Cyclooxygenases and the central nervous system

Prostaglandins

Volumn 54, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 601-624

  Kaufmann, Walter E ^a,b,c   Andreasson, Katrin I ^a   Isakson, Peter C ^d   Worley, Paul F ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c KENNEDY KRIEGER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^d PFIZER INC   (United States)

Author keywords

Central nervous system; Cyclooxygenase

Indexed keywords

PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHASE;

BRAIN MAPPING; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; ENZYME ACTIVATION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME LOCALIZATION; HUMAN; NOCICEPTION; NONHUMAN; PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHESIS; REVIEW; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION;

EID: 0030692018     PISSN: 00906980     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0090-6980(97)00128-7     Document Type: Article

References (175)

1. Abdel-Halim M.S., Lunden I., Cseh G., Anggard E. Prostaglandin profiles in nervous tissue and blood vessels of the brain of various animals. Prostaglandins. 19:1980;249-258.
2. Abdel-Halim M.S., Hamberg M., Sjoquist B., Anggard E. Identification of prostaglandin D2 as a major prostaglandin in homogenates of rat brain. Prostaglandins. 14:1977;633-643.
3. Abraham W.C., Dragunow M., Tate W.P. The role of immediate early genes in the stabilization of long-term potentiation. Mol Neurobiol. 5:1992;297-314.
4. Adams J., Collaco-Moraes Y., de Belleroche J. Cyclooxygenase-2 induction in cerebral cortex: an intracellular response to synaptic excitation. J Neurochem. 66:1996;6-13.
5. Aktan S., Aykut C., Yegen B.C., Okar I., Ozkutlu U., Ercan S. The effect of nordihydroguaiaretic acid on leukotriene C4 and prostaglandin E2 production following different reperfusion periods in rat brain after forebrain ischemia correlated with morphological changes. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 49:1993;633-641.
6. Allgaier C., Meder W. Cultured chick sympathetic neurons: prostanoid EP1 receptor-mediated facilitation of noradrenaline release. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 352:1995;447-450.
7. Althaus H.H., Siepl C. Oligodendrocytes isolated from adult pig brain synthesise and release prostaglandins. Cell Tissue Res. 287:1997;135-141.
8. Andreasson K., Worley P.F. Induction of β-A activin expression by synaptic activity and during neocortical development. Neuroscience. 69:1995;781-796.
9. Armstead W.M., Mirro R., Busija D.W., Leffler C.W. Postischemic generation of superoxide anion by newborn pig brain. Am J Physiol. 255:1988;H401-H403.
10. Baran H., Heldt R., Hertting G. Increased prostaglandin formation in rat brain following systemic application of kainic acid. Brain Res. 404:1987;107-112.
11. Baran H., Vass K., Lassmann H., Hornykiewicz O. The cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitor BW755C protects rats against kainic acid-induced seizures and neurotoxicity. Brain Res. 646:1994;201-206.
12. Batshake B., Nilsson C., Sundelin J. Molecular characterization of the mouse prostanoid EP1 receptor gene. Eur J Biochem. 231:1995;809-14.
13. Bazan N.G., Allan G. Platelet-activating factor in the modulation of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter release and of gene expression. J Lipid Mediat Cell Signal. 14:1996;321-330.
14. Bazan N.G., Birkle D.L., Tang W., Reddy T.S. The accumulation of free arachidonic acid, diacylglycerols, prostaglandins, and lipoxygenase reaction products in the brain during experimental epilepsy. Adv Neurol. 44:1986;879-902.
15. Berchtold-Kranz E., Anhut H., Heldt R., Neufang B., Hertting G. Regional distribution of arachidonic acid metabolites in rat brain following convulsive stimuli. Prostaglandins. 22:1981;65-78.
16. Bernheim H.A., Gilbert T.M., Stitt J.T. Prostaglandin E levels in third ventricular cerebrospinal fluid of rabbits during fever and changes in body temperature. J Physiol. 301:1980;69-78.
17. Breder C.D., Dewitt D., Krang R.P. Characterization of inducible cyclooxygenase in rat brain. J Comp Neurology. 355:1995;296-315.
18. Breder C.D., Saper C.B. Expression of inducible cyclooxygenase mRNA in the mouse brain after systemic administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Brain Res. 713:1996;64-69.
19. Breitner J., Welsh K., Helms M., Gaskell P., Gau B., Roses A., Pericak-Vance M., Saunders A. Delayed onset of Alzheimer's disease with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and histamine H2 blocking drugs. Neurobiol Aging. 16:1995;523-530.
20. Busciglio J., Yankner B. Apoptosis and increased generation of reactive oxygen species in Down's syndrome neurons in vitro. Nature. 378:1995;776-779.
21. Caggiano A.O., Kraig R.P. Eicosanoids and nitric oxide influence induction of reactive gliosis from spreading depression in microglia but not astrocytes. J Comp Neurol. 369:1996;93-108.
22. Cao C., Matsumura K., Yamagata K., Watanabe Y. Induction by lipopolysaccharide of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA in rat brain; its possible role in the febrile response. Brain Res. 697:1995;187-196.
23. Cao C., Matsumura K., Yamagata K., Watanabe Y. Endothelial cells of the rat brain vasculature express cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA in response to systemic interleukin-1 beta: a possible site of prostaglandin synthesis responsible for fever. Brain Res. 733:1996;263-272.
24. Chan P. Role of oxidants in ischemic brain damage. Stroke. 27:1996;1124-1129.
25. Chang J.W., Coleman P.D., O'Banion M.K. Prostaglandin G/H synthase-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) mRNA expression is decreased in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 17:1996;801-808.
26. Chen J., Marsh T., Zhang J.S., Graham S.H. Expression of cyclooxygenase 2 in rat brain following kainate treatment. NeuroReport. 6:1995;245-248.
27. Chen J., Weinstein P.R., Graham S.H. Attenuation of postischemic brain hypoperfusion and reperfusion injury by the cyclooxygenase-lipoxygenase inhibitor BW755C. J Neurosurg. 83:1995;99-104.
28. Clark S., Dunlop M. Modulation of phospholipase A2 activity by epidermal growth factor in CHO cells transfected with human EGF receptor. Biochem J. 274:1991;715-721.
29. Clements M.P., Bliss T.V., Lynch M.A. Increase in arachidonic acid concentration in a postsynaptic membrane fraction following the induction of long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus. Neuroscience. 45:1991;379-89.
30. Coceani F., Wolfe L.S. Prostaglandins in brain and the release of prostaglandin-like compounds from the cat cerebellar cortex. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 43:1965;445-450.
31. Coceani F., Lees J., Bishai I. Further evidence implicating prostaglandin E2 in the genesis of pyrogen fever. Am J Physiol. 254:1988;R463-R469.
32. Coderre T.J., Basbaum A.I., Levine J.D. Neural control of vascular permeability: interactions between primary afferents, mast cells, and sympathetic. J. Neurophysiol. 62:1989;48-58.
33. Cole D.J., Patel P.M., Schell R.M., Drummond J.C., Osborne T.N. Brain eicosanoid levels during temporary focal cerebral ischemia in rats: a microdialysis study. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 5:1993;41-47.
34. Collaco-Moraes Y., Aspey B., Harrison M., de Belleroche J. Cyclooxygenase-2 messenger RNA induction in focal cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 16:1996;1366-1372.
35. Creminon C., Habib A., Maclouf J., Pradelles P., Grassi J., Frobert Y. Differential measurement of constitutive (COX-1) and inducible (COX-2) cyclooxygenase expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells using specific immunometric enzyme immunoassays. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1254:1995;341-348.
36. DeGeorge J.J., Walenga R., Carbonetto S. Nerve growth factor rapidly stimulates arachidonate metabolism in PC12 cells: potential involvement in nerve fiber growth. J Neurosci Research. 21:1988;323-332.
37. Di Maria G., Bellofiore S., Puglisi S., Novo S., Ricciardolo F., Mistretta A. Cyclooxygenase products mediate the cutaneous vasodilation induced by endothelin-1 in humans. Regul Pept. 47:1993;233-238.
38. Dickson D., Lee S., Mattiace L., Yen S.-H., Brosnan C. Microglia and cytokines in neurological disease, with special reference to AIDS and Alzheimer's disease. Glia. 7:1993;75-83.
39. Dinchuk J.E., Car B.D., Focht R.J., Johnston J.J., Jaffee B.D., Covington M.B., Contel N.R., Eng V.M., Collins R.J., Czerniak P.M.et al. Renal abnormalities and an altered inflammatory response in mice lacking cyclooxygenase II. Nature. 378:1995;406-409.
40. Doraiswamy P., Krishen A., Stallone F., Martin W., Potts N., Metz A., DeVeaugh-Geiss J. NSAIDs and cognition in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 47:1996;1194.
41. Dumuis A., Pin J.P., Oomagari K., Sebben M., Bockaert J. Arachidonic acid released from striatal neurons by joint stimulation of ionotropic and metabotropic quisqualate receptors. Nature. 347:1990;182-184.
42. Dumuis A., Sebben M., Haynes L., Pin J.P., Bockaert J. NMDA receptors activate the arachidonic acid cascade system in striatal neurons. Nature. 336:1988;68-70.
43. Ellis E.F., Wei E.P., Kontos H.A. Vasolidation of cat cerebral arterioles by prostaglandins D2, E2, G2, and I2. Am J Physiol. 237:1979;H381-H385.
44. Feng L., Sun W., Xia Y., Tang W.W., Chanmugam P., Soyoola E., Wilson C.B., Hwang D. Cloning two isoforms of rat cyclooxygenase: differential regulation of their expression. Arch Biochem Biophys. 307:1993;361-368.
45. Ferreira S.H. Prostaglandins, aspirin-like drugs and analgesia. Nature. 240:1972;200-203.
46. Ferreira S.H., Nakamura M. III-Prostaglandin hyperalgesia: relevance of the peripheral effect for the analgesic action of opioid-antagonists. Prostaglandins. 18:1979;201-208.
47. Feuerstein, G.Z., Wang, X., and Barone, F.C. (1997). Inflammatory mediators and brain injury: the role of cytokines and chemokines in stroke and CNS diseases. In: Cerebrovascular diseases. Ginsberg, M., and Bogousslavsky, J., eds. (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Science).
48. Fiebich B.L., Biber K., Lieb K., van Calker D., Berger M., Bauer J., Gebicke-Haerter P.J. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in rat microglia is induced by adenosine A2a-receptors. Glia. 18:1996;152-60.
49. Folco G.C., Longiave D., Bosisio E. Relations between prostaglandin E2, F2alpha, and cyclic nucleotides levels in rat brain and induction of convulsions. Prostaglandins. 13:1977;893-900.
50. Forstermann U., Heldt R., Knappen F., Hertting G. Potential anti-convulsive properties of endogenous prostaglandins formed in mouse brain. Brain Res. 240:1982;303-310.
51. Gaetani P., Marzatico F., Rodriguez y Baena R., Pacchiarini L., Vigano T., Grignani G., Crivellari M.T., Benzi G. Arachidonic acid metabolism and pathophysiologic aspects of subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Stroke. 21:1990;328-332.
52. Garcia J., Yoshida Y., Chen H., Li Y., Zhang Z., Lian J., Chen S., Chopp M. Progression from ischemic injury to infarct following middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat. Am J Pathol. 142:1993;623-635.
53. Gerozissis K., Saavedra J., Dray F. Prostanoid profile in specific brain areas, pituitary and pineal of the male rat. Influence of experimental conditions. Brain Res. 96:1983;1-23.
54. Gierse J.K., Hauser S.D., Creely D.P., Koboldt C., Rangwala S.H., Isakson P.C., Seibert K. Expression and selective inhibition of the constitutive and inducible forms of human cyclo-oxygenase. Biochem J. 305:1995;479-484.
55. Glasgow W.C., Afshari C.A., Barrett J.C., Eling T. Modulation of the epidermal mitogenic response by metabolites of linoleic and arachidonic acid in Syrian hamster embryo fibroblasts. J Biol Chem. 267:1992;10771-10779.
56. Golanov E.V., Reis D.J. Nitric oxide and prostanoids participate in cerebral vasodilation elicited by electrical stimulation of the rostral ventrolateral medulla. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 14:1994;492-502.
57. Gonzales R., Goldyne M.E., Taiwo Y.O., Levine J.D. Production of hyperalgesic prostaglandins by sympathetic postganglionic neurons. J Neurochem. 53:1989;1595-1598.
58. Goodman C.S., Shatz C.J. Developmental mechanisms that generate precise patterns of neuronal connectivity. Cell/Neuron. 72 10:1993;77-98.
59. Goplerud J.M., McGowan J.E., Marro P.J., Delivoria-Papadopoulos M. Effect of nordihydroguaiaretic acid on cerebral blood flow and metabolism during hypoxia in newborn piglets. Biol Neonate. 67:1995;425-431.
60. Griffin D.E., Wesselingh S.L., McArthur J.C. Elevated central nervous system prostaglandins in human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia. Ann Neurol. 35:1994;592-597.
61. Group A.M.I.S. A randomized controlled trial of aspirin in persons recovered from myocardial infarction. JAMA. 243:1980;661-669.
62. Habib A., Creminon C., Frobert Y., Grassi J., Pradelles P., Maclouf J. Demonstration of an inducible cyclooxygenase in human endothelial cells using antibodies raised against the carboxyl-terminal region of the cyclooxygenase-2. J Biol Chem. 268:1993;23448-23454.
63. Hall E.D., Andrus P.K., Althaus J.S., Von Voigtlander P.F. Hydroxyl radical production and lipid peroxidation parallels selective post-ischemic vulnerability in gerbil brain. J Neurosci Res. 34:1993;107-112.
64. Hamalainen M.L., Hoppu K., Valkeila E., Santavuori P. Ibuprofen or acetaminophen for the acute treatment of migraine in children: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Neurology. 48:1997;103-107.
65. Handler J.A., Danilowicz R.M., Eling T.E. Mitogenic signaling by epidermal growth factor (EGF), but not platelet derived growth factor, requires arachidonic acid metabolism in BALB/c 3T3 cells. J Biol Chem. 265:1990;3669-3673.
66. Hansen L., Crain B. Making the diagnosis of mixed and non-Alzheimer's dementias. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 119:1995;1023-1031.
67. Hastings T.G. Enzymatic oxidation of dopamine: the role of prostaglandin H synthase. J. Neurochem. 64:1995;919-924.
68. Herschman H.R. Regulation of prostaglandin synthase-1 and prostaglandin synthase-2. Cancer and Metastasis Rev. 13:1994;241-256.
69. Hoffman W.E., Albrecht R.F., Pelligrino D., Miletich D.J. Effects of prostaglandins on the cerebral circulation in the goat. Prostaglandins. 23:1982;897-905.
70. Hofman F.M., von Hanwehr R.I., Dinarello C.A., Mizel S.B., Hinton D., Merrill J.E. Immunoregulatory molecules and IL 2 receptors identified in multiple sclerosis brain. J Immunol. 136:1986;3239-3245.
71. Holscher C. Inhibitors of cyclooxygenases produce amnesia for a passive avoidance task in the chick. Eur J Neurosci. 7:1995;1360-1365.
72. Holtz M.L., Kindy M.S., Craddock S., Moore R.W., Pettigrew L.C. Induction of PGH synthase and c-fos mRNA during early reperfusion of ischemic rat brain. Mol Brain Res. 35:1996;339-343.
73. Hsu C.Y., Liu T.H., Xu J., Hogan E.L., Chao J., Sun G., Tai H.H., Beckman J.S., Freeman B.A. Arachidonic acid and its metabolites in cerebral ischemia. Ann NY Acad Sci. 559:1989;282-295.
74. Hu Q., Ishii E., Nakagawa Y. Differential changes in relative levels of arachidonic acid in major phospholipids from rat tissues during the progression of diabetes. J Biochem (Tokyo). 115:1994;405-408.
75. Iadecola C., Zhang F., Casey R., Clark H., Ross M. Inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression in vascular cells following transient focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 27:1996;1373-1380.
76. Ikonomidou C., Mosinger J., Salles K.S., Labruyere J., Olney J.W. Sensitivity of the developing rat brain to hypobaric/ischemic damage parallels sensitivity to N-methyl-aspartate neurotoxicity. J Neurosci. 9:1989;2809-2818.
77. Joshita H., Asano T., Hanamura T., Takakura K. Effect of indomethacin and a free radical scavenger on cerebral blood flow and edema after cerebral artery occlusion in cats. Stroke. 20:1989;788-794.
78. Jouzeau J.-Y., Terlain B., Abid A., Nedelec E., Netter P. Cyclooxygenase isoenzymes. How recent findings affect thinking about nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Drugs. 53:1997;563-582.
79. Katsuki H., Okuda S. Arachidonic acid as a neurotoxic and neurotrophic substance. Prog Neurobiol. 46:1995;607-636.
80. Kaufmann, W.E. (1996). Mental retardation and learning disabilities: a neuropathologic differentiation. In: Developmental Disabilities in Infancy and Childhood. Capute, A.J., and Accardo, P.J., eds. (Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co).
81. Kaufmann W.E., Worley P.F., Pegg J., Bremer M., Isakson P. Cox-2, a synaptically induced enzyme, is expressed by excitatory neurons at postsynaptic sites in rat cerebral cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA). 93:1996;2317-2321.
82. Kaufmann W.E., Worley P.F., Taylor C.V., Bremer M., Isakson P.C. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression during rat neocortical development and in Rett syndrome. Brain Dev. 19:1997;25-34.
83. Kawasaki M., Yoshihara Y., Yamaji M., Watanabe Y. Expression of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase in rat brain. Mol Brain Res. 19:1993;39-46.
84. Khachaturian Z. Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol. 42:1985;1097-1105.
85. Kitanaka J., Hashimoto H., Sugimoto Y. Cloning and expression of a cDNA for rat prostaglandin F2alpha receptor. Prostaglandins. 48:1994;31-41.
86. Kliewer S.A., Lenhard J.M., Willson T.M., Patel I., Morris D.C., Lehmann J.M. A prostaglandin J2 metabolite binds peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor g and promotes adipocyte differentiation. Cell. 83:1995;813-819.
87. Kujubu D.A., Fletcher B.S., Varnum B.C., Lim R.W., Hershman H.R. TIS10, a phorbol ester tumor promoter-inducible mRNA from Swiss 3T3 cells, encodes a novel prostaglandin synthase/cyclooxygenase homologue. J Biol Chem. 266:1991;12866-12872.
