Corticotropin-releasing factor, norepinephrine, and stress

Biological Psychiatry

Volumn 46, Issue 9, 1999, Pages 1167-1180

  Koob, George F ^a  

^a SCRIPPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Behavior; Corticotropin releasing factor; Norepinephrine; Stress

Indexed keywords

ASTRESSIN; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR ANTAGONIST; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR[9-41]; NORADRENALIN; UROCORTIN;

ALERTNESS; AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; ANXIETY NEUROSIS; AROUSAL; BEHAVIOR; BRAIN REGION; DEPRESSION; FOOD INTAKE; HUMAN; HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; LOCOMOTION; LOCUS CERULEUS; MENTAL DISEASE; MICRODIALYSIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STARTLE REFLEX; STRESS; STRIA TERMINALIS; THALAMUS MIDLINE NUCLEUS;

ANIMALS; BEHAVIOR; CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE; HUMANS; NERVE NET; NOREPINEPHRINE; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 0033232472     PISSN: 00063223     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00164-X     Document Type: Review

References (130)

1. Abercrombie E.D., Keller R.W., Zigmond M.J. Characterization of hippocampal norepinephrine release as measured by microdialysis perfusion Pharmacological and behavioral studies . Neuroscience. 27:1988;897-904.
2. Aldenhoff J.B., Groul D.L., Rivier J., Vale W., Siggins G.R. Corticotropin-releasing factor decreases post-burst hyperpolarization and excites hippocampal pyamidal neurons in vitro. Science. 221:1983;875-876.
3. Alonso G., Szafarczyk A., Balmefrezol M., Assenmacher I. Immunocytochemical evidence for stimulatory control by ventral noradrenergic bundle of parvocellular neurons of the paraventricular nucleus secreting corticotropin-releasing hormone and vasopressin in rats. Brain Res. 397:1986;297-307.
4. Arase K., York D.A., Shimizu H., Shargill N., Bray G.A. Effects of corticotropin-releasing factor on food intake and brown adipose tissue thermogenesis in rats. Am J Physiol. 255:1988;E255-E259.
5. Baldwin HA, Britton KT, Koob GF (1990): Behavioral effects of corticotropin-releasing factor. In: Pfaff DW, Ganten D, editors. Behavioral Aspects of Neuroendocrinology, (series title: Current Topics in Neuroendocrinology, vol. 10). Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp 1-14.
6. Baldwin H.A., Rassnick S., Rivier J., Koob G.F., Britton K.T. CRF antagonist reverses the "anxiogenic" response to ethanol withdrawal in the rat. Psychopharmacology. 103:1991;227-232.
7. Baram T.Z., Chalmers D.T., Chen C., Koutsoukos Y., De Souza E.B. The CRF1 receptor mediates the excitatory actions of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the developing rat brain In vivo evidence using a novel, selective, non-peptide CRF receptor antagonist . Brain Res. 770:1997;89-95.
8. Berridge C.W., Dunn A.J. Corticotropin-releasing factor elicits naloxone sensitive stress-like alterations in exploratory behavior in mice. Regul Pept. 16:1986;83-93.
9. Berridge C.W., Dunn A.J. A corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist reverses the stress-induced changes of exploratory behavior in mice. Horm Behav. 21:1987;393-401.
10. Biro E., Sarnyai Z., Penke B., Szabo G., Telegdy G. Role of endogenous corticotropin-releasing factor in mediation of neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to cholecystokinin octapeptide sulfate ester in rats. Neuroendocrinology. 57:(2):1993;340-345.
11. Bloom F.E., Battenberg E.L., Rivier J., Vale W. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) Immunoreactive neurons and fibers in rat hypothalamus . Regul Pept. 4:1982;43-48.
12. Britton D.R., Hoffman D.K., Lederis K., Rivier J.A. Comparison of the behavioral effects of CRF, sauvagine and urotensin I. Brain Res. 304:1984;201-205.
13. Britton D.R., Koob G.F., Rivier J., Vale W. Intraventricular corticotropin-releasing factor enhances behavioral effects of novelty. Life Sci. 31:1982;363-367.
14. Britton D.R., Varela M., Garcia A., Rivier J. Dexamethasone suppresses pituitary-adrenal but not behavioral effects of centrally administered CRF. Life Sci. 38:1986;211-216.
15. Britton K., Morgan J., Rivier J., Vale W., Koob G.F. Chlordiazepoxide attenuates CRF-induced response suppression in the conflict test. Psychopharmacology. 86:1985;170-174.
16. Brown M.R., Fisher L.A., Rivier J., Spiess J., Rivier C., Vale W. Corticotropin-releasing factor Effects on the sympathetic nervous system and oxygen consumption . Life Sci. 30:1982;207-210.
17. Burchfield S. The stress responses A new perspective . Psychosom Med. 41:1979;661-672.
18. Butler P.D., Weiss J.M., Stout J.C., Kilts C.D., Cook L.L., Nemeroff C.B. Corticotropin-releasing factor produces anxiogentic and behavioral activating effects following microinfusion into the locus coereuleus. Neurosci Abstr. 14:1988;288.
19. Cador M., Ahmed S.H., Koob G.F., Le Moal M., Stinus L. Corticotropin-releasing factor induces a place aversion independent of its neuroendocrine role. Brain Res. 41:1992;61-69.
20. Chalmers D.T., Lovenberg T.W., De Souza E.B. Localization of novel corticotropin-releasing factor receptor (CRF2) mRNA expression to specific subcortical nuclei in rat brain Comparison with CRF1 receptor mRNA expression . J Neurosci. 15:1995;6340-6350.
21. Chappell P.B., Smith M.A., Hilts C.D., Bissette G., Ritchie J., Andersen C., et al. Alterations in corticotropin-releasing factor-line immunoreactivity in discrete rat brain regions after acute and chronic stress. J Neurosci. 10:1986;2908-2916.
22. Chen M.F., Chiu T.H., Lee E.H.Y. Noradrenergic mediation of the memory-enhancing effect of corticotropin-releasing factor in the locus coeruleus. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 17:1992;113-124.
23. Cole B.J., Britton K.T., Koob G.F. Central administration of alpha-helical corticotropin-releasing factor attenuates the acquisition of a conditioned emotional response. Neurosci Abstr. 13:1987;427.
24. Cole B.J., Cador M., Stinus L., Rivier J., Vale W., Koob G.F., et al. Central administration of a CRF antagonist blocks the development of stress-induced behavioral sensitization. Brain Res. 512:1990;343-346.
25. Cole B.J., Koob G.F. Propranolol antagonizes the enhanced conditioned fear produced by corticotropin releasing factor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 247:1988;902-910.
26. Contarino A, Dellu F, Koob GF, Smith GW, Lee K-F, Vale W, et al (1999): Dissociation of locomotor activation and suppression of food intake induced by CRF-related peptides in CRFR1-deficient mice. (unpublished work).
27. Cummings S., Elde R., Ells J., Lindall A. Corticotropin-releasing factor immunoreactivity is widely distributed within the central nervous system of the rat An immunohistochemical study . J Neurosci. 3:1983;1355-1368.
28. Curtis A.L., Grigoriadis D.E., Page M.E., Rivier J., Valentino R.J. Pharmacological comparison of two corticotropin-releasing factor antagonists In vivo and in vitro studies . J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 268:1994;359-365.
29. Curtis A.L., Lechner S.M., Pavcovich L.A., Valentino R.J. Activation of the locus coeruleus noradrenergic system by intracoerulear microinfusion of corticotropin-releasing factor Effects on discharge rate, cortical norepinephrine levels and cortical electroencephalographic activity . J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 281:1997;163-172.
30. Curtis A.L., Pavcovich L.A., Valentino R.J. Long-term regulation of locus coeruleus sensitivity to corticotropin-releasing factor by swim stress. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 289:1999;1211-1219.
31. Dagnault A., Ouerghi D., Richard D. Treatment with alpha-helical-CRF (9-41) prevents the anorectic effect of 17-beta-estradiol. Brain Res Bull. 32:(6):1993;689-692.
32. De Boer S.F., Katz J.L., Valentino R.J. Common mechanisms underlying the proconflict effects of corticotropin-releasing factor, a benzodiazepine inverse agonist and electric foot-shock. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 262:1992;335-342.
33. De Pedro N., Alonso-Gomez A.L., Gancedo B., Delgado M.J., Alonso-Bedate M. Role of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) as a food intake regulator in goldfish. Physiol Behav. 53:(3):1993;517-520.
34. De Souza E.B. Corticotropin-releasing factor receptors in the rat central nervous system Characterization and regional distribution . J Neurosci. 7:1987;88-100.
35. Diamant M., Croiset G., De Weid D. The effect of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) on autonomic and behavioral responses during shock-prod burying test in rats. Peptides. 13:(6):1992;1149-1158.
36. Dunn A.J., Berridge C.W. Corticotropin-releasing factor administration elicits a stress-like activation of cerebral catecholaminergic systems. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 27:1987;685-691.
37. Dunn A.J., Berridge C.W. Physiological and behavioral responses to corticotropin-releasing factor administration Is CRF a mediator of anxiety or stress responses? Brain Res Rev. 15:1990;71-100.
38. Eaves M., Britton K.T., Rivier J., Vale W., Koob G.F. Effects of corticotropin-releasing factor on locomotor activity in hypophysectomized rats. Peptides. 6:1985;923-926.
39. Ehlers C.L., Henriksen S.J., Wang M., Rivier J., Vale W., Bloom F.E. Corticotropin-releasing factor produces increases in brain excitability and convulsive seizures in the rat. Brain Res. 278:1983;332-336.
40. Fazal N., Slominski A., Choudhry M.A., Wei E.T., Sayeed M.M. Effect of CRF and related peptides on calcium signaling in human and rodent melanoma cells. FEBS Lett. 435:1998;187-190.
41. Fisher L.A., Rivier J., Rivier C., Spiess J., Vale W., Brown M. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) Central effects on mean arterial pressure and heart rate in rats . Endocrinology. 110:1982;2222-2224.
42. Foote S.L., Aston-Jones G.S. Pharmacology and physiology of central noradrenergic systems. Bloom F.E., Kupfer D.J. Psychopharmacology The Fourth Generation of Progress . 1995;335-345 Raven Press, New York.
43. Gold P.W., Goodwin F.K., Chrousos G.P. Clinical and biochemical manifestations of depressions Relation to the neurobiology of stress (first of two parts) . N Engl J Med. 319:1988;348-353.
44. Gold P.W., Goodwin F.K., Chrousos G.P. Clinical and biochemical manifestations of depression Relation to the neurobiology of stress (second of two parts) . N Engl J Med. 319:1988;413-420.
45. Gray T.S., Magnuson D.J. Neuropeptide neuronal efferents from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and central amygdaloid nucleus to the dorsal vagal complex in the rat. J Comp Neurol. 262:1987;365-374.
46. Heinrichs S.C., Britton K.T., Koob G.F. Both conditioned taste preference and aversion induced by corticotropin-releasing factor. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 40:1991;717-721.
47. Heinrichs S.C., Cole B.J., Pich E.M., Menzaghi F., Koob G.F., Hauger R.L. Endogenous corticotropin-releasing factor modulates feeding induced by neuropeptide Y or a tail pinch stressor. Peptides. 13:1992;879-884.
48. Heinrichs S.C., Koob G.F. Corticotropin-releasing factor modulates dietary preference in nutritionally stressed, self-selecting rats. Psychopharmacology. 109:1992;177-184.
49. Heinrichs S.C., Menzaghi F., Pich E.M., Baldwin H.A., Rassnick S., Britton K.T., et al. Anti-stress action of a corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist on behavioral reactivity to stressors of varying type and intensity. Neuropsychopharmacology. 11:1994;179-186.
50. Heinrichs S.C., Menzaghi F., Pich E.M., Hauger R.L., Koob G.F. Corticotropin-releasing factor in the paraventricular nucleus modulates feeding induced by neuropeptide Y. Brain Res. 611:1993;18-24.
51. Heinrichs S.C., Pich E.M., Miczek K., Britton K.T., Koob G.F. Corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist reduces emotionality in socially defeated rats via direct neurotropic action. Brain Res. 581:1992;190-197.
52. Hennessy J.W., Levine S. Stress, arousal, and the pituitary-adrenal system A psychoendocrine hypothesis . Sprague J.M., Epstein A.N. Progress in Psychobiology and Physiological Psychology. 8th ed. 1979;133-178 Academic Press, New York.
53. Imaki T., Shibasaki T., Masuda A., Demura H., Shizume K., Ling N. Effects of adrenergic blockers on corticotropin-releasing factor-induced behavioral changes in rats. Regul Pept. 19:1987;243-252.
54. Jones D.N., Kortekaas R., Slade P.D., Middlemiss D.N., Hagan J.J. The behavioural effects of corticotropin-releasing factor-related peptides in rats. Psychopharmacology. 138:1998;124-132.
55. Kalin N.H., Sherman J.E., Takahashi L.K. Antagonism of endogenous CRH systems attenuates stress-induced freezing behavior in rats. Brain Res. 457:(1):1988;130-135.
56. Koob G.F., Cador M. Psychomotor stimulant sensitization The corticotropin-releasing factor-steroid connection . Behav Pharmacol. 4:1993;351-354.
57. Koob G.F., Heinrichs S.C., Menzaghi F., Pich E.M., Britton K.T. Corticotropin-releasing factor, stress, and behavior. Semin Neurosci. 6:1994;221-229.
58. Koob G.F., Swerdlow N., Seeligson M., Eaves M., Sutton R., Rivier J., et al. CRF-induced locomotor activation is antagonized by alpha flupenthixol but not naloxone. Neuroendocrinology. 39:1984;459-464.
59. Korf J., Aghajanian G.K., Roth R. Increased turnover of norepinephrine in the rat cerebral cortex during stress Role of the locus coeruleus . Neuropharmacology. 12:1973;933-938.
60. Korte S.M., Korte-Bouws G.A.H., Bohus B., Koob G.F. The effect of corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist on behavioral and neuroendocrine responses during exposure to defensive burying paradigm in rats. Physiol Behav. 56:1994;115-120.
61. Kozicz T., Yanaihara H., Arimura A. Distribution of urocortin-like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the rat. J Comp Neurol. 391:1998;1-10.
62. Krahn D.D., Gosnell B.A., Grace M., Levine A.S. CRF antagonist partially reverses CRF- and stress-induced effects on feeding. Brain Res Bull. 17:1986;285-289.
63. Krahn D.D., Gosnell B.A., Levine A.S., Morley J.E. Behavioral effects of corticotropin-releasing factor Localization and characterization of central effects . Brain Res. 443:1988;63-69.
64. Lechner S.M., Curtis A.L., Brons R., Valentino R.J. Locus coeruleus activation by colon distention Role of corticotropin-releasing factor and excitatory amino acids . Brain Res. 756:1997;114-124.
65. Lee E.H.Y., Tsai M.J. The hippocampus and amygdala mediate the locomotor stimulating effects of corticotropin-releasing factor in mice. Behav Neural Biol. 51:1989;412-423.
66. Lee Y., Davis M. Role of the hippocampus, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and the amygdala in the excitatory effect of corticotropin-releasing hormone on the acoustic startle reflex. J Neurosci. 17:1997;6434-6446.
67. Liang K.C., Lee E.H.Y. Intra-amygdala injections of corticotropin-releasing factor facilitate inhibitory avoidance learning and reduce exploratory behavior in rats. Psychopharmacology. 96:1988;232-236.
68. Liang K.C., Melia K.R., Campeau S., Falls W.A., Miserendino M.J., David M. Lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala, but not the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, block the excitatory effects of corticotropin-releasing factor on the acoustic startle reflex. J Neurosci. 12:1992;2313-2320.
69. Liang K.C., Melia K.R., Miserendino M.J., Falls W.A., Campeau S., Davis M. Corticotropin-releasing factor Long-lasting facilitation of the acoustic startle reflex . J Neurosci. 12:1992;2303-2312.
70. Liposits Z., Phelix C., Paull W.K. Synaptic interaction of serotonergic axons and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) synthesizing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of the rat A light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical study . Histochemistry. 86:1987;541-549.
71. Lovenberg T.W., Liaw C.W., Grigoriadis D.E., Clevenger W., Chalmers D.T., De Souza E.B., et al. Cloning and characterization of a functionally distinct corticotropin-releasing factor receptor subtype from rat brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 92:1995;836-840.
72. Marrosu F., Mereu G., Fratta W., Carcangiu P., Camarri F., Gessa G.L. Different epileptogenic activities of murine and ovine corticotropin-releasing factor. Brain Res. 408:1987;394-398.
