Thinking inside the box: How seeing products on, or through, the packaging influences consumer perceptions and purchase behaviour

Food Quality and Preference

Volumn 62, Issue , 2017, Pages 340-351

  Simmonds, Gregory ^a   Spence, Charles ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Consumption; Food aesthetics; Packaging; Packaging design; Transparent packaging

Indexed keywords

EID: 85007488659     PISSN: 09503293     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.11.010     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. Ahmed, A., Ahmed, N., Salman, A., Critical issues in packaged food business. British Food Journal 107:10 (2005), 760–780.
2. Anderson, B.A., Laurent, P.A., Yantis, S., Value-driven attentional capture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108:25 (2011), 10367–10371, 10.1073/pnas.1104047108.
3. Anderson, B.A., Yantis, S., Persistence of value-driven attentional capture. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 39:1 (2013), 6–9, 10.1037/a0030860.
4. Awh, E., Belopolsky, A.V., Theeuwes, J., Top-down versus bottom-up attentional control: A failed theoretical dichotomy. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 16:8 (2012), 437–443, 10.1016/j.tics.2012.06.010.
5. Bar, M., Neta, M., Humans prefer curved visual objects. Psychological Science 17:8 (2006), 645–648, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01759.x.
6. Barnett, A., Spence, C., Assessing the effect of changing a bottled beer label on taste ratings. Nutrition and Food Technology, 2, 2016, 4.
7. Becker, L., Van Rompay, T.J.L., Schifferstein, H.N.J., Galetzka, M., Tough package, strong taste: The influence of packaging design on taste impressions and product evaluations. Food Quality and Preference 22:1 (2011), 17–23, 10.1016/j.foodqual.2010.06.007.
8. Berridge, K.C., Food reward: Brain substrates of wanting and liking. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 20:1 (1996), 1–25, 10.1016/0149-7634(95)00033-B.
9. Billeter, D., Zhu, M., Inman, J.J., Transparent packaging and consumer purchase decisions. Sevilla, J., (eds.) When it's what's outside that matters: Recent findings on product and packaging design. Paper presented at Association for Consumer Research 2012 Conference, Vancouver, Canada, 2012, 308–312.
10. Bix, L., Seo, W., Sundar, R.P., The effect of colour contrast on consumers’ attentive behaