Enteroendocrine Cells: Metabolic Relays between Microbes and Their Host

Endocrine Development

Volumn 32, Issue , 2017, Pages 139-164

  Plovier, Hubert ^a   Cani, Patrice D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ CATHOLIQUE DE LOUVAIN   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ENTEROENDOCRINE CELL; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; HUMAN; INTESTINE FLORA; METABOLISM; MICROBIOLOGY; OBESITY; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; ENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS; GASTROINTESTINAL MICROBIOME; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS; HUMANS; METABOLIC NETWORKS AND PATHWAYS; OBESITY;

EID: 85027697840     PISSN: 14217082     EISSN: 16622979     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1159/000475736     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (204)

1. Walton KD, Freddo AM, Wang S, Gumucio DL: Generation of intestinal surface: an absorbing tale. Development 2016; 143: 2261-2272.
2. Furness JB: The enteric nervous system and neurogastroenterology. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 9: 286-294.
3. Sommer F, Backhed F: The gut microbiota -masters of host development and physiology. Nat Rev Microbiol 2013; 11: 227-238.
4. Cani PD, Everard A, Duparc T: Gut microbiota, enteroendocrine functions and metabolism. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013; 13: 935-940.
5. Gribble FM, Reimann F: Enteroendocrine cells: chemosensors in the intestinal epithelium. Annu Rev Physiol 2016; 78: 277-299.
6. Reimann F, Habib AM, Tolhurst G, Parker HE, Rogers GJ, Gribble FM: Glucose sensing in L cells: a primary cell study. Cell Metab 2008; 8: 532-539.
7. Habib AM, Richards P, Rogers GJ, Reimann F, Gribble FM: Co-localisation and secretion of glucagonlike peptide 1 and peptide YY from primary cultured human L cells. Diabetologia 2013; 56: 1413-1416.
8. Egerod KL, Engelstoft MS, Grunddal KV, Nohr MK, Secher A, Sakata I, et al: A major lineage of enteroendocrine cells coexpress CCK, secretin, GIP, GLP-1, PYY, and neurotensin but not somatostatin. Endocrinology 2012; 153: 5782-5795.
9. Sykaras AG, Demenis C, Cheng L, Pisitkun T, McLaughlin JT, Fenton RA, Smith CP: Duodenal CCK cells from male mice express multiple hormones including ghrelin. Endocrinology 2014; 155: 3339-3351.
10. Grunddal KV, Ratner CF, Svendsen B, Sommer F, Engelstoft MS, Madsen AN, et al: Neurotensin is coexpressed, coreleased, and acts together with GLP-1 and PYY in enteroendocrine control of metabolism. Endocrinology 2015; 157: 176-194.
11. Engelstoft MS, Egerod KL, Lund ML, Schwartz TW: Enteroendocrine cell types revisited. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013; 13: 912-921.
12. McFall-Ngai M, Hadfield MG, Bosch TC, Carey HV, Domazet-Loso T, Douglas AE, et al: Animals in a bacterial world, a new imperative for the life sciences. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110: 3229-3236.
13. Sender R, Fuchs S, Milo R: Are we really vastly outnumbered? revisiting the ratio of bacterial to host cells in humans. Cell 2016; 164: 337-340.
14. Qin J, Li R, Raes J, Arumugam M, Burgdorf KS, Manichanh C, et al; MetaHIT Consortium: A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing. Nature 2010; 464: 59-65.
15. Human Microbiome Project Consortium: Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature 2012; 486: 207-214.
16. Cani PD, Plovier H, Van Hul M, Geurts L, Delzenne NM, Druart C, Everard A: Endocannabinoids -at the crossroads between the gut microbiota and host metabolism. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2016; 12: 133-143.
17. Cani PD, Knauf C: How gut microbes talk to organs: the role of endocrine and nervous routes. Mol Metab 2016; 5: 743-752.
18. Schroeder BO, Backhed F: Signals from the gut microbiota to distant organs in physiology and disease. Nat Med 2016; 22: 1079-1089.
19. Koenig JE, Spor A, Scalfone N, Fricker AD, Stombaugh J, Knight R, Angenent LT, Ley RE: Succession of microbial consortia in the developing infant gut microbiome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108(suppl 1):4578-4585.
20. Yatsunenko T, Rey FE, Manary MJ, Trehan I, Dominguez-Bello MG, Contreras M, et al: Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature 2012; 486: 222-227.
21. Le Chatelier E, Nielsen T, Qin J, Prifti E, Hildebrand F, Falony G, et al; MetaHIT Consortium: Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers. Nature 2013; 500: 541-546.
22. Cotillard A, Kennedy SP, Kong LC, Prifti E, Pons N, Le Chatelier E, et al; ANR MicroObes Consortium: Dietary intervention impact on gut microbial gene richness. Nature 2013; 500: 585-588.
23. Brown CT, Davis-Richardson AG, Giongo A, Gano KA, Crabb DB, Mukherjee N, et al: Gut microbiome metagenomics analysis suggests a functional model for the development of autoimmunity for type 1 diabetes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25792.
24. Vatanen T, Kostic AD, d'Hennezel E, Siljander H, Franzosa EA, Yassour M, et al; DIABIMMUNE Study Group: Variation in microbiome LPS immunogenicity contributes to autoimmunity in humans. Cell 2016; 165: 842-853.
25. Maffeis C, Martina A, Corradi M, Quarella S, Nori N, Torriani S, Plebani M, Contreas G, Felis GE: Association between intestinal permeability and faecal microbiota composition in Italian children with beta cell autoimmunity at risk for type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2016; 32: 700-709.
26. Saulnier DM, Riehle K, Mistretta TA, Diaz MA, Mandal D, Raza S, et al: Gastrointestinal microbiome signatures of pediatric patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2011; 141: 1782-1791.
27. Karlsson CL, Onnerfalt J, Xu J, Molin G, Ahrne S, Thorngren-Jerneck K: The microbiota of the gut in preschool children with normal and excessive body weight. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20: 2257-2261.
