Biological Activity of Algal Sulfated and Nonsulfated Polysaccharides

Bioactive Compounds from Marine Foods: Plant and Animal Sources

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 219-247

  Rupérez, Pilar ^a   Gómez Ordóñez, Eva ^a   Jiménez Escrig, Antonio ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF FOOD SCIENCE   (Spain)

Author keywords

Bioactivity; Dietary fiber; Phycocolloids; Polysaccharides; Seaweeds; Sulfate

Indexed keywords

ALGINATE; BIOACTIVITY; SEAWEED; SULFUR COMPOUNDS;

ANTI-INFLAMMATORIES; BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES; DIETARY FIBERS; GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION; HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES; PHYCOCOLLOIDS; SULFATE; SULFATED POLYSACCHARIDES;

POLYSACCHARIDES;

EID: 85016596232     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781118412893.ch11     Document Type: Chapter

References (189)

1. AESAN (2009) Report of the Scientific Committee of the Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition (AESAN) related to the risk assessment associated to the possible presence of arsenic in algae intended to human consumption. Revista del Comite Científico 10, 53-71.
2. Aisa, Y., Miyakawa, Y., Nakazato, T., Shibata, H., Saito, K., Ikeda, Y. & Kizaki, M. (2005) Fucoidan induces apoptosis of human HS-Sultan cells accompanied by activation of caspase-3 and down-regulation of ERK pathways. American Journal of Hematology 78, 7-14.
3. Alban, S. & Franz, G. (2001) Partial synthetic glucan sulfates as potential new antithrombotics: a review. Biomacromolecules 2, 354-361.
4. Armisen, R.&Galatas, F. (2000) Agar. In: Handbook of Hydrocolloids. (eds G. O. Phillips&P. A.Williams), Woodhead Publishing Ltd.: Cambridge, UK; pp. 21-40.
5. Arunkumar, K., Sivakumar, S. R.&Rengasamy, R. (2010) Reviewon bioactive potential in seaweeds (Marine Macroalgae): a special emphasis on bioactivity of seaweeds against plant pathogens. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 9, 227-240.
6. Barahona, T., Chandía, N. P., Encinas, M. V., Matsuhiro, B. & Źũniga, E. A. (2011) Antioxidant capacity of sulfated polysaccharides from seaweeds. A kinetic approach. Food Hydrocolloids 25, 529-535.
7. Benvegnu, T. & Sassi, J.-F. (2010) Oligomannuronates from seaweeds as renewable sources for the development of green surfactants. Topics in Current Chemistry 294, 143-164.
8. Benzie, I. F. F.&Strain, J. J. (1996) The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of "antioxidant power": the FRAP assay. Analitycal Biochemistry 239, 70-76.
9. Berteau, O. & Mulloy, B. (2003) Sulfated fucans, fresh perspectives: structures, functions, and biological properties of sulfated fucans and an overview of enzymes active toward this class of polysaccharide. Glycobiology 13, 29R-40R.
10. Bixler, H. J. & Porse, H. (2011) A decade of change in the seaweed hydrocolloids industry. Journal of Applied Phycology 23, 321-335.
11. Blanchette, C. A. (1997) Size and survival of intertidal plants in response to wave action: a case study with Fucus gardneri. Ecology 78, 1563-1578.
12. Bocanegra, A., Benedí, J. & Śanchez-Muniz, F. J. (2006) Differential effects of konbu and nori seaweed dietary supplementation on liver glutathione status in normo-and hypercholesterolaemic growing rats. British Journal of Nutrition 95, 696-702.
13. Bocanegra, A., Bastida, S., Benedí, J., Ŕodenas, S. & Śanchez-Muniz, F. J. (2009) Characteristics and nutritional and cardiovascular-health properties of seaweeds. Journal of Medicinal Foods 12, 236-258.
14. Boisson-Vidal, C., Haroun, F., Ellouali, M., Blondin, C., Fischer, A. M., de Agostini, A. & Josefonvicz, J. (1995) Biological activities of polysaccharides from marine algae. Drugs Future 20, 1237-1249.
15. Brownlee, I. A., Allen, A., Pearson, J. P., Dettmar, P. W., Havler, M. E., Atherton, M. R. & Onsøyen, E. (2005) Alginate as a source of dietary fiber. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 45, 497-510.
16. Brownlee, I. A., Seal, C. J., Wilcox, M., Dettmar, P. W. & Pearson, J. P. (2009) Applications of Alginates in Food. In: Alginates: Biology and Applications. Microbiology Monographs, vol. 13 (ed. B. H. A. Rehm), Springer: Berlin, Germany; pp. 211-228.
17. Burtin, P. (2003) Nutritional value of seaweeds. Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2, 498-503.
18. Ćaceres, P. J., Carlucci, M. J., Damonte, E. B., Matsuhiro, B. & Zũniga, E. A. (2000) Carrageenans from Chilean samples of Stenogramme interrupta (Phyllophoraceae): structural analysis and biological activity. Phytochemistry 53, 81-86.
19. Campo, V. L., Kawano, D. F., Silva Jr., D. B. D. & Carvalho, I. (2009) Carrageenans: biological properties, chemical modifications and structural analysis-a review. Carbohydrate Polymers 77, 167-180.
20. Cardozo, K. H. M., Guaratini, T., Barros, M. P., Falcao, V. R., Tonon, A. P., Lopes, N. P., Campos, S., Torres, M. A., Souza, A. O., Colepicolo, P. & Pinto, E. (2007) Metabolites from algae with economical impact. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology-C Toxicology and Pharmacology 146, 60-78.
21. Carvalho, A. F. U., Portela, M. C. C., Sousa, M. B., Martins, F. S., Rocha, F. C., Farias, D. F. & Feitosa, J. P. A. (2009) Physiological and physico-chemical characterization of dietary fibre from the green seaweed Ulva fasciata Delile. Brazilian Journal of Biology 69, 969-977.
22. Černá, M. (2011) Seaweed proteins and amino acids as nutraceuticals. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research 64, 297-312.
23. Chandini, S. K., Ganesan, P. & Bhaskar, N. (2008) In vitro antioxidant activities of three selected brown seaweeds of India. Food Chemistry 107, 707-713.
24. Chapman, V. J. & Chapman, D. J. (1980) Seaweeds and Their Uses, 3rd edn, Chapman & Hall: London, UK.
25. Chen, H. M., Zheng, L. & Yan, X. J. (2005) The preparation and bioactivity research of agarooligosaccharides. Food Technology and Biotechnology 43, 29-36.
26. Chen, H. M., Yan, X. J., Zhu, P. & Lin, J. (2006) Antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective potential of agaro-oligosaccharides in vitro and in vivo. Nutrition Journal 5, Article No. 31.
27. Chen, S. K., Tsai, M. L., Huang, J. R. & Chen, R. H. (2009) In vitro antioxidant activities of low-molecularweight polysaccharides with various functional groups. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 57, 2699-2704.
28. Cho, M. L., Lee, B.-Y. & You, S. G. (2011) Relationship between oversulfation and conformation of low and high molecular weight fucoidans and evaluation of their in vitro anticancer activity. Molecules 16, 291-297.
29. Chopin, T. (2006) Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture. What it is, and why you should care . . . and don't confuse it with polyculture. Northern Aquaculture 12, 4.
30. Chopin, T.,Kerin, B. F.&Mazerolle, R. (1999) Phycocolloid chemistry as a taxonomic indicator of phylogeny in the Gigartinales, Rhodophyceae: a review and current developments using Fourier transform infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Phycological Research 47, 167-188.
31. Chopin, T., Buschmann, A. H., Halling, C., Troell, M., Kautsky, N., Neori, A., Kraemer, G. P., Zertuche-Gonźalez, J. A., Yarish, C. & Neefus, C. (2001) Integrating seaweeds into marine aquaculture systems: a key toward sustainability. Journal of Applied Phycology 37, 975-986.
32. Cofrades, S., Ĺopez-Ĺopez, I., Bravo, L., Ruiz-Capillas, C., Bastida, S., Larrea, M. T. & Jiḿenez-Colmenero, F. (2010) Nutritional and antioxidant properties of different brown and red Spanish edible seaweeds. Food Science and Technology International 16, 361-370.
33. Costa, L. S., Fidelis, G. P., Cordeiro, S. L., Oliveira, R. M., Sabry, D. A., Ĉamara, R. B. G., Nobre, L. T. D. B., Costa, M. S. S. P., Almeida-Lima, J., Farias, E. H. C., Leite, E. L. & Rocha, H. A. O. (2010) Biological activities of sulfated polysaccharides from tropical seaweeds. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 64, 21-28.
34. Craigie, J. S. (2010) Seaweed extract stimuli in plant science and agriculture. Journal of Applied Phycology 23, 371-393.
35. Cremades, J., Guerrero, S. & Salinas, J. M. (2011) Acuicultura multitŕofica en Galicia basada en macroalgas. In: Macroalgas en la acuicultura multitŕofica integrada Peninsular (eds. U. Vazquez-Ferreiro, M. Incera-Filgueira, R. Ferńandez-Otero & J. Maroto-Leal), Centro Tecnoĺogico del Mar, Fundacíon CETMAR: Vigo, Spain; pp. 95-109.
36. Croci, D. O., Cumashi, A., Ushakova, N. A., Preobrazhenskaya, M. E., Piccoli, A., Totani, L., Ustyuzhanina, N. E., Bilan, M. I., Usov, A. I., Grachev, A. A., Morozevich, G. E., Berman, A. E., Sanderson, C. J. Kelly, M., Gregorio, P., Rossi, C., Tinari, N., Iacobelli, S., Rabinovich, G. A. & Nifantiev, N. E. (2011) Fucans, but not fucomannoglucuronans, determine the biological activities of sulfated polysaccharides from Laminaria saccharina brown seaweed. Public Library of Science Journal-PLOS ONE 6, e17283, 1-10.
37. Cumashi, A., Ushakova, N. A., Preobrazhenskaya, M. E., D'Incecco, A., Piccoli, A., Totani, L., Tinari, N., Morozevich, G. E., Berman, A. E., Bilan, M. I., Usov, A. I., Ustyuzhanina, N. E., Grachev, A. A., Sanderson, C. J., Kelly, M., Rabinovich, G. A., Iacobelli, S. & Nifantiev, E. (2007) A comparative study of the anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, antiangiogenic, and antiadhesive activities of nine different fucoidans from brown seaweeds. Glycobiology 17, 541-552.
38. Dawczynski, C., Schubert, R. & Jahreis, G. (2007) Amino acids, fatty acids, and dietary fibre in edible seaweed products. Food Chemistry 103, 891-899.
39. Denis, C., Morançais, M., Li, M., Deniaud, E., Gaudin, P., Wielgosz-Collin, G., Barnathan, G., Jaouen, P. & Fleurence, J. (2010) Study of the chemical composition of edible red macroalgae Grateloupia turuturu from Brittany (France). Food Chemistry 119, 913-917.
40. de Sousa, A. P. A., Torres, M. R., Pessoa, C., Moraes, M. O. D., Filho, F. D. R., Alves, A. P. N. N. & Costa-Lotufo, L. V. (2007) In vivo growth-inhibition of Sarcoma 180 tumor by alginates from brown seaweed Sargassum vulgare. Carbohydrate Polymers 69, 7-13.
41. Devilĺe, C., Damas, J., Forget, P., Dandrifosse, G. & Peulen, O. (2004) Laminarin in the dietary fibre concept. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 84, 1030-1038.
