Modulation of apoptosis by HIV protease inhibitors

Apoptosis

Volumn 7, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 295-312

  Phenix, B N ^a,b   Cooper, C ^c   Owen, C ^c   Badley, A D ^a,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

^b OTTAWA HOSPITAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

^d MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

Apoptosis; CD4 T cell; HIV; Immunity; Protease inhibitor

Indexed keywords

ABACAVIR; AMPRENAVIR; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; CASPASE 3; CD4 ANTIGEN; CD8 ANTIGEN; EFAVIRENZ; INDINAVIR; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA CONVERTING ENZYME; LOPINAVIR; NELFINAVIR; NEVIRAPINE; PROTEINASE; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; RITONAVIR; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE INHIBITOR; SAQUINAVIR; ANTIVIRUS AGENT;

ANTIGEN PRESENTATION; APOPTOSIS; CELL METABOLISM; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG RESISTANCE; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOMODULATION; LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE SUBPOPULATION; VIREMIA; VIRUS INHIBITION; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; DRUG EFFECT; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; IMMUNOLOGY; PATHOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; APOPTOSIS; CD4-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV PROTEASE INHIBITORS; HIV-1; HUMAN; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T; HUMANS;

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS;

EID: 0036022394     PISSN: 13608185     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1016168411221     Document Type: Review

References (210)