28. Ignacio A, Fernandes MR, Rodrigues VA, Groppo FC, Cardoso AL, Avila-Campos MJ, Nakano V: Correlation between body mass index and faecal microbiota from children. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22: 258. e1-e8.
29. Kirk RG: "Life in a germ-free world": isolating life from the laboratory animal to the bubble boy. Bull Hist Med 2012; 86: 237-275.
30. Backhed F, Ding H, Wang T, Hooper LV, Koh GY, Nagy A, Semenkovich CF, Gordon JI: The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101: 15718-15723.
31. Schwarzer M, Makki K, Storelli G, Machuca-Gayet I, Srutkova D, Hermanova P, et al: Lactobacillus plantarum strain maintains growth of infant mice during chronic undernutrition. Science 2016; 351: 854-857.
32. Duca FA, Swartz TD, Sakar Y, Covasa M: Increased oral detection, but decreased intestinal signaling for fats in mice lacking gut microbiota. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39748.
33. Backhed F, Manchester JK, Semenkovich CF, Gordon JI: Mechanisms underlying the resistance to diet-induced obesity in germ-free mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104: 979-984.
34. Goodlad RA, Ratcliffe B, Fordham JP, Ghatei MA, Domin J, Bloom SR, Wright N: Plasma enteroglucagon, gastrin and peptide YY in conventional and germ-free rats refed with a fibre-free or fibre-supplemented diet. Q J Exp Physiol 1989; 74: 437-442.
35. Nogueira AM, Barbosa AJ: Immunocytochemical study of intestinal endocrine cells in germ-free mice. Eur J Histochem 1994; 38: 213-218.
36. Arantes RM, Nogueira AM: Increased intracellular content of enteroglucagon in proximal colon is related to intestinal adaptation to germ-free status. Cell Tissue Res 2001; 303: 447-450.
37. Arantes RM, Nogueira AM: Distribution of enteroglucagon-and peptide YY-immunoreactive cells in the intestinal mucosa of germ-free and conventional mice. Cell Tissue Res 1997; 290: 61-69.
38. Bohorquez DV, Chandra R, Samsa LA, Vigna SR, Liddle RA: Characterization of basal pseudopod-like processes in ileal and colonic PYY cells. J Mol Histol 2011; 42: 3-13.
39. Wichmann A, Allahyar A, Greiner TU, Plovier H, Lunden GO, Larsson T, Drucker DJ, Delzenne NM, Cani PD, Backhed F: Microbial modulation of energy availability in the colon regulates intestinal transit. Cell Host Microbe 2013; 14: 582-590.
40. Drucker DJ: Deciphering metabolic messages from the gut drives therapeutic innovation: the 2014 banting lecture. Diabetes 2015; 64: 317-326.
41. Louis P, Flint HJ: Formation of propionate and butyrate by the human colonic microbiota. Environ Microbiol 2016; 19: 29-41.
42. Cummings JH, Pomare EW, Branch WJ, Naylor CP, Macfarlane GT: Short chain fatty acids in human large intestine, portal, hepatic and venous blood. Gut 1987; 28: 1221-1227.
43. Weaver GA, Krause JA, Miller TL, Wolin MJ: Short chain fatty acid distributions of enema samples from a sigmoidoscopy population: an association of high acetate and low butyrate ratios with adenomatous polyps and colon cancer. Gut 1988; 29: 1539-1543.
44. Grosse J, Heffron H, Burling K, Akhter Hossain M, Habib AM, Rogers GJ, et al: Insulin-like peptide 5 is an orexigenic gastrointestinal hormone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 29: 11133-11138.
45. Lee YS, De Vadder F, Tremaroli V, Wichmann A, Mithieux G, Backhed F: Insulin-like peptide 5 is a microbially regulated peptide that promotes hepatic glucose production. Mol Metab 2016; 5: 263-270.
46. Burnicka-Turek O, Mohamed BA, Shirneshan K, Thanasupawat T, Hombach-Klonisch S, Klonisch T, Adham IM: INSL5-deficient mice display an alteration in glucose homeostasis and an impaired fertility. Endocrinology 2012; 153: 4655-4665.
47. Luo X, Li T, Zhu Y, Dai Y, Zhao J, Guo ZY, Wang MW: The insulinotrophic effect of insulin-like peptide 5 in vitro and in vivo. Biochem J 2015; 466: 467-473.
48. Gershon MD: 5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) in the gastrointestinal tract. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2013; 20: 14-21.
49. Sumara G, Sumara O, Kim JK, Karsenty G: Gut-derived serotonin is a multifunctional determinant to fasting adaptation. Cell Metab 2012; 16: 588-600.
50. Li Z, Chalazonitis A, Huang YY, Mann JJ, Margolis KG, Yang QM, Kim DO, Cote F, Mallet J, Gershon MD: Essential roles of enteric neuronal serotonin in gastrointestinal motility and the development/survival of enteric dopaminergic neurons. J Neurosci 2011; 31: 8998-9009.
51. Yadav VK, Ryu JH, Suda N, Tanaka KF, Gingrich JA, Schutz G, et al: Lrp5 controls bone formation by inhibiting serotonin synthesis in the duodenum. Cell 2008; 135: 825-837.
52. Sjogren K, Engdahl C, Henning P, Lerner UH, Tremaroli V, Lagerquist MK, Backhed F, Ohlsson C: The gut microbiota regulates bone mass in mice. J Bone Miner Res 2012; 27: 1357-1367.
53. Reigstad CS, Salmonson CE, Rainey JF 3rd, Szurszewski JH, Linden DR, Sonnenburg JL, Farrugia G, Kashyap PC: Gut microbes promote colonic serotonin production through an effect of short-chain fatty acids on enterochromaffin cells. FASEB J 2015; 29: 1395-1403.
54. Yano JM, Yu K, Donaldson GP, Shastri GG, Ann P, Ma L, et al: Indigenous bacteria from the gut microbiota regulate host serotonin biosynthesis. Cell 2015; 161: 264-276.
55. Atarashi K, Tanoue T, Oshima K, Suda W, Nagano Y, Nishikawa H, et al: Treg induction by a rationally selected mixture of Clostridia strains from the human microbiota. Nature 2013; 500: 232-236.
56. Roediger WE: Role of anaerobic bacteria in the metabolic welfare of the colonic mucosa in man. Gut 1980; 21: 793-798.
57. Roediger WE: Utilization of nutrients by isolated epithelial cells of the rat colon. Gastroenterology 1982; 83: 424-429.
58. Donohoe DR, Garge N, Zhang X, Sun W, O'Connell TM, Bunger MK, Bultman SJ: The microbiome and butyrate regulate energy metabolism and autophagy in the mammalian colon. Cell Metab 2011; 13: 517-526.
59. Donohoe DR, Wali A, Brylawski BP, Bultman SJ: Microbial regulation of glucose metabolism and cellcycle progression in mammalian colonocytes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46589.
60. Dumoulin V, Moro F, Barcelo A, Dakka T, Cuber JC: Peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide-1, and neurotensin responses to luminal factors in the isolated vascularly perfused rat ileum. Endocrinology 1998; 139: 3780-3786.
61. Brown AJ, Goldsworthy SM, Barnes AA, Eilert MM, Tcheang L, Daniels D, et al: The Orphan G proteincoupled receptors GPR41 and GPR43 are activated by propionate and other short chain carboxylic acids. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 11312-11319.
62. Le Poul E, Loison C, Struyf S, Springael JY, Lannoy V, Decobecq ME, et al: Functional characterization of human receptors for short chain fatty acids and their role in polymorphonuclear cell activation. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 25481-25489.
63. Nilsson NE, Kotarsky K, Owman C, Olde B: Identification of a free fatty acid receptor, FFA2R, expressed on leukocytes and activated by short-chain fatty acids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 303: 1047-1052.
64. Karaki S, Mitsui R, Hayashi H, Kato I, Sugiya H, Iwanaga T, Furness JB, Kuwahara A: Short-chain fatty acid receptor, GPR43, is expressed by enteroendocrine cells and mucosal mast cells in rat intestine. Cell Tissue Res 2006; 324: 353-360.
65. Kaji I, Karaki S, Tanaka R, Kuwahara A: Density distribution of free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFA2)-expressing and GLP-1-producing enteroendocrine L cells in human and rat lower intestine, and increased cell numbers after ingestion of fructo-oligosaccharide. J Mol Histol 2011; 42: 27-38.
66. Sykaras AG, Demenis C, Case RM, McLaughlin JT, Smith CP: Duodenal enteroendocrine I-cells contain mRNA transcripts encoding key endocannabinoid and fatty acid receptors. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42373.
67. Nohr MK, Pedersen MH, Gille A, Egerod KL, Engelstoft MS, Husted AS, et al: GPR41/FFAR3 and GPR43/FFAR2 as cosensors for short-chain fatty acids in enteroendocrine cells vs FFAR3 in enteric neurons and FFAR2 in enteric leukocytes. Endocrinology 2013; 154: 3552-3564.
68. Tolhurst G, Heffron H, Lam YS, Parker HE, Habib AM, Diakogiannaki E, Cameron J, Grosse J, Reimann F, Gribble FM: Short-chain fatty acids stimulate glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion via the G-protein-coupled receptor FFAR2. Diabetes 2012; 61: 364-371.
69. Psichas A, Sleeth ML, Murphy KG, Brooks L, Bewick GA, Hanyaloglu AC, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR, Frost G: The short chain fatty acid propionate stimulates GLP-1 and PYY secretion via free fatty acid receptor 2 in rodents. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 39: 424-429.
70. Lin HV, Frassetto A, Kowalik EJ Jr, Nawrocki AR, Lu MM, Kosinski JR, Hubert JA, Szeto D, Yao X, Forrest G, Marsh DJ: Butyrate and propionate protect against diet-induced obesity and regulate gut hormones via free fatty acid receptor 3-independent mechanisms. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35240.
71. Tazoe H, Otomo Y, Karaki S, Kato I, Fukami Y, Terasaki M, Kuwahara A: Expression of short-chain fatty acid receptor GPR41 in the human colon. Biomed Res 2009; 30: 149-156.
72. Pluznick JL, Protzko RJ, Gevorgyan H, Peterlin Z, Sipos A, Han J, et al: Olfactory receptor responding to gut microbiota-derived signals plays a role in renin secretion and blood pressure regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110: 4410-4415.
73. Fleischer J, Bumbalo R, Bautze V, Strotmann J, Breer H: Expression of odorant receptor Olfr78 in enteroendocrine cells of the colon. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 361: 697-710.
74. Leja J, Essaghir A, Essand M, Wester K, Oberg K, Totterman TH, Lloyd R, Vasmatzis G, Demoulin JB, Giandomenico V: Novel markers for enterochromaffin cells and gastrointestinal neuroendocrine carcinomas. Mod Pathol 2009; 22: 261-272.
75. Priori D, Colombo M, Clavenzani P, Jansman AJ, Lalles JP, Trevisi P, Bosi P: The olfactory receptor OR51E1 is present along the gastrointestinal tract of pigs, Co-Localizes with Enteroendocrine Cells and Is Modulated by Intestinal Microbiota. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129501.
76. Audouze K, Tromelin A, Le Bon AM, Belloir C, Petersen RK, Kristiansen K, Brunak S, Taboureau O: Identification of odorant-receptor interactions by global mapping of the human odorome. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93037.
77. Kuipers F, Bloks VW, Groen AK: Beyond intestinal soap -bile acids in metabolic control. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2014; 10: 488-498.
78. de Aguiar Vallim TQ, Tarling EJ, Edwards PA: Pleiotropic roles of bile acids in metabolism. Cell Metab 2013; 17: 657-669.
79. Shimada K, Bricknell KS, Finegold SM: Deconjugation of bile acids by intestinal bacteria: review of literature and additional studies. J Infect Dis 1969; 119: 273-281.
80. Ridlon JM, Kang DJ, Hylemon PB: Bile salt biotransformations by human intestinal bacteria. J Lipid Res 2006; 47: 241-259.
81. Sayin SI, Wahlstrom A, Felin J, Jantti S, Marschall HU, Bamberg K, Angelin B, Hyotylainen T, Oresic M, Backhed F: Gut microbiota regulates bile acid metabolism by reducing the levels of tauro-beta-muricholic acid, a naturally occurring FXR antagonist. Cell Metab 2013; 17: 225-235.
82. Claus SP, Tsang TM, Wang Y, Cloarec O, Skordi E, Martin FP, Rezzi S, Ross A, Kochhar S, Holmes E, Nicholson JK: Systemic multicompartmental effects of the gut microbiome on mouse metabolic phenotypes. Mol Syst Biol 2008; 4: 219.
83. Wahlstrom A, Sayin SI, Marschall HU, Backhed F: Intestinal crosstalk between bile acids and microbiota and its impact on host metabolism. Cell Metab 2016; 24: 41-50.
84. Makishima M, Okamoto AY, Repa JJ, Tu H, Learned RM, Luk A, Hull MV, Lustig KD, Mangelsdorf DJ, Shan B: Identification of a nuclear receptor for bile acids. Science 1999; 284: 1362-1365.
85. Maruyama T, Miyamoto Y, Nakamura T, Tamai Y, Okada H, Sugiyama E, Nakamura T, Itadani H, Tanaka K: Identification of membrane-type receptor for bile acids (M-BAR). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 298: 714-719.
86. Kawamata Y, Fujii R, Hosoya M, Harada M, Yoshida H, Miwa M, et al: A G protein-coupled receptor responsive to bile acids. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 9435-9440.
87. Katsuma S, Hirasawa A, Tsujimoto G: Bile acids promote glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion through TGR5 in a murine enteroendocrine cell line STC-1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 329: 386-390.
88. Brighton CA, Rievaj J, Kuhre RE, Glass LL, Schoonjans K, Holst JJ, Gribble FM, Reimann F: Bile acids trigger GLP-1 release predominantly by accessing basolaterally located G protein-coupled bile acid receptors. Endocrinology 2015; 156: 3961-3970.
89. Parker HE, Wallis K, le Roux CW, Wong KY, Reimann F, Gribble FM: Molecular mechanisms underlying bile acid-stimulated glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165: 414-423.
90. Bala V, Rajagopal S, Kumar DP, Nalli AD, Mahavadi S, Sanyal AJ, Grider JR, Murthy KS: Release of GLP-1 and PYY in response to the activation of G proteincoupled bile acid receptor TGR5 is mediated by Epac/PLC-ϵ pathway and modulated by endogenous H2S. Front Physiol 2014; 5: 420.
91. Thomas C, Gioiello A, Noriega L, Strehle A, Oury J, Rizzo G, et al: TGR5-mediated bile acid sensing controls glucose homeostasis. Cell Metab 2009; 10: 167-177.
92. Kidd M, Modlin IM, Gustafsson BI, Drozdov I, Hauso O, Pfragner R: Luminal regulation of normal and neoplastic human EC cell serotonin release is mediated by bile salts, amines, tastants, and olfactants. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 295:G260-G272.
93. Alemi F, Poole DP, Chiu J, Schoonjans K, Cattaruzza F, Grider JR, Bunnett NW, Corvera CU: The receptor TGR5 mediates the prokinetic actions of intestinal bile acids and is required for normal defecation in mice. Gastroenterology 2013; 144: 145-154.
94. Trabelsi MS, Daoudi M, Prawitt J, Ducastel S, Touche V, Sayin SI, et al: Farnesoid X receptor inhibits glucagon-like peptide-1 production by enteroendocrine L cells. Nat Commun 2015; 6: 7629.
95. Lee JH, Wood TK, Lee J: Roles of indole as an interspecies and interkingdom signaling molecule. Trends Microbiol 2015; 23: 707-718.
96. Bansal T, Alaniz RC, Wood TK, Jayaraman A: The bacterial signal indole increases epithelial-cell tightjunction resistance and attenuates indicators of inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107: 228-233.
97. Chimerel C, Emery E, Summers DK, Keyser U, Gribble FM, Reimann F: Bacterial metabolite indole modulates incretin secretion from intestinal enteroendocrine L cells. Cell Rep 2014; 9: 1202-1208.
98. Abreu MT: Toll-like receptor signalling in the intestinal epithelium: how bacterial recognition shapes intestinal function. Nat Rev Immunol 2010; 10: 131-144.
99. Vijay-Kumar M, Aitken JD, Carvalho FA, Cullender TC, Mwangi S, Srinivasan S, Sitaraman SV, Knight R, Ley RE, Gewirtz AT: Metabolic syndrome and altered gut microbiota in mice lacking toll-like receptor 5. Science 2010; 328: 228-231.
100. Cario E, Gerken G, Podolsky DK: Toll-like receptor 2 controls mucosal inflammation by regulating epithelial barrier function. Gastroenterology 2007; 132: 1359-1374.
101. Kim KA, Gu W, Lee IA, Joh EH, Kim DH: High fat diet-induced gut microbiota exacerbates inflammation and obesity in mice via the TLR4 signaling pathway. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47713.
102. Lee J, Mo JH, Katakura K, Alkalay I, Rucker AN, Liu YT, et al: Maintenance of colonic homeostasis by distinctive apical TLR9 signalling in intestinal epithelial cells. Nat Cell Biol 2006; 8: 1327-1336.
103. Bogunovic M, Dave SH, Tilstra JS, Chang DT, Harpaz N, Xiong H, Mayer LF, Plevy SE: Enteroendocrine cells express functional toll-like receptors. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007; 292:G1770-G1783.
104. Sokol H, Pigneur B, Watterlot L, Lakhdari O, Bermudez-Humaran LG, Gratadoux JJ, et al: Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an anti-inflammatory commensal bacterium identified by gut microbiota analysis of Crohn disease patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105: 16731-16736.
105. Kidd M, Gustafsson BI, Drozdov I, Modlin IM: IL-1beta-and LPS-induced serotonin secretion is increased in EC cells derived from Crohn's disease. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2009; 21: 439-450.
106. Palazzo M, Balsari A, Rossini A, Selleri S, Calcaterra C, Gariboldi S, Zanobbio L, Arnaboldi F, Shirai YF, Serrao G, Rumio C: Activation of enteroendocrine cells via TLRs induces hormone, chemokine, and defensin secretion. J Immunol 2007; 178: 4296-4303.
107. Larraufie P, et al: TLR ligands and butyrate increase Pyy expression through two distinct but inter-regulated pathways. Cell Microbiol 2017;19.
108. Verdich C, Toubro S, Buemann B, Lysgard Madsen J, Juul Holst J, Astrup A: The role of postprandial releases of insulin and incretin hormones in mealinduced satiety -effect of obesity and weight reduction. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001; 25: 1206-1214.
109. Vilsboll T, Krarup T, Deacon CF, Madsbad S, Holst JJ: Reduced postprandial concentrations of intact biologically active glucagon-like peptide 1 in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes 2001; 50: 609-613.
110. Ranganath LR, Beety JM, Morgan LM, Wright JW, Howland R, Marks V: Attenuated GLP-1 secretion in obesity: cause or consequence? Gut 1996; 38: 916-919.
111. Mannucci E, Ognibene A, Cremasco F, Bardini G, Mencucci A, Pierazzuoli E, Ciani S, Fanelli A, Messeri G, Rotella CM: Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and leptin concentrations in obese patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 2000; 17: 713-719.
112. Anini Y, Brubaker PL: Role of leptin in the regulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion. Diabetes 2003; 52: 252-259.
113. Batterham RL, Cohen MA, Ellis SM, Le Roux CW, Withers DJ, Frost GS, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR: Inhibition of food intake in obese subjects by peptide YY3-36. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 941-948.
114. le Roux CW, Batterham RL, Aylwin SJ, Patterson M, Borg CM, Wynne KJ, Kent A, Vincent RP, Gardiner J, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR: Attenuated peptide YY release in obese subjects is associated with reduced satiety. Endocrinology 2006; 147: 3-8.
115. Batterham RL, Heffron H, Kapoor S, Chivers JE, Chandarana K, Herzog H, Le Roux CW, Thomas EL, Bell JD, Withers DJ: Critical role for peptide YY in protein-mediated satiation and body-weight regulation. Cell Metab 2006; 4: 223-233.
116. Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB: Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. J Nutr 1995; 125: 1401-1412.
117. Samuel BS, Shaito A, Motoike T, Rey FE, Backhed F, Manchester JK, Hammer RE, Williams SC, Crowley J, Yanagisawa M, Gordon JI: Effects of the gut microbiota on host adiposity are modulated by the short-chain fatty-acid binding G protein-coupled receptor, Gpr41. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105: 16767-16772.
118. Kimura I, Ozawa K, Inoue D, Imamura T, Kimura K, Maeda T, et al: The gut microbiota suppresses insulin-mediated fat accumulation via the shortchain fatty acid receptor GPR43. Nat Commun 2013; 4: 1829.
119. Everard A, Lazarevic V, Derrien M, Girard M, Muccioli GG, Neyrinck AM, et al: Responses of gut microbiota and glucose and lipid metabolism to prebiotics in genetic obese and diet-induced leptinresistant mice. Diabetes 2011; 60: 2775-2786.
120. Everard A, Lazarevic V, Gaia N, Johansson M, Stahlman M, Backhed F, Delzenne NM, Schrenzel J, Francois P, Cani PD: Microbiome of prebiotictreated mice reveals novel targets involved in host response during obesity. ISME J 2014; 8: 2116-2130.
121. Bindels LB, Delzenne NM, Cani PD, Walter J: Towards a more comprehensive concept for prebiotics. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 12: 303-310.
122. Cani PD, Dewever C, Delzenne NM: Inulin-type fructans modulate gastrointestinal peptides involved in appetite regulation (glucagon-like peptide-1 and ghrelin) in rats. Br J Nutr 2004; 92: 521-526.
123. Delzenne NM, Cani PD, Daubioul C, Neyrinck AM: Impact of inulin and oligofructose on gastrointestinal peptides. Br J Nutr 2005; 93(suppl 1):S157-S161.
124. Cani PD, Neyrinck AM, Maton N, Delzenne NM: Oligofructose promotes satiety in rats fed a high-fat diet: involvement of glucagon-like Peptide-1. Obes Res 2005; 13: 1000-1007.
125. Cani PD, Daubioul CA, Reusens B, Remacle C, Catillon G, Delzenne NM: Involvement of endogenous glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36) amide on glycaemia-lowering effect of oligofructose in streptozotocin-treated rats. J Endocrinol 2005; 185: 457-465.
126. Cani PD, Knauf C, Iglesias MA, Drucker DJ, Delzenne NM, Burcelin R: Improvement of glucose tolerance and hepatic insulin sensitivity by oligofructose requires a functional glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor. Diabetes 2006; 55: 1484-1490.
127. Cani PD, Hoste S, Guiot Y, Delzenne NM: Dietary non-digestible carbohydrates promote L-cell differentiation in the proximal colon of rats. Br J Nutr 2007; 98: 32-37.
128. Cani PD, Amar J, Iglesias MA, Poggi M, Knauf C, Bastelica D, et al: Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance. Diabetes 2007; 56: 1761-1772.
129. Cani PD, Neyrinck AM, Fava F, Knauf C, Burcelin RG, Tuohy KM, Gibson GR, Delzenne NM: Selective increases of bifidobacteria in gut microflora improve high-fat-diet-induced diabetes in mice through a mechanism associated with endotoxaemia. Diabetologia 2007; 50: 2374-2383.
130. Cani PD, Possemiers S, Van de Wiele T, Guiot Y, Everard A, Rottier O, et al: Changes in gut microbiota control inflammation in obese mice through a mechanism involving GLP-2-driven improvement of gut permeability. Gut 2009; 58: 1091-1103.
131. Brooks L, Viardot A, Tsakmaki A, Stolarczyk E, Howard JK, Cani PD, et al: Fermentable carbohydrate stimulates FFAR2-dependent colonic PYY cell expansion to increase satiety. Mol Metab 2016; 6: 48-60.
132. Cani PD, Lecourt E, Dewulf EM, Sohet FM, Pachikian BD, Naslain D, De Backer F, Neyrinck AM, Delzenne NM: Gut microbiota fermentation of prebiotics increases satietogenic and incretin gut peptide production with consequences for appetite sensation and glucose response after a meal. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90: 1236-1243.
133. Dewulf EM, Cani PD, Claus SP, Fuentes S, Puylaert PG, Neyrinck AM, Bindels LB, de Vos WM, Gibson GR, Thissen JP, Delzenne NM: Insight into the prebiotic concept: lessons from an exploratory, double blind intervention study with inulin-type fructans in obese women. Gut 2013; 62: 1112-1121.
134. Overduin J, Schoterman MH, Calame W, Schonewille AJ, Ten Bruggencate SJ: Dietary galacto-oligosaccharides and calcium: effects on energy intake, fat-pad weight and satiety-related, gastrointestinal hormones in rats. Br J Nutr 2013; 109: 1338-1348.
135. Hong KB, Kim JH, Kwon HK, Han SH, Park Y, Suh HJ: Evaluation of Prebiotic Effects of High-Purity Galactooligosaccharides in vitro and in vivo. Food Technol Biotechnol 2016; 54: 156-163.
136. Keenan MJ, Zhou J, McCutcheon KL, Raggio AM, Bateman HG, Todd E, Jones CK, Tulley RT, Melton S, Martin RJ, Hegsted M: Effects of resistant starch, a non-digestible fermentable fiber, on reducing body fat. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006; 14: 1523-1534.
137. Zhou J, Martin RJ, Tulley RT, Raggio AM, Mc-Cutcheon KL, Shen L, Danna SC, Tripathy S, Hegsted M, Keenan MJ: Dietary resistant starch upregulates total GLP-1 and PYY in a sustained day-long manner through fermentation in rodents. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 295:E1160-E1166.
138. Zhou J, Martin RJ, Raggio AM, Shen L, McCutcheon K, Keenan MJ: The importance of GLP-1 and PYY in resistant starch's effect on body fat in mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59: 1000-1003.
139. Klok MD, Jakobsdottir S, Drent ML: The role of leptin and ghrelin in the regulation of food intake and body weight in humans: a review. Obes Rev 2007; 8: 21-34.
140. Khosravi Y, Seow SW, Amoyo AA, Chiow KH, Tan TL, Wong WY, et al: Helicobacter pylori infection can affect energy modulating hormones and body weight in germ free mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5: 8731.
141. Tschop M, Weyer C, Tataranni PA, Devanarayan V, Ravussin E, Heiman ML: Circulating ghrelin levels are decreased in human obesity. Diabetes 2001; 50: 707-709.
142. Ikezaki A, Hosoda H, Ito K, Iwama S, Miura N, Matsuoka H, Kondo C, Kojima M, Kangawa K, Sugihara S: Fasting plasma ghrelin levels are negatively correlated with insulin resistance and PAI-1, but not with leptin, in obese children and adolescents. Diabetes 2002; 51: 3408-3411.
143. Krohn K, Boczan C, Otto B, Heldwein W, Landgraf R, Bauer CP, Koletzko B: Regulation of ghrelin is related to estimated insulin sensitivity in obese children. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; 30: 1482-1487.
144. Hansen TK, Dall R, Hosoda H, Kojima M, Kangawa K, Christiansen JS, Jorgensen JO: Weight loss increases circulating levels of ghrelin in human obesity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2002; 56: 203-206.
145. Cummings DE, Weigle DS, Frayo RS, Breen PA, Ma MK, Dellinger EP, Purnell JQ: Plasma ghrelin levels after diet-induced weight loss or gastric bypass surgery. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 1623-1630.
146. Soriano-Guillen L, Barrios V, Campos-Barros A, Argente J: Ghrelin levels in obesity and anorexia nervosa: effect of weight reduction or recuperation. J Pediatr 2004; 144: 36-42.
147. Sumithran P, Prendergast LA, Delbridge E, Purcell K, Shulkes A, Kriketos A, Proietto J: Long-term persistence of hormonal adaptations to weight loss. N Engl J Med 2011; 365: 1597-1604.
148. Reinehr T, Roth CL, Alexy U, Kersting M, Kiess W, Andler W: Ghrelin levels before and after reduction of overweight due to a low-fat high-carbohydrate diet in obese children and adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond) 2005; 29: 362-368.
149. Weigle DS, Cummings DE, Newby PD, Breen PA, Frayo RS, Matthys CC, Callahan HS, Purnell JQ: Roles of leptin and ghrelin in the loss of body weight caused by a low fat, high carbohydrate diet. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 1577-1586.
150. Tarini J, Wolever TM: The fermentable fibre inulin increases postprandial serum short-chain fatty acids and reduces free-fatty acids and ghrelin in healthy subjects. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2010; 35: 9-16.
151. Nilsson A, Johansson E, Ekstrom L, Bjorck I: Effects of a brown beans evening meal on metabolic risk markers and appetite regulating hormones at a subsequent standardized breakfast: a randomized cross-over study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59985.
152. Rahat-Rozenbloom S, et al: Acute increases in serum colonic short-chain fatty acids elicited by inulin do not increase GLP-1 or PYY responses but may reduce ghrelin in lean and overweight humans. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 71: 227-233.
153. Parnell JA, Reimer RA: Weight loss during oligofructose supplementation is associated with decreased ghrelin and increased peptide YY in overweight and obese adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89: 1751-1759.
154. Kim HJ, Kim JH, Noh S, Hur HJ, Sung MJ, Hwang JT, et al: Metabolomic analysis of livers and serum from high-fat diet induced obese mice. J Proteome Res 2011; 10: 722-731.
155. Crane JD, Palanivel R, Mottillo EP, Bujak AL, Wang H, Ford RJ, et al: Inhibiting peripheral serotonin synthesis reduces obesity and metabolic dysfunction by promoting brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. Nat Med 2015; 21: 166-172.
156. Oh CM, Namkung J, Go Y, Shong KE, Kim K, Kim H, et al: Regulation of systemic energy homeostasis by serotonin in adipose tissues. Nat Commun 2015; 6: 6794.
157. Oh CM, Park S, Kim H: Serotonin as a new therapeutic target for diabetes mellitus and obesity. Diabetes Metab J 2016; 40: 89-98.
158. Hochkogler CM, Lieder B, Rust P, Berry D, Meier SM, Pignitter M, et al: A 12-week intervention with nonivamide, a TRPV1 agonist, prevents a dietaryinduced body fat gain and increases peripheral serotonin in moderately overweight subjects. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61, Epub ahead of print.
159. Komiyama Y, Andoh A, Fujiwara D, Ohmae H, Araki Y, Fujiyama Y, Mitsuyama K, Kanauchi O: New prebiotics from rice bran ameliorate inflammation in murine colitis models through the modulation of intestinal homeostasis and the mucosal immune system. Scand J Gastroenterol 2011; 46: 40-52.
160. Hill C, Guarner F, Reid G, Gibson GR, Merenstein DJ, Pot B, et al: Expert consensus document. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 11: 506-514.
161. Cani PD, Van Hul M: Novel opportunities for nextgeneration probiotics targeting metabolic syndrome. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2014; 32: 21-27.
162. Druart C, Alligier M, Salazar N, Neyrinck AM, Delzenne NM: Modulation of the gut microbiota by nutrients with prebiotic and probiotic properties. Adv Nutr 2014; 5: 624S-633S.
163. Everard A, Belzer C, Geurts L, Ouwerkerk JP, Druart C, Bindels LB, et al: Cross-talk between Akkermansia muciniphila and intestinal epithelium controls diet-induced obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110: 9066-9071.
164. Plovier H, Everard A, Druart C, Depommier C, Van Hul M, Geurts L, et al: A purified membrane protein from Akkermansia muciniphila or the pasteurized bacterium improves metabolism in obese and diabetic mice. Nat Med 2017; 23: 107-113.
165. Derrien M, Vaughan EE, Plugge CM, de Vos WM: Akkermansia muciniphila gen. nov., sp. nov., a human intestinal mucin-degrading bacterium. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2004; 54(pt 5):1469-1476.
166. Lan H, Vassileva G, Corona A, Liu L, Baker H, Golovko A, et al: GPR119 is required for physiological regulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion but not for metabolic homeostasis. J Endocrinol 2009; 201: 219-230.
167. Lauffer LM, Iakoubov R, Brubaker PL: GPR119 is essential for oleoylethanolamide-induced glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion from the intestinal enteroendocrine L-cell. Diabetes 2009; 58: 1058-1066.
168. Hansen KB, Rosenkilde MM, Knop FK, Wellner N, Diep TA, Rehfeld JF, Andersen UB, Holst JJ, Hansen HS: 2-Oleoyl glycerol is a GPR119 agonist and signals GLP-1 release in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:E1409-E1417.
169. Moss CE, Glass LL, Diakogiannaki E, Pais R, Lenaghan C, Smith DM, Wedin M, Bohlooly YM, Gribble FM, Reimann F: Lipid derivatives activate GPR119 and trigger GLP-1 secretion in primary murine L-cells. Peptides 2015; 17: 16-20.
170. Panwar H, Calderwood D, Gillepsie AL, Wylie AR, Graham SF, Grant IR, Grover S, Green BD: Identification of lactic acid bacteria strains modulating incretin hormone secretion and gene expression in enteroendocrine cells. J Funct Foods 2016; 23: 348-358.
171. Balakumar M, Prabhu D, Sathishkumar C, Prabu P, Rokana N, Kumar R, Raghavan S, Soundarajan A, Grover S, Batish VK, Mohan V, Balasubramanyam M: Improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity by probiotic strains of Indian gut origin in high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6J mice. Eur J Nutr 2016, Epub ahead of print.
172. Simon MC, Strassburger K, Nowotny B, Kolb H, Nowotny P, Burkart V, et al: Intake of Lactobacillus reuteri improves incretin and insulin secretion in glucose-tolerant humans: a proof of concept. Diabetes Care 2015; 38: 1827-1834.
173. Yadav H, Lee JH, Lloyd J, Walter P, Rane SG: Beneficial metabolic effects of a probiotic via butyrateinduced GLP-1 hormone secretion. J Biol Chem 2013; 288: 25088-25097.
174. Nguyen NT, Varela JE: Bariatric surgery for obesity and metabolic disorders: state of the art. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 14: 160-169.
175. Korner J, Inabnet W, Conwell IM, Taveras C, Daud A, Olivero-Rivera L, Restuccia NL, Bessler M: Differential effects of gastric bypass and banding on circulating gut hormone and leptin levels. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006; 14: 1553-1561.
176. Korner J, Bessler M, Cirilo LJ, Conwell IM, Daud A, Restuccia NL, Wardlaw SL: Effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery on fasting and postprandial concentrations of plasma ghrelin, peptide YY, and insulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 359-365.
177. le Roux CW, Aylwin SJ, Batterham RL, Borg CM, Coyle F, Prasad V, Shurey S, Ghatei MA, Patel AG, Bloom SR: Gut hormone profiles following bariatric surgery favor an anorectic state, facilitate weight loss, and improve metabolic parameters. Ann Surg 2006; 243: 108-114.
178. Korner J, Bessler M, Inabnet W, Taveras C, Holst JJ: Exaggerated glucagon-like peptide-1 and blunted glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide secretion are associated with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass but not adjustable gastric banding. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2007; 3: 597-601.
179. Calanna S, Christensen M, Holst JJ, Laferrere B, Gluud LL, Vilsboll T, Knop FK: Secretion of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide in patients with type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies. Diabetes Care 2013; 36: 3346-3352.
180. Flatt PR, Bailey CJ, Kwasowski P, Swanston-Flatt SK, Marks V: Abnormalities of GIP in spontaneous syndromes of obesity and diabetes in mice. Diabetes 1983; 32: 433-435.