42. Devilĺe, C., Gharbi, M., Dandrifosse, G. & Peulen, O. (2007) Study on the effects of laminarin, a polysaccharide from seaweed, on gut characteristics. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 87, 1717-1725.
43. Dharmananda, S. (2002) The nutritional and medicinal value of seaweeds used in Chinese medicine, Available: http://www.itmonline.org/arts/seaweed.htm [last accessed June 6, 2013].
44. Díaz-Rubio, M. E., Ṕerez-Jiḿenez, J. & Saura-Calixto, F. (2009) Dietary fiber and antioxidant capacity in Fucus vesiculosus products. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition 60, 23-34.
45. Draget, K. I. & Taylor, C. (2011) Chemical, physical and biological properties of alginates and their biomedical implications. Food Hydrocolloids 25, 251-256.
46. Draget, K. I., Skj°ak-Bræk, G. & Stokke, B. T. (2006) Similarities and differences between alginic acid gels and ionically crosslinked alginate gels. Food Hydrocolloids 20, 170-175.
47. Ellouali, M., Boissonvidal, C., Durand, P. & Jozefonvicz, J. (1993) Antitumor-activity of low-molecularweight fucans extracted from brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum. Anticancer Research 13, 2011-2019.
48. Enoki, T., Okuda, S., Kudo, Y., Takashima, F., Sagawa, H. & Kato, I. (2010) Oligosaccharides from agar inhibit pro-inflammatory mediator release by inducing heme oxygenase 1. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry 74, 766-770.
49. Enoki, T., Tominaga, T., Takashima, F., Ohnogi, H., Sagawa, H. & Kato, I. (2012) Anti-tumor-promoting activities of agaro-oligosaccharides on two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 35, 1145-1149.
50. FAO (2012) Statistical collections, Available: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/en [last accessed June 6, 2013].
51. Fleurence, J. (1999) Seaweed proteins: biochemical, nutritional aspects and potential uses. Trends in Food Science and Technology 10, 25-28.
52. Fleurence, J. (2004) Seaweed proteins. In: Proteins in Food Processing (ed. R. Y. Yada),Woodhead Publishing: Cambridge, UK; pp. 197-213.
53. Fleury, N. & Lahaye, M. (1991) Chemical and physicochemical characterization of fibers from Laminaria digitata (Kombu Breton)-a physiological approach. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 55, 389-400.
54. Gao, Y., Li, C., Yin, J., Shen, J.,Wang, H.,Wu, Y. & Jin, H. (2012) Fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide from brown algae, improves cognitive impairment induced by infusion of A peptide in rats. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 33, 304-311.
55. Ghosh, T., Chattopadhyay, K., Marschall, M., Karmakar, P., Mandal, P.& Ray, B. (2009) Focus on antivirally active sulfated polysaccharides: from structure-activity analysis to clinical evaluation. Glycobiology 19, 2-15.
56. Gibson, G. R. & Roberfroid, M. B. (1995) Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. Journal of Nutrition 125, 1401-1412.
57. Ginzberg, A., Cohen, M., Sod-Moriah, U. A., Shany, S., Rosenshtrauch, A. & Arad, S. (2000) Chickens fed with biomass of the red microalga Porphyridium sp. have reduced blood cholesterol level and modified fatty acid composition in egg yolk. Journal of Applied Phycology 12, 325-330.
58. Goemar (2012) Vacinons nos cultures [Vaccinate your crops], Available: http://www.goemar.com/ page/vacCulture.html [last accessed June 6, 2013].
59. Ǵomez-Ordõnez, E. & Ruṕerez, P. (2011) FTIR-ATR spectroscopy as a tool for polysaccharide identification in edible brown and red seaweeds. Food Hydrocolloids 25, 1514-1520.
60. Ǵomez-Ordõnez, E., Jiḿenez-Escrig, A.&Ruṕerez, P. (2010a). Dietary fibre and physicochemical properties of several edible seaweeds from the northwestern Spanish coast. Food Research International 43, 2289-2294.
61. Ǵomez-Ordõnez, E., Alonso, E. & Ruṕerez, P. (2010b). A simple ion chromatography method for inorganic anion determination in edible seaweeds. Talanta 82, 1313-1317.
62. Ǵomez-Ordõnez, E., Jiḿenez-Escrig, A. & Ruṕerez, P. (2012a) Molecular weight distribution of polysaccharides from edible seaweeds by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). Talanta 193, 153-159.
63. Ǵomez-Ordõnez, E., Jiḿenez-Escrig, A. & Ruṕerez, P. (2012b) Effect of the red seaweed Mastocarpus stellatus intake on lipid metabolism and antioxidant status in healthy Wistar rats. Food Chemistry 135, 806-811.
64. Gõni, I., Gudiel-Urbano, M., Bravo, L. & Saura-Calixo, F. (2001). Dietary modulation of bacterial fermentative capacity by edible seaweeds in rats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49, 2663-2668.
65. Granert, C., Raud, J., Waage, A. & Lindquist, L. (1999) Effects of polysaccharide fucoidin on cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor alpha in pneumococcal meningitis in the rabbit. Infection and Immunology 67, 2071-2074.
66. Gressler, V., Yokoya, N. S., Fujii, M. T., Colepicolo, P., Filho, J. M., Torres, R. P. & Pinto, E. (2010) Lipid, fatty acid, protein, amino acid and ash contents in four Brazilian red algae species. Food Chemistry 120, 585-590.
67. Gupta, S. & Abu-Ghannam, N. (2011) Bioactive potential and possible health effects of edible brown seaweeds (Review). Trends in Food Science and Technology 22, 315-326.
68. Hafting, J. T., Critchley, A. T., Cornish, M. L., Hubley, S. A. & Archibald, A. F. (2012) On-land cultivation of functional seaweed products for human usage. Journal of Applied Phycology 24, 385-392.
69. Han, J. G., Syed, A. Q., Kwon, M., Ha, J. H. & Lee, H. Y. (2008) Antioxidant, immunomodulatory and anticancer activity of fucoidan isolated from Fucus vesiculosus. Journal of Biotechnology 136, 571.
70. Haroun-Bouhedja, F., Ellouali, M., Sinquin, C. & Boisson-Vidal, C. (2000) Relationship between sulfate groups and biological activities of fucans. Thrombosis Research 100, 453-459.
71. Hayashi, L., Yokoya, N. S., Ostini, S., Pereira, R. T. L., Braga, E. S. & Oliveira, E. C. (2008) Nutrients removed by Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, Solieriaceae) in integrated cultivation with fishes in recirculating water. Aquaculture 277, 185-191.
72. Hilliou, L., Larotonda, F. D. S., Abreu, P., Ramos, A. M., Sereno, A. M. & Gonçalves, M. P. (2006) Effect of extraction parameters on the chemical structure and gel properties of /-hybrid carrageenans obtained from Mastocarpus stellatus. Biomolecular Engineering 23, 201-208.
73. Hoebler, C., Guillon, F., Darcy-Vrillon, B., Vaugelade, P., Lahaye, M.,Worthington, E., Dúee, P. & Barry, J. (2000) Supplementation of pig diet with algal fibre changes the chemical and physicochemical characteristics of digesta. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 9, 1357-1364.
74. Holdt, S. L.&Kraan, S. (2011) Bioactive compounds in seaweed: functional food applications and legislation. Journal of Applied Phycology 23, 543-597.
75. Ikeda, K., Kitamura, A., Machida, H., Watanabe, M., Negishi, H., Hiraoka, J. & Nakano, T. (2003) Effect of Undaria pinnatifida (wakame) on the development of cerebrovascular diseases in strokeprone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 30, 44-48.
76. Indergaard, M. & Ostgaard, K. (1991) Polysaccharides for food and pharmaceutical uses. In: Seaweed Resources in Europe: Uses and Potential (eds M. D. Guiry & G. Blunden), JohnWiley & Sons Ltd: New York, NY; pp. 169-183.
77. Iqbal, M., Flick-Smith, H.&McCauley, J.W. (2000) Interactions of bovine viral diarrhoea virus glycoprotein E-rns with cell surface glycosaminoglycans. Journal of General Virology 81, 451-459.
78. Jeffery, E. H. & Keck, A. (2008) Translating knowledge generated by epidemiological and in vitro studies into dietary cancer prevention. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 52, S7-S17.
79. Jensen, M. G., Kristensen, M. & Astrup, A. (2012) Effect of alginate supplementation on weight loss in obese subjects completing a 12-wk energy-restricted diet: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 96, 5-13.
80. Jiao, G., Yu, G., Zhang, J. & Ewart, H. S. (2011) Chemical structures and bioactivities of sulfated polysaccharides from marine algae. Marine Drugs 9, 196-233.
81. Jiḿenez-Escrig, A. & Śanchez-Muniz, F. J. (2000) Dietary fibre from edible seaweeds: chemical structure, physicochemical properties and effects on cholesterol metabolism. Nutrition Research 20, 585-598.
82. Jiḿenez-Escrig, A., Jiḿenez-Jiḿenez, I., Pulido, R. & Saura-Calixto, F. (2001) Antioxidant activity of fresh and processed edible seaweeds. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 81, 530-534.
83. Jiḿenez-Escrig, A., Tenorio, M. D., Espinosa-Martos, I. & Ruṕerez, P. (2008) Health-promoting effects of a dietary fiber concentrate from the soybean byproduct okara in rats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56, 7495-7501.
84. Jiḿenez-Escrig, A., Ǵomez-Ordõnez, E. & Ruṕerez, P. (2011a) Biological properties of sulphated polysaccharides from sugar kombu in healthy rats. 11th European Nutrition Conference (FENS). Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 58, 67-68.
85. Jiḿenez-Escrig, A., Ǵomez-Ordõnez, E. & Ruṕerez, P. (2011b) Seaweed as a source of novel nutraceuticals: sulfated polysaccharides and peptides. In: Marine Medicinal Foods, vol. 64 (ed. S.-K. Kim), Academic Press, Elsevier: London, UK; pp. 325-337.
86. Jiḿenez-Escrig, A., Ǵomez-Ordõnez, E. & Ruṕerez, P. (2012) Brown and red seaweeds as potential sources of antioxidant nutraceuticals. Journal of Applied Phycology 24, 1123-1132.
87. Jiḿenez-Escrig, A., Ǵomez-Ordõnez, E., Tenorio, M. D. & Ruṕerez, P. (2013) Antioxidant capacity and prebiotic effect of dietary fiber co-travelers from Sugar Kombu in healthy rats. Journal of Applied Phycology 25, 503-512.
88. Jones, J. M. (2010) Dietary fibre's co-passengers: is it the fibre or the co-passengers? In: Dietary Fibre: New Frontiers for Food and Health (eds J. W. van der Kamp, J. M. Jones, B. V. McCleary & D. L. Topping), Wageningen Academic Publishers: Wageningen, The Netherlands; pp. 365-378.
89. Juanes, J. A. & Borja, A. (1991) Biological criteria for the exploitation of the commercially important species of Gelidium in Spain. Hydrobiologia 221, 45-54.
90. Kadam, S. U. & Prabhasankar, P. (2010) Marine foods as functional ingredients in bakery and pasta products. Food Research International 43, 1975-1980.
91. Khan, W., Rayirath, U. P., Subramanian, S., Jithesh, M. N., Rayorath, P., Hodges, D. M., Critchley, A. T, Craigie, J. S., Norrie, J. & Prithiviraj, B. (2009) Seaweed extracts as biostimulants of plant growth and development. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 28, 386-399.
