Hypoxia signaling to genes: Significance in Alzheimer's disease

Molecular Neurobiology

Volumn 26, Issue 2-3, 2002, Pages 283-298

  Bazan, Nicolas G ^a   Palacios Pelaez, Ricardo ^b   Lukiw, Walter J ^b  

^a LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER   (United States)

^b Diater Laboratorios   (Spain)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Beta amyloid; Brain transcription; Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX 2); Gene expression; HIF 1 ; Hypoxia; Inflammatory signaling; Ischemia; Presenilin 1 (PS1); Presenilin 2 (PS2); Reactive oxygen species (ROS)

Indexed keywords

ARACHIDONIC ACID; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2; DNA; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1; ICOSANOID; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; LEUKOTRIENE; LIPID; LYSOPHOSPHOLIPID; OXYGEN; PHOSPHOLIPASE A2; PROSTAGLANDIN; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; THROMBOCYTE ACTIVATING FACTOR;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; BRAIN CELL; BRAIN HYPOXIA; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CELL DAMAGE; CELL DEATH; CELL FUNCTION; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; DNA BINDING; ENZYME INDUCTION; GENE EXPRESSION; ICOSANOID METABOLISM; INFLAMMATION; METABOLISM; MITOCHONDRION; NERVE CELL DEGENERATION; NERVE DEGENERATION; NEUROTRANSMISSION; ONSET AGE; OXIDATION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; REPERFUSION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STRESS; SYNAPSE; SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION; UPREGULATION; VASCULARIZATION;

EID: 0036773010     PISSN: 08937648     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1385/MN:26:2-3:283     Document Type: Article

References (119)

1. Oka A. and Takashima S. (1997) Induction of cyclooxygenase 2 in brains of patients with Down's syndrome and dementia of Alzheimer type: Specific localization in affected neurones and axons. Neuroreport. 24, 1161-1164.
2. Lukiw W. J. and Bazan N. G. (1997) Cyclooxygenase 2 RNA message abundance, stability, and hypervariability in sporadic Alzheimer neocortex J. Neurosci. Res. 50, 937-945.
3. Perkins D. J. and Kniss D. A. (1997) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha promotes sustained cyclooxygenase-2 expression: Attenuation by dexamethasone and NSAIDS. Prostaglandins. 54, 727-743.
4. Tateishi N., Kagamiishi Y., Shintaku K., Shimoda T., Shinagawa R., Satoh S., and Kondo K. (1998). Activation of astrocytes and ischemic damage following the transient focal ischemia. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi 112, S1, 103P-107P.
5. Tanimukai H., Imaizumi K., Kudo T., Katayama T., Tsuda M., Takagi T., Tohyama M., and Takeda M. (1998) Alzheimer-associated presenilin-1 gene is induced in gerbil hippocampus after transient ischemia. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 54, 212-218.
6. Miake H., Tsuchiya K., Nakamura A., Ikeda K., Levesque L., Fraser P. E., St-George Hyslop P. H., Mizusawa H., and Uchihara T. (1999) Glial expression of presenilin epitopes in human brain with cerebral infarction and in astrocytoma. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.) 98, 337-340.
7. Pennypacker K. R., Hernandez H., Benkovic S., Morgan D. G., Willing A. E., and Sanberg P. R. (1999) Induction of presenilins in the rat brain after middle cerebral arterial occlusion. Brain Res. Bull. 48, 539-543.
8. Bazan N. G. and Lukiw W. J. (2002) COX-2 and PS1 Gene Expression Induced by IL-1β and Aβ42 is Potentiated by Hypoxia in Primary Human Neural Cells. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 30,359-30,367.
9. Scheff S. W. and Price D. A. (1998) Synaptic density in the inner molecular layer of the hippocampal dentate gyrus in Alzheimer disease. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 57, 1146-1153.
10. Yasojima K., Schwab C., McGeer E. G., and McGeer P. L. (1999) Distribution of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 mRNAs and proteins in human brain and peripheral organs. Brain Res. 830, 226-236.
11. Akama K. T. and Van Eldik L. J. (2000) Beta-amyloid stimulation of inducible nitric-oxide synthase in astrocytes is interleukin-1beta- and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha)-dependent, and involves a TNFalpha receptor-associated factor- and NFkappaB-inducing kinase-dependent signaling mechanism. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 7918-7924.