181. Gniuli D, Calcagno A, Dalla Libera L, Calvani R, Leccesi L, Caristo ME, Vettor R, Castagneto M, Ghirlanda G, Mingrone G: High-fat feeding stimulates endocrine, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)-expressing cell hyperplasia in the duodenum of Wistar rats. Diabetologia 2010; 53: 2233-2240.
182. Meier JJ, Hucking K, Holst JJ, Deacon CF, Schmiegel WH, Nauck MA: Reduced insulinotropic effect of gastric inhibitory polypeptide in first-degree relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2001; 50: 2497-2504.
183. Chen S, Okahara F, Osaki N, Shimotoyodome A: Increased GIP signaling induces adipose inflammation via a HIF-1α-dependent pathway and impairs insulin sensitivity in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E414-E425.
184. Gogebakan O, Osterhoff MA, Schuler R, Pivovarova O, Kruse M, Seltmann AC, Mosig AS, Rudovich N, Nauck M, Pfeiffer AF: GIP increases adipose tissue expression and blood levels of MCP-1 in humans and links high energy diets to inflammation: a randomised trial. Diabetologia 2015; 58: 1759-1768.
185. Reinehr T, Roth CL, Schernthaner GH, Kopp HP, Kriwanek S, Schernthaner G: Peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide-1 in morbidly obese patients before and after surgically induced weight loss. Obes Surg 2007; 17: 1571-1577.
186. Morinigo R, Moize V, Musri M, Lacy AM, Navarro S, Marin JL, Delgado S, Casamitjana R, Vidal J: Glucagon-like peptide-1, peptide YY, hunger, and satiety after gastric bypass surgery in morbidly obese subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 1735-1740.
187. Laferrere B, Heshka S, Wang K, Khan Y, McGinty J, Teixeira J, Hart AB, Olivan B: Incretin levels and effect are markedly enhanced 1 month after Rouxen-Y gastric bypass surgery in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 1709-1716.
188. Dunn JP, Cowan RL, Volkow ND, Feurer ID, Li R, Williams DB, Kessler RM, Abumrad NN: Decreased dopamine type 2 receptor availability after bariatric surgery: preliminary findings. Brain Res 2010; 1350: 123-130.
189. Faraj M, Havel PJ, Phelis S, Blank D, Sniderman AD, Cianflone K: Plasma acylation-stimulating protein, adiponectin, leptin, and ghrelin before and after weight loss induced by gastric bypass surgery in morbidly obese subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 1594-1602.
190. Zhang H, DiBaise JK, Zuccolo A, Kudrna D, Braidotti M, Yu Y, Parameswaran P, Crowell MD, Wing R, Rittmann BE, Krajmalnik-Brown R: Human gut microbiota in obesity and after gastric bypass. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106: 2365-2370.
191. Furet JP, Kong LC, Tap J, Poitou C, Basdevant A, Bouillot JL, et al: Differential adaptation of human gut microbiota to bariatric surgery-induced weight loss: links with metabolic and low-grade inflammation markers. Diabetes 2010; 59: 3049-3057.
192. Li JV, Ashrafian H, Bueter M, Kinross J, Sands C, le Roux CW, et al: Metabolic surgery profoundly influences gut microbial-host metabolic cross-talk. Gut 2011; 60: 1214-1223.
193. Liou AP, Paziuk M, Luevano JM Jr, Machineni S, Turnbaugh PJ, Kaplan LM: Conserved shifts in the gut microbiota due to gastric bypass reduce host weight and adiposity. Sci Transl Med 2013; 5: 178ra41.
194. Kong LC, Tap J, Aron-Wisnewsky J, Pelloux V, Basdevant A, Bouillot JL, Zucker JD, Dore J, Clement K: Gut microbiota after gastric bypass in human obesity: increased richness and associations of bacterial genera with adipose tissue genes. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98: 16-24.
195. Graessler J, Qin Y, Zhong H, Zhang J, Licinio J, Wong ML, et al: Metagenomic sequencing of the human gut microbiome before and after bariatric surgery in obese patients with type 2 diabetes: correlation with inflammatory and metabolic parameters. Pharmacogenomics J 2013; 13: 514-522.
196. Tremaroli V, Karlsson F, Werling M, Stahlman M, Kovatcheva-Datchary P, Olbers T, Fandriks L, le Roux CW, Nielsen J, Backhed F: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and vertical banded gastroplasty induce long-term changes on the human gut microbiome contributing to fat mass regulation. Cell Metab 2015; 22: 228-238.
197. Guo Y, Liu CQ, Shan CX, Chen Y, Li HH, Huang ZP, Zou DJ: Gut microbiota after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy in a diabetic rat model: Increased diversity and associations of discriminant genera with metabolic changes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2017; 33.
198. Murphy R, Tsai P, Jullig M, Liu A, Plank L, Booth M: Differential changes in gut microbiota after gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy bariatric surgery vary according to diabetes remission. Obes Surg 2017; 27: 917-925.
199. Shao Y, Ding R, Xu B, Hua R, Shen Q, He K, Yao Q: Alterations of gut microbiota after roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy in sprague-dawley rats. Obes Surg 2017; 27: 295-302.
200. Palleja A, Kashani A, Allin KH, Nielsen T, Zhang C, Li Y, et al: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery of morbidly obese patients induces swift and persistent changes of the individual gut microbiota. Genome Med 2016; 8: 67.
201. Rhee NA, Wahlgren CD, Pedersen J, Mortensen B, Langholz E, Wandall EP, et al: Effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on the distribution and hormone expression of small-intestinal enteroendocrine cells in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2015; 58: 2254-2258.
202. Mumphrey MB, Patterson LM, Zheng H, Berthoud HR: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery increases number but not density of CCK-, GLP-1-, 5-HT-, and neurotensin-expressing enteroendocrine cells in rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 25:e70-e79.
203. Beserra BT, Fernandes R, do Rosario VA, Mocellin MC, Kuntz MG, Trindade EB: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prebiotics and synbiotics effects on glycaemia, insulin concentrations and lipid parameters in adult patients with overweight or obesity. Clin Nutr 2015; 34: 845-858.
204. Ruan Y, Sun J, He J, Chen F, Chen R, Chen H: Effect of probiotics on glycemic control: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132121.