Depression as a spreading adjustment disorder of monoaminergic neurons: A case for primary implication of the locus coeruleus

Brain Research Reviews

Volumn 38, Issue 1-2, 2001, Pages 79-128

  Harro, Jaanus ^a   Oreland, Lars ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TARTU   (Estonia)

^b UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

5 Hydroxytryptamine; Depression; Dopamine; Locus coeruleus; Neuropeptide; Noradrenaline

Indexed keywords

2 (6 CHLORO 5 FLUORO 1 INDOLYL) 1 METHYLETHYLAMINE; 2 BROMO N (2 CHLOROETHYL) N ETHYLBENZYLAMINE; 4 [4 (3 FLUOROPHENYL) 1,2,3,6 TETRAHYDRO 1 PYRIDINYL] 2 [N ETHYL N (4 ISOPROPYL 2 METHYLTHIOPHENYL)AMINO] 6 METHYLPYRIMIDINE; 4 HYDROXY 3 METHOXYPHENYLETHYLENE GLYCOL; 6 CHLORO 5 METHYL 1 [[2 [(2 METHYL 3 PYRIDYL)OXY] 5 PYRIDYL]CARBAMOYL]INDOLINE; ALPHA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; AMITRIPTYLINE; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BUTYL[2,5 DIMETHYL 7 (2,4,6 TRIMETHYLPHENYL) 7H PYRROLO[2,3 D]PYRIMIDIN 4 YL]ETHYLAMINE; CLONIDINE; CORTICOTROPIN; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR; DESIPRAMINE; DOPAMINE; FLUOXETINE; GALANIN; HOMOVANILLIC ACID; IMIPRAMINE; METIROSINE; MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR; N [2 [4 (2 METHOXYPHENYL) 1 PIPERAZINYL]ETHYL] N (2 PYRIDYL)CYCLOHEXANECARBOXAMIDE; NALPHA (DIPHENYLACETYL) N (4 HYDROXYBENZYL) DEXTRO ARGININAMIDE; NEUROPEPTIDE Y; NORADRENALIN; PINDOLOL; REBOXETINE; SEROTONIN 1A AGONIST; SEROTONIN RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SUBSTANCE P; TYROSINE 3 MONOOXYGENASE; UNINDEXED DRUG;

AFFECTIVE NEUROSIS; ANHEDONIA; ANXIETY; BRAIN STEM; DEPRESSION; DOPAMINERGIC TRANSMISSION; EMOTION; HUMAN; LOCUS CERULEUS; MENTAL DEFICIENCY; MONOAMINE NERVE CELL; MOTIVATION; NERVE PROJECTION; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE; NONHUMAN; NORADRENERGIC SYSTEM; POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL; PRESYNAPTIC POTENTIAL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY; RECEPTOR BINDING; RECEPTOR UPREGULATION; REVIEW; SEROTONINERGIC SYSTEM;

ANIMALS; BIOGENIC MONOAMINES; DEPRESSION; HUMANS; LOCUS COERULEUS; NEURONS; NEUROTRANSMITTER AGENTS; SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION;

EID: 0035691024     PISSN: 01650173     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0165-0173(01)00082-0     Document Type: Review

References (578)

1. Blunted growth hormone response to clonidine in patients with generalized anxiety disorder
2. Single-unit response of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus of freely moving cats. I. Acutely presented stressful and nonstressful stimuli
3. Characterization of hippocampal norepinephrine release as measured by microdialysis perfusion: Pharmacological and behavioral studies
4. Partial injury to central noradrenergic neurons: Reduction of tissue norepinephrine content is greater than reduction of extracellular norepinephrine measured by microdialysis
5. Metabolic rate in the right amygdala predicts negative affect in depressed patients
6. Effects of smoking on diurnal variations of subjective activation and mood
7. Chronic stress increases serotonin and noradrenaline in rat brain and sensitizes their responses to a further acute stress
8. Regulation of the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the median raphe nucleus of the rat by catecholaminergic afferents
9. Receptor reserve at the alpha-2-adrenergic receptor in the rat cerebral cortex
10. 1 receptor expression in the nucleus accumbens of the rat brain
11. Indirect serotonergic agonists attenuate neuronal opiate withdrawal
12. Stress
13. Effects of 5-HT receptor agonists on depolarization-induced [3H]-noradrenaline release in rabbit hippocampus and human neocortex
14. Neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to intravenous m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) in depressed patients and healthy comparison subjects
15. Pharmacological evidence for a stimulation of dopamine neurons by noradrenaline neurons in the brain
16. Recurrent brief depression. A new concept of depression
17. Isolation stress increases tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA in the locus coeruleus and midbrain and decreases proenkephalin mRNA in the striatum and nucleus accumbens
18. Catecholamine depletion in mice upon reexposure to stress: Mediation of the escape deficits produced by inescapable shock
19. Multiple neurochemical and behavioral consequences of stressors: Implications for depression
20. 2-adrenergic receptors in the cerebral cortex of controls and suicide victims
21. Localized alterations in pre- and postsynaptic serotonin binding sites in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex of suicide victims
22. Fewer pigmented locus coeruleus neurons in suicide victims: Preliminary results
23. Signalled and unsignalled avoidance impairments following noradrenaline depletion with DSP4: An hypothesis incorporating an associative and a non-associative factor
24. Role of olfactory bulbectomy and DSP4 treatment in avoidance learning in the rat
25. Effect of repeated administration of novel stressors on central beta-adrenoceptors
26. Triiodothyronine augmentation in the treatment of refractory depression: A meta-analysis
27. How does pindolol improve antidepressant action?
28. REM sleep deprivation decreases apomorphine-induced stimulation of locomotor activity but not stereotyped behavior in mice
29. Psychobiology of suicide, impulsivity, and related phenomena
30. The brain nucleus locus coeruleus: Restricted afferent control of a broad efferent network
31. Discharge of noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons in behaving rats and monkeys suggests a role in vigilance