12. Combs C. K., Johnson D. E., Karlo J. C., Cannady S. B., and Landreth G. E. (2000) Inflammatory mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease: Inhibition of beta-amyloid-stimulated proinflammatory responses and neurotoxicity by PPARgamma agonists. J. Neurosci. 20, 558-567.
13. Rogers J. and Shen Y. (2000) A perspective on inflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 924, 132-135.
14. Czech C., Tremp G., and Pradier L. (2000) Presenilins and Alzheimer's disease: Biological functions and pathogenic mechanisms. Prog. Neurobiol. 60, 363-384.
15. Lukiw W. J. and Bazan N. G. (2000) Neuroinflammatory signaling upregulation in Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem. Res. 25, 1173-1184.
16. Selkoe D. J. (2000) Notch and presenilins in vertebrates and invertebrates: Implications for neuronal development and degeneration. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 10, 50-57.
17. Selkoe D. J. (2001) Presenilin, Notch, and the genesis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 11,039-11,041.
18. Cummings J. L. and Cole G. (2002) Alzheimer disease. JAMA 287, 2335-2338.
19. Hull M., Lieb K. and Fiebich B. L. (2002) Pathways of inflammatory activation in Alzheimer's disease: Potential targets for disease modifying drugs. Curr. Med. Chem. 9, 83-88.
20. Pratico D. (2002) Alzheimer's disease and oxygen radicals: New insights. Biochem. Pharmacol. 63, 563-567.
21. Butterfield D. A, and Lauderback C. M. (2002) Lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in Alzheimer's disease brain: potential causes and consequences involving amyloid beta-peptide-associated free radical oxidative stress. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 32, 1050-1060.
22. Love S. (1999). Oxidative stress in brain ischemia. Brain Pathol. 9, 119-131.
23. Bonazzi A., Mastyugin V., Mieyal P. A., Dunn M. W., and Laniado-Schwartzman M. (2000) Regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 by hypoxia and peroxisome proliferators in the corneal epithelium. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 2837-2844.
24. Carter J., and Lippa C. F. (2001) Beta-amyloid, neuronal death and Alzheimer's disease. Curr. Mol. Med. 6, 733-737.
25. Holmes C. (2002) Genotype and phenotype in Alzheimer's disease. Br. J. Psychiatry 180,131-134.
26. DeKosky S. T. (2001) Epidemiology and patho-physiology of Alzheimer's disease. Clin. Cornerstone 3, 15-26.
27. Bazan N. G. (2001) COX-2 as a multifunctional neuronal modulator. Nat. Med. 7, 414-415.
28. Mattson M. P., Duan W., Pedersen W. A., and Culmsee C. (2001) Neurodegenerative disorders and ischemic brain diseases. Apoptosis 6, 69-81.
29. Marshall L. F. (2000) Head injury: Recent past, present, and future. Neurosurgery 47, 546-561.
30. Desmond D. W. (1996) Vascular dementia: A construct in evolution. Cerebrovasc. Brain Metab. Rev. 8, 296-325.
31. Gitter B. D., Boggs L. N., May P. C., Czilli D. L., and Carlson C. D. (2000) Regulation of cytokine secretion and amyloid precursor protein processing by proinflammatory amyloid beta (Aβ). Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 917, 154-164.
32. Rhodin J., Thomas T., Bryant M., and Sutton E. T. (2000) Animal model of Alzheimer-like vascular pathology and inflammatory reaction. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 903, 345-352.
33. Campbell A., Yang E. Y., Tsai-Turton M., and Bondy S. C. (2002) Pro-inflammatory effects of aluminum in human glioblastoma cells. Brain Res. 933: 60-65.
34. John G. R., Simpson J. E., Woodroofe M. N., Lee S. C, and Brosnan C. F. (2001) Extracellular nucleotides differentially regulate interleukin-1beta signaling in primary human astrocytes: Implications for inflammatory gene expression. J. Neurosci. 21, 4134-4142.
