Cytochrome P450 2C9 polymorphisms: A comprehensive review of the in-vitro and human data

Pharmacogenetics

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 251-263

  Lee, Craig R ^a   Goldstein, Joyce A ^a   Pieper, John A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

CYP2C9; Phenytoin; Polymorphisms; Warfarin

Indexed keywords

CYTOCHROME P450 2C9; DICLOFENAC; LOSARTAN; PHENYTOIN; TOLBUTAMIDE; WARFARIN;

ALLELISM; AREA UNDER THE CURVE; CAUCASIAN; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG HYDROXYLATION; DRUG METABOLISM; ENZYME SUBSTRATE; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE IDENTIFICATION; GENE SEQUENCE; GENETIC CODE; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENOTYPE; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; POPULATION GENETICS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RACE DIFFERENCE; REVIEW; SEIZURE; THROMBOSIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

AFRICAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; ALLELES; ANTICOAGULANTS; ANTICONVULSANTS; ARYL HYDROCARBON HYDROXYLASES; ASIA; CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; GENETICS, POPULATION; GENOTYPE; HUMANS; PHENYTOIN; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC; STEROID 16-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID HYDROXYLASES; WARFARIN;

EID: 0036263813     PISSN: 0960314X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00008571-200204000-00010     Document Type: Review

References (81)