1. The efficacy of azidothymidine (AZT) in the treatment of patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
2. The safety and efficacy of zidovudine (AZT) in the treatment of subjects with mildly symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) infection. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
3. A controlled trial of early versus late treatment with zidovudine in symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection. Results of the Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study
4. Zidovudine in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection. A controlled trial in persons with fewer than 500 CD4-positive cells per cubic millimeter
5. Administration of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine, an inhibitor of HTLV-III/LAV replication, to patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex
6. The duration of zidovudine benefit in persons with asymptomatic HIV infection. Prolonged evaluation of protocol 019 of the AIDS Clinical Trials Group
7. Synthesis, assembly, and processing of viral proteins
8. The HIV-1 protease as a therapeutic target for AIDS
9. Human immunodeficiency virus protease expressed in Escherichia coli exhibits autoprocessing and specific maturation of the gag precursor
10. An inhibitor of the protease blocks maturation of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses and spread of infection
11. Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus 1 protease in vitro: Rational design of substrate analogue inhibitors
12. Inhibition of HIV-1 protease in infected T-lymphocytes by synthetic peptide analogues
13. A synthetic HIV-1 protease inhibitor with antiviral activity arrests HIV-like particle maturation
14. Complete nucleotide sequence of the AIDS virus, HTLV-III
15. Retroviral protease-like sequence in the yeast transposon
16. Inhibition of retroviral protease activity by an aspartyl proteinase inhibitor
17. Effective blocking of HIV-1 proteinase activity by characteristic inhibitors of aspartic proteinases
18. Mutational analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease suggests functional homology with aspartic proteinases
19. The structure and function of the aspartic proteinases
20. Structural evidence for gene duplication in the evolution of the acid proteases
21. A structural model for the retroviral proteases
22. Human immunodeficiency virus protease. Bacterial expression and characterization of the purified aspartic protease
23. Substrate analogue inhibition and active site titration of purified recombinant HIV-1 protease
24. Large scale purification and refolding of HIV-1 protease from Escherichia coli inclusion bodies
25. Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 reverse transcriptase and ribonuclease H as substrates of the viral protease
26. Specificity of retroviral proteases: An analysis of viral and nonviral protein substrates
27. Assay methods for retrovital proteases
28. Synthetic approaches to continuous assays of retroviral proteases
29. Targeting the HIV-protease in AIDS therapy: A current clinical perspective
30. Structure-based inhibitors of HIV-1 protease
31. Progress in the discovery of orally bioavailable inhibitors of HIV protease
32. Rational design of peptide-based HIV proteinase inhibitors
33. Characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants with increased resistance to a C2-symmetric protease inhibitor
34. Discovery and early development of Ritonavir and ABT-378
35. L-735,524: An orally bioavailable human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor
36. Viracept (nelfinavir mesylate, AG1343): A potent, orally bioavailable inhibitor of HIV-1 protease
37. Recent developments in HIV protease inhibitor therapy
38. HIV protease as a target for retrovirus vector-mediated gene therapy
39. Dissociative inhibition of dimeric enzymes. Kinetic characterization of the inhibition of HIV-1 protease by its COOH-terminal tetrapeptide
40. HIV-1 reproduction is inhibited by peptides derived frm the N- and C-termini of HIV-1 protease
41. Synthetic "interface" peptides alter dimeric assembly of the HIV 1 and 2 proteases
42. Trans-dominant inhibitory human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease monomers prevent protease activation and virion maturation
43. Intracellular expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease variants inhibits replication of wild-type and protease inhibitor-resistant HIV-1 strains in human T-cell lines
44. Macromolecular inhibitors of HIV-1 protease. Characterization of designed heterodimers
45. Yeast two-hybrid assay for examining human immunodeficiency virus protease heterodimer formation with dominant-negative inhibitors and multidrug-resistant variants
46. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus syndrome
47. HIV therapeutics
48. A short-term study of the safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of ritonavir, an inhibitor of HIV-1 protease
49. ABT-538 is a potent inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus protease and has high oral bioavailability in humans
50. Pharmacological considerations in antiretroviral therapy
51. Clinical pharmacology of HIV protease inhibitors: Focus on saquinavir, indinavir, and ritonavir
52. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of HIV protease inhibitors
53. HIV-protease inhibitors
54. Nelfinavir mesylate: A protease inhibitor
55. Pharmacology and drug interactions of HIV protease inhibitors
56. Failure to detect nelfinavir in the cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-1-infected patients with and without AIDS dementia complex
57. Cerebrospinal fluid HIV RNA and drug levels with combination ritonavir and saquinavir
58. Cerebrospinal fluid indinavir and HIV RNA levels in patients on chronic indinavir therapy
59. Cytochrome P 450 isoenzymes, epoxide hydrolase and glutathione transferases in rat and human hepatic and extrahepatic tissues
60. Expression of CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and CYP3A7 in human duodenal tissue
61. Effect of itraconazole and terbinafine on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of midazolam in healthy volunteers
62. The effect of erythromycin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of zopiclone
63. Erythromycin-felodipine interaction: Magnitude, mechanism, and comparison with grapefruit juice
64. Naringin and naringenin are not the primary CYP3A inhibitors in grapefruit juice
65. Grapefruit juice-felodipine interaction: Mechanism, predictability, and effect of naringin
66. Grapefruit juice enhances the bioavailability of the HIV protease inhibitor saquinavir in man
67. HIV-1-protease as a target for AIDS therapy
68. HIV-1 protease inhibitors. A review for clinicians
69. Rapid turnover of plasma virions and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection
70. Viral dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection
71. HIV population dynamics in vivo: Implications for genetic variation, pathogenesis, and therapy
72. Reservoirs for HIV-1: Mechanisms for viral persistence in the presence of antiviral immune responses and antiretroviral therapy
73. Mutations in retroviral genes associated with drug resistance
74. Structural mechanisms of HIV drug resistance
75. Mutational anatomy of an HIV-1 protease variant conferring cross-resistance to protease inhibitors in clinical trials. Compensatory modulations of binding and activity
76. Treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection with saquinavir, zidovudine, and zalcitabine
77. A randomized, controlled trial of indinavir, zidovudine, and lamivudine in adults with advanced human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and prior antiretroviral therapy
78. Comparative CD4 T cell responses of protease inhibitor containing and sparing antiretroviral regimes
79. Nelfinavir, efavirenz, or both after the failure of nucleoside treatment of HIV infection
80. Efavirenz plus zidovudine and lamivudine, efavirenz plus indinavir, and indinavir plus zidovudine and lamivudine in the treatment of HIV-1 infection in adults
81. + cell counts despite persistently detectable HIV load
82. Effects of therapy cessation in patients with improvements in CD4 T cell number despite virologic failure
83. HIV RNA and CD4 cell count response to protease inhibitor therapy in an urban AIDS clinic: Response to both initial and salvage therapy
84. CD4-cell count in HIV-1 infected individuals remaining viraemic with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)
85. Failure isn't what it used to be...but neither is success
86. Clinical progression and virological failure on highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 patients: A prospective cohort study. Swiss HIV Cohort Study
87. + T cell response after virologic failure of protease inhibitor-based regimens in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection
88. + T cell counts despite virologic failure of protease inhibitor-containing antiretroviral combination therapy
89. CD4 T cell counts in HIV-infected individuals remaining viraemic with highly active antiretroviral therapy followed in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study
90. Clinical outcome of patients with HIV-1 infection according to immunologic and virologic response after 6 months of highly active antiretroviral therapy
91. Clinical and immunologic response without decrease in virus load in patients with AIDS after 24 months of highly active antiretroviral therapy
92. + T cell homeostasis and function in advanced HIV disease
93. + lymphocyte responses to antiretroviral therapy of HIV infection
94. + lymphocytes as prognostic markers of HIV-1 infection
95. A simple relationship between viral load and survival time in HIV-1 infection
96. Serum HIV-1 RNA levels and time to development of AIDS in the Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study
97. Prognosis in HIV-1 infection predicted by the quantity of virus in plasma
98. HIV-1 messenger RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells as an early marker of risk for progression to AIDS
99. Effect of therapy cessation during a discordant response to HAART; Implications for scheduled therapeutic interruptions
100. Long-term evaluation of T-cell subsets and T-cell function after HAART in advanced stage HIV-1 disease
101. Mega-HAART, resistance and drug holidays
102. Sustained virologic suppression in subjects switched from protease inhibitors (PIs) to nevirapine (NVP)
103. Switching a protease inhibitor (PI) for a nonnucleosidic reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI): Study of a cohort of 59 HIV patients
104. Long-term efficacy and tolerance of switching the protease inhibitor for non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: A 52-week, multicenter, prospective study
105. Successful substitution of protease inhibitors with Efavirenz (EFV) in patients with undetectable viral loads - A prospective, randomized, multicenter, open-label study (DMP 049)
106. Simplification with abacavir-based triple nucleoside therapy versus continued protease inhibitor-based highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1-infected patients with undetectable plasma HIV-1 RNA