35. Apelt J. and Schliebs R. (2001) Beta-amyloid-induced glial expression of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in cerebral cortex of aged transgenic Tg2576 mice with Alzheimer plaque pathology. Brain Res. 894, 21-30.
36. Fortini M. E. (2001) Notch and presenilin: A proteolytic mechanism emerges. Curr. Opin. Cell. Biol. 13, 627-634.
37. Blass J. P. (2001) Brain metabolism and brain disease: Is metabolic deficiency the proximate cause of Alzheimer dementia? J. Neurosci. Res. 66: 851-856.
38. Kaufmann W. A., Barnas U., Humpel C., Nowakowski K., DeCol C., Gurka P., Ransmayr G., Hinterhuber H., Winkler H., and Marksteiner J. (1998) Synaptic loss reflected by secretoneurin-like immunoreactivity in the human hippocampus in Alzheimer's disease. Eur. J. Neurosci. 10, 1084-1094.
39. Yao P. J., Morsch R., Callahan L. M., and Coleman P. D. (1999) Changes in synaptic expression of clathrin assembly protein AP180 in Alzheimer's disease analysed by immunohistochemistry. Neuroscience 94, 389-394.
40. Roses A. D. (1997) Apolipoprotein E, a gene with complex biological interactions in the aging brain. Neurobiol. Dis. 4, 170-185.
41. Neve R. L. and Robakis N. K. (1998) Alzheimer's disease: A re-examination of the amyloid hypothesis. Trends Neurosci. 21, 15-19.
42. St. George-Hyslop P. H. (2000) Molecular genetics of Alzheimer's disease. Biol. Psychiatry 47, 183-199.
43. McDowell I. (2002). Alzheimer's disease: Insights from epidemiology. Aging (Milano) 13, 143-162.
44. Daniels W. M., Hendricks J., Salie R., and Taljaard J. J. (2001) The role of the MAP-kinase superfamily in beta-amyloid toxicity. Metab. Brain Disease 16, 175-185.
45. Holcomb L., Gordon M. N., McGowan E., Yu X., Benkovic S., Jantzen P., Wright K., Saad I., Mueller R., Morgan D., Sanders S., Zehr C., O'Campo K., Hardy J., Prada C. M., Eckman C., Younkin S., Hsiao K., and Duff K. (1998) Accelerated Alzheimer-type phenotype in transgenic mice carrying both mutant amyloid precursor protein and presenilin 1 transgenes. Nat. Med. 4, 97-100.
46. Lukiw W. J., Rogaev E. I., and Bazan N. G. (1996) Synaptic and cytoskeletal RNA message levels in sporadic Alzheimer neocortext. Alzheimers Res. 2, 221-227.
47. Chow N., Cox C., Callahan L. M., Weimer J. M., Guo L., and Coleman P. D. (1998) Expression profiles of multiple genes in single neurons of Alzheimer's disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 9620-9625.
48. Tol J., Roks G., Slooter A. J., and van Duijn C. M. (1999) Genetic and environmental factors in Alzheimer's disease Rev. Neurol. 155, 10-16.
49. Lukiw W. J., Rogaev E. I., Wong L., Vaula G., McLachlan D. R., and St. George- Hyslop P. (1994) Protein-DNA interactions in the promoter region of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene in human neocortex. Mol. Brain. Res. 22, 121-131.
50. Van Leeuwen F., Wde Kleijn D. P., van den Hurk H. H., Neubauer A., Sonnemans M. A., Sluijs J. A., Koycu S., Ramdjielal R. D. J., Salehi A., Martens G. J. M., Grosveld F. G., Peter J., Burbach H., and Hol E. M. (1998) Frameshift mutants of beta amyloid precursor protein and ubiquitin-B in Alzheimer's and Down patients. Science 279, 242-247.
51. Rogaev E. I., Sherrington R., Wu C., Levesque G., Liang Y., Rogaeva E. A., Ikeda M., Holman K., Lin C, Lukiw W. J., de Jong P. J., Fraser P. E., Rommens J. M., and St. George-Hyslop P. (1997) Analysis of the 5′ sequence, genomic structure, and alternative splicing of the presenilin-1 gene (PSEN1) associated with early onset Alzheimer disease. Genomics 40, 415-424.