88. Labiner D.M., Butler L.S., Cao Z., Hosford D.A., Shin C., McNamara J.O. Induction of c-fos mRNA by kindled seizures: complex relationship with neuronal burst-firing. J Neurosci. 13:1993;744-751.
89. Lafon-Cazal M., Pietri S., Culcasi M., Bockaert J. NMDA-dependent superoxide production and neurotoxicity. Nature. 364:1993;535-537.
90. Laneuville O., Breuer D.K., DeWitt D.L., Hla T., Funk C.D., Smith W.L. Differential inhibition of human prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase-1 and -2 by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Pharm Exp Ther. 271:1994;929-934.
91. Lauritzen M. Pathophysiology of the migraine aura. The spreading depression theory [see comments]. Brain. 117:1994;199-210.
92. Leffler C.W., Busija D.W., Armstead W.M., Shanklin D.R., Mirro R., Thelin O. Activated oxygen and arachidonate effects on newborn cerebral arterioles. Am J Physiol. 259:1990;H1230-H1238.
93. Lerea L.S., Butler L.S., McNamara J.O. NMDA and non-NMDA receptor-mediated increase of c-fos mRNA in dentate gyrus neurons involves calcium influx via different routes. J Neurosci. 12:1992;2973-2981.
94. Lerea L.S., McNamara J.O. Ionotropic glutamate receptor subtypes activate c-fos transcription by distinct calcium-requiring intracellular signaling pathways. Neuron. 10:1993;31-41.
95. Lerea L.S., Carlson N.G., Simonato M., Morrow J., Roberts J.L., McNamara J.O. Prostaglandin F 2alpha is required for NMDA receptor-mediated induction of c-fos mRNA in dentate gyrus neurons. J Neurosci. 17:1997;117-124.
96. Lipton, S.A. (1994). Aids-related dementia and calcium homeostasis. Ann NY Acad Sci 747, 205-24.
97. Luscher T., Tanner F. Endothelial regulation of vascular tone and growth. Am J Hypertens. 6:1993;283S-293S.
98. Lyford G., Yamagata K., Kaufmann W.E., Barnes C.A., Sanders L.K., Copeland N.G., Gilbert D.J., Jenkins N.A., Lanahan A.A., Worley P.F. Arc, a growth factor and activity-regulated gene encodes a novel cytoskeleton-associated protein that is enriched in neuronal dendrites. Neuron. 14:1995;433-445.
99. Lysz T.W., Centra M., Markey K., Keeting P.E. Evidence for increased activity of mouse brain fatty acid cyclooxygenase following drug-induced convulsions. Brain Res. 408:1987;6-12.
100. Maeda Y., Tani E., Miyamoto T. Prostaglandin metabolism in experimental cerebral vasospasm. J Neurosurg. 55:1981;779-785.
101. Malmberg A.B., Yaksh T.L. Anti-nociceptive actions of spinal non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents on the formalin test in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 263:1992;136-145.
102. Malmberg A.B., Yaksh T.L. Hyperalgesia mediated by spinal glutamate or substance P receptor blocked by spinal cyclooxygenase inhibition. Science. 257:1992;1276-1279.
103. Marcheselli V.L., Bazan N.G. Sustained induction of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2 by seizures in hippocampus. Inhibition by a platelet-activating factor antagonist. J Biol Chem. 271:1996;24794-24799.
104. Markus H., Vallance P., Brown M. Differential effect of three cyclooxygenase inhibitors on human cerebral blood flow velocity and carbon dioxide reactivity. Stroke. 25:1994;1760-1764.
105. Masferrer J., Zweifel B., Manning P., Hauser S., Leahy K., Smith W., Isakson P., Seibert K. Selective inhibition of inducible cyclooxygenase 2 in vivo is antiiflammatory and nonulcerogenic. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA). 91:1994;3228-3232.
106. Masferrer J.L., Reddy S.T., Zweifel B.S., Seibert K., Needlemen P., Gilbert R.S., Herschman H.R. In vivo glucocorticoids regulate cyclooxygenase-2 but not cyclooxygenase-1 in peritoneal macrophages. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 270:1994;1340-1344.
107. Matsumura, K., Watanabe, Y., Imai-Matsumura, K., Connolly, M., Koyama, Y., Onoe, H., and Watanabe, Y. (1992). Mapping of prostaglandin E2 binding sites in rat brain using quantitative autoradiography. Brain Res 581, 292-8.
108. Matsumura K., Watanabe Y., Onoe H., Watanabe Y. Prostacyclin receptor in the brain and central terminals of the primary sensory neurons: an autoradiographic study using a stable prostacyclin analogue [3H]iloprost. Neuroscience. 65:1995;493-503.