107. Safety and efficacy of modifying ART by switching from a protease inhibitor (PI)-based regimen to Efavirenz (EFV) plus Combivir (CMV)
108. 24 Week follow-up of patients switching from protease inhibitor (PI) containing regimen with Lamivudine (3TC) and Stavudine (d4T) or Zidovudine (AZT) to an Efavirenz based therapy
109. + persons
110. Impact of switching from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitors to efavirenz in successfully treated adults with lipodystrophy
111. Substitution of NNRTI for protease inhibitor in patients on combination therapy with undetectable viral loads
112. Switching from PI to ABC improves insulin sensitivity and fasting lipids - 2 Month follow up
113. Risks and benefits of replacing protease inhibitors by nevirapine in HIV-infected subjects under longterm successful triple combination therapy
114. Successful maintenance of low HIV-1 viremia after early vs. late switching from protease inhibitor (PI)containing HAART to PI-sparing HAART containing either nevirapine (NVP), Efavirenz (EFV), or Abacavir (ABC)
115. Reversion of metabolic abnormalities after switching from HIV-1 protease inhibitors to nevirapine
116. An open randomized study on the replacement of HIV-1 protease inhibitors by Efavirenz in chronically suppressed HIV-1 infected patients with lipodystrophy
117. Simplified maintenance therapy with Abacavir + Lamivudine + Zidovudine in patients with HAART-induced long-term suppression of HIV-1 RNA: Final results
118. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-assessed changes of lipid metabolism (LM) in HIV-1 infected patients (PTS) with lipodystrophy (LPD) after switching the protease inhibitor (PI) by Nevirapine (NVP)
119. Different degree of immune recovery in HIV-infected patients receiving regimens with protease inhibitors or non-nucleosides
120. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease modulates proteasome activity, antigen presentation, and T cell responses
121. How an inhibitor of the HIV-I protease modulates proteasome activity
122. Influence of protease inhibitor therapy on lipoprotein metabolism
123. Stimulation of vitamin A(1) acid signaling by the HIV protease inhibitor indinavir
124. The HIV-1 protease inhibitor indinavir impairs insulin signalling in HepG2 hepatoma cells
125. CD36 deficiency induced by HIV antiretroviral therapy and its reversal by PPAR gamma-RXR alpha agonists. From the Past: Looking to future successes
126. HIV-1 protease inhibitors are substrates for the MDR1 multidrug transporter
127. Inhibition of adipocyte differentiation by HIV protease inhibitors
128. HIV protease inhibitors block human preadipocyte differentiation, but not via the PPARgamma/RXR heterodimer
129. Interactions of HIV protease inhibitors with ATP-dependent drug export proteins
130. The HIV protease inhibitor Indinavir inhibits cell-cycle progression in vitro in lymphocytes of HIV-infected and uninfected individuals
131. Differential effects of HIV-1 protease inhibitors on dendritic cell immunophenotype and function
132. Inhibition of interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme in human hematopoietic progenitor cells results in blockade of cytokine-mediated apoptosis and expansion of their proliferative potential
133. HIV-1 protease inhibitor ritonavir modulates susceptibility to apoptosis of uninfected T cells
134. Protease inhibitors stimulate hematopoiesis and decrease apoptosis and ICE expression in CD34(+) cells
135. Ex vivo and in vitro effect of human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors on neutrophil apoptosis
136. Antiapoptotic mechanism of HIV protease inhibitors: Preventing mitochondrial potential loss
137. Decreased HIV-associated T cell apoptosis by HIV protease inhibitors
138. HIV protease inhibitors restore impaired T-cell proliferative response in vivo and in vitro: A viral-suppression-independent mechanism
139. + T cell apoptosis in HIV-infected patients
140. Subcutaneous adipocyte apoptosis in HIV-1 protease inhibitor-associated lipodystrophy
141. Suppression of preadipocyte differentiation and promotion of adipocyte death by HIV protease inhibitors
142. Prevention of HIV associated T cell apoptosis by inhibitors of HIV protease
143. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor modulates activation of peripheral blood CD4(+) T cells and decreases their susceptibility to apoptosis in vitro and in vivo
144. HIV-1 suppression of hematopoiesis in vitro mediated by envelope glycoprotein and TNF-alpha
145. Interferon-gamma increases expression of chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR3, and CCR5, but not CXCR4 in monocytoid U937 cells
146. IL-1 beta convertase (ICE) does not play a requisite role in apoptosis induced in T lymphoblasts by Fas-dependent or Fas-independent CTL effector mechanisms
147. Inhibition of apoptotic transduction pathway in human hematopoietic cells using synthetic caspase inhibitor Y-VAD
148. Actin, troponin C, Alzheimer amyloid precursor protein and pro-interleukin 1 beta as substrates of the protease from human immunodeficiency virus
149. Apoptosis mediated by HIV protease is preceded by cleavage of Bcl-2
150. Nelfinavir. A review of its therapeutic efficacy in HIV infection
151. A preliminary evaluation of nelfinavir mesylate, an inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 protease, to treat HIV infection
152. Inhibition of apoptosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected cells enhances virus production and facilitates persistent infection
153. Anti-Fas monoclonal antibody is cytocidal to human immunodeficiency virus-infected cells without augmenting viral replication