52. Lukiw W. J., Carver C. A., LeBlanc H. J., and Bazan N. G. (2000) Analysis of 1184 gene transcript levels in Alzheimer CA1 hippocampus; synaptic signaling and transcription factor deficits and up-regulation of pro-inflammatory pathways. Alz. Rep. 3, 161-167.
53. Lukiw W. J., Ottlecz A., Lambrou G., Grueninger M., Finley J., and Bazan N. G. (2002) Activation of HIF-1α- and NF-kB-DNA Binding and COX-2 and VEGF Gene Expression in Monkey Choroid-Retinal (RF/6A) Cells by Hypoxia. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 42: S243.
54. Loring J. F., Wen X., Lee J. M., Seilhamer J., and Somogyi R. A. (2002) Gene expression profile of Alzheimer's disease. DNA Cell Biol. 20: 683-695.
55. Lukiw W. J. and Bazan N. G. (1998) Strong nuclear factor-kappaB-DNA binding parallels cyclooxygenase-2 gene transcription in aging and in sporadic Alzheimer's disease superior temporal lobe neocortex. J. Neurosci. Res. 1, 583-592.
56. McGeer E. G. and McGeer P. L. (1999) Brain inflammation in Alzheimer disease and the therapeutic implications. Curr. Pharm. Res. 10, 821-836.
57. McGeer P. L. McGeer, E. G., and Yasojima K. J. (2000) Alzheimer disease and neuroinflammation. Neural Transm. Suppl. 59, 53-57.
58. Ho L., Pieroni C., Winger D., Purohit D. P., Aisen P. S., and Pasinetti G. M. (1999) Regional distribution of cyclooxygenase-2 in the hippocampal formation in Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurosci. Res. 57, 295-303.
59. Kitamura Y., Shimohama, S., Ota T., Matsuoka Y., Nomura Y., and Taniguchi T. (1997) Alteration of transcription factors NF-kappaB and STAT1 in Alzheimer's disease brains. Neurosci. Lett. 237, 17-20.
60. Kitamura Y., Shimohama S., Koike H., Kakimura J., Matsuoka Y., Nomura, Y., Gebicke-Haerter P. J., and Taniguchi T. (1999) Increased expression of cyclooxygenases and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma in Alzheimer's disease brains. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 254, 582-586.
61. Mishra O. P. and Delivoria-Papadopoulos M. (1999) Cellular mechanisms of hypoxic injury in the developing brain. Brain Res. Bull. 48, 233-8.
62. Aliev G., Smith M. A., Seyidov D., Neal M. L., Lamb B. T., Nunomura A., Gasimov E. K., Vinters H. V., Perry G., LaManna J. C., and Friedland R. P. (2002) The role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of cerebrovascular lesions in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Pathol. 12, 21-35.
63. Nakamura Y., Nakashima T., Fukuda S., Nakashima H., and Hashimoto T. (1986) Hypoxic-ischemic brain lesions found in asphyxiating neonates. Acta Pathol. (Japan) 36, 551-563.
64. Tsang M. C., Lo A. C., Cheung P. T., Chung S. S., and Chung S. K. Perinatal hypoxia-/ischemia-induced endothelin-1 mRNA in astrocyte-like and endothelial cells. Neuroreport 2001 12, 2265-2270.
65. Sen R. and Baltimore D. (1986) Multiple nuclear factors interact with the immunoglobulin enhancer sequences. Cell. 46, 705-716.
66. Baeuerle P. A. and Baltimore D. (1996) NF-κB: Ten years after. Cell. 87, 13-20.
67. Lukiw W. J., Pelaez R. P., Martinez J., and Bazan N. G. (1998) Budesonide epimer R or dexamethasone selectively inhibit platelet-activating factor-induced or interleukin 1beta-induced DNA binding activity of cis-acting transcription factors and cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression in human epidermal keratinocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 3914-3919.
68. Li X. and Stark G. R. (2002). NFkappaB-dependent signaling pathways. Exp. Hematol. 30, 285-96.
69. Kaltschmidt C., Kaltschmidt B., Neumann H., Wekerle H., and Baeuerle P. A. (1994) Constitutive NF-kappa B activity in neurons. Mol. Cell Biol. 14, 3981-3992.
70. Baeuerle P. A. and Henkel T. (1994) Function and activation of NF-kappa B in the immune system. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 12, 141-179.
71. Kaltschmidt B., Uherek M., Volk B., Bacuerle P. A., and Katlschmidt C. (1997) Transcription factor NF-kappa B is activated in primary neurons by amyloid beta peptides and in neurons surrounding early plaques from patients with Alzheimer disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 2642-2647.
72. Stylianou E., O'Neill L. A., Rawlinson L., Edbrooke M. R., Woo P., and Saklatvala J. (1992) Interleukin 1 induces NF-kappa B through its type I but not its type II receptor in lymphocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 15836-15841.
73. Traenckner E. B., Pahl H. L., Henkel T., Schmidt K. N., Wilk S., and Baeuerle P. A. (1995) Phosphorylation of human I kappa B-alpha on serines 32 and 36 controls I kappa B-alpha proteolysis and NF-kappa B activation in response to diverse stimuli. EMBO J. 14, 2876-2883.
74. Verma I. M., Stevenson J. K., Schwarz E. M., Van Antwerp D., and Miyamoto S. (1995) Rel/NF-kappa B/I kappa B family: Intimate tales of association and dissociation. Genes Dev. 15, 2723-2735.
75. Mattson M. P. and Camandola S. (2001). NF-kappaB in neuronal plasticity and neurodegenerative disorders. J. Clin. Invest. 107, 247-254.
76. Suzuki T., Mitake S., Okumura-Noji K., Yang J. P., Fujii T., and Okamoto T. (1997) Presence of NF-kappa B-like and I kappa B-like immunoreactivities in postsynaptic densities. Neuroreport. 8, 2931-2935.
77. Akama K. T., Albanese C., Pestell R. G., and Van Eldik L. J. (1998) Amyloid beta-peptide stimulates nitric oxide production in astrocytes through an NFkappaB-dependent mechanism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 5795-5800.
78. Kuner P., Schubenel R., and Hertel C. (1998) Beta-amyloid binds to p57NTR and activates NFkappaB in human neuroblastoma cells. J. Neurosci. Res. 54, 798-804.
79. Guerrini L., Molteni A., Wirth T., Kistler B., and Blasi F. (1997) Glutamate-dependent activation of NF-kappa B during mouse cerebellum development. J. Neurosci. 17, 6057-6063.
80. Browning D. D., Pan Z. K., Prossnitz E. R., and Ye R. D. (1997) Cell type- and developmental stage-specific activation of NF-kappa B by fMet-Leu-Phe in myeloid cells. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 7995-8001.
81. Carter B. D., Kaltschmidt C., Kaltschmidt B., Offenhauser N., Bohm-Matthaei R., Baeuerle P. A., and Barde Y. A. (1996) Selective activation of NF-kappa B by nerve growth factor through the neurotrophin receptor p75. Science. 272, 542-545.
82. Cai W., Hu L., and Foulkes J. G. (1996) Transcription-modulating drugs: Mechanism and selectivity. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 7, 608-615.
83. Hou Y. M., Vlaskovska M., Cebers G., Kasakov L., Liljequist S., and Terenius L. (1996) A mureceptor opioid agonist induces AP-1 and NF-kappa B transcription factor activity in primary cultures of rat cortical neurons. Neurosci. Lett. 212, 159-162.
84. Schmidt-Ullrich R., Memet S., Lillenbaum A., Feuillard J., Raphael M., and Israel A. (1996) NF-kappa B activity in transgenic mice: Developmental regulation and tissue specificity. Development. 122, 2117-2128.
85. Rong Y. and Baudry M. (1996) Seizure activity results in a rapid induction of nuclear factor-kappa B in adult but not juvenile rat limbic structures. J. Neurochem. 67, 662-668.
86. O'Neill L. A. and Kaltschmidt C. (1997) NF-kappa B: A crucial transcription factor for glial and neuronal cell function. Trends Neurosci. 20, 252-258.
87. Mundy W. R., Freudenrich T. M., and Kodavanti P. R. (1997) Aluminum potentiates glutamate-induced calcium accumulation and iron-induced oxygen free radical formation in primary neuronal cultures. Mol. Chem. Neuropathol. 32, 41-57.