32. Afferent regulation of locus coeruleus neurons: Anatomy, physiology and pharmacology
33. Psychostimulant (amphetamine or methylphenidate) therapy for chronic and treatment-resistant depression
34. Changes of cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites during long-term antidepressant treatment
35. Effects of long-term administration of antidepressants and neuroleptics on receptors in the central nervous system
36. The patient with comorbid depression and anxiety: The unmet need
37. Do antidepressants stabilize mood through actions on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system?
38. REM sleep deprivation increases the levels of tyrosine hydroxylase and norepinephrine transporter mRNA in the locus coeruleus
39. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the locus coeruleus is reduced in depressed non-suicidal patients but normal in depressed suicide patients
40. Extracellular dopamine and neurotensin in rat prefrontal cortex in vivo: Effects of medial forebrain bundle stimulation frequency, stimulation pattern, and dopamine autoreceptors
41. Food deprivation modulates chronic stress effects on object recognition in male rats: Role of monoamines and amino acids
42. Supersensitivity of alpha 2-adrenoceptors modulating [3H]5-HT release after noradrenergic denervation with DSP4
43. Tryptophan hydroxylase polymorphisms in suicide victims
44. Transient depressive relapse induced by catecholamine depletion
45. Effects of locus coeruleus activation on electroencephalographic activity in neocortex and hippocampus
46. Singular subsets of locus coeruleus neurons may recover tyrosine hydroxylase phenotype transiently expressed during development
47. Social isolation attenuates rat forebrain 5-HT release induced by KCl stimulation and exposure to a novel environment
48. Regionally selective increases in β adrenergic receptors in the brains of suicide victims
49. Reduced tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in locus coeruleus of suicide victims
50. Medial frontal cortex mediates perceptual attentional set shifting in the rat
51. Electrophysiological investigations on the effect of repeated zimelidine administration on serotonergic neurotransmission in the rat
52. Serotonergic but not noradrenergic neurons in rat central nervous system adapt to long-term treatment with monoamine oxidase inhibitors
53. Effect of repeated amiflamine administration on serotonergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission. Electrophysiological studies in the rat CNS
54. Modification of serotonergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission by repeated administration of monoamine oxidase inhibitors: Electrophysiological studies in the rat
55. The serotonin transporter in the midbrain of suicide victims with major depression
56. Reduction of long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus of the rat following depletion of monoamines
57. 1B receptors
58. Effects of amitriptyline and imipramine on brain and neurotransmitter metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid
59. 2 receptor binding sites in brain samples from depressed suicides and controls
60. Long-term antidepressant administration alters corticotropin-releasing hormone, tyrosine hydroxylase, and mineralocorticoid receptor gene expression in rat brain
61. Tritiated imipramine binding sites are decreased in platelets of untreated depressed patients
62. Dissociation between in vivo hippocampal norepinephrine response and behavioral/neuroendocrine responses to noise stress in rats
63. Personality changes in adult subjects with major depressive disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder treated with paroxetine
64. Norepinephrine in depressive reactions
65. Corticotropin-releasing factor produces fear-enhancing and behavioral activating effects following infusion into the locus coeruleus
66. 1 binding sites in the Flinders Sensitive Line rats, a genetic animal model of depression
67. Amygdala activity at encoding correlated with long-term, free recall of emotional information
68. Maternal care during infancy regulates the development of neural systems mediating the expression of fearfulness in the rat
69. 2A-adrenoceptor agonist binding sites in brains of depressed suicide victims
70. 2B/C-adrenoceptors modulate noradrenaline release in rat locus coeruleus: Voltammetric data
71. Monoamine-depleting drugs
72. Neuroendocrine regulation in affective disorders
73. Alterations in brain norepinephrine metabolism induced by environmental stimuli previously paired with inescapable shock
74. Activation of locus coeruleus neurons by peripheral stimuli: Modulation by a collateral inhibitory mechanism
75. Quantification of catecholamine neurons in the locus coeruleus in human brains of normal young and older adults and in depression
76. Human prefrontal lesions increase distractability to irrelevant sensory inputs
77. Acute and long-term effects of antidepressant 5-HT reuptake blockers on the efficacy of 5-HT neurotransmission: Electrophysiological studies in the rat
78. Presynaptic and postsynaptic modifications of the serotonin system by long-term administration of antidepressant treatments: An in vivo electrophysiological study in the rat
79. 1A receptors
80. Corticotropin-releasing factor immunoreactivity in post-mortem brain from depressed suicides
81. Effects of cigarette smoking on human aggressive behavior
82. 2 agonist augments γ-aminobutyric acid and excitatory amino acid inputs to noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons
83. Cognitive functions and complaints in HIV-1 individuals treated for depression
84. Premorbid personality traits of men who develop unipolar or bipolar disorders
85. Do noradrenergic reuptake inhibitors affect serotonergic function in depression?
86. Serotonin-norepinephrine interactions: A voltammetric study on the effect of serotonin receptor stimulation followed in the N. raphe dorsalis and the Locus coeruleus of the rat
87. Chronic stress impairs rat spatial memory on the Y maze and this effect is blocked by tianeptine pretreatment
88. Effects of pretreatment with corticotropin-releasing factor on the electrophysiological responsivity of the locus coeruleus to subsequent corticotropin-releasing factor challenge
89. Reciprocal cross-desensitization of locus coeruleus electrophysiological responsivity to corticotropin-releasing factor and stress
90. The biochemistry of affective disorders
91. Abnormalities of indoleamines in affective disorders
92. Pharmacological challenge tests and brain serotonin function in depression and during SSRI treatment
93. CSF 5-HIAA levels are lower in impulsive as compared to nonimpulsive violent suicide attempters and control subjects
94. Alteration of tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the locus coeruleus after administration of p-chlorophenylalanine
95. Neurohormonal perturbations in fibromyalgia
96. B receptors consistent findings following chronic antidepressant administration?
97. Intracranial self-stimulation with electrodes in the region of the locus coeruleus
98. Neurotransmitter receptors and monoamine metabolites in the brains of patients with Alzheimer-type dementia and depression, and suicides
99. Psychosomatic aspects of movement disorders
100. Previous stress alters corticotropin-releasing factor neurotransmission in the locus coeruleus
101. Activation of the locus coeruleus noradrenergic system by intracoerulear microinfusion of corticotropin-releasing factor: Effects on discharge rate, cortical norepinephrine levels and cortical electroencephalographic activity
102. Long-term regulation of locus ceruleus sensitivity to corticotropin-releasing factor by swim stress
103. Citalopram: Clinical effect profile in comparison with clomipramine. A controlled multicenter study
104. Paroxetine: A selective reuptake inhibitor showing better tolerance, but weaker antidepressant effect than clomipramine in a controlled multicenter study
105. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of venlafaxine extended release and buspirone in outpatients with generalized anxiety disorder
106. 5-HT, antidepressant drugs and the psychosocial origins of depression
107. Association of fluoxetine treatment with reductions in CSF concentrations of corticotropin-releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin in patients with major depression
108. Nobel celebrates the neurosciences: Modulatory signaling in the brain
109. Serotonin function and the mechanism of antidepressant action: Reversal of antidepressant-induced remission by rapid depletion of plasma tryptophan
110. Monoamines and the mechanism of antidepressant action: Effects of catecholamine depletion on mood in patients treated with antidepressants
111. Norepinephrine and serotonin in antidepressant action: Evidence from neurotransmitter depletion studies
112. The effects of antidepressants on aggressiveness induced by social deprivation in mice
113. Enhanced functional responsiveness of the dopaminergic system: The mechanism of anti-immobility effects of antidepressants in the behavioral despair test in the rat
114. Sleep deprivation increases dopamine D1 receptor antagonist [3H]SCH 23390 binding and dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase in the rat limbic system
115. The need for new and better antidepressants: Reboxetine a new option
116. Antidepressant-induced modulation of GABAA receptors and beta-adrenoceptors but not GABAB receptors in the frontal cortex of olfactory bulbectomized rats
117. Stress-induced alterations in locus coeruleus gene expression during ontogeny
118. β-Adrenoceptors in brain and pineal from depressed suicide victims
119. Brain α-adrenoceptors in depressed suicides
120. Activation of the noradrenergic system facilitates an attentional shift in the rat
121. 2 receptors in depression
122. Activity wheel running reduces escape latency and alters brain monoamine levels after footshock
123. Treadmill exercise training augments brain norepinephrine response to familiar and novel stress
124. 2 receptors: Microdialysis studies in the awake and anaesthetized rat
125. 2-adrenoceptors and β-adrenergic receptors in the rat after DSP-4, a selective noradrenergic neurotoxin
126. Functional supersensitivity to adrenergic agonists in the rat after DSP-4, a selective noradrenergic neurotoxin
127. Antidepressant treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression in veterans
128. Thyroid hormones as neurotransmitters
129. A functional anatomical study of unipolar depression
130. Neuroimaging abnormalities in the subgenual prefrontal cortex: Implications for the pathophysiology of familial mood disorders
131. PET imaging of serotonin1A receptor binding in depression
132. A molecular and cellular theory of depression
133. Physiological and behavioral responses to corticotropin-releasing factor administration: Is CRF a mediator of anxiety or stress responses?