109. Matsuo Y., Izumiyama M., Onodera H., Kurosawa A., Kogure K. Effect of a novel thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist, S-1452, on postischemic brain injury in rats. Stroke. 24:1993;2059-2064.
110. Mattamal M.B., Strong R., Lakshmi V.M., Chung H.D., Stephenson A.H. Prostaglandin H synthetase-mediated metabolism of dopamine: implication of Parkinson's disease. J. Neurochem. 64:1995;1645-1654.
111. McGeer P., Rogers J. Anti-inflammatory agents as a therapeutic approach to Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 42:1992;447-449.
112. McGeer P.L. The inflammatory response system of brain: implications for therapy of Alzheimer and other neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Res Rev. 21:1995;195-218.
113. McGeer P.L., Schulzer M., Mcgeer E.G. Arthritis and anti-inflammatory agents as possible protective factors for Alzheimer's disease: a review of 17 epidemiologic studies. Neurology. 47:1996;425-432.
114. Meng W., Colonna D.M., Tobin J.R., Busija D.W. Nitric oxide and prostaglandins interact to mediate arteriolar dilation during cortical spreading depression. Am J Physiol. 269:1995;H176-H181.
115. Milton A., Wendlandt S. A possible role for prostaglandin E1 as a modulator for temperature regulation in the central nervous system of the cat. J Physiol. 207:1970;76P-77P.
116. Mirro R., Armstead W.M., Busija D.W., Leffler C.W. Blood to brain transport after newborn cerebral ischemia. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 197:1991;268-272.
117. Mirro R., Busija D.W., Armstead W.M., Leffler C.W. Histamine dilates pial arterioles of newborn pigs through prostanoid production. Am J Physiol. 254:1988;H1023-H1026.
118. Mitchell J.A., Akarasereenont P., Thiemermann C., Flower R.J., Vane J.R. Selectivity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as inhibitors of constitutive and inducible cyclooxygenase. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA). 90:1993;11693-11697.
119. Nakayama, M., Uchimura, K., Zhu, R.L. Nagayama, T., Chen, J., and Graham, S.H. (1997). Inhibition of chyclooxygenase-2 prevents delayed death of CAl hippocampa neurons following global ischemia. Personal communication.
120. Narumiya S. Prostanoid receptors: structure, function, and distribution. Ann NY Acad Sci. 744:1994;126-138.
121. Nicol G.D., Klingberg D.K., Vasko M.R. Prostaglandin E2 increases calcium conductance and stimulates release of substance P in avian sensory neurons. J Neurosci. 12:1992;1917-1927.
122. Norton J.L., Adamson S.L., Bocking A.D., Han V.K.M. Prostaglandin-H synthase-1 (PGHS-1) gene is expressed in specific neurons of the brain of the late gestation ovine fetus. Dev Brain Res. 95:1995;79-96.
123. Nogawa S., Zhang F., Ross E., Iadecola C. Cyclo-oxygenase-2 gene expression in neurons contributes to ischemic brain damage. J Neurosci. 17:1997;2746-2755.
124. O'Banion M.K., Sadowski H.B., Winn V., Young D.A. A serum and glucocorticoid regulated 4-kilobase mRNA encodes a cyclooxygenase-related protein. J Biol Chem. 266:1991;23261-23267.
125. O'Banion M.K., Winn V.D., Young D.A. cDNA cloning and functional activity of a glucocorticoid-regulated inflammatory cyclooxygenase. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA). 89:1992;4888-4892.
126. O'Banion M.K., Miller J.C., Chang J.W., Kaplan M.D., Coleman P.D. Interleukin-1 beta induces prostaglandin G/H synthase-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) in primary murine astrocyte cultures. J Neurochem. 66:1996;2532-2540.
127. O'Neill G.P., Ford-Hutchinson A.W. Expression of mRNA for cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 in human tissues. FEBS Lett. 330:1993;156-160.
128. Otto J., Smith W. The orientation of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthases-1 and -2 in the endoplasmic reticulum. J Biol Chem. 269:1994;19868-19875.
129. Patel P., Drummond J., Sano T., Cole D., Kalkman C., Yaksh T. Effect of ibuprofen on regional eicosanoid production and neuronal injury after forebrain ischemia in rats. Brain Res. 614:1993;315-324.
130. Pellerin L., Wolfe L.S. Release of arachidonic acid by NMDA-receptor activation in the rat hippocampus. Neurochem Res. 16:1991;983-989.
131. Peppelenbosch M.P., Tertoolen L.G.J., Hage W.J., de Laat S.W. Epidermal growth factor-induced actin remodeling is regulated by 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase products. Cell. 74:1993;565-575.