154. + donors by cysteine protease inhibitors
155. The inhibition of pro-apoptotic ICE-like proteases enhances HIV replication
156. Killing HIV-infected cells by transduction with an HIV protease-activated caspase-3 protein
157. Induction of cell death in HIV-infected macrophages and resting memory CD4 T cells by TRAIL/apo2L
158. Mutations in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene are associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
159. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and structural defects in Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase
160. Neuronal death in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is apoptosis: Possible contribution of a programmed cell death mechanism
161. Inhibition of ICE slows ALS in mice
162. Bcl-2: Prolonging life in a transgenic mouse model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
163. Interleukin-1beta converting enzyme/Caspase-1 (ICE/Caspase-1) and soluble APO1/Fas/CD 95 receptor in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients
164. Upregulation of the pro-apoptotic BH3-only peptide harakiri in spinal neurons of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients
165. Bax and Bcl-2 interaction in a transgenic mouse model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
166. Neutrophil apoptosis and clearance from neonatal lungs
167. Sepsis-induced apoptosis of the thymocytes in mice
168. The role of programmed cell death (apoptosis) in thymic involution following sepsis
169. Differential induction of apoptosis in lymphoid tissues during sepsis: Variation in onset, frequency, and the nature of the mediators
170. Apoptosis in lymphoid and parenchymal cells during sepsis: Findings in normal and T- and B-cell-deficient mice
171. Apoptotic cell death in patients with sepsis, shock, and multiple organ dysfunction
172. Does Fas ligand or endotoxin contribute to thymic apoptosis during polymicrobial sepsis?
173. Lipopolysaccharide induces disseminated endothelial apoptosis requiring ceramide generation
174. Apoprosis in sepsis: A new target for therapeutic exploration
175. Bcl-2 inhibits ischemia-reperfusion-induced apoptosis in the intestinal epithelium of transgenic mice
176. A bcl-2 transgene expressed in hepatocytes protects mice from fulminant liver destruction but not from rapid death induced by anti-Fas antibody injection
177. Bid-deficient mice are resistant to Fas-induced hepatocellular apoptosis
178. Antiapoptotic mechanism of HIV protease inhibitors: Preventing mitochondrial transmembrane potential loss
179. Mitochondtial membrane potential and apoptosis peripheral blood monocytes in severe human sepsis
180. Recruitment of the mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathway in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
181. Effect of combination antiretroviral therapy upon rectal mucosal HIV RNA burden and mononuclear cell apoptosis
182. Early T-cell apoptosis and Fas expression during antiretroviral therapy in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1
183. In vivo analysis of Fas/FasL interactions in HIV-infected patients
184. Anti-retroviral therapy reverses HIV-associated abnormalities in lymphocyte apoptosis
185. Apoptosis and the CD95 system in HIV disease: Impact of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART)
186. Early effects of antiretroviral combination therapy on activation, apoptosis and regeneration of T cells in HIV-1-infected children and adolescents
187. Reduction in T cell apoptosis in patients with HIV disease following antiretroviral therapy
188. + T cell count, and HIV plasma viral copy number
189. Spontaneous apoptosis and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)
190. Low-dose IL-2 reduces lymphocyte apoptosis and increases naive CD4 cells in HIV-1 patients treated with HAART
191. Alteration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha T-cell homeostasis following potent antiretroviral therapy: Contribution to the development of human immunodeficiency virus-associated lipodystrophy syndrome
192. Decreased CD95 expression on naive T cells from HIV-infected persons undergoing highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) and the influence of IL-2 low dose administration
193. Spontaneous and anti-Fas-induced apoptosis in lymphocytes from HIV-infected patients undergoing highly active anti-retroviral therapy
194. Decreased T cell apoptosis and T cell recovery during highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)
195. + cells
196. Persistent viral load in patients on HAART is associated with a higher level of activation-induced apoptosis of CD4(+) T cells
197. Changes in apoptosis after interruption of potent antiretroviral therapy in patients with maximal HIV-1-RNA suppression
198. + T-cell proliferation in interleukin-2-treated human immunodeficiency virus-positive subjects
199. The Fas/FasL system and T cell apoptosis in HIV-1-infected lymphoid tissue during highly active antiretroviral therapy
200. T cell proliferation and apoptosis in HIV-1-infected lymphoid tissue: Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy
201. Switching to nevirapine decreases insulin levels but does not improve subcutaneous adipocyte apoptosis in patients with highly active antiretroviral therapy-associated lipodystrophy
202. Lymphocytes proliferate in blood and lymph nodes following interleukin-2 therapy in addition to highly active antiretroviral therapy
203. Lack of control of T cell apoptosis under HAART. Influence of therapy regimen in vivo and in vitro