73. Menzaghi F., Heinrichs S.C., Merlo-Pich E., Tilders F.J.H., Koob G.F. Involvement of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor neurons in behavioral responses to novelty in rats. Neurosci Lett. 168:1994;139-142.
74. Menzaghi F., Heinrichs S.C., Pich E.M., Tilders F.J.H., Koob G.F. Functional impairment of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor neurons with immunotargeted toxins enhances food intake induced by neuropeptide Y. Brain Res. 618:1993;76-82.
75. Menzaghi F., Howard R.L., Heinrichs S.C., Vale W., Rivier J., Koob G.F. Characterization of a novel and potent corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 269:1994;564-572.
76. Merali Z., McIntosh J., Kent P., Michaud D., Anisman H. Aversive and appetitive events evoke the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone and bombesin-like peptides at the central nucleus of the amygdala. J Neurosci. 18:1998;4758-4766.
77. Merlo-Pich E., Lorang M., Yeganeh M., Rodriguez de Fonseca F., Raber J., Koob G.F., et al. Increase of extracellular corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity levels in theamygdala of awake rats during restraint stress and ethanol withdrawal as measured by microdialysis. J Neurosci. 15:1995;5439-5447.
78. Moreau J.L., Kilpatrick G., Jenck F. Urocortin, a novel neuropeptide with anxiogenic-like properties. Neuroreport. 8:1997;1697-1701.
79. Morley J.E., Levine A.S. Corticotropin-releasing factor, grooming and ingestive behavior. Life Sci. 31:1982;1459-1464.
80. Nemeroff C.B., Widerlov E., Bissette G., Walleus H., Karlsson I., Eklund K., et al. Elevated concentrations of CSF corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in depressed patients. Science. 226:1984;1342-1344.
81. Pacak K., McCarty R., Palkovits M., Kopin I.J., Goldstein D.S. Effects of immobilization on in vivo release of norepinephrine in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in conscious rats. Brain Res. 688:1995;242-246.
82. Pacak K., Palkovits M., Kopin I.J., Goldstein D.S. Stress-induced norepinephrine release in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and pituitary-adrenocortical and sympathoadrenal activity In vivo microdialysis studies . Front Neuroendocrinol. 16:1995;89-150.
83. Parkes D.G., Vaughan J., Rivier J., Vale W., May C.N. Cardiac intropic actions of urocortin in conscious sheep. Am J Physiol. 272:1997;H2115-H2122.
84. Perrin M., Donaldson C., Chen R., Blount A., Berggren T., Bilezikjian L., et al. Identification of a second corticotropin-releasing factor receptor gene and characterization of a cDNA expressed in heart. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 92:1995;2969-2973.
85. Perrin M.H., Donaldson C.J., Chen R., Lewis K.A., Vale W.W. Cloning and functional expression of a rat brain corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptor. Endocrinology. 133:(6):1993;3058-3061.
86. Phelix C.F., Liposits Z., Paull W.K. Catecholamine-CRF synaptic interaction in a septal bed nucleus Afferents of neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis . Brain Res Bull. 33:1994;109-119.
87. Pich E.M., Koob G.F., Sattler S.C., Menzaghi F., Heilig M., Heinrichs S.C., et al. Stress-induced release of corticotropin-releasing factor in the amygdala measured by in vivo microdialysis. Neurosci Abstr. 18:1992;535.
88. Post R.M., Weiss S.R.B. The neurobiology of treatment-resistant mood disorders. Bloom F.E., Kupfer D.J. Psychopharmacology The Fourth Generation of Progress . 1995;1155-1170 Raven Press, New York.
89. Primus R.J., Yevich E., Baltazar C., Gallager D.W. Autoradiographic localization of CRF1 and CRF2 binding sites in adult rat brain. Neuropsychopharmacology. 17:1997;308-316.
90. Quirarte G.L., Galvez R., Roozendaal B., McGaugh L. Norepinephrine release in the amygdala in response to footshock and opioid peptidergic drugs. Brain Res. 808:1998;134-140.
91. Raber J., Koob G.F., Bloom F.E. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) induces corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) release from the amygdala and involves a nitric oxide-mediated signaling Comparison with the hypothalamic response . J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 272:1995;815-824.
