin to a greater extent than either cerivastatin or pravastatin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000, 68: 391-400.
284. McCance-Katz, E.F., Rainey, P.M., Jatlow, P., Friedland, G. Methadone effects on zidovudine disposition (AIDS clinical trials group 262). J AIDS 1998, 18: 435-43.
285. McCrea, J., Prueksaritanont, T., Gertz, B.J. et al. Concurrent administration of the erythromycin breath test (EBT) and oral midazolam as in vivo probes for CYP3A activity. J Clin Pharmacol 1999, 39: 1212-20.
286. Mousa, O., Brater, D.C., Sundblad, K.J., Hall, S.D. The interaction of diltiazem with simvastatin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000, 67: 267-74.
287. Muirhead, G.J., Wulff, M.B., Fielding, A., Kleinermans, D., Buss, N. Pharmacokinetic interactions between sildenafil and saquinavir/ritonavir. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000, 50: 99-107.
288. Naganuma, M., Shiga, T., Nishikata, K., Tsuchiya, T., Kasanuki, H., Fujii, E. Role of desethylamiodarone in the anticoagulant effect of concurrent amiodarone and warfarin therapy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2001, 6: 363-7.
289. Neuvonen, P.J., Tokola, R.A., Kaste, M. Cimetidine-phenytoin interaction: Effect on serum phenytoin concentration and antipyrine test. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1981, 21: 215-20.
290. Neuvonen, P.J., Kantola, T., Kivisto, K.T. Simvastatin but not pravastatin is very susceptible to interaction with the CYP3A4 inhibitor itraconazole. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998, 63: 332-41.
291. Neuvonen, P.J., Varhe, A., Olkkola, K.T. The effect of ingestion time interval on the interaction between itraconazole and triazolam. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996, 60: 326-31.
292. Ohashi, K., Tateishi, T., Sudo, T. et al. Effects of diltiazem on the pharmacokinetics of nifedipine. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1990, 15: 96-101.
293. O'Shea, D., Kim, R.B., Wilkinson, G.R. Modulation of CYP2E1 activity by isoniazid in rapid and slow N-acetylators. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1997, 43: 99-103.
294. Ouellet, D., Hsu, A., Granneman, G.R. et al. Pharmacokinetic interaction between ritonavir and clarithromycin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998, 64: 355-62.
295. Ozdemir, V., Naranjo, C.A., Herrmann, N., Reed, K., Sellers, E.M., Kalow, W. Paroxetine potentiates the central nervous system side effects of perphenazine: Contribution of cytochrome P4502D6 Inhibition in vivo. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997, 62: 334-47.
296. Palkama, V.J., Isohanni, M.H., Neuvonen, P.J., Olkkola, K.T. The effect of intravenous and oral fluconazole on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous alfentanil. Anesth Analg 1998, 87: 190-4.
297. Palkama, V.J., Ahonen, J., Neuvonen, P.J., Olkkola, K.T. Effect of saquinavir on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral and intravenous midazolam. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999, 66: 33-9.
298. Phimmasone, S., Kharasch, E.D. A pilot evaluation of alfentanil-induced miosis as a noninvasive probe for hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) activity in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001, 70: 505-17.
299. Schellens, J.H.M., Ghabrial, H., Van der Wart, H.H.F., Bakker, E.N., Wilkinson, G.R., Breimer, D.D. Differential effects of quinidine on the disposition of nifedipine, sparteine, and mephenytoin in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1991, 50: 520-8.
300. Schmider, J., Brockmoller, J., Arold, G., Bauer, S., Roots, I. Simultaneous assessment of CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 activity in vivo with alprazolam and caffeine. Pharmacogenetics 1999, 9: 725-34.
301. Shum, L., Pieniaszek, H.J. Jr., Robinson, C.A. et al. Pharmacokinetic interactions of moricizine and diltiazem in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 1996, 36: 1161-8.
302. Smith, P.C., Langendijk, P.N., Bosso, J.A., Benet, L.Z. Effect of probenecid on the formation and elimination of acyl glucuronides: Studies with zomipirac. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1985, 38: 121-7.
303. Spina, E., Avenoso, A., Facciola, G., Scordo, M.G., Ancione, M., Madia, A. Plasma concentrations of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone during combined treatment with paroxetine. Ther Drug Monit 2001, 23: 223-7.
304. Spina, E., Avenoso, A., Scordo, M.G. et al. Inhibition of risperidone metabolism by fluoxetine in patients with schizophrenia: A clinically relevant pharmacokinetic drug interaction. J Clin Psychopharm 2002, 22: 419-23.
305. Steiner, E., Dumont, E., Spina, E., Dahlqvist, R. Inhibition of desipramine 2-hydroxylation by quinidine and quinine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1988, 43: 577-81.
306. Szegedi, A., Wetzel, H., Leal, M., Haertter, S., Hiemke, C. Combination treatment with clomipramine and fluvoxamine: Drug monitoring, safety, and tolerability data. J Clin Psych 1996, 57: 257-64.
307. Tateishi, T., Ohashi, K., Sudo, T. et al. Dose dependent effect of diltiazem on the pharmacokinetics of nifedipine. J Clin Pharmacol 1989, 29: 994-7.
308. Tayrouz, Y., Ganssmann, B., Ding, R. et al. Ritonavir increases loperamide plasma concentrations without evidence for P-glycoprotein involvement. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001, 70: 405-414.
