Leptin and its receptors: Regulators of whole-body energy homeostasis

Domestic Animal Endocrinology

Volumn 15, Issue 6, 1998, Pages 457-475

  Houseknecht, Karen L ^a   Portocarrero, C P ^a  

^a PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARRIER PROTEIN; LEPTIN; LEPTIN RECEPTOR; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; OB PROTEIN; PROTEIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR;

ANIMAL; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; CHEMISTRY; DOMESTIC ANIMAL; ENERGY BALANCE; ENERGY METABOLISM; FOOD INTAKE; GENE MUTATION; GENETICS; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; METABOLIC BALANCE; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PHYSIOLOGY; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; RECEPTOR DENSITY; REGULATORY MECHANISM; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANIMALS; CARRIER PROTEINS; ENERGY METABOLISM; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; LEPTIN; PROTEINS; RECEPTORS, CELL SURFACE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 0032215839     PISSN: 07397240     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0739-7240(98)00035-6     Document Type: Article

References (166)

1. Kennedy G.C. The role of depot fat in the hypothalamic control of food intake in the rat. Proc R Soc. 140:1953;578-592.
2. Hervey G.R. The effects of lesions in the hypothalamus in parabiotic rats. J Phys. 145:1958;336-352.
3. Hausberger F.X. Parabiosis and transplantation experiments in hereditarily obese mice. Anat Rec. 130:1959;313-313.
4. Coleman D.L., Hummel K.P. Effects of parabiosis of normal with genetically diabetic mice. Am J Physiol. 217:1969;1298-1304.
5. Harris R.B.S. Role of set point theory in regulation of body weight. FASEB J. 4:1990;3310-3318.
6. Zhang Y., Proenca R., Maffei M., Barone M., Leopold L., Friedman J.M. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature. 372:1994;425-432.
7. Ingalls A.M., Dickie M.M., Snell G.D. Obese, a new mutation in the mouse. J Hered. 41:1950;317-318.
8. Montague C.T., Farooqi I.S., Whitehead J.P., et al. Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans. Nature. 387:1997;903-908.
9. Hager J., Clement K., Francke S., Raison J., Lahou N., Rich N., Pelloux V., Basdevant A., Guygrand B., North M., Froguel P. A polymorphism in the 5′ untranslated region of the human ob gene is associated with low leptin levels. Int J Obesity. 22:1998;200-205.
10. Bidwell C.A., Ji S., Frank G.R., Cornelius S.G., Willis G.M., Spurlock M.E. Cloning and expression of the porcine obese gene. Animal Biotechnology. 8:1997;191-206.
11. Ji S., Willis G.M., Scott R.R., Spurlock M.E. Partial cloning and expression of the bovine leptin gene. Anim Biotech. 8:1998;191-206.
12. Taouis M., Chen J.W., Daviaud C., Dupont J., Derouet M., Simon J. Cloning the chicken leptin gene. Gene. 208:1998;239-242.
13. Caro J.F., Sinha M.K., Kolaczynski J.W., Zhang P.L., Considine R.V. Leptin. The tale of an obesity gene. Diabetes. 45:1996;1455-1462.
14. Houseknecht K.L., Baile C.A., Matteri R.L., Spurlock M.E. The biology of leptin A review . J Anim Sci. 76:1998;1405-1420.
15. de la Brousse F.C., Shan B., Chen J.L. Identification of the promoter of the mouse obese gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 93:1996;4096-4101.
16. Hwang C.-S., Mandrup S., MacDougald O.A., Geiman D.E., Lane M.D. Transcriptional activation of the mouse obese (Ob) gene by CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α Proc Natl Acad Sci. 93:1996;873-877.
17. Mason M.M., He Y., Quon M.J., Reitman M. Regulation of leptin promoter function by Sp1, C/EBP, and a novel factor. Endocrinology. 139:1998;1013-1022.
18. Gong D.W., Bi S., Pratley R.E., Weintraub B.D. Genomic structure and promoter analysis of the human obese gene. J Biol Chem. 271:1996;3971-3974.
19. Hollenberg A.N., Susulic V.S., Madura J.P., Zhang B., Moller D.E., Tontonoz P., Sarraf P., Spiegelman B.M., Lowell B.B. Functional antagonism between CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ on the leptin promoter. J Biol Chem. 272:1997;5283-5290.
20. Christy R.J., Yang V.W., Ntambi J.M., Geiman D.E., Landschulz W.M., Friedman A.D., Nakabeppu Y., Kelly T.J., Lane M.D. Differentiation-induced gene expression in 3T3 liters1 preadipocytes CCAAT/enhancer binding protein interacts with and activates the promoters of two adipocyte-specific genes . Genes Devel. 3:1989;1323-1335.
21. Herrera R., Ro H.S., Robinson K.G., Xanthopoulos K.G., Spiegelman B.M. A direct role for C/EBP and the AP-1 binding site in gene expression linked to adipocyte differentiation. Mol Cell Biol. 9:1989;5331-5339.
22. Umek R.M., Friedman A.D., McKnight S.L. CCAAT/enhancer binding protein A component of a differentiation switch . Science. 251:1991;288-292.
23. Freytag S.O., Geddes T.J. Reciprocal regulation of adipogenesis by Myc and C/EBP alpha. Science. 256:1992;379-382.
24. He Y., Chen H., Quon M.J., Reitman M. The mouse obese gene. J Biol Chem. 270:1995;28887-28891.
25. MacDougald O.A., Hwang C.-S., Fan H., Lane M.D. Regulated expression of the obese gene product (leptin) in white adipose tissue and 3T3 liters1 adipocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 92:1995;9034-9037.
26. He Y., Chen H., Quon M.J., Reitman M. The mouse obese gene. Genomic organization, promoter activity, and activation by CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α J Biol Chem. 270:1995;28887-28891.
27. Tontonoz P., Hu E., Graves R.A., Budavari A.I., Spiegelman B.M. mPPARγ2 Tissue-specific regulator of an adipocyte enhancer . Genes Devel. 8:1994;1224-1234.
28. Schoonjans K., Staels B., Auwerx J. The peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) and their effects on lipid metabolism and adipocyte differentiation. Biochem Biophys Acta. 1302:1996;93-109.
29. Schoonjans K., Staels B., Auwerx J. Role of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) in mediating the effects of fibrates and fatty acids on gene expression. J Lipid Res. 37:1996;907-925.
30. Lehmann J.M., Moore L.B., Smith-Oliver T.A., Wilkison W.O., Willson T.M., Kliewer S.A. An antidiabetic thiazolidinedione is a high affinity ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). J Biol Chem. 270:1995;12953-12956.
31. Saltiel A., Olefsky J.M. Thiazolidinediones in the treatment of insulin resistance and Type II diabetes. Diabetes. 45:1996;1661-1669.
32. Kallen C.B., Lazar M.A. Antidiabetic thiazolidinediones inhibit leptin (ob) gene expression in 3T3 liters1 adipocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 93:1996;5793-5796.
33. Nolan J.J., Olefsky J.M., Nyce M.R., Considine R.V., Caro J.F. Effect of troglitazone on leptin production. Studies in vitro and in human subjects. Diabetes. 45:1996;1276-1278.
34. Zhang B., Graziano M.P., Doebber T.W., et al. Down-regulation of the expression of the obese gene by an antidiabetic thiazolidinedione in Zucker diabetic fatty rats and db/db mice. J Biol Chem. 271:1996;9455-9459.
35. Hainault I., Hajduch E., Lavau M. Fatty genotype-induced increase in GLUT4 promoter activity in transfected adipocytes Delineation of two fa-responsive regions and glucose effect . Biochem Biophys Res Comm. 209:1995;1053-1061.
36. Rolland V., Dugail I., Le Liepve X., Lavau M. Evidence of increased glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and fatty acid synthetase promoter activities in transiently transfected adipocytes from genetically obese rats. J Biol Chem. 270:1995;1102-1106.
37. Considine R.V. Weight regulation, leptin, and growth hormone. Horm Res. 48:1997;116-121.
38. Kim J.B., Sarraf P., Wright M., Yao K.M., Mueller E., Solanes G., Lowell B.B., Spiegelman B.M. Nutritional and insulin regulation of fatty acid synthetase and leptin gene expression through ADD1/SREBP1. J Clin Invest. 101:1998;1-9.
39. MacDougald O.A., Cornelius P., Lin F.T., Chen S.S., Lane M.D. Glucocorticoids reciprocally regulate expression of the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α and δ genes in 3T3 liters1 adipocytes and white adipose tissue. J Biol Chem. 269:1994;19041-19047.
40. MacDougald O.A., Cornelius P., Liu R., Lane M.D. Insulin regulates transcription of the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) α β and δ genes in fully-differentiated 3T3 liters1 adipocytes. J Biol Chem. 270:1995;647-654.
41. Vlach J., Garcia A., Jacque J.M., Rodriguez M.S., Michelson S., Virelizier J.L. Induction of Sp1 phosphorylation and NF-kappa B-independent HIV promoter domain activity in T lymphocytes stimulated by okadaic acid. Virology. 208:1995;753-761.
42. Leggett R.W., Armstrong S.A., Barry D., Mueller C.R. Sp1 is phosphorylated and its DNA binding activity down-regulated upon terminal differentiation of the liver. J Biol Chem. 270:1995;25879-25884.
43. Houseknecht K.L., McGuire M.K., Portocarrero C.P., McGuire M.A., Beerman K. Leptin is present in human milk and is related to maternal plasma leptin concentrations and adiposity. Biochem Biophys Res Comm. 240:1997;742-747.
44. Smithkirwin S.M., Oconnor D.M., Johnston J., Delancey E., Hassink S.G., Funanage V.L. Leptin expression in human mammary epithelial cells and breast milk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 83:1998;1810-1813.
45. Hassink S.G., Delancey E., Sheslow D.V., et al. Placental leptin - An important new growth factor in intrauterine and neonatal development. Pediatrics. 100:1997;E11-E16.
46. Masuzaki H., Ogawa Y., Sagawa N., Hosoda K., Matsumoto T., Mise H., Nishimura H., Yoshimasa Y., Tanaka I., Mori T., Nakao K. Nonadipose tissue production of leptin Leptin as a novel placenta-derived hormone in humans . Nature Medicine. 3:1997;1029-1033.
47. Butte N.F., Hopkinson J.M., Nicolson M.A. Leptin in human reproduction Serum leptin levels in pregnant and lactating women . J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 82:1997;585-589.
48. Hardie L., Trayhurn P., Abramovich D., Fowler P. Circulating leptin in women A longitudinal study in the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy . Clin Endocrinol. 47:1997;101-106.
49. Chien E.K., Hara M., Rouard M., Yano H., Phillippe M., Polonsky K.S., Bell G.I. Increase in serum leptin and uterine leptin receptor messenger RNA levels during pregnancy in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Comm. 237:1997;476-480.
50. Schubring C., Kiess W., Englaro P., Rascher W., Dotsch J., Hanitsch S., Attanasio A., Blum W.F. Levels of leptin in maternal serum, amniotic fluid, and arterial and venous cord blood - Relation to neonatal and placental weight. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 82:1997;1480-1483.
51. Bi S., Gavrilova O., Gong D.W., Mason M.M., Reitman M. Identification of a placental enhancer for the human leptin gene. J Biol Chem. 272:1997;30583-30588.
52. Ebihara K., Ogawa Y., Isse N., Mori K., Tamura N., Masuzaki H., Kohno K., Yura S., Hosoda K., Sagawa N., Nakao K. Identification of the human leptin 5′-flanking sequences involved in the trophoblast-specific transcription. Biochem Biophys Res Comm. 241:1997;658-663.
53. Tartaglia L.A., Dembski M., Weng X., et al. Identification and expression cloning of a leptin receptor, OB-R. Cell. 83:1995;1263-1271.
54. Madej T., Boguski M.S., Bryant S.H. Threading analysis suggests that the obese gene product may be a helical cytokine. FEBS Letters. 373:1995;13-18.
55. Kline A.D., Becker G.W., Churgay L.M., Landen B.E., Martin D.K., Muth W.L., Rathnachalam R., Richardson J.M., Schoner B., Ulmer M., Hale J.E. Leptin is a four-helix bundle Secondary structure by NMR . FEBS Letters. 407:1997;239-242.
56. Zhang F., Basinski M., Beals J.M., et al. Crystal structure of the obese protein leptin E-100. Nature. 387:1997;206-209.
57. Rock F.L., Altmann S.W., Van Heek M., Kalstelein R.A., Bazan J.F. The leptin haemopoietic cytokine fold is stabilized by an intra-chain disulfide bond. Horm Metab Res. 28:1996;649-652.
58. White D.W., Tartaglia L.A. Leptin and OB-R. Body weight regulation by a cytokine receptor. Cell Growth Factor Rev. 7:1996;303-309.
59. Chua S.C., Koutras I.K., Han L., Liu S.-M., Kay J., Young S.J., Chung W.K., Leibel R.L. Fine structure of the murine leptin receptor gene Splice site suppression is required to form two alternatively spliced transcripts . Genomics. 45:1997;264-270.
60. Fong T.M., Huang R.-R.C., Tota M.R., Mao C., Smith T., Varnerin J., Karpitskiy V.V., Krause J.E., Van der Ploeg L.H.T. Localization of leptin binding domain in the leptin receptor. Mol Pharm. 53:1998;234-240.
61. Tartaglia L.A. The leptin receptor. J Biol Chem. 272:1997;6093-6096.
62. Lee G.H., Proenca R., Montez J.M., Carroll K.M., Darvishzadeh J.G., Lee J.I., Friedman J.M. Abnormal splicing of the leptin receptor in diabetic mice. Nature. 379:1996;632-635.
63. Chen H., Chariat O., Tartaglia L.A., et al. Evidence that the diabetes gene encodes the leptin receptor Identification of a mutation in the leptin receptor gene in db/db mice . Cell. 84:1996;491-495.
64. Lollmann B., Gruninger S., Stricker-Krongrad A., Chiesi M. Detection and quantification of the leptin receptor splice variants Ob-Ra, b, and e in different mouse tissues. Biochem Biophys Res Comm. 238:1997;648-652.
65. Ghilardi N., Ziegler S., Wiestner A., Stoffel R., Heim M.H., Skoda R.C. Defective STAT signaling by the leptin receptor in diabetic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 93:1996;6231-6235.
66. Cohen B., Novick D., Rubinstein M. Modulation of insulin activities by leptin. Science. 274:1996;1185-1188.
67. Muller G., Ertl J., Gerl M., Preibisch G. Leptin impairs metabolic actions of insulin in isolated rat adipocytes. J Biol Chem. 272:1997;10585-10593.
68. Muoio D.M., Dohn G.L., Fiedorek F.T., Tapscott E.B., Coleman R.A. Leptin directly alters lipid partitioning in skeletal muscle. Diabetes. 46:1997;1360-1363.
69. Chua S.C., Chung W.K., Wu-Peng X.S., Zhang Y., Liu S.M., Tartaglia L., Leibel R.L. Phenotypes of mouse diabetes and rat fatty due to mutations in the OB (Leptin) receptor. Science. 271:1996;994-996.
70. Takaya K., Ogawa Y., Isse N., Okazaki T., Satoh N., Masuzaki H., Mori K., Tamura N., Hosoda K., Nakao K. Molecular cloning of rat leptin receptor isoform complementary DNAs-Identification of a missense mutation in Zucker Fatty (fa/fa) rats. Biochem Biophys Res Comm. 225:1996;75-83.
71. Wu-Peng X.S., Chua S.C., Okada N., Liu S.-M., Nicolson M., Leibel R.L. Phenotype of the obese Koletsky (f) rat due to Tyr763stop mutation in the extracellular domain of the leptin receptor (lepr). Evidence for deficient plasma-to-CSF transport of leptin in both the Zucker and Koletsky obese rat. Diabetes. 46:1997;513-518.
72. Considine R.V., Considine E.L., Williams C.J., Hyde T.M., Caro J.F. The hypothalamice leptin receptor in humans. Identification of incidental sequence polymorphisms and absence of the db/db mouse and fa/fa rat mutations. Diabetes. 45:1996;992-994.
73. Echwald S.M., Sorensen T.D., Sorensen T.I.A., Tybjaerghansen A., Andersen T., Chung W.K., Leibel R.L., Pedersen O. Amino acid variants in the human leptin receptor - Lack of association to juvenile onset obesity. Biochem Biophys Res Comm. 233:1997;248-252.
74. Silver K., Walston J., Chung W.K., Yao F., Parikh V.V., Andersen R., Cheskin L.J., Elahi D., Muller D., Leibel R.L., Shuldiner A.R. The GLN(223)ARG and LYS(656)ASN polymorphisms in the human leptin receptor do not associate with traits related to obesity. Diabetes. 46:1997;1898-1900.
75. Clement K., Vaisse C., Lahlou N., et al. A mutation in the human leptin receptor gene causes obesity and pituitary dysfunction. Nature. 392:1998;398-401.
76. Murakami T., Yamashita T., Iida M., Kuwajima M., Shima K. A short form of leptin receptor performs signal transduction. Biochem Biophys Res Comm. 231:1997;26-29.
77. White D.W., Kuropatwinski K.K., Devos R., Baumann H., Tartaglia L.A. Leptin receptor (OB-R) signaling. Cytoplasmic domain mutational analysis and evidence for receptor homo-oligmerization. J Biol Chem. 272:1997;4065-4071.
78. Nakashima K., Narazaki M., Taga T. Leptin receptor (OB-R) oligomerizes with itself but not with its closely related cytokine signal transducer gp130. FEBS Letters. 403:1997;79-82.
79. Baumann H., Morella K.K., White D.W., Dembski M., Bailon P.S., Kim H., Lai C.-F., Tartaglia L.A. The full-length leptin receptor has signaling capabilities of interleukin 6-type cytokine receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 93:1996;8374-8378.
80. Vaisse C., Halaas J.L., Horvath C.M., Darnell J.E., Stoffel M., Friedman J.M. Leptin activation of Stat3 in the hypothalamus of wild-type and ob/ob mice but not db/db mice. Nature Genetics. 14:1996;95-97.
81. Ghilardi N., Skoda R.C. The leptin receptor activates Janus Kinase 2 and signals for proliferation in a factor-dependent cell line. Mol Endocrinol. 11:1997;393-399.
82. Bjorbaek C., Uotani S., da Silva B., Flier J.S. Divergent signaling capacities of the long and short isoforms of the leptin receptor. J Biol Chem. 272:1997;32686-32695.
83. Watowich S.S., Wu H., Socolovsky M., Klingmuller U., Constantinescu S.N., Lodish H.F. Cytokine receptor signal transduction and the control of hematopoietic cell development. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 12:1996;91-128.
84. 12 myotubes Evidence for a PI3-kinase mediated effect . Diabetologia. 40:1997;606-609.
85. Kellerer M., Koch M., Metzinger E., Mushack J., Capp E., Haring H.U. Leptin activates PI-3 kinase in C2C12 myotubes via janus kiase-2 (JAK-2) and insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2) dependent pathways. Diabetologia. 40:1997;1358-1362.
86. Bailleul B., Akerblom I., Strosberg A.D. The leptin receptor promoter controls expression of a second distinct protein. Nucleic Acid Res. 25:1997;2752-2758.
87. Baskin D.G., Seeley R.J., Kuijper J.L., Lok S., Weigle D.S., Erickson J.C., Palmiter R.D., Schwartz M.W. Increased expression of mRNA for the long form of the leptin receptor in the hypothalamus is associated with leptin hypersensitivity and fasting. Diabetes. 47:1998;538-543.
88. Dyer C.J., Simmons J.M., Matteri R.L., Keisler D.H. Leptin receptor mRNA is expressed in ewe anterior pituitary and adipose tissues and is differentially expressed in hypothalamic regions of well-fed and feed-restricted ewes. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 14:1997;119-128.
89. Zhang Y., Olbort M., Schwarzer K., Nuesslein-Heldesheim B., Nicolson M., Murphy E., Kowalski T.J., Schmidt I., Leibel R.L. The leptin receptor mediates apparent autocrine regulation of leptin gene expression. Biochem Biophys Res Comm. 240:1997;492-495.
90. Houseknecht K.L., Mantzoros C.S., Kuliawat R., Hadro E., Flier J.S., Kahn B.B. Evidence for leptin binding to proteins in serum of rodents and humans Modulation with obesity . Diabetes. 45:1996;1638-1643.
91. Sinha M.K., Opentanova I., Ohannesian J.P., Kolaczynski J.W., Heiman M.L., Hale J., Becker G.W., Bowsher R.R., Stephens T.W., Caro J.F. Evidence of free and bound leptin in human circulation. Studies in lean and obese subjects during short-term fasting. J Clin Invest. 98:1996;1277-1282.
92. Gavrilova O., Barr V.A., Marcussamuels B., Reitman M. Hyperleptinemia of pregnancy associated with the appearance of a circulating form of the leptin receptor. J Biol Chem. 272:1997;30546-30551.
93. Heaney M.L., Golde D.W. Soluble hormone receptors. Blood. 82:1993;1945-1948.
94. Bonner J.C., Brody A.R. Cytokine-binding proteins in the lung. Am J Physiol. 268:1995;L869-L878.
95. Liu C., Liu X.-J., Barry G., Ling N., Maki R.A., De Souza E.B. Expression and characterization of a putative high affinity human soluble leptin receptor. Endocrinology. 138:1997;3548-3554.
96. Leibel R.L., Chung W.K., Chua S.C. The molecular genetics of rodent single gene obesities. J Biol Chem. 272:1997;31937-31940.
97. Clement K., Garner C., Hager J., et al. Indication for linkage of the human OB gene region with extreme obesity. Diabetes. 45:1996;687-690.
98. Reed D.R., Ding Y., Xu W., Cather C., Green E.D., Price R.A. Extreme obesity may be linked to markers flanking the human OB gene. Diabetes. 45:1996;691-694.
99. Bray G.A., Inoue S., Nishizawa Y. Hypothalamic obesity. The autonomic hypothesis and the lateral hypothalamus. Diabetologia. 20:1981;366-377.
100. Debons A.F., Krimsky I., Maayan M.L., Fani K., Jemenez F.A. Gold thioglucose obesity syndrome. Fed Proc. 36:1977;143-147.
101. Dube M.G., Kalra P.S., Crowley W.R., Kalra S.P. Evidence of a physiological role for neuropeptide Y in ventromedial hypothalamic lesion-induced hyperphagia. Brain Res. 690:1995;275-278.
102. Carro E., Senaris R., Considine R.V., Casanueva F.F., Dieguez C. Regulation of in vivo growth hormone secretion by leptin. Endocrinology. 138:1997;2203-2206.
103. Barb C.R., Yan X., Azain M.J., Kraeling R.R., Rampacek G.B., Ramsay T.G. Recombinant porcine leptin reduces feed intake and stimulates growth hormone secretion in swine. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 15:1998;77-86.
104. Stephens T.W., Caro J.F. To be lean or not to be lean. Is leptin the answer? Exp Clin Endocrin Diabetes. 106:1998;1-15.
105. Erickson J.C., Hollopeter G., Palmiter R.D. Attenuation of the obesity syndrome of ob/ob mice by the loss of neuropeptide Y. Science. 274:1996;1704-1707.
106. Billington C.J., Briggs J.E., Grace M., Levine A.S. Effects of intracerebroventricular injection of neuropeptide Y on energy metabolism. Am J Physiol. 260:1991;R321-R327.
107. Dryden S., Williams G. The role of hypothalamic peptides in the control of energy balance and body weight. Curr Opinion Endo Diabetes. 3:1996;51-58.
108. Marks J.L., Li M., Schwartz M., Porte D., Baskin D.G. Effect of fasting on regional levels of neuropeptide Y mRNA and insulin receptors in the rat hypothalamus An autoradiographic study . Mol Cell Neurosci. 3:1992;199-205.
109. Wilding J.P.H., Gilbey S.G., Bailey C.J., Batt R.A.L., Williams G., Ghatei M.A., Bloom S.R. Increased neuropeptide Y messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and decreased neurotensin mRNA in the hypothalamus of the obese (ob/ob) mouse. Endocrinology. 132:1993;1939-1944.
110. Cusin I., Rohner-Jeanrenaud F., Stricker-Krongrad A., Jeanrenaud B. The weight-reducing effect of an intracerebro-ventricular bolus injection of leptin in genetically obese fa/fa rats. Reduced sensitivity compared with lean animals. Diabetes. 45:1996;1446-1450.
111. Stephens T.W., Basinski M., Bristow P.K., et al. The role of neuropeptide Y in the antiobesity action of the obese gene product. Nature. 377:1995;530-532.
112. Schwartz M.W., Baskin D.G., Bukowski T.R., Kujiper J.L., Foster D., Lasser G., Prunkard D.E., Porte D., Woods S.C., Seeley R.J., Weigle D.S. Specificity of leptin action on elevated blood glucose levels and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y gene expression in ob/ob mice. Diabetes. 45:1996;531-535.
113. Erickson J.C., Clegg K.E., Palmiter R.D. Sensitivity to leptin and susceptibility to seizures of mice lacking neuropeptide Y. Nature. 381:1996;415-418.
114. Lu D., Willard D., Patel I.R., Kadwell S., Overton L., Kost T., Luther M., Chen W., Woychik R.P., Wilkison W.O. Agouti protein is an antagonist of the melanocyte-stimulating-hormone complex. Nature. 371:1994;799-802.
115. Huszar D., Lynch C.A., Faurcgukd-Huntress V., et al. Targeted disruption of the melanocortin-4 receptor results in obesity in mice. Cell. 88:1997;131-141.
116. Fan W., Boston B.A., Kesterson R.A., Hruby V.J., Cone R.D. Role of melanocortinergic neurons in feeding and the agouti obesity syndrome. Nature. 385:1997;165-168.
117. Thornton J.E., Cheung C.C., Clifton D.K., Steiner R.A. Regulation of hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin mRNA by leptin inob/ob mice. Endocrinology. 138:1998;5063-5066.
118. Ollmann M.M., Wilson B.D., Yang Y.K., Kerns J.A., Chen Y.R., Gantz I., Barsh G.S. Antagonism of central melanocortin receptors in vitro and in vivo by agouti-related protein. Science. 278:1997;135-138.
119. Seeley R.J., Yagaloff K.A., Fisher S.L., Burn P., Thiele T.E., Van Dijk G., Baskin D.G., Schwartz M.W. Melanocortin receptors in leptin effects. Nature. 390:1997;349.
120. Nahon J.L. The melanin-concentrating hormone From the peptide to the gene . Crit Rev Neurobiol. 8:1994;221-262.
121. Qu D., Ludwig D.S., Gammeltoft S., Piper M., Pelleymounter M.A., Cullen M.J., Mathes W.F., Przypek R., Kanarek R., Maratos-flier E. A role for melanin-concentrating hormone in the central regulation of feeding behavior. Nature. 380:1996;243-247.
122. Sahu A. Evidence suggesting that galanin (GAL), melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), neurotensin (NT), proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are targets of leptin signaling in the hypothalamus. Endocrinology. 139:1998;795-798.
123. Sakurai T., Amemiya A., Ishii M., et al. Orexins and orexin receptors A family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior . Cell. 92:1998;573-585.
124. Banks W.A., Kastin A.J., Huang W., Jaspan J.B., Maness L.M. Leptin enters the brain by a saturable system independent of insulin. Peptides. 17:1996;305-311.
125. Caro J.F., Kolaczynski J.W., Nyce M.R., Ohannesian J.P., Opentanova I., Goldman W.H., Lynn R.B., Zhang P.L., Sinha M.K., Considine R.V. Decreased cerebrospinal-fluid/serum leptin ratio in obesity A possible mechanism for leptin resistance . Lancet. 348:1996;159-161.
126. Schwartz M.W., Peskind E., Raskind M., Boyko E.J., Porte D. Cerebrospinal fluid leptin levels relationship to plasma levels and to adiposity in humans . Nature Med. 2:1996;589-593.
127. Mantzoros C., Flier J.S., Lesem M.D., Brewerton T.D., Jimerson D.C. Cerebrospinal fluid leptin in anorexia nervosa-Correlation with nutritional status and potential role in resistance to weight gain. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 82:1997;1845-1851.
128. Bjorbaek C., Elmquist J.K., Frantz J.D., Shoelson S.E., Flier J.S. Identification of SOCS-3 as a potential mediator of central leptin resistance. Molecular Cell. 1:1998;619-625.
129. Pelleymounter M.A., Cullen M.J., Baker M.B., Hecht R., Winters D., Boone T., Collins F. Effects of the obese gene product on body weight regulation in ob/ob mice. Science. 269:1995;540-543.
130. Chen G., Koyama K., Yuan X., Lee Y., Zhou Y.-T., O'Doherty R., Newgard C.B., Unger R.H. Disappearance of body fat in normal rats induced by adenovirus-mediated leptin gene therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 93:1996;14795-14799.
131. Qian H., Azain M.J., Compton M.M., Hartzell D.L., Hausman G.J., Baile C.A. Brain administration of leptin causes deletion of adipocytes by apoptosis. Endocrinology. 139:1998;791-794.
132. Tuominen J.A., Ebeling P., Heiman M.L., Stephens T., Koivisto V.A. Leptin and thermogenesis in humans. Acta Physiol Scand. 160:1997;83-87.
133. Collins S., Kuhn C.M., Petro A.E., Swick A.G., Chruynk B.A., Surwit R.S. Role of leptin in fat regulation. Nature. 380:1996;677.
134. Haynes W.G., Morgan D.A., Walsh S.A., Mark A.L., Sivitz W.I. Receptor-mediated regional sympathetic nerve activation by leptin. J Clin Invest. 100:1997;270-278.
135. Siegrist-Kaiser C.A., Pauli V., Juge-Aubry C., Boss O., Pernin A., Chin W.W., Cusin I., Rohner-Jeanrenaud F., Burger A.G., Zapf J., Meier C.A. Direct effects of leptin on brown and white adipose tissue. J Clin Invest. 100:1997;2858-2864.
136. Fruhbeck G., Aguado M., Martinez J.A. In vitro lipolytic effect of leptin on mouse adipocytes-evidence for a possible autocrine/paracrine role of leptin. Biochem Biophys Res Comm. 240:1997;590-594.
137. Scarpace P.J., Matheny M., Pollock B.H., Tumer N. Leptin increases uncoupling protein expression and energy expenditure. Am J Physiol. 273:1997;E226-E230.
138. Liu Q., Bai C.B., Chen F., Wang R., MacDonald T., Gu M., Zhang Q., Morsy M.A., Caskey C.T. Uncoupling protein-3 A muscle-specific gene upregulated by leptin in ob/ob mice . Gene. 207:1998;1-7.
139. Zhou Y.-T., Shimabukuro M., Koyama K., Lee Y., Wang M.-Y., Trieu F., Newgard C.B., Unger R.H. Induction by leptin of uncoupling protein-2 and enzymes of fatty acid oxidation. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 94:1997;6386-6390.
140. Fleury C., Neverova M., Collins S., Raimbault S., Champigny O., Levi-Meyueis C., Bouillaud F., Seldin M.F., Surwit R.S., Ricquier D., Warden C.H. Uncoupling protein-2 a novel gene linked to obesity and hyperinsulinemia . Nature Genetics. 15:1997;269-272.
141. Gimeno R.E., Dembski M., Weng X., Deng N., Shyjan A.W., Gimeno C.J., Iris F., Ellis S.J., Woolf E.A., Tartaglia L.A. Cloning and characterization of an uncoupling protein homolog. A potential molecular mediator of human thermogenesis. Diabetes. 46:1997;900-906.
142. Boss O., Samec S., Paoloni-Giacobino A., Rossier C., Dulloo A., Seydoux J., Muzzin P., Giacobino J.-P. Uncoupling protein-3 A new member of the mitochondrial carrier family with tissue-specific expression . FEBS Letters. 408:1997;39-42.
143. Vidal-Puig A., Solanes G., Grujic D., Flier J.S., Lowell B.B. UCP3 An uncoupling protein homologue expressed preferentially and abundantly in skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue . Biochem Biophys Res Comm. 235:1997;79-82.
144. Solanes G., Vidal-Puig A., Grujic D., Flier J.S., Lowell B.B. The human uncoupling protein-3 gene. Genomic structure, chromosomal localization, and genetic basis for short and long form transcripts. J Biol Chem. 272:1997;25433-25436.
145. Ravussin E., Bogardus C. A brief overview of human energy metabolism and its relationship to essential obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 55:1992;242S-245S.