132. Peri K.G., Hardy P., Li D.Y., Varma D.R., Chemtob S. Prostaglandin G/H synthase-2 is a major contributor of brain prostaglandins in the newborn. J Biol Chem. 270:1995;24615-24620.
133. Pfaffenrath V., Scherzer S. Analgesics and NSAIDs in the treatment of the acute migraine attack. Cephalalgia. 15:1995;14-20.
134. Pickard J.D., MacDonell L.A., Mackenzie E.T., Harper A.M. Prostaglandin-induced effects in the primate cerebral circulation. Eur J Pharmacol. 43:1977;343-351.
135. Pickard J., Tamura A., Stewart M., McGeorge A., Fitch W. Prostacyclin, indomethacin and the cerebral circulation. Brain Res. 197:1980;425-431.
136. Piomelli D. Eicosanoids in synaptic transmission. Crit Rev Neurobiol. 8:1994;65-83.
137. Portanova J.P., Zhang Y., Anderson G.D., Hauser S.D., Masferrer J.L., Seibert K., Gregory S.A., Isakson P.C. Selective neutralization of prostaglandin E2 blocks inflammation, hyperalgesia and interleudin6 production in vivo. J Exp Med. 184:1996;883-891.
138. Pourcyrous M., Leffler C.W., Mirro R., Busija D.W. Brain superoxide anion generation during asphyxia and reventilation in newborn pigs. Pediatr Res. 28:1990;618-621.
139. Ramwell P.W., Shaw J.D., Jessup R. Spontaneous and evoked release of prostaglandins from frog spinal cord. Am J Physiol. 211:1966;998-1004.
140. Rogers J., Kirby L., Hempelman S., Berry D., Mc Geer P., Kasznaik A., Zalinski J., Cofield M., Mansukhani L., Wilson P., Kogan F. Clinical trial of indomethacin in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 43:1993;1609-1611.
141. Samuelsson B. Identification of a smooth muscle-stimulating factor in bovine brain. Biochi Biophys Acta. 84:1964;218-219.
142. Satoh H., Kobayashi T., Higo K., Karasawa A. Protective effects of KW-3635, a thromboxane A2 antagonist, on arachidonic acid-induced transient cerebral ischemia in dogs. Jpn J Pharmacol. 65:1994;45-50.
143. Schacher S., Kandel E.R., Montarolo P. cAMP and arachidonic acid simulate long-term structural and functional changes produced by neurotransmitters in Aplysia sensory neurons. Neuron. 10:1993;1079-1088.
144. Schmedtje J.E. Jr., Ji Y.S., Liu W.L., DuBois R.N., Runge M.S. Hypoxia induces cyclooxygenase-2 via the NF-kappaB p65 transcription factor in human vascular endothelial cells. J Biol Chem. 272:1997;601-608.
145. Seibert K., Zhang Y., Leahy K., Hauser S., Masferrer J., Perkins W., Lee L., Isakson P. Pharmacological and biochemical demonstration of the role of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in inflammation and pain. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA). 91:1994;12013-12017.
146. Sellmayer A., Uedelhoven W.M., Weber P.C., Bonventre J.V. Endogenous non-cyclooxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid modulate growth and mRNA levels of immediate-early response genes in rat mesangial cells. J Biol Chem. 266:1991;3800-3807.
147. Seregi A., Folly G., Antal M., Serfozo P., Schaefer A. Studies on prostaglandin F2 alpha formation caused by pentametylenetetrazol-induced convulsions in rat brain. Prostaglandins. 21:1981;217-226.
148. Seregi A., Forstermann U., Heldt R., Hertting G. The formation and regional distribution of prostaglandins D2 and F2 alpha in the brain of spontaneously convulsing gerbils. Brain Res. 337:1985;171-174.
149. Seregi A., Keller M., Hertting G. Are cerebral prostanoids of astroglial origin? Studies on the prostanoid forming system in developing rat brain and primary cultures of rat astrocytes. Brain Res. 404:1987;113-120.
150. Shatz C.J. Impulse activity and the patterning of connections during CNS development. Neuron. 5:1990;745-756.
151. Shimazawa M., Hara H. An experimental model of migraine with aura: cortical hypoperfusion following spreading depression in the awake and freely moving rat. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 23:1996;890-892.
152. Simpson C.W., Ruwe W.D., Myers R.D. Prostaglandins and hypothalamic neurotransmitter receptors involved in hyperthermia: a critical evaluation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 18:1994;1-20.
153. Smith W.L., DeWitt D.L. Prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases (cyclooxygenases)-1 and -2. Adv Immunol. 62:1996;167-215.
154. Smith W.L., Marnett L.J., DeWitt D.L. Prostaglandin and thromboxane biosynthesis. Pharmacol Ther. 49:1991;153-179.
155. Sorkin L.S. NMDA evokes an L-NAME sensitive spinal release of glutamate and citrulline. NeuroReport. 4:1993;479-482.