134. Pimozide prevents the development of conditioned place preferences induced by rewarding locus coeruleus stimulation
135. 2 receptor number in rats: Modulatory role of beta adrenergic receptors
136. Attention deficits in depression: An electrophysiological marker
137. Pharmacological analysis of a cholinergic regulation of brain norepinephrine neurons
138. Biochemical and pharmacologic effects of α-methyltyrosine in man
139. Antidepressant drugs: Does it matter if they inhibit the reuptake of noradrenaline or serotonin?
140. Differential co-existence of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity with catecholamines in the central nervous system of the rat
141. Response of anxiety and agitation symptoms during nefazodone treatment of major depression
142. Biochemical and behaviour changes induced by acute stress in a chronic variate stress model of depression: The effect of amitriptyline
143. 2-adrenoceptors on seroronergic nerve endings in human and rat neocortex
144. 2-adrenoceptors
145. N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-stimulated noradrenaline (NA) release in rat brain cortex is modulated by presynaptic H3-receptors
146. Stimulation of serotonin release in the rat brain cortex by activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors and its modulation via alpha2-heteroreceptors
147. Depression by neuropeptide Y of noradrenergic inhibitory postsynaptic potentials of locus coeruleus neurones
148. Transcranial magnetic stimulation downregulates β-adrenoreceptors in rat cortex
149. Monoamine receptors in the prefrontal cortex of Tupaia belangeri during chronic psychosocial stress
150. Impulse activity of locus coeruleus neurons in awake rats and monkeys is a function of sensory stimulation and arousal
151. Nucleus locus ceruleus: New evidence of anatomical and physiological specificity
152. 3H]-cyclic AMP production in slices of rat cerebral cortex
153. 14C] 2-deoxy-D-glucose study in rats
154. Association of unipolar major depressive disorder with genes of the serotonergic and dopaminergic pathways
155. Immunohistochemical analysis of the neurotoxic effects of DSP-4 identifies two populations of noradrenergic axon terminals
156. Psychosocial stress in tree shrews: Clomipramine counteracts behavioural and endocrine changes
157. 2-adrenoceptor function following isolation-rearing in the rat
158. Effect of isolation-rearing on noradrenaline release in rat hypothalamus and hippocampus in vitro
159. Local regulation of compensatory noradrenergic hyperactivity in the partially denervated hippocampus
160. A chronic stress that impairs reactivity in rats also decreases dopaminergic transmission in the nucleus accumbens: A microdialysis study
161. i coupling proteins, and regulatory receptor kinases in the prefrontal cortex of depressed suicides
162. 2-adrenoceptors which modulate the jaw-opening reflex in the rat
163. Effects of sleep deprivation on serotonergic neuronal activity in the dorsal raphe nucleus of the freely moving cat
164. Antidepressants selectively antagonize the hyperactivity induced in rats by long-term isolation
165. Daily repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) improves mood in depression
166. The role of the locus coeruleus in the development of Parkinson's disease
167. Increase in norepinephrine turnover after tyrosine or DL-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine (DL-threo-DOPS)
168. Smoking, smoking cessation, and major depression
169. Simultaneous quantification of serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline levels in single frontal cortex dialysates of freely-moving rats reveals a complex pattern of reciprocal auto- and heteroreceptor-mediated control of release
170. 2A receptor activation enhances dialysate levels of dopamine and noradrenaline, but not 5-HT, in the frontal cortex of freely-moving rats
171. Clinical and biochemical manifestations of depression
172. Cognitive impairments in depression
173. Nonlinear relationship between impulse flow and dopamine released by rat midbrain dopaminergic neurons as studied by in vivo electrochemistry
174. 2-adrenoceptor agonist binding sites in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of depressed suicide victims
175. Psychobiological aspects of stress and affective illness
176. 2 receptor-mediated head-twitch behaviour following antidepressant treatment to mice
177. 1A receptor-mediated hypothermia and serotonin syndrome produced by 8-OH-DPAT in the rat
178. 2 receptors
179. Influence of olfactory bulbectomy and subsequent imipramine treatment on 5-hydroxytryptaminergic presynapses in the rat frontal cortex: Behavioural correlates
180. Brain noradrenaline depletion prevents ECS-induced enhancement of serotonin and dopamine mediated behavior
181. Clonidine modulates dopamine cell firing in rat ventral tegmental area
182. Noradrenergic modulation of midbrain dopamine cell firing elicited by stimulation of the locus coeruleus in the rat
183. Stress-induced sensitization of dopamine and norepinephrine efflux in medial prefrontal cortex of the rat
184. Dysthymia: A review of pharmacological and behavioral factors
185. Effects of chronic antidepressant and benzodiazepine treatment on corticotropin-releasing-factor receptors in rat brain and pituitary
186. 1-noradrenergic receptors in the human brain postmortem, effect of suicide
187. The suicide brain: A review of post-mortem receptor/transporter binding studies
188. Catecholamines in depression: A cumulative study of urinary norepinephrine and its major metabolites in unipolar and bipolar depressed patients versus healthy volunteers at the NIMH
189. The combined effects of chronic ethanol/desipramine treatment on β-adrenoceptor density and coupling efficiency in rat brain
190. i coupling, effects of imipramine and relationship to treatment outcome
191. Excitation of neurons in the locus coeruleus by substance P and related peptides
192. 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, atipamezole
193. Oral administration of a corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonist significantly attenuates behavioral, neuroendocrine, and autonomic responses to stress in primates