88. Terai K., Matsuo A., McGeer E. G., and McGeer P. L. (1996) Enhancement of immunoreactivity for NF-kappa B in human cerebral infarctions. Brain Res. 739, 343-349.
89. Hunot S., Brugg B., Ricard D., Michel P. P., Muriel M. P., Ruberg M., Faucheux B. A., Agid Y., and Hisch E. C. (1997) Nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B is increased in dopaminergic neurons of patients with Parkinson disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 94, 7531-7536.
90. Lukiw W. J., Martinez J., Pelaez R. P., and Bazan N. G. (1999) The interleukin-1 type 2 receptor gene displays immediate early gene responsiveness in glucocorticoid-stimulated human epidermal keratinocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 8630-8638.
91. Yamamoto Y. and Gaynor R. B. (2001) Role of the NF-kappaB pathway in the pathogenesis of human disease states. Curr. Mol. Med. 1, 287-296.
92. Agani F. H., Pichiule P., Chavez J. C., and LaManna J. C. (2000) The role of mitochondria in the regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 expression during hypoxia. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 35,863-35,867.
93. Semenza, G. L. (2001) Hypoxia-inducible factor 1: Oxygen homeostasis and disease pathophysiology. Trends Mol. Med. 7, 345-350.
94. Thornton R. D., Lane P., Borghaei R. C., Pease E. A., Caro J., and Mochan E. (2000) Interleukin 1 induces hypoxia-inducible factor 1 in human gingival and synovial fibroblasts. J. Biochem. 350, Pt 1, 307-312.
95. Lukiw, W. J., Gordon W. C., Rogaev E. I, Thompson H., and Bazan N. G. (2001a) Presenilin-2 (PS2) expression up-regulation in a model of retinopathy of prematurity and pathoangiogenesis. Neuroreport 12, 53-57.
96. Lukiw W. J. (2001) Aluminum and gene transcription in the mammalian central nervous system in Aluminum and Alzheimer's Disease, The Science That Describes the Link (Edited by C. Exley) Elsevier Press, New York, pp.147-168.
97. Zhu H. and Bunn H. F. (1999) Oxygen sensing and signaling: Impact on the regulation of physiologically important genes. Respir. Physiol. 115, 239-247.
98. Mahon P. C., Hirota K., Semenza G. L. (2001) FIH-1: A novel protein that interacts with HIF-1alpha and VHL to mediate repression of HIF-1 transcriptional activity. Genes Dev 15, 2675-2686.
99. Zhu H., Jackson T., and Bunn H. F. (2002) Detecting and responding to hypoxia. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant 17, Suppl 1:3-7.
100. Butterfield D. A., Howard B., Yatin S., Koppal T., Drake J., Hensley K., Aksenov M., Aksenova M., Subramaniam R., Varadarajan S., Harris-White M. E., Pedigo N. W. Jr., and Carney J. M. (1999) Elevated oxidative stress in models of normal brain aging and Alzheimer's disease. Life Sci. 65, 1883-1892.
101. Rothwell N. J. and Luheshi G. N. (2000) Interleukin 1 in the brain: Biology, pathology and therapeutic target. Trends Neurosci. 23, 618-625.
102. Kaufmann W. E., Andreasson K. I., Isakson P. C., and Worley P. F. (1997) Cyclooxygenases and the central nervous system. Prostaglandins. 54, 601-624.
103. Andreasson K. I., Savonenko A., Vidensky S., Goellner J. J., Zhang Y., Shaffer A., Kaufmann W. E., Worley P. F., Isakson P., and Markowska A. L. (2001) Age-dependent cognitive deficits and neuronal apoptosis in cyclooxygenase-2 transgenic mice. J. Neurosci. 21, 8198-8209.
104. Matsuoka Y., Picciano M., Malester B., LaFrancois J., Zehr C., Daeschner J. M., Olschowka J. A., Fonseca M. I., O'Banion M. K., Tenner A. J., Lemere C. A., and Duff K. (2001) Inflammatory responses to amyloidosis in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Am. J. Pathol. 158, 1345-1354.
105. Niwa M., Sidrauski C., Kaufman R. J., and Walter P. (1999) A role for presenilin-1 in nuclear accumulation of Ire1 fragments and induction of the mammalian unfolded protein response. Cell. 99, 691-702.