92. Kim, E. J., Park, S. Y., Lee, J.-Y. & Park, J. H. Y. (2010) Fucoidan present in brown algae induces apoptosis of human colon cancer cells. BMC Gastroenterology 10(96), 1-11.
93. Kim, S. K. & Li, Y. X. (2011) Medicinal benefits of sulfated polysaccharides from sea vegetables. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research 64, 391-402.
94. Kindleysides, S., Quek, S. Y.&Miller, M. R. (2012) Inhibition of fish oil oxidation and the radical scavenging activity of New Zealand seaweed extracts. Food Chemistry 133, 1624-1631.
95. Knutsen, S. H., Myslabodski, D. E., Larsen, B. & Usov, A. I. (1994) A modified system of nomenclature for red algal galactans. Botanica Marina 37, 163-169.
96. Kumar, C. S., Ganesan, P., Suresh, P. V. & Bhaskar, N. (2008) Seaweeds as a source of nutritionally beneficial compounds-a review. Journal of Food Science and Technology 45, 1-13.
97. Kylin, H. (1913) Zur Biochemie der Meeresalgen. Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift fur Physiologische Chemie 83, 171-197.
98. La Barre, S., Potin, P., Leblanc, C. & Delage, L. (2010) The halogenated metabolism of brown algae (Phaeophyta), its biological importance and its environmental significance. Marine Drugs 8, 988-1010.
99. Lahaye, M. & Kaeffer, B. (1997) Seaweed dietary fibres: Structure, physico-chemical and biological properties relevant to intestinal physiology. Science des Aliments 17, 563-584.
100. Lahaye, M. & Robic, A. (2007) Structure and function properties of ulvan, a polysaccharide from green seaweeds. Biomacromolecules 6, 1765-1774.
101. Lahaye, M., Inizan, F. & Vigouroux, J. (1998) NMR analysis of the chemical structure of ulvan and of ulvan-boron complex formation. Carbohydrate Polymers 36, 239-249.
102. Larsen, B., Salem, D. M. S. A., Sallam, M. A. E., Mishrikey, M.M. & Beltagy, A. I. (2003) Characterization of the alginates from algae harvested at the Egyptian Red Sea coast. Carbohydrate Research 338, 2325-2336.
103. Leal, D., Matsuhiro, B., Rossi, M. & Caruso, F. (2008) FT-IR spectra of alginic acid block fractions in three species of brown seaweeds. Carbohydrate Research 343, 308-316.
104. Lee, J.-B., Hayashi, K., Hashimoto, M., Nakano, T. & Hayashi, T. (2004) Novel antiviral fucoidan from sporophyll of Undaria pinnatifida (Mekabu). Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 52, 1091-1094.
105. Li, B., Lu, F., Wei, X. & Zhao, R. (2008) Fucoidan: structure and bioactivity. Molecules 13, 1671-1695.
106. Li, Y. & Kim, S. K. (2011) Utilization of seaweed derived ingredients as potential antioxidants and functional ingredients in the food industry: an overview. Food Science and Biotechnology 20, 1461-1466.
107. Liu, R. M., Bignon, J., Haroun-Bouhedja, F., Bittoun, P., Vassy, J., Fermandjian, S., Wdzieczak-Bakala, J. & Boisson-Vidal, C. (2005) Inhibitory effect of fucoidan on the adhesion of adenocarcinoma cells to fibronectin. Anticancer Research 25, 2129-2133.
108. Mabeau, S. & Fleurence, J. (1993) Seaweed in food products: biochemical and nutritional aspects. Trends in Food Science and Technology 4, 103-107.
109. MacArtain, P., Gill, C. I. R., Brooks, M., Campbell, R. & Rowland, I. R. (2007) Nutritional value of edible seaweeds. Nutrition Reviews 65, 535-543.
110. Mandal, P., Mateu, C. G., Chattopadhyay, K., Pujol, C. A., Damonte, E. B. & Ray, B. (2007) Structural features and antiviral activity of sulphated fucans from the brown seaweed Cystoseira indica. Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy 18, 153-162.
111. Marinho-Soriano, E. & Bourret, E. (2005) Polysaccharides from the red seaweed Gracilaria dura (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta). Bioresource Technology 96, 379-382.
112. McDermid, K. J. & Stuercke, B. (2003) Nutritional composition of edible Hawaiian seaweeds. Journal of Applied Phycology 15, 513-524.
113. McDonnell, P., Figat, S. & O'Doherty, J. V. (2010) The effect of dietary laminarin and fucoidan in the diet of the weanling piglet on performance, selected faecal microbial populations and volatile fatty acid concentrations. Animal 4, 579-585.
114. McHugh, D. J. (2003) A guide to the seaweed industry. FAO, Fisheries Technical Paper 441, 73-90.
115. Medeiros, V. P., Queiroz, K. C. S., Cardoso, M. L., Monteiro, G. R. G., Oliveira, F. W., Chavante, S. F., Guimaraes, L. A., Rocha, H. A. O.&Leite, E. L. (2008) Sulfated galactofucan from Lobophora variegata: anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory properties. Biochemistry 73, 1018-1024.
116. Melo, F. R., Pereira, M. S., Foguel, D. & Mourao, P. A. S. (2004) Antithrombin mediated anticoagulant activity of sulfated polysaccharides: different mechanisms for heparin and sulfated galactans. Journal of Biological Chemistry 279, 20 824-20 835.
117. Miao, H. Q., Elkin, M., Aingorn, E., Ishai-Michaeli, R., Stein, C. A.& Vlodavsky, I. (1999) Inhibition of heparanase activity and tumor metastasis by laminarin sulfate and synthetic phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides. International Journal of Cancer 83, 424-431.
118. Michel, C., Lahaye, M., Bonnet, C., Mabeau, S. & Barry, J.-L. (1996) In vitro fermentation by human faecal bacteria of total and purified dietary fibres from brown seaweeds. British Journal of Nutrition 75, 263-280.
119. Misurcova, L., Skrovankova, S., Samek, D., Ambrozova, J. & Mach°u, L. (2012) Health benefits of algal polysaccharides in human nutrition. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research 66, 75-145.
120. Mohamed, S., Hashim, S. N. & Rahman, H. A. (2012) Seaweeds: a sustainable functional food for complementary and alternative therapy. Trends in Food Science and Technology 23, 83-96.
121. Moroney, N. C., O'Grady, M. N., O'Doherty, J. V. & Kerry, J. P. (2012) Addition of seaweed (Laminaria digitata) extracts containing laminarin and fucoidan to porcine diets: influence on the quality and shelf-life of fresh pork. Meat Science 92, 423-429.
122. Mortensen, A., Sorensen, I. K., Wilde, C., Dragoni, S., Mullerova, D., Toussaint, O., Zloch, Z., Sgaragli, G. & Ovesńa, J. (2008) Biological models for phytochemical research: from cell to human organism. British Journal of Nutrition 99, ES118-ES126.
123. Mourao, P. A. S. (2004) Use of sulfated fucans as anticoagulant and antithrombotic agents: future perspectives. Current Pharmaceutical Design 10, 967-981.
124. Murata, M. & Nakazoe, J. (2001). Production and use of marine algae in Japan. Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly 35, 281-290.
125. Nasu, T., Fukuda, Y., Nagahira, K., Kawashima, H., Noguchi, C. & Nakanishi, T. (1997) Fucoidin, a potent inhibitor of L-selectin function, reduces contact hypersensitivity reaction in mice. Immunology Letters 59, 47-51.
126. Nishino, T. & Nagumo, T. (1992) Anticoagulant and antithrombin activities of oversulfated fucans. Carbohydrate Research 229, 355-362.
127. Nishino, T., Nishioka, C., Ura, H. & Nagumo, T. (1994) Isolation and partial characterization of a novel amino sugar-containing fucan sulfate from commercial Fucus vesiculosus fucoidan. Carbohydrate Research 255, 213-224.
128. Nisizawa, K., Noda, H., Kikuchi, R. & Watanabe, T. (1987) The main seaweed foods in Japan. Hydrobiologia 151-152, 5-29.
129. Nystrom, L., Lampi, A.-M., Rita, H., Aura, A.-M., Oksman-Caldentey, K.-M. & Piironen, V. (2007) Effects of processing on availability of total plant sterols, steryl ferulates and steryl glycosides from wheat and rye bran. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 55, 9059-9065.
130. Ostergaard, C., Yieng-Kow, R. V., Benfield, T., Frimodt-Moller, N., Espersen, F. & Lundgren, J. D. (2000) Inhibition of leukocyte entry into the brain by the selectin blocker fucoidin decreases interleukin-1 (IL-1) levels but increases IL-8 levels in cerebrospinal fluid during experimental pneumococcal meningitis in rabbits. Infection and Immunology 68, 3153-3157.
131. O'Sullivan, L., Murphy, B., McLoughlin, P., Duggan, P., Lawlor, P. G., Hughes, H. & Gardiner, G. E. (2010) Prebiotics from marine macroalgae for human and animal health applications. Marine Drugs 8, 2038-2064.
132. Pantakar, M. S., Oehninger, S., Barnett, T., Williams, R. L. & Clark, G. F. (1993) A revised structure for fucoidan may explain some of its biological activities. Journal of Biological Chemistry 268, 21 770-21 776.
133. Park, H.-K., Kim, I.-H., Kim, J. & Nam, T.-J. (2012) Induction of apoptosis by laminarin, regulating the insulin-like growth factor-IR signaling pathways in HT-29 human colon cells. International Journal of Molecular Medicine 30, 734-738.
134. Pereira, H., Barreira, L., Figueiredo, F., Custodio, L., Vizetto-Duarte, C., Polo, C., Resek, E., Aschwin, E. & Varela, J. (2012) Polyunsaturated fatty acids of marine macroalgae: potential for nutritional and pharmaceutical applications. Marine Drugs 10, 1920-1935.
135. Pereira, L. (2011) A review of the nutrient composition of selected edible seaweeds. In: Seaweed: Ecology, Nutrient Composition and Medicinal Uses (ed. V. H. Pomin), Nova Science Pub. Inc.: Hauppauge, NY; pp. 15-49.
136. Pereira, L. & Van DeVelde, F. (2011) Portuguese carrageenophytes: Carrageenan composition and geographic distribution of eight species (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). Carbohydrate Polymers 84, 614-623.
137. Pereira, L., Amado, A. M., Critchley, A. T., van de Velde, F. & Ribeiro-Claro, P. J. A. (2009) Identification of selected seaweed polysaccharides (phycocolloids) by vibrational spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR and FTRaman). Food Hydrocolloids 23, 1903-1909.
138. Plaza, M., Cifuentes, A. & Ibãnez, E. (2008) In the search of new functional food ingredients from algae. Trends in Food Science and Technology 19, 31-39.
139. Pokorńy, J. (2007) Are natural antioxidants better-andsafer-than synthetic antioxidants? European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 109, 629-642.
140. Pomin, V. H. (2010) Structural and functional insights into sulfated galactans: a systematic review. Glycoconjugates Journal 27, 1-12.
141. Prado-Ferńandez, J., Rodŕiguez-Vazquez, J. A., Tojo, E. & Andrade, J. M. (2003) Quantitation of -, -and -carrageenans by mid-infrared spectroscopy and PLS regression. Analytica Chimica Acta 480, 23-37.
142. Rajapakse, N. & Kim, S. K. (2011) Nutritional and digestive health benefits of seaweed. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research 64, 17-28.
143. Ramnani, P., Chitarrari, R., Tuohy, K., Grant, J., Hotchkiss, S., Philp, K., Campbell, R., Gill, C. & Rowland, I. (2012) In vitro fermentation and prebiotic potential of novel low molecular weight polysaccharides derived from agar and alginate seaweeds. Anaerobe 18, 1-6.
144. Rasmussen, R. S. & Morrissey, M. T. (2007) Marine biotechnology for production of food ingredients. In: Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, vol. 52 (ed. S. L. Taylor), Elsevier: New York, NY; pp. 237-292.
145. Rioux, L. E., Turgeon, S. L.&Beaulieu, M. (2007) Characterization of polysaccharides extracted from brown seaweeds. Carbohydrate Polymers 69, 530-537.
146. Rioux, L., Turgeon, S. L. & Beaulieu, M. (2010) Structural characterization of laminaran and galactofucan extracted from the brown seaweed Saccharina longicruris. Phytochemistry 71, 1586-1595.
147. Roberfroid, M., Gibson, G. R., Hoyles, L., McCartney, A. L., Rastall, R., Rowland, I.,Wolvers, D.,Watzl, B., Szajewska, H., Stahl, B., Guarner, F., Respondek, F., Whelan, K., Coxam, V., Davicco, M. J., Ĺeotoing, L., Wittrant, Y., Delzenne, N. M., Cani, P. D., Neyrinck, A. M. & Meheust, A. (2010) Prebiotic effects: metabolic and health benefits. British Journal of Nutrition 104, S1-S63.
148. Robertson, J. A., De Monredon, F. D., Dysseler, P., Guillon, F., Amado, R. & Thibault, J. (2000) Hydration properties of dietary fibre and resistant starch: a European collaborative study. LWT Food Science and Technology 33, 72-79.
149. Rocha De Souza, M. C., Marques, C. T., Guerra Dore, C. M., Ferreira Da Silva, F. R., Oliveira Rocha, H. A. & Leite, E. L. (2007) Antioxidant activities of sulfated polysaccharides from brown and red seaweeds. Journal of Applied Phycology 2, 153-160.
150. Romaŕis-Hortas, V., Garćia-Sartal, C., Barciela-Alonso, M. C., Moreda-Pĩneiro, A. & Bermejo-Barrera, P. (2010) Characterization of edible seaweed harvested on the Galician coast (Northwestern Spain) using pattern recognition techniques and major and trace element data. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58, 1986-1992.
151. Ruṕerez, P. (2002) Mineral content of edible marine seaweeds. Food Chemistry 79, 23-26.
152. Ruṕerez, P. & Saura-Calixto, F. (2001) Dietary fibre and physicochemical properties of edible Spanish seaweeds. European Food Research and Technology 212, 349-354.
153. Ruṕerez, P. & Toledano, G. (2003) Indigestible fraction of edible marine seaweeds. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 83, 1267-1272.
154. Ruṕerez, P., Ahrazem, O. & Leal, J. A. (2002) Antioxidant capacity of sulfated polysaccharides from the edible marine brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50, 840-845.
155. Ruṕerez, P., Ǵomez-Ordõnez, E. & Jiḿenez-Escrig, A. (2011) Nutritional quality and biological properties of brown and red edible seaweeds. In: Seaweed: Ecology, Nutrient Composition and Medicinal Uses (ed. V. H. Pomin), Nova Science Pub. Inc.: Hauppauge, NY; pp. 51-66.
156. Sakata, T. (1995) A very-low-calorie conventional Japanese diet: its implications for prevention of obesity. Obesity Research 3, 233s-239s.
157. Śanchez-Machado, D. I., Ĺopez-Cervantes, J., Ĺopez-Herńandez, J. & Paseiro-Losada, P. (2004) Fatty acids, total lipid, protein and ash contents of processed edible seaweeds. Food Chemistry 85, 439-444.
158. Sandberg, A., Andersson, H., Bosaaeus, I., Calsson, N., Hassebald, K. & Harrod, M. (1994) Alginate, small bowel sterol excretion and absortion of nutrients in ileostomy subjects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 60, 751-756.
159. Schroeter, H., Boyd, C., Spencer, J. P. E., Williams, R. J., Cadenas, E. & Rice-Evans, C. (2002) MAPK signaling in neurodegeneration: influences of flavonoids and of nitric oxide. Neurobiology and Aging 23, 861-880.
160. Schultz-Moreira, A. R., Benedí, J., Gonźalez-Torres, L., Olivero-David, R., Bastida, S., Śanchez-Reus, M. I., Gonźalez-Mũnoz, M. J. & Śanchez-Muniz, F. J. (2011) Effects of diet enriched with restructured meats, containing Himanthalia elongata, on hypercholesterolaemic induction, CYP7A1 expression and antioxidant enzyme activity and expression in growing rats. Food Chemistry 129, 1623-1630.
161. Selma, M. V., Esṕin, J. C. & Toḿas-Barbeŕan, F. A. (2009) Interaction between phenolics and gut microbiota: role in human health. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 57, 6485-6501.
162. Shanmugam, M. & Mody, K. H. (2000) Heparinoid-active sulphated polysaccharides from marine algae as potential blood anticoagulant agents. Current Science 79, 1672-1683.
163. Silva, F. R. F., Dore, C. M. P. G., Marques, C. T., Nascimento, M. S., Benevides, N. M. B., Rocha, H. A. O., Chavante, S. F. & Leite, E. L. (2010) Anticoagulant activity, paw edema and pleurisy induced carrageenan: action of major types of commercial carrageenans. Carbohydrate Polymers 79, 26-33.
164. Smit, A. J. (2004) Medicinal and pharmaceutical uses of seaweed natural products: a review. Journal of Applied Phycology 16, 245-262.
165. Sun, L., Wang, C., Shi, Q. & Ma, C. (2009) Preparation of different molecular weight polysaccharides from Porphyridium cruentum and their antioxidant activities. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 45, 42-47.