194. Modulation of the firing activity of noradrenergic neurones in the rat locus coeruleus by the 5-hydroxytryptamine system
195. Effect of neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists on the function of 5-HT and noradrenaline neurons
196. Disclosure of labile monoamine fractions in brain and their correlation to behaviour
197. 1 receptor antagonists enhance stress-induced c-fos in rat locus coeruleus
198. Effect of a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine reuptake inhibitor on brain extracellular noradrenaline: Microdialysis studies using paroxetine
199. The multiple interactional biological processes that might lead to depression and gender differences in its appearance
200. Pharmacological modifications of the neurotropic action of the noradrenaline neurotoxin DSP4 on central noradrenaline neurons
201. Effects of rapid eye movement sleep deprivation on the properties of striatal dopaminergic system
202. Glucocorticoid receptor immunoreactivity in monoaminergic neurons of rat brain
203. Changes in cholecystokinin receptor binding in rat brain after selective damage of locus coeruleus projections by DSP-4 treatment
204. Pathophysiology of melancholia: A hypothesis
205. Impaired exploratory behaviour after DSP-4 treatment in rats: Implications for the increased anxiety after noradrenergic denervation
206. Depression as a spreading neuronal adjustment disorder
207. Chronic mild unpredictable stress after noradrenergic denervation: Attenuation of behavioural and biochemical effects of DSP-4 treatment
208. Dose-dependent effects of noradrenergic denervation by DSP-4 treatment on forced swimming and β-adrenoceptor binding in the rat
209. Association of depressiveness with blunted growth hormone response to maximal physical exercise in young healthy men
210. 2 receptor binding in rats
211. The effects of CRA 1000, a non-peptide antagonist of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 1, on adaptive behaviour in the rat
212. 2-adrenoceptor desensitization by desipramine and ECS
213. Drugs and industry
214. Corticotropin-releasing factor and neuropeptide Y: Role in emotional integration
215. Persistent changes in corticotropin-releasing factor systems due to early life stress: Relationship to the pathophysiology of major depression and post-traumatic stress disorder
216. Mechanisms of action of antidepressant treatments: Implications for the etiology and treatment of depressive disorders
217. Serotonergic neurons do not influence the regulation of beta adrenoceptors induced by either desipramine or isoproterenol
218. Reduction of dopamine utilization in the prefrontal cortex, but not in the nucleus accumbens after selective destruction of noradrenergic fibers innervating the ventral tegmental area in the rat
219. Effects of bilateral lesion of the locus coeruleus and of neonatal administration of 6-hydroxydopamine on the concentration of individual proteins in rat brain
220. Effects of adrenergic drugs on raphe unit activity in freely moving cats
221. 1A receptors or β-adrenoceptors, restrain the citalopram-induced increase in extracellular 5-hydroxytryptamine in vivo
222. Neuropeptides in perspective: The last ten years
223. Galanin in ascending systems: Focus on coexistence with 5-hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline
224. Galanin and NPY, two peptides with multiple putative roles in the nervous system
225. Neuropeptides - An overview
226. NMDA glutamatergic receptors, labelled with [3H]MK-801, in brain samples from drug-free depressed suicides
227. Chronic social stress increases levels of preprogalanin mRNA in the rat locus coeruleus
228. Effects of olfactory bulbectomy on neuropeptide gene expression in the rat olfactory/limbic system
229. Neuroendocrinology of mood disorders
230. Antidepressants and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical regulation
231. The rationale for corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor (CRH-R) antagonists to treat depression and anxiety
232. The corticosteroid receptor hypothesis of depression
233. Mesolimbocortical and nigrostriatal dopamine responses to salient non-reward events
234. Depressive symptoms as relative and attributable risk factors for first-onset major depression
235. Corticotropin-releasing factor binding sites in cortex of depressed suicides
236. Anxiolytics and antidepressants for smoking cessation
237. A partial noradrenergic lesion induced by DSP-4 increases extracellular noradrenaline concentration in rat frontal cortex: A microdialysis study in vivo
238. Evidence from microdialysis and synaptosomal studies of rat cortex for noradrenaline uptake sites with different sensitivities to SSRIs
239. Involvement of hippocampal neuropeptide Y in mediating the chronic actions of lithium, electroconvulsive stimulation and citalopram
240. Repeated stressful experiences differently affect the time-dependent responses of the mesolimbic dopamine system to the stressor
241. The role of norepinephrine in depression
242. Sensitization of norepinephrine activity following acute and chronic footshock
243. Modulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine release in hippocampal slices of rats: Effects of fimbria-fornix lesions on 5-HT1B autoreceptor and alpha2-heteroreceptor function
244. 5-HT and motor control
245. Sensitization of norepinephrine release in medial prefrontal cortex: Effect of different chronic stress protocols
246. 2-noradrenergic receptors in discrete brain areas
247. Activation of locus coeruleus enhances the responses of olfactory bulb mitral cells to weak olfactory nerve input
248. Role of dopamine mechanisms in the affective disorders
249. Potent excitatory influence of prefrontal cortex activity on noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons
250. 2- and β-adrenoceptor sensitivity
251. DSP-4-(N-2-choloroethyl-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine): A useful denervation tool for central and peripheral noradrenaline neurons
252. Effects of the noradrenaline neurotoxin DSP4 on the postnatal development of central noradrenaline neurons in the rat