156. Stephenson D., Lemere C., Selkoe D., Clemens J. Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) immunoreactivity is elevated in Alzheimer's disease brain. Neurobiol Dis. 3:1996;51-63.
157. Stewart W.F., Kawas C., Corrada M., Metter E.J. Risk of Alzheimer's disease and duration of NSAID use. Neurology. 48:1997;626-632.
158. Sugimoto Y., Namba T., Honda A., Hayashi Y., Negishi M., Ichikawa A., Narumiya S. Cloning and expression of a cDNA for mouse prostaglandin E receptor EP3 subtype. J Biol Chem. 267:1992;6463-6466.
159. Sugimoto Y., Hasumoto K., Namba T. Cloning and expression of a cDNA for mouse protaglandin F receptor. J Biol Chem. 269:1994;1356-1360.
160. Sugimoto Y., Shigemoto R., Namba T., Negishi M., Mizuno N., Narumiya S., Ichikawa A. Distribution of the messenger RNA for the prostaglandin E receptor subtype EP3 in the mouse nervous system. Neuroscience. 62:1994;919-928.
161. Taiwo Y.O., Levine J.D. Prostaglandins inhibit endogenous pain control mechanisms by blocking transmission at spinal noradrenergic synapses. J Neurosci. 8:1988;1346-1349.
162. Uda R., Horiguchi S., Ito S., Hyodo M., Hayaishi O. Nociceptive effects induced by intrathecal administration of prostaglandin D2, E2, or F2a to conscious mice. Brain Res. 510:1990;26-32.
163. Ushijima H., Nishio O., Klocking R., Perovic S., Muller W.E. Exposure to gp120 of HIV-1 induces an increased release of arachidonic acid in rat primary neuronal cell culture followed by NMDA receptor-mediated neurotoxicity. Eur J Neurosci. 7:1995;1353-1359.
164. Vane J.R., Mitchell J.A., Appleton I., Tomlinson A., Bishop-Bailey D., Croxtall J., Willoughby D.A. Inducible isoforms of cyclooxygenase and nitric oxide synthase in inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA). 91:1994;2046-2050.
165. Volterra A. Arachidonic acid metabolites as mediators of synaptic modulation. Cell Biol Int Rep. 13:1989;1189-1199.
166. Wei E.P., Kontos H.A., Dietrich W.D., Povlishock J.T., Ellis E.F. Inhibition by free radical scavengers and by cyclooxygenase inhibitors of pial arteriolar abnormalities from concussive brain injury in cats. Circ Res. 48:1981;95-103.
167. Wong P.T., McGeer P.L., McGeer E.G. Decreased prostaglandin synthesis in postmortem cerebral cortex from patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int. 21:1992;197-202.
168. Worley P.F., Cole A.J., Murphy T.M., Christy B.A., Nakabeppu Y., Baraban J.M. Constitutive expression of zif268 in neocortex is regulated by synaptic activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA). 88:1991;5106-5110.
169. Worley P.F., Bhat R.V., Baraban J.M., Erickson C.A., McNaughton B.L., Barnes C.A. Thresholds for synaptic activation of transcription factors in hippocampus: correlation with long-term enhancement. J Neurosci. 13:1993;4776-4786.
170. Xie W., Chipmaan J.G., Robertson D.L., Erikson C.A., Simmons D.L. Expression of a mitogen-responsive gene encoding prostaglandin synthase is regulated by mRNA splicing. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA). 88:1991;2692-2696.
171. Yaksh, T.L. (1982). Central and peripheral mechanisms for the analgesic action of acetylsalicylic acid. In: Acetylsalicylic acid: new uses for an old drug. Barnett, H.J.U.M., Hirsh, J., and Mustard, J.F., eds. (New York: Raven Press).
172. Yamagata K., Andreasson K., Kaufmann W.E., Barnes C.A., Worley P.F. Expression of a mitogen-inducible cyclooxygenase in brain neurons: regulation by synaptic activity and glucocorticoids. Neuron. 11:1993;371-386.
173. Yamamoto N., Yokota K., Yamashita A., Oda M. Effect of KBT-3022, a new cyclooxygenase inhibitor, on experimental brain edema in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol. 297:1996;225-231.
174. Yang H.C., Farooqui A.A., Horrocks L.A. Plasmalogen-selective phospholipase A2 and its role in signal transduction. J Lipid Mediat Cell Signal. 14:1996;9-13.
175. Zuckerman S.L., Mirro R., Armstead W.M., Shibata M., Leffler C.W. Indomethacin reduces ischemia-induced alteration of blood-brain barrier transport in piglets. Am J Physio. 266:1994;H2198-H2203.