106. Annaert W. G., Levesque L., Craessaerts K., Dierinck I., Snellings G., Westaway D., George-Hyslop P. S., Cordell B., Fraser P., and De Strooper B. (1999) Presenilin 1 controls gamma-secretase processing of amyloid precursor protein in pre-golgi compartments of hippocampal neurons. J. Cell. Biol. 147, 277-294.
107. Honda T., Nihonmatsu N., Yasutake K., Ohtake A., Sato K., Tanaka S., Murayama O., Murayama M., and Takashima A. (2000) Familial Alzheimer's disease-associated mutations block translocation of full-length presenilin 1 to the nuclear envelope. Neurosci. Res. 37, 101-111.
108. Wiltfang J., Esselmann H., Cupers P., Neumann M., Kretzschmar H., Beyermann M., Schleuder D., Jahn H., Ruther E., Kornhuber J., Annaert W., De Strooper B., and Saftig P. (2001) Elevation of beta-amyloid peptide 2-42 in sporadic and familial Alzheimer's disease and its generation in PS1 knockout cells. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 42,645-42,657.
109. Dewachter I., Moechars D., van Dorpe J., Tesseur I., Van den Haute C., Spittaels K., and Van Leuven F. (2001) Modelling Alzheimer's disease in multiple transgenic mice. Biochem. Soc. Symp. 67, 203-210.
110. Goldgaber D., Harris H. W., Hla T., Maciag T., Donnelly R. J., Jacobsen J. S., Vitek M. P., and Gajdusek D. C. (1989) Interleukin 1 regulates synthesis of amyloid beta-protein precursor mRNA in human endothelial cells. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 7606-7610.
111. Griffin W. S., Nicoll J. A., Grimaldi L. M., Sheng J. G., and Mark R. E. (2000) The pervasiveness of interleukin-1 in alzheimer pathogenesis: A role for specific polymorphisms in disease risk. Exp. Gerontol. 35, 481-487.
112. Hoozemans J. J., Veerhuis R., Janssen I., Rozemuller A., and Eikelenboom P. (2001) Interleukin-1beta induced cyclooxygenase 2 expression and prostaglandin E2 secretion by human neuroblastoma cells: Implications for Alzheimer's disease. Exp. Gerontol. 36, 559-570.
113. Fiebich B. L., Mueksch B., Boehringer M., and Hull M. (2000) Interleukin-1beta induces cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin E(2) synthesis in human neuroblastoma cells: Involvement of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-kappaB. J. Neurochem. 275, 2020-2028.
114. Glasgow J. N., Qiu J., Rassin D., Grafe M., Wood T., and Perez-Polo J. R. (2001) Transcriptional regulation of the BCL-X gene by NF-kappaB is an element of hypoxic responses in the rat brain. Neurochem. Res. 26, 647-659.
115. Zhang Y., McLaughlin R., Goodyer C., and LeBlanc A. (2002) Selective cytotoxicity of intracellular amyloid beta peptide 1-42 through p53 and Bax in cultured primary human neurons. J. Cell Biol. 156, 519-529
116. Mattson M. P., Zhu H., Yu J., and Kindy M. S. (2000) Presenilin-1 mutation increases neuronal vulnerability to focal ischemia in vivo and to hypoxia and glucose deprivation in cell culture: Involvement of perturbed calcium homeostasis. J. Neurosci. 20, 1358-1364.
117. Shen Y. and White E. (2001) p53-dependent apoptosis pathways Adv. Cancer Res 82, 55-84.
118. Jones M. K., Szabo I. L., Kawanaka H., Husain S. S., Tarnawski A. S., and von Hippel Lindau (2002) Tumor suppressor and HIF-1alpha: New targets of NSAIDs inhibition of hypoxia-induced angiogenesis. FASEB J. 16, 264-266.
119. Alves da Costa C., Paitel E., Mattson M. P., Amson R., Telerman A., and Ancolio K., Checler F. (2002) Wild-type and mutated presenilins 2 trigger p53-dependent apoptosis and down-regulate presenilin 1 expression in HEK293 human cells and in murine neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 4043-4048.