253. Subsyndromal symptomatic depression: A new mood disorder?
254. Delineating the longitudinal structure of depressive illness: Beyond clinical subtypes and duration thresholds
255. Effects of local MAO inhibition in the locus coeruleus on extracellular serotonin and 5-HIAA during exposure to sensory and cardiovascular stimuli
256. Conditioned fear and inescapable shock modify the release of serotonin in the locus coeruleus
257. Role of the dopaminergic system in depression
258. 1 receptor antagonist BIBP3226: Antagonism with diazepam
259. Overflow of noradrenaline and dopamine in frontal cortex after [N-2(chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine] (DSP-4) treatment: In vivo microdialysis study in anaesthetised rats
260. 1 receptor antagonist BIBP3226 in rats
261. 13-36 microinjected into vicinity of locus coeruleus in rats
262. 1 receptors in the dorsal periaqueductal gray matter regulate anxiety in the social interaction test
263. 1 receptor antagonist BIBP3226 produces conditioned place aversion in rats
264. Neuropeptide Y attenuates the effect of locus coeruleus denervation by DSP-4 treatment on social behaviour in the rat
265. 1 receptor antagonist BIBO 3304
266. Focal cerebral ischemia-induced escape deficit in rats is ameliorated by a reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase-A: Implications for a novel animal model of post-stroke depression
267. The timing, specificity, and clinical prediction of tricyclic drug effects in depression
268. Drug-induced actions on brain neurotransmitter systems and changes in the behaviors and emotions of depressed patients
269. The corticotropin-releasing hormone challenge in depressed abused, depressed nonabused, and normal control children
270. Tonic regulation of the activity of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus of the conscious rat studied by dual-probe microdialysis
271. Depression: The forgotten diagnosis among hospitalized adults
272. 1 receptor antagonist R121919 depends on innate emotionality in rats
273. Sources of individual differences in depressive symptoms: Analysis of two samples of twins and their families
274. Stressful life events, genetic liability, and onset of an episode of major depression in women
275. Boundaries of major depression: Evaluation of DSM-IV criteria
276. Anxiolytic-like actions of BW 723C86 in the rat Vogel conflict test are 5-HT2B receptor mediated
277. Anxiety, mood, and substance abuse disorders: Patterns and correlates of comorbidity
278. Benzodiazepine and GABAA receptors in rat brain following chronic antidepressant drug administration
279. Postnatal development of alpha-adrenoreceptor-mediated autoinhibition in the locus coeruleus
280. Degeneration of locus coeruleus axons in stress-induced depression model
281. Cardiovascular actions of neuropeptide Y and social stress
282. Chronic treatment with antidepressants decreases the number of 3H-SCH23390 binding sites in the rat striatum and limbic system
283. Reduced levels of norepinephrine transporters in the locus coeruleus in major depression
284. Brain noradrenergic receptors in major depression and schizophrenia
285. Selective alteration of personality and social behavior by serotonergic intervention
286. Corticotropin-releasing factor, norepinephrine, and stress
287. Increased turnover of norepinephrine in the rat cerebral cortex during stress: Role of the locus coeruleus
288. CSF and urinary biogenic amines and metabolites in depression and mania. A controlled, univariate analysis
289. 2-adrenoceptors in the locus coeruleus and its projection fields in rat brain determined by quantitative autoradiography
290. Childhood onset of dysthymic disorder: Clinical features and prospective naturalistic outcome
291. Interactions of pharmacological agents that alter biogenic amine metabolism and depression: An analysis of contributing factors within a primate model of depression
292. Hypersensitivity to D-amphetamine several years after early social deprivation in rhesus monkeys
293. Effect of alcohol on cerebrospinal fluid norepinephrine in rhesus monkeys
294. Social separation increases alcohol consumption in rhesus monkeys
295. Causes of changes in brain noradrenaline systems and later effects on responses to social stressors in rhesus monkeys: The cascade hypothesis
296. Distinct mechanism for antidepressant activity by blockade of central substance P receptors
297. Antidepressant or antianxiety? A study of the efficacy of antidepressant medication
298. Effects of acute and repeated administration of antidepressant drugs on extracellular levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine measured in vivo
299. No evidence for an association of polymorphisms of the tryptophan hydroxylase gene with affective disorders or attempted suicide among Japanese patients
300. Long-term treatment of depression
301. Differential effects of stress on presynaptic and postsynaptic 5-hydroxytryptamine-1A receptors in the rat brain: An in vitro electrophysiological study
302. Effects of long-term desipramine administration on noradrenergic neurotransmission: Electrophysiological studies in the rat brain
303. Reduction in cortical serotonin transporter site number in suicide victims in the absence of altered levels of serotonin, its precursors or metabolite
304. Reduced brain norepinephrine and dopamine release in treatment-refractory depressive illness
305. 3 receptor gene expression as a common effect of chronic antidepressant treatments
306. Norepinephrine and associative conditioning in the neonatal rat somatosensory system
307. Intensification of the central serotonergic processes as a possible determinant of the thymoleptic effect
308. Effects of locus coeruleus lesions on the release of endogenous dopamine in the rat nucleus accumbens and caudate nucleus as determined by intracerebral microdialysis
309. Suppression of nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopamine release in vivo following noradrenaline depletion by DSP-4: A microdialysis study
310. Cortical concentrations of corticotropin-releasing hormone and its receptor in Alzheimer type dementia and major depression
311. Locus coeruleus activation by colon distension: Role of corticotrophin-releasing factor and excitatory amino acids
312. Glucocorticoid receptor-immunoreactivity in corticotrophin-releasing factor afferents to the locus coeruleus
313. Psychomotor retardation and anhedonia in depression
314. Diversity and distribution of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the locus ceruleus neurons
315. Evidence for a biochemical lesion in depression
316. Activity of cat locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons during the defense reaction
317. Time-course variations in tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the rat locus coeruleus after electrolytic destruction of the nucleus raphe dorsalis or raphe centralis
318. Effects on mood of acute phenylalanine/tyrosine depletion in healthy women
319. Molecular cloning, expression, and characterization of rat homolog of human AP-2α that stimulates neuropeptide Y transcription activity in response to nerve growth factor
320. 2 receptor antisense oligonucleotides into the rat brain
321. A comparison of drugs versus placebo for the treatment of dysthymia
322. Regulation of serotonin 1A, glucocorticoid, and mineralocorticoid receptor in rat and human hippocampus: Implications for the neurobiology of depression