166. Suzuki, T., Nakai, K., Yoshie, Y., Shiroi, T. & Hirano, T. (1993) Effects of sodium alginates, guluronic and mannuronic acids on cholesterol levels and digestive organs of high-cholesterol-fed rats. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 59, 545-551.
167. Synytsya, A., Kim, W., Kim, S., Pohl, R., Synytsya, A., Kvasnicka, F., Coṕiková, J. & Park, Y. (2010) Structure and antitumour activity of fucoidan isolated from sporophyll of Korean brown seaweed Undaria pinnatifida. Carbohydrate Polymers 81, 41-48.
168. Terada, A., Hara, H. & Mitsuoka, T. (1995) Effect of dietary alginate on the faecal microbiota and faecal metabolic activity in humans. Microbial Ecology and Health Disease 8, 259-266.
169. Tierney, M. S., Croft, A. K. & Hayes, M. (2010) A review of antihypertensive and antioxidant activities in macroalgae. Botanica Marina 53, 387-408.
170. Tojo, E. & Prado, J. (2003) Chemical composition of carrageenan blends determined by IR spectroscopy combined with a PLS multivariate calibration method. Carbohydrate Research 338, 1309-1312.
171. Tseng, C. K. (2001) Algal biotechnology industries and research activities in China. Journal of Applied Phycology 13, 375-380.
172. Tuvikene, R., Truus, K., Robal, M., Volobujeva, O., Mellikov, E., Pehk, T., Kollist, A., Kailas, T. & Vaher, M. (2010) The extraction, structure, and gelling properties of hybrid galactan from the red alga Furcellaria lumbricalis (Baltic Sea, Estonia). Journal of Applied Phycology 22, 51-63.
173. Usov, A. I. (2011) Polysaccharides of the red algae. In: Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry, vol. 65 (ed. D. Horton), Elsevier Academic Press Inc.: San Diego, CA; pp. 115-217.
174. Van De Velde, F., Knutsen, S. H., Usov, A. I., Rollema, H. S. & Cerezo, A. S. (2002) 1H and 13C high resolution NMR spectroscopy of carrageenans: application in research and industry. Trends in Food Science and Technology 13, 73-92.
175. Vaugelade, P., Hoebler, C., Bernard, F., Guillon, F., Lahaye, M., Duee, P. H. & Darcy-Vrillon, B. (2000) Non-starch polysaccharides extracted from seaweed can modulate intestinal absorption of glucose and insulin response in the pig. Reproduction Nutrition Development 1, 33-47.
176. Ventura, M. R., Castãńon, J. I. R. & McNab, J. M. (1994) Nutritional value of seaweed (Ulva rigida) for poultry. Animal Feed Science and Technology 49, 87-92.
177. Verdrengh, M., Erlandsson-Harris, H. & Tarkowski, A. (2000) Role of selectins in experimental Staphylococcus aureus-induced arthritis. European Journal of Immunology 30, 1606-1613.
178. Wang, J., Zhang, Q. B., Zhang, Z. S. & Li, Z. (2008) Antioxidant activity of sulfated polysaccharide fractions extracted from Laminaria japonica. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 42, 127-132.
179. Wang, J., Zhang, Q., Zhang, Z., Song, H. & Li, P. (2010) Potential antioxidant and anticoagulant capacity of low molecular weight fucoidan fractions extracted from Laminaria japonica. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 46, 6-12.
180. Wang, J., Wang, F., Yun, H., Zhang, H. & Zhang, Q. (2012) Effect and mechanism of fucoidan derivatives from Laminaria japonica in experimental adenine-induced chronic kidney disease. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 139, 807-813.
181. Wang, Y., Han, F., Hu, B., Li, J. B.&Yu,W. G. (2006) In vivo prebiotic properties of alginate oligosaccharides prepared through enzymatic hydrolysis of alginate. Nutrition Research 26, 597-603.
182. Wijesekara, I., Pangestuti, R. & Kim, S. (2011) Biological activities and potential health benefits of sulfated polysaccharides derived from marine algae. Carbohydrate Polymers 84, 14-21.
183. Wijesinghe,W. A. J. P. & Jeon, Y. (2012) Biological activities and potential industrial applications of fucose rich sulfated polysaccharides and fucoidans isolated from brown seaweeds: a review. Carbohydrate Polymers 88, 13-20.
184. Witvrouw, M. & DeClercq, E. (1997) Sulfated polysaccharides extracted from sea algae as potential antiviral drugs. General Pharmacology and Vascular System 29, 497-511.
185. Wong, K. H. & Cheung, P. C. K. (2000) Nutritional evaluation of some subtropical red and green seaweeds: Part I-proximate composition, amino acid profiles and some physico-chemical properties. Food Chemistry 71, 475-482.
186. Yang, C., Chung, D., Shin, I. S., Lee, H. Y., Kim, J. C., Lee, Y. J. & You, S. G. (2008) Effects of molecular weight and hydrolysis conditions on anticancer activity of fucoidans from sporophyll of Undaria pinnatifida. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 43, 433-437.
187. Zhao, X., Yu, G., Guan, H., Yue, N., Zhang, Z. & Li, H. (2007) Preparation of low-molecular-weight polyguluronate sulfate and its anticoagulant and antiinflammatory activities. Carbohydrate Polymers 69, 272-279.
188. Zhao, X., Li, B., Xue, C. & Sun, L. (2011) Effect of molecular weight on the antioxidant property of low molecular weight alginate from Laminaria japonica. Journal of Applied Phycology 24, 295-300.
189. Zvyagintseva, T. N., Shevchenko, N. M., Nazarenko, E. L., Gorbach, V. I., Urvantseva, A. M., Kiseleva, M. I. & Isakov, V. V. (2005) Water-soluble polysaccharides of some brown algae of the Russian Far-East. Structure and biological action of low-molecular mass polyuronans. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 320, 123-131.