146. Legradi G., Emerson C.H., Ahima R.S., Flier J.S., Lechan R.M. Leptin prevents fasting-induced suppression of prothyrotropin-releasing hormone messenger ribonucleic acid in neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Endocrinology. 138:1997;2569-2576.
147. Kamohara S., Burcelin R., Halaas J., Friedman J.M., Charron M.J. Acute stimulation of glucose metabolism in mice by leptin treatment. Nature. 389:1997;374-377.
148. Ahima R.S., Prabakaran D., Mantzoros C., Qu D., Lowell B., Maratos-flier E., Flier J.S. Role of leptin in the neuroendocrine response to fasting. Nature. 382:1996;250-252.
149. Gong D.W., He Y., Karas M., Reitman M. Uncoupling protein-3 is a mediator of thermogenesis regulated by thyroid hormone, β3-adrenergic agonists, and leptin. J Biol Chem. 272:1997;24129-24132.
150. Cusin I., Sainsbury A., Doyle P., Rohner-Jeanrenaud F., Jeanrenaud B. The ob gene and insulin. A relationship leading to clues to the understanding of obesity. Diabetes. 44:1995;1467-1470.
151. Saladin R., De Vos P., Guerre-Millo M., Leturque A., Girard J., Staels B., Auwerx J. Transient increase in obese gene expression after food intake or insulin administration. Nature. 377:1995;527-529.
152. Utriainen T., Malmstrom R., Makimattila S., Yki-Jarvinen H. Supraphysiological hyperinsulinemia increases plasma leptin concentrations after 4 h in normal subjects. Diabetes. 45:1996;1364-1366.
153. Vidal H., Auboeuf D., De Vos P., Staels B., Riou J.P., Auwerx J., Laville M. The expression of ob gene is not acutely regulated by insulin and fasting in human abdominal subcutaneous (s.c.) adipose tissue. J Clin Invest. 98:1996;251-255.
154. Slieker L.J., Sloop K.W., Surface P.L., Kriauciunas A., LaQuier F., Manetta J., Bue-Valleskey J., Stephens T.W. Regulation of expression of ob mRNA and protein by glucocorticoids and cAMP. J Biol Chem. 271:1996;5301-5304.
155. Wang Y., Kuropatwinski K.K., White D.W., Hawley T.S., Hawley R.G., Tartaglia L.A., Baumann H. Leptin receptor action in hepatic cells. J Biol Chem. 272:1997;16216-16223.
156. Ranganathan S., Ciaraldi T.P., Henry R.R., Mudaliar S., Kern P.A. Lack of effect of leptin on glucose transport, lipoprotein lipase, and insulin action in adipose and muscle cells. Endocrinology. 139:1998;2509-2513.
157. Zierath J.R., Frevert E.U., Ryder J.W., Berggren P.-O., Kahn B.B. Evidence against a direct effect of leptin on glucose transport in skeletal muscle and adipocytes. Diabetes. 47:1998;1-4.
158. Bai Y., Zhang S., Kim K.-S., Lee J.-K., Kim K.-H. Obese gene expression alters the ability of 30A5 preadipocytes to respond to lipogenic hormones. J Biol Chem. 271:1996;13939-13942.
159. Kieffer T.J., Heller R.S., Habener J.F. Leptin receptors expressed on pancreatic β-cells. Biochem Biophys Res Comm. 224:1996;522-527.
160. Emilsson V., Liu Y.-L., Cawthorne M.A., Morton N.M., Davenport M. Expression of the functional leptin receptor mRNA in pancreatic islets and direct inhibitory action of leptin on insulin secretion. Diabetes. 46:1997;313-316.
161. Kieffer T.J., Heller R.S., Leech C.A., Holz G.G., Habener J.F. Leptin suppression of insulin secretion by the activation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels in pancreatic β-cells. Diabetes. 46:1997;1087-1093.
162. Unger R.H. How obesity causes diabetes in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 7:1997;276-282.
163. Shimabukuro M., Koyama K., Chen G., Wang M.-Y., Trieu F., Lee Y., Newgard C.B., Unger R.H. Direct antidiabetic effect of leptin through triglyceride depletion of tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 94:1997;4637-4641.
164. Zhou Y.-T., Shimabukuro M., Lee Y., Koyama K., Trieu F., Unger R.H. Leptin normalizes the impaired response of proinsulin mRNA to long chain fatty acids in heterozygous Zucker diabetic fatty rats. J Biol Chem. 272:1997;25648-25651.
165. Wang M.-Y., Koyama K., Shimabukuro M., Newgard C.B., Unger R.H. OB-Rb gene transfer to leptin-resistant islets reverses diabetogenic phenotype. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 95:1998;714-718.
166. Ohneda M., Inman L.R., Unger R.H. Caloric restriction in obese prediabetic rats prevents β-cell depletion. Diabetologia. 38:1995;173-179.