323. Neurotransmitters and depression: Too much, too little, or too unstable?
324. Antidepressant-like effects of alnespirone (S 20499) in the learned helplessness test in rats
325. Electroconvulsive stimuli enhance both neuropeptide Y receptor Y1 and Y2 messenger RNA expression and levels of binding in the rat hippocampus
326. 1 receptor) in the central nervous system
327. The serotonin hypothesis of major depression
328. 2-adrenoceptor density in major depression: Effects of tricyclic antidepressants and fluoxetine
329. Effects of MK-801 and antidepressant drugs in the forced swimming test in rats
330. 3 receptors in the rat brain
331. Differential regulation of neuropeptide Y mRNA expression in the arcuate nucleus and locus coeruleus by stress and antidepressants
332. 123I]-2 beta-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl)tropane and single photon emission computed tomography
333. Chronic cold stress alters the basal and evoked electrophysiological activity of rat locus coeruleus neurons
334. 2 and β-adrenergic receptor binding in the frontal cortices of suicide victims
335. Possible association of a polymorphism of the tryptophan hydroxylase gene with suicidal behavior in depressed patients
336. A serotonin transporter gene promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and prefrontal cortical binding in major depression and suicide
337. 1 receptor antagonist
338. Aggression and anger-related traits associated with a polymorphism of the tryptophan hydroxylase gene
339. Monoamine receptors in an animal model of affective disorder
340. Pindolol augmentation of antidepressant treatment: Recent contributions from brain imaging studies
341. 11C]WAY100635 and positron emission tomography in humans
342. Adaptation in patterns of c-fos expression in the brain associated with exposure to either single or repeated social stress in male rats
343. 2 type
344. 2-antagonists in the locus coeruleus, dorsal raphe and lateral geniculate nuclei: An electrophysiological study
345. Psychostimulant augmentation of second generation antidepressants: A case series
346. An in vivo microdialysis study in the frontal cortex of freely-moving rats: Effects of FG 7142 or yohimbine on spontaneous and stress-induced changes in noradrenaline efflux
347. Neuropeptide Y, neurokinin A and neurotensin in brain regions of Fawn Hooded 'depressed' Wistar, and Sprague-Dawley rats. Effects of electroconvulsive stimuli
348. 1A binding sites in frontal cortex of suicide victims
349. Nicotine activates NPY and catecholaminergic neurons in brainstem regions involved in ACTH secretion
350. Effects of locus coeruleus lesions on parkinsonian signs, striatal dopamine and substantia nigra cell loss after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine in monkeys: A possible role for the locus coeruleus in the progression of Parkinson's disease
351. Repeated treatment with antidepressant drugs increases the behavioural responses to apomorphine
352. Relation between lymphocyte beta-adrenergic responsivity and the severity of depressive disorders
353. The effects of L-dihydroxyphenylalanine on alertness and mood in α-methyl-para-tyrosine-treated healthy humans: Further evidence for the role of catecholamines in arousal and anxiety
354. The pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder
355. Neuroendocrine interactions
356. Serotonin receptor binding in a colony model of chronic social stress
357. Regulation of noradrenergic neural activity in the rat locus coeruleus by serotoninergic afferents
358. 2-adrenoceptor density in the frontal cortex of depressed suicide victims
359. 2-Adrenoceptors in the brain of suicide victims: Increased receptor density associated with major depression
360. Coexistence of galanin-like immunoreactivity with catecholamines, 5-hydroxytryptamine, GABA, and neuropeptides in the rat CNS
361. Chronic imipramine treatment normalizes levels of tyrosine hydroxylase in the locus coeruleus of chronically stressed rats
362. 2-adrenoceptors mediating mydriasis in the rat
363. Aversive and appetitive events evoke the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone and bombesin-like peptides at the central nucleus of the amygdala
364. 2 receptor number in frontal cortex
365. 2C receptors tonically inhibit dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NAD), but not 5-HT, release in the frontal cortex in vivo
366. Selective blockade of neurokinin (NK) (1) receptors facilitates the activity of adrenergic pathways projecting to frontal cortex and dorsal hippocampus in rats
367. The prefrontal cortex: Complex neural properties for complex behavior
368. Effects of alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (AMPT) in drug-free depressed patients
369. Psychological deficit in depression
370. Role of the locus coeruleus in the noradrenergic response to a systemic administration of nicotine
371. HPA axis dysfunction in depression: Correlation with monoamine system abnormalities
372. Effect of diet on urinary excretion of unconjugated catecholamines and some of their metabolites in healthy control subjects and depressed patients
373. 2-adrenergic heteroreceptors on serotonin terminals in the mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs
374. Effect of acute, short- and long-term milnacipran administration on rat locus coeruleus noradrenergic and dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons
375. Role of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor subtypes in the two types of fear generated by the elevated T-maze
376. DSP4 and Herrnstein's equation: Further evidence for a role of noradrenaline in the maintenance of operant behaviour by positive reinforcement
377. Depression: The forgotten diagnosis among hospitalized adults
378. Regional distribution of norepinephrine and dopamine in brains of depressive suicides and alcoholic suicides
379. Galanin has REM-sleep deprivation-like effects on the sleep EEG in healthy young men
380. Novel pharmacological approaches to the treatment of depression
381. Cognitive impairment in depression: Psychological models and clinical issues
382. Elevated concentrations of CSF corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in depressed patients
383. Reduced corticotropin-releasing factor binding sites in the frontal cortex of suicide victims
384. Further studies on platelet serotonin transporter binding in depression
385. The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) hypothesis of depression: New findings and new directions
386. Tryptophan hydroxylase genotype is associated with impulsive-aggression measures: A preliminary study
387. Inhibition by ethanol of excitatory amino acid receptors in rat locus coeruleus neurons in vitro
388. Prior exposure to chronic stress results in enhanced synthesis and release of hippocampal norepinephrine in response to a novel stressor
389. Enhanced tyrosine hydroxylation in hippocampus of chronically stressed rats upon exposure to a novel stressor
390. Effects of chronic electroconvulsive shock on interstitial concentrations of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens
391. 2-adrenoceptor-mediated inhibition of cyclic AMP production in rat brain cerebral cortical slices
392. Effects of clonidine and yohimbine on the social play of juvenile rats
393. Adaptive changes in the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor complex after chronic treatment with imipramine and 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid
394. Efficacy of mirtazapine in clinically relevant subgroups of depressed patients
395. Expression of the novel galanin receptor subtype GALR2 in the adult rat CNS: Distinct distribution from GALR1
396. Isolation and cDNA cloning of a novel galanin-like peptide (GALP) from porcine hypothalamus
397. The biphasic effects of locus coeruleus noradrenergic activation on dendrodendritic inhibition in the rat olfactory bulb
398. The action of anticonvulsant drugs on the firing of locus coeruleus neurons: Selective, activating effect of carbamazepine
399. 125I-iodopindolol to β-adrenoceptors in the amygdala of rat following antidepressant treatments
400. Elevated tyrosine hydroxylase in the locus coeruleus of suicide victims
401. 2-adrenoceptors is elevated in the locus coeruleus from victims of suicide
402. Physiology and pharmacology of corticotropin-releasing factor
403. Locus coeruleus activation by physiological challenges
404. Discrete local application of corticotropin-releasing factor increases locus coeruleus discharge and extracellular norepinephrine in rat hippocampus
405. Local application of amphetamine into the ventral tegmental area enhances dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens and the medial prefrontal cortex through noradrenergic neurotransmission
406. The role of stress in the pathophysiology of the dopaminergic system
407. Effects of imipramine on serotonergic and beta-adrenergic receptor binding in a realistic animal model of depression
408. Ultrastructural evidence for combined action of noradrenaline and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide upon neurons, astrocytes, and blood vessels of the rat cerebral cortex
409. Topographic localization of neuropeptide Y mRNA in the monkey brainstem
410. Chronic stress-induced changes in locus coeruleus neuronal activity
411. Regulation of a putative neurotransmitter effect of corticotropin-releasing factor: Effects of adrenalectomy
412. Relapse, recurrence and chronicity in depression
413. Impaired type II glucocorticoid-receptor function in mice bearing antisense RNA transgene
414. Augmentation of fluoxetine's antidepressant action by pindolol: Analysis of clinical, pharmacokinetic, and methodologic factors
415. A serotonergic innervation of noradrenergic neurons in nucleus locus coeruleus: Demonstration by immunocytochemical localization of transmitter specific enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase
416. Receptor reserve and turnover of alpha-2 adrenoceptors that mediate the clonidine-induced inhibition of rat locus coeruleus neurons in vivo
417. Autoregulation of serotonin neurons: Role in antidepressant drug action
418. The effects of antidepressants and electroconvulsive shocks on the function of the mesolimbic dopamine system: A behavioral study
419. Venlafaxine and paroxetine in treatment-resistant depression. Double-blind, randomised comparison
420. Psychomotor activity and cerebrospinal fluid amine metabolites in affective illness
421. Noradrenergic function in depressive disorders
422. The pharmacology and biochemistry of depression
423. Putamen mitochondrial energy metabolism is highly correlated to emotional and intellectual impairment in schizophrenics
424. Attenuation of emotional and nonemotional memories after their reactivation: Role of β adrenergic receptors
425. Increased number of corticotropin-releasing hormone expressing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of patients with multiple sclerosis
426. Increased numbers of corticotropin-releasing hormone expressing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of depressed patients
427. 2-adrenoceptor agonist
428. 3H)cyclic AMP binding in postmortem brain from subjects with bipolar affective disorder
429. Uptake inhibition of biogenic amines by newer antidepressant drugs: Relevance to the dopamine hypothesis of depression
430. Balter Award - 1998. Pindolol and major affective disorders: A three-year follow-up study of 30 485 patients
431. 2 antagonists
432. 2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine
433. Injection of corticotropin-releasing hormone into the locus coeruleus or foot shock increases neuronal Fos expression
434. Recurrent depression in the elderly: Focus on age at onset
435. Transient increases in catecholaminergic activity in medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens shell during novelty
436. Studies of the nucleus locus coeruleus in monkeys and hypotheses for neuropsychopharmacology
437. Effects of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine on tyrosine hydroxylase activity in central catecholaminergic neurons of the rat
438. Role of norepinephrine in the pathophysiology and treatment of mood disorders
439. Chronic treatment of rats with the antidepressant amitriptyline attenuates the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system
440. Chronic treatment with reserpine increase the density and the rate of appearance of the high-affinity form of brain alpha2-adrenoceptors
441. β-Blockers and depression: The more the murkier?