309. Toon, S., Low, L.K., Gibaldi, M. et al. The warfarin-sulfinpyrazone interaction: Stereochemical considerations. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1986, 39: 15-24.
310. Touchette, M.A., Chandrasekar, P.H., Milad, M.A., Edwards, D.J. Contrasting effects of fluconazole and ketoconazole on phenytoin and testosterone disposition in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1992, 34: 75-8.
311. van Giersbergen, P.L.M., Halabi, A., Dingemanse, J. Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of bosentan and its interaction with ketoconazole. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002, 53: 589-95.
312. Van Haarst, A.D., van't Klooster, G.A., van Gerven, J.M. et al. The influence of cisapride and clarithromycin on QT intervals in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998, 64: 542-6.
313. Varhe, A., Olkkola, K.T., Neuvonen, P.J. Diltiazem enhances the effects of triazolam by inhibiting its metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996, 59: 369-75.
314. Varhe, A., Olkkola, K.T., Neuvonen, P.J. Effect of fluconazole dose on the extent of fluconazole-triazolam interaction. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1996, 42: 465-70.
315. Varhe, A., Olkkola, K.T., Neuvonen, P.J. Oral triazolam is potentially hazardous to patients receiving systemic antimycotics ketoconazole or itraconazole. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1994, 56: 601-7.
316. Varis, T., Kivisto, K.T., Backman, J.T., Neuvonen, P.J. Itraconazole decreases the clearance and enhances the effects of intravenously administered methylprednisolone in healthy volunteers. Pharmacol Toxicol 1999, 85: 29-32.
317. Varis, T., Kaukonen, K.M., Kivisto, K.T., Neuvonen, P.J. Plasma concentrations and effects of oral methylprednisolone are considerably increased by itraconazole. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998, 64: 363-8.
318. Varis, T., Backman, J.T., Kivisto, K.T., Neuvonen, P.J. Diltiazem and mibefradil increase the plasma concentrations and greatly enhance the adrenal-suppressant effect of oral methylprednisolone. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000, 67: 215-21.
319. Von Moltke, L.L., Greenblatt, D.J., Duan, S.X., Harmatz, J.S., Shader, R.I. In vitro prediction of the terfenadine-ketoconazole pharmacokinetic interaction. J Clin Pharmacol 1994, 34: 1222-7.
320. Von Moltke, L.L., Greenblatt, D.J., Duan, S.X. et al. Triazolam biotransformation by human liver microsomes in vitro: Effects of metabolic inhibitors and clinical conformation of a predicted interaction with ketoconazole. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1996, 276: 370-9.
321. Warot, D., Bergougnan, L., Lamiable, D. et al. Troleandomycin-triazolam interaction in healthy volunteers: Pharmacokinetic and psychometric evaluation. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1987, 32: 389-93.
322. Wilder-Smith, C.H., Hufschmid, E., Thormann, W. The visceral and somatic antinociceptive effects of dihydrocodeine and its metabolite, dihydromorphine. A cross-over study with extensive and quinidine-induced poor metabolizers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1998, 45: 575-81.
323. Yasui, N., Kondo, T., Otani, K. et al. Effect of itraconazole on the single oral dose pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of alprazolam. Psychopharmacology 1998, 139: 269-73.
324. Zhang, Y., Britto, M.R., Valderhaug, K.L., Wedlund, P.J., Smith, R.A. Dextromethorphan: Enhancing its systemic availability by way of low-dose quinidine-mediated inhibition of cytochrome P4502D6. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992, 51: 647-55.
325. Zhou, H.H., Anthony, L.B., Roden, D.M., Wood, A.J.J. Quinidine reduces clearance of (+)-propranolol more than (-)-propranolol through marked reduction in 4-hydroxylation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1990, 47: 686-93.
326. Kaukonen, K.M., Olkkola, K.T., Neuvonen, P.J. Itraconazole increases plasma concentrations of quinidine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997, 62: 510-7.
327. Lefebvre, R.A., Van Peer, A., Woestenborghs, R. Influence of itraconazole on the pharmacokinetics and electrocardiographic effects of astemizole. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1997, 43: 319-22.
328. Simooya, O.O., Sijumbil, G., Lennard, M.S., Tucker, G.T. Halofantrine and chloroquine inhibit CYP2D6 activity in healthy Zambians. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1998, 45: 315-7.
329. Backman, J.T., Kyrklund, C., Neuvonen, M., Neuvonen, P.J. Gemfibrozil greatly increases plasma concentrations of cerivastatin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002, 72: 685-91.
330. Kyrklund, C., Backman, J.T., Kivisto, K.T., Neuvonen, M., Laitila, J., Neuvonen, P.J. Plasma concentrations of active lovastatin acid are markedly increased by gemfibrozil but not by bezafibrate. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001, 69: 340-5.
331. Shitara, Y., Itoh, T., Sato, H., Li, A.P., Sugiyama, Y. Inhibition of transporter-mediated hepatic uptake as a mechanism for drug-drug interaction between cerivastatin and cyclosporin A. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003, 304: 610-6.
332. Sofowora, G.G., Choo, E.F., Mayo, G., Shyr, Y., Wilkinson, G.R. In vivo inhibition of human CYP1A2 activity by oltipraz. Canc Chemother Pharmacol 2001, 47: 505-10.
333. Ayesh, R., Dawling, S., Hayler, A. et al. Comparative effects of the diastereoisomers, quinine and quinidine in producing phenocopy debrisoquine poor metabolisers (PMs) in healthy volunteers. Chirality 1991, 3: 14-8.