1. Human cytochrome P450 enzymes: A status report summarizing their reactions, substrates, inducers, and inhibitors
2. Biotransformation of xenobiotics
3. Hydroxylation of warfarin by human cDNA-expressed cytochrome P450: A role for P4502C9 in the etiology of (S)-warfarin drug interactions
4. Roles of cytochrome P4502C9 and cytochrome P4502C19 in the stereoselective metabolism of phenytoin to its major metabolite
5. Biotransformation of losartan to its active carboxylic acid metabolite in human liver microsomes
6. Role of cytochrome P-4502C9 in irbesartan oxidation by human liver microsomes
7. The use of tolbutamide as a substrate probe for human hepatic P4502C9
8. Pharmacokinetics of chlorpheniramine, phenytoin, glipizide and nifedipine in an individual homozygous for the CYP 2C9*3 allele
9. Human hepatic cytochrome P4502C9 catalyzes the rate-limiting pathway of torsemide metabolism
10. Role of cytochrome P4502C9 and an allelic variant in the 4′-hydroxylation of (R)- and (S)-flurbiprofen
11. Regioselective and stereoselective metabolism of ibuprofen by human cytochrome P4502C
12. Cytochrome P4502C9: An enzyme of major importance in human drug metabolism
13. Human cytochrome P-450 PB -1: A multigene family involved in mephenytoin and steroid oxidations that maps to chromosome 10
14. Biochemistry and molecular biology of the human CYP2C subfamily
15. Genetic analysis of the human cytochrome P450 CYP 2C9 locus
16. 359 allelic variant in the tolbutamide polymorphism
17. Allelic and functional variability of cytochrome P4502C9
18. Polymorphism of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 gene in Japanese epileptic patients: Genetic analysis of the CYP2C9 locus
19. Identification and functional characterization of a new CYP2C9 variant (CYP2C9* 5) expressed among African-Americans
20. Identification of a null allele of CYP2C9 in an African-American exhibiting toxicity to phenytoin
21. A common genetic basis for idiosyncratic toxicity of warfarin and phenytoin
22. 359 variants: Enzyme kinetic study with seven substrates
23. Clinical relevance of genetic polymorphisms in the human CYP2C subfamily
24. Association of polymorphisms in the cytochrome P450 CYP2C9 with warfarin dose requirement and risk of bleeding complications
25. The effect of genetic polymorphism of cytochrome P450 CYP2C9 on phenytoin dose requirement
26. Genetic polymorphism of cytochrome P450 2C9 in a Caucasian and black African population
27. Influence of cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 polymorphisms on warfarin sensitivity and risk of over-anticoagulation in patients on long-term treatment
28. Genetic modulation of oral anticoagulation with warfarin
29. Validation of methods for CYP2C9 genotyping: Frequencies of mutant alleles in a Swedish population
30. Frequency of cytochrome P450 CYP2C9 variants in a Turkish population and functional relevance for phenytoin
31. High frequency of mutations related to impaired CYP2C9 metabolism in a Caucasian population
32. Genetic analysis of CYP 2C9 polymorphism in a Japanese population
33. Detection of CYP2C9 polymorphism based on the polymerase chain reaction in Chinese
34. Frequency of cytochrome P450 2C9 mutant alleles in a Korean population
35. Impaired (S)-warfarin metabolism catalysed by the R144C allelic variant of CYP2C9
36. Allelic variants of human cytochrome P450 2C9: Baculovirus-mediated expression, purification, structural characterization, substrate stereoselectivity, and prochiral selectivity of the wild-type and 1359L mutant forms
37. m catalysts of cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide activation
38. Comparative studies on the catalytic roles of cytochrome P450 2C9 and its Cys- and Leu-variants in the oxidation of warfarin, flurbiprofen, and diclofenac by human liver microsomes
39. The effect of genetic polymorphisms in CYP2C9 on sulphamethoxazole N-hydroxylation
40. Catalytic activity of three variants (IIe, Leu, and Thr) at amino acid residue 359 in human CYP2C9 gene and simultaneous detection using single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis
41. Role of CYP2C9 polymorphism in losartan oxidation
42. Torsemide metabolism by CYP2C9 variants and other human CYP2C subfamily enzymes
43. Pharmacogenetics of warfarin elimination and its clinical implications
44. Substrate recognition sites in cytochrome P450 family 2 (CYP2) proteins inferred from comparative analyses of amino acid and coding nucleotide sequences
45. The R144C change in CYP 2C9* 2 allele alters interaction of the cytochrome P450 with NADPH: Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase
46. 359 variant and their mixture versus unbound clearance in patients with the corresponding CYP 2C9 genotypes
47. Genetic association between sensitivity to warfarin and expression of CYP 2C9* 3
48. Genetic polymorphism of the CYP2C subfamily and its effect on the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in Japanese patients with epilepsy
49. Genetic polymorphism of CYP2C9 and its effect on warfarin maintenance dose requirement in patients undergoing anticoagulation therapy
50. Lack of differences in diclofenac (a substrate for CYP2C9) pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers with respect to the single CYP 2C9* 3 allele
51. Implications of cytochrome P450 2C9 polymorphism on warfarin metabolism and dosing
52. Metabolism of warfarin enantiomers in Japanese patients with heart disease having different CYP 2C9 and CYP 2C19 genotypes
53. Warfarin dose requirement and CYP 2C9 polymorphisms
54. Extreme warfarin sensitivity in siblings associated with multiple cytochrome P450 polymorphisms
55. CYP 2C9* 3 allelic variant and bleeding complications
56. Genetic control of anticoagulation
57. Interindividual variability in sensitivity to warfarin - Nature or nurture?
58. Relative contributions of CYP2C9 and 2C19 to phenytoin 4-hydroxylation in vitro: Inhibition by sulfaphenazole, omeprazole, and ticlodipine
59. Phenytoin metabolic ratio: A putative marker of CYP2C9 activity in vivo
60. Phenytoin hydroxylation in a healthy Caucasian population: Bimodal distribution of hydroxyphenytoin urinary excretion
61. Insufficient parahydroxylation as a cause of diphenylhydantoin toxicity
62. Effect of CYP2C polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in Japanese patients with epilepsy
63. The effects of genetic polymorphisms of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 on phenytoin metabolism in Japanese adult patients with epilepsy: Studies in stereoselective hydroxylation and population pharmacokinetics
64. Limited value of the urinary phenytoin metabolic ratio for the assessment of cytochrome P4502C9 activity in vivo
65. Genetic polymorphism of the CYP2C subfamily and excessive serum phenytoin concentration with central nervous system intoxication
66. Severe phenytoin intoxication in a subject homozygous for CYP2C9* 3
67. Validation of the tolbutamide metabolic ratio for population screening with use of sulfaphenazole to produce model phenotypic poor metabolizers
68. Tolbutamide hydroxylation in humans: Lack of bimodality in 106 healthy subjects
69. Pharmacogenetics of tolbutamide metabolism in humans
70. Normal metabolism of debrisoquine and theophylline in a slow tolbutamide metaboliser
71. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tolbutamide and chlorpropamide in relation to CYP 2C9 and CYP 2C19
72. Cytochrome P450 TB (CYP2C): A major monooxygenase catalyzing diclofenac 4′-hydroxylation in human liver
73. Is diclofenac a valuable CYP2C9 probe in humans?
74. Effects of erythromycin or rifampin on losartan pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers
75. Phenotypic and genotypic investigations of a healthy volunteer deficient in the conversion of losartan to its active metabolite E-3174
76. Evaluation of losartan as a CYP2C9 probe
77. In-vitro metabolism of celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, by allelic variant forms of human liver microsomal cytochrome P450 2C9: Correlation with CYP 2C9 genotype and in-vivo pharmacokinetics
78. Racial differences in the response to drugs - Pointers to genetic differences
79. Identification of three new CYP variants
80. Genetic polymorphisms and functional characterization of the 5′-flanking region of the human CYP2C9 gene: In vitro and in vivo studies
81. Genetic polymorphism in exon 4 of cytochrome P450 CYP2C9 may be associated with warfarin sensitivity in Chinese patients