442. Electrocortical synchronization after microinfusion of kainic acid into the locus coeruleus of rats
443. Central norpinephrine neurons and behavior
444. The neural basis of drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction
445. Paroxetine in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder
446. Frontostriatal deficits in unipolar major depression
447. Comparative efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclics in the treatment of melancholia
448. The amino acid requirements of man
449. Effects of changes in body weight on carbohydrate metabolism, catecholamine excretion, and thyroid function
450. Long-term effect of N-2-chloroethyl-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine hydrochloride on noradrenergic neurons in the rat brain and heart
451. Stress increases noradrenaline release in the rat frontal cortex: Prevention by diazepam
452. Plasma norepinephrine level in affective disorders
453. Acting out hostility in normal volunteers: Negative correlation with CSF 5-HIAA levels
454. Genetics of suicide in depression
455. Immunohistochemical mapping of brain triiodothyronine reveals prominent localization in central noradrenergic systems
456. Exaggerated orthostatic responsivity of plasma norepinephrine in depression
457. Corticotropin-releasing hormone and serotonin interact in the human brainstem: Behavioral implications
458. Evidence for antidepressant and anxiolytic activity of substance P antagonists in preclinical assays
459. Effect of novel stressors on gene expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and monoamine transporters in brainstem noradrenergic neurons of long-term repeatedly immobilized rats
460. Increase in extracellular serotonin produced by uptake inhibitors is enhanced after chronic treatment with fluoxetine
461. Stress-triggered activation of gene expression in catecholaminergic systems: Dynamics of transcriptional events
462. 2-adrenoceptors
463. Lack of behavioral effects of monoamine depletion in healthy subjects
464. Genetic and pharmacological disruption of neurokinin 1 receptor function decreases anxiety-related behaviors and increases serotonergic function
465. Priming stimulation of locus coeruleus facilitates memory retrieval in the rat
466. 125I]clonidine binding in the locus coeruleus
467. Inhibitory influence of frontal cortex on locus coeruleus neurons
468. Desmethylimipramine-induced decrease in β-adrenergic receptor binding in rat cerebral cortex
469. A double-blind crossover comparison of clomipramine and desipramine in the treatment of panic disorder
470. Recent studies on norepinephrine systems in mood disorders
471. The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: A review of supporting evidence
472. Effects of gender and diagnosis on growth hormone response to clonidine for major depression: A large-scale multicenter study
473. Cerebral blood flow changes in limbic regions induced by unsolvable anagram tasks
474. Prenatal stress alters brain biogenic amine levels in primates
475. Serotonergic innervation of the locus coeruleus from the dorsal raphe and its action on responses to noxious stimuli
476. Effect of alterations in extracellular norepinephrine on adrenoceptors: A microdialysis study in freely moving rats
477. 1 receptor in the behavioral subsensitivity to dopamine agonists induced by chronic treatment with antidepressants
478. Ketanserin and tetrabenazine abolish aggression in mice lacking monoamine oxidase A
479. CRF receptor antagonist attenuates stress-induced noradrenaline release in the medial prefrontal cortex of rats
480. 2A-adrenoceptors administered into the region of the locus ceruleus on behaviors in plus-maze and sexual behavior tests in sham-operated and castrated male rats
481. Stress-induced changes in cholecystokinin and substance P concentrations in discrete regions of the hypothalamus
482. Overview: Toward a dysregulation hypothesis of depression
483. Altered activity of the locus coeruleus in an animal model of depression
484. Release of serotonin in the rat locus coeruleus: Effects of cardiovascular, stressful and noxious stimuli
485. Noradrenaline release in the locus coeruleus of conscious rats is triggered by drugs, stress and blood pressure changes
486. Neuroanatomical targets of anxiogenic drugs in the hindbrain as revealed by Fos immunocytochemistry
487. Cholinergic regulation of mood and REM sleep: Potential model and marker of vulnerability to affective disorder
488. Effects of alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonists on rough-and-tumble play in juvenile rats: Evidence for a site of action independent of non-adrenoceptor imidazoline binding sites
489. Corticotropin-releasing factor administered into the locus coeruleus, but not the parabrachial nucleus, stimulates norepinephrine release in the prefrontal cortex
490. Catecholamine systems in the brain of vertebrates: New perspectives through a comparative approach
491. 2-Adrenoceptors in rat brain are decreased after long-term tricyclic antidepressant drug treatment
492. Relapse of depression after rapid depletion of tryptophan
493. An enquiry into recurrent brief depressive episodes in the general population
494. Lack of effect of antidepressant drugs on the levels of mRNAs encoding serotonergic receptors, synthetic enzymes and 5HT transporters
495. Deficits in exploratory behaviour in socially isolated rats are not accompanied by changes in cerebral cortical adrenoceptor binding
496. Association of aggressive behavior with altered serotonergic function in patients who are not suicidal
497. Correlations between aminergic metabolites simultaneously obtained from human CSF and brain
498. Involvement of alpha-receptors in clonidine-induced inhibition of transmitter release from central monoamine neurones
499. Cortocotropin-releasing hormone receptor subtypes and emotion
500. Paroxetine treatment of generalized social phobia (social anxiety disorder)
501. Increase in serotonin-1A autoreceptors in the midbrain of suicide victims with major depression - Postmortem evidence for decreased activity
502. Neuropeptide-Y exerts antidepressant-like effects in the forced swim test in rats
503. Brain adrenergic receptors and resistance to stress
504. Problems with current catecholamine hypotheses of antidepressant agents: Speculations leading to a new hypothesis
505. Brain alpha 1-adrenergic neurotransmission is necessary for behavioral activation to environmental change in mice
506. Larger topographical variance and decreased duration of brain electric microstates in depression
507. Regulation and function of noradenaline receptor systems in brain
508. Corticotropin-releasing factor produces behavioral activation in rats
509. Effect of a 5-HT 1A receptor agonist, flesinoxan, on the extracellular noradrenaline level in the hippocampus and on the locomotor activity of rats
510. Inhibition of both NA and 5-HT neurons in brain by the α-adrenergic agonist clonidine
511. Feedback inhibition of brain noradrenaline neurons by tricyclic antidepessants: α-receptor mediation
512. Electrophysiology of brain noradrenaline neurons and the mode of action of antidepressant drugs
513. Brain noradrenaline and the mechanisms of action of antidepressant drugs
514. Expression of preprogalanin mRNA following acute and chronic restraint stress in brains of normotensive and hypertensive rats
515. Progressive attenuation of the firing activity of locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons by sustained administration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