92. Rassnick S., Heinrichs S.C., Britton K.T., Koob G.F. Microinjection of a corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist into the central nucleus of the amygdala reverses anxiogenic-like effects of ethanol withdrawal. Brain Res. 605:1993;25-32.
93. Redmond D.E. Jr, Huang Y.H., Snyder D.R., Maas J.W. Behavioral effects of stimulation of the nucleus locus coeruleus in the stump-talied monkey (Maccaca arctoides). Brain Res. 116:1976;502-510.
94. Robbins T.W., Everitt B.J. Central norepinephrine neurons and behavior. Bloom F.E., Kupfer D.J. Psychopharmacology The Fourth Generation of Progress . 1995;363-372 Raven Press, New York.
95. Rodriguez de Fonseca F., Carrera M.R.A., Navarro M., Koob G.F., Weiss F. Activation of corticotropin-releasing factor in the limbic system during cannabinoid withdrawal. Science. 276:1997;2050-2054.
96. Rosenthal M.J., Morley J.E. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and age-related differences in behavior of mice. Neurobiol Aging. 10:1989;167-171.
97. Schulkin J., Gold P.W., McEwen B.S. Induction of corticotropin-releasing hormone gene expression by glucocorticoids Implication for understanding the states of fear and anxiety and allostatic load . Psychoneuroendocrinology. 23:1998;219-243.
98. Selye H. A syndrome produced by diverse noxious agents. Nature. 32:1936;138.
99. Sepinwall J., Cook L. Behavioral pharmacology of anti-anxiety drugs. Iversen L.L., Iversen S.D., Snyder S.H. Handbook of Psychopharmacology. vol. 13:1978;345-393 Springer-Verlag, New York.
100. Sherman J.E., Kalin N.H. The effects of ICV-CRH on novelty-induced behavior. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 26:1987;699-703.
101. Sherman J.E., Kalin N.H. ICV-CRH alters stress-induced freezing behavior without affecting pain sensitivity. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 30:1988;801-807.
102. Siggins G.R., Gruol D., Aldenhof J., Pittman Q. Electrophysiological actions of corticotropin-releasing factor in the central nervous system. Federation Proc. 44:1985;237-242.
103. Sirinathsinghji D.J.S. Regulation of lordosis behavior in the female rat by corticotropin-releasing factor, -endorphin/corticotropin and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neuronal systems in the medial preoptic area. Brain Res. 375:1986;49-56.
104. Sirinathsinghji D.J.S. Inhibitory influence of corticotropin-releasing factor on components of sexual behaviour in the male rat. Brain Res. 407:1987;185-190.
105. Sirinathsinghji D.J.S., Rees L.H., Rivier J., Vale W. Corticotropin-releasing factor is a potent inhibitor of sexual receptivity in the female rat. Nature. 305:1983;230-235.
106. Smagin G.N., Howell L.A., Ryan D.H., De Souza E.B., Harris R.B. The role of CRF2 receptors in corticotropin-releasing factor- and urocortin-induced anorexia. Neuroreport. 9:1998;1601-1606.
107. Smagin G.N., Swiergiel A.H., Dunn A.J. Corticotropin-releasing factor administered into the locus coeruleus, but not the parabrachial nucleus, stimulates norepinephrine release in the prefrontal cortex. Brain Res Bull. 36:1995;71-76.
108. Smith G.W., Aubry J.-M., Dellu F., Contarino A., Bilezikjian L.M., Gold L.H., et al. Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1-deficient mice display decreased anxiety, impaired stress response, and aberrant neuroendocrine development. Neuron. 20:1998;1093-1102.
109. Spina M., Merlo-Pich E., Chan R.K.W., Basso A.M., Rivier J., Vale W., et al. Appetite-suppressing effects of urocortin, a CRF-related neuropeptide. Science. 273:1996;1561-1564.
110. Stenzel-Poore M.P., Heinrichs S.C., Rivest S., Koob G.F., Vale W.W. Overproduction of corticotropin-releasing factor in transgenic mice A genetic model of anxiogenic behavior . J Neurosci. 14:1994;2579-2584.