516. Increase of extracellular dopamine in the prefrontal cortex: A trait of drugs with antidepressant potential?
517. Collateral sprouting and reduced activity of the rat mesocortical dopaminergic neurons after selective destruction of the ascending noradrenergic bundles
518. Contribution of noradrenergic neurons to the regulation of dopaminergic (D1) receptor denervation supersensitivity in rat prefrontal cortex
519. Integrating the monoamine systems
520. Effect of repeated novel stressors on depressive behavior and brain norepinephrine receptor system in Sprague-Dawley and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats
521. Ethanol-induced c-fos expression in catecholamine- and neuropeptide Y-producing neurons in rat brainstem
522. Effects of stress on the metabolism of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin in the central nervous system of the rat: I. Modification of norepinephrine turnover
523. Effects of acute and chronic electroconvulsive shock on noradrenaline release in the rat hippocampus and frontal cortex
524. Impaired stress response and reduced anxiety in mice lacking a functional corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor
525. Functional antagonists at the NMDA receptor complex exhibit antidepressant actions
526. Right frontal lobe activation and right hemisphere performance decrement during a depressed mood
527. Changes of response to dopaminergic drugs in rats submitted to REM-sleep deprivation
528. Blunted growth hormone response to clonidine in panic disorder patients
529. Morphometry of the dorsal raphe nucleus serotonergic neurons in suicide victims
530. Growth hormone response to clonidine and the cortisol response to dexamethasone in depressive patients
531. Corticotropin-releasing factor activates noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus
532. Antidepressant actions on brain noradrenergic neurons
533. Evidence for divergent projections to the brain noradrenergic system and the spinal parasympathetic system from Barrington's nucleus
534. Pontine regulation of pelvic viscera: Pharmacological target for pelvic visceral dysfunctions
535. Ultrastructural localization of the kainate selective glutamate receptor in noradrenergic perikarya and dendrites of the nucleus locus coeruleus in the rat brain
536. The locus coeruleus noradrenergic system in the rat brain studied by dual-probe microdialysis
537. Diazepam has no beneficial effects on stress-induced behavioural and endocrine changes in male tree shrews
538. Serotonin disturbances in psychiatric disorders: Functional versus nosological interpretation
539. Monoamines and abnormal behaviour. A multi-aminergic perspective
540. Anxiety and increased aggression as pacemakers of depression
541. Nosologomania: A disorder of psychiatry
542. Maternal deprivation regulates serotonin 1A and 2A receptors in the infant rat
543. Neurochemical lesion of the nucleus locus coeruleus increases neophobia in a specific exploration task but does not modify endocrine response to moderate stress
544. Electrophysiological characteristics of locus coeruleus neurons in the Maudsley reactive (MR) and non-reactive (MNRA) rat strains
545. Reduction by paroxetine of suicidal behavior in patients with repeated suicide attempts but not major depression
546. Action of various antidepressant treatments reduces reactivity of noradrenergic cyclic AMP-generating system in limbic forebrain
547. Propranolol-induced depression
548. Adrenal steroid regulation of neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA: Differences between dentate hilus and locus coeruleus and arcuate nucleus
549. Effects of chronic social stress on tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA and protein levels
550. Effects of chronic exposure to stressors on avoidance-escape behavior and on brain norepinephrine
551. Depression in an animal model: Focus on the locus ceruleus
552. Hypothesis linking the noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems in depression
553. Galanin: A significant role in depression?
554. Animal models of depression and schizophrenia
555. Clinical and biochemical effects of selective serotonin-uptake inhibitors in anxiety disorders
556. Opiate-receptor interactions on single locus coeruleus neurones
557. Animal models of depression: An overview
558. Animal models as simulations of depression
559. Dopaminergic mechanisms in depression and mania
560. Presynaptic modulation of beta-adrenergic receptors in rat cerebral cortex after treatment with antidepressants
561. Pronounced and sustained central hypernoradrenergic function in major depression with melancholic features: Relation to hypercortisolism and corticotropin-releasing hormone
562. Effect of isolation-rearing on 5HT agonist-induced responses in the rat
563. The biological basis of an antidepressant response to sleep deprivation and relapse: Review and hypothesis
564. Galanin/GMAP- and NPY-like immunoreactivities in locus coeruleus and noradrenergic nerve terminals in the hippocampal formation and cortex with notes on the galanin-R1 and -R2 receptors
565. 2 receptors in major depression
566. 2-Adrenoceptor modulation of 5-HT biosynthesis in the rat brain
567. Serotonergic functioning correlates with positive and negative affect in psychiatrically healthy males
568. Increased catecholamine levels in specific brain regions of a rat model of depression: Normalization by chronic antidepressant treatment
569. Serotonergic hyperinnervation of the frontal cortex in an animal model of depression, the bulbectomized rat
570. Elevated levels of tyrosine hydroxylase in the locus coeruleus in major depression
571. Excitatory influence of the locus coeruleus in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis responses to stress
572. Prediction of medium-term outcome by cortisol response to the combined dexamethasone-CRH test in patients with remitted depression
573. Effects of the high-affinity corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 antagonist R121919 in major depression: The first 20 patients treated