111. Sutton R.E., Koob G.F., Le Moal M., Rivier J., Vale W. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) produces behavioral activation in rats. Nature. 297:1982;331-333.
112. Swanson L.W., Sawchenko P.E., Rivier J., Vale W. The organization of ovine corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) immunoreactive cells and fibres in the rat brain An immunohistochemical study . Neuroendocrinology. 36:1983;165-186.
113. Swerdlow N.R., Britton K.T., Koob G.F. Potentiation of acoustic startle by corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and by fear are both reversed by alpha-helical CRF (9-41). Neuropsychopharmacology. 2:1989;285-292.
114. Swerdlow N.R., Geyer M.A., Vale W.W., Koob G.F. Corticotropin-releasing factor potentiates acoustic startle in rats Blockade by chlordiazepoxide . Psychopharmacology. 88:1986;142-152.
115. Swiergiel A.H., Takahashi L.K., Kalin N.H. Attenuation of stress-induced by antagonism of corticotropin-releasing factor receptors in the central amygdala in the rat. Brain Res. 623:(2):1993;229-234.
116. Swiergiel A.H., Takahashi L.K., Rubin W.W., Kalin N.H. Antagonism of corticotropin-releasing factor receptors in the locus coeruleus attenuates shock-induced freezing in rats. Brain Res. 587:1992;263-268.
117. Takahashi L.K., Kalin N.H., Vandenburgt J.A., Sherman J.E. Corticotropin-releasing factor modulates defensive withdrawal and exploratory behavior in rats. Behav Neurosci. 103:1989;648-654.
118. Tazi A., Dantzer R., Le Moal M., Rivier J., Vale W., Koob G.F. Corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist blocks stress-induced fighting in rats. Regul Pept. 18:1987;37-42.
119. Timpl P., Spanagel R., Sillaber I., Kreese A., Reul J.M., Stalla G.K., et al. Impaired stress response and reduced anxiety in mice lacking a functional corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor. Nat Genet. 19:1998;162-166.
120. Vale W., Spiess J., Rivier C., Rivier J. Characterization of a 41 residue ovine hypothalamic peptide that stimulates the secretion of corticotropin and beta-endorphin. Science. 213:1981;1394-1397.
121. Valentino R.J., Curtis A.L., Parris D.G., Wehby R.G. Antidepressant actions on brain noradrenergic neurons. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 253:1990;833-840.
122. Valentino R.J., Foote S.L. Corticotropin-releasing factor disrupts sensory responses of brain noradrenergic neurons. Neuroendocrinology. 45:1987;28-36.
123. Valentino R.J., Foote S.L. Corticotropin-releasing hormone increases tonic but not sensory-evoked activity of noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons in unanesthetized rats. J Neurosci. 8:1988;1016-1025.
124. Valentino R.J., Foote S.L., Aston-Jones G. Corticotropin-releasing factor activates noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus. Brain Res. 270:1983;363-367.
125. Valentino RJ, Foote SL, Page ME (1993): The locus coeruleus as a site for integrating corticotropin-releasing factor and noradrenergic mediation of stress responses. In: Tache Y, editor. Corticotropin-Releasing Factor and Cytokines: Role in the Stress Response, (series title: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 697). New York: New York Academy of Sciences, pp 173-188.
126. Valentino R.J., Page M.E., Curtis A.L. Activation of noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons by hemodynamic stress is due to local release of corticotropin-releasing factor. Brain Res. 555:1991;25-34.
127. Van Bockstaele E.J., Colago E.E., Valentino R.J. Amygdaloid corticotropin-releasing factor targets locus coeruleus dendrites Substrate for the coordination of emotional and cognitive limbs of the stress response . J Neuroendocrinol. 10:1998;743-757.
128. Vaughan J., Donaldson C., Bittencourt J., Perrin M.H., Lewis K., Sutton S., et al. Urocortin, a mammalian neuropeptide related to fish urotensin I and to corticotropin-releasing factor. Nature. 378:1995;287-292.
129. Veldhuis H.D., De Weid D. Differential behavioral actions of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 21:1984;707-713.
130. Zorrilla EP, Schulteis G, Ormsby A, Klassen A, Ling N, McCarthy JR, et al (1999): Urocortin shares the memory modulating effects of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF): Mediation by CRF-1 receptors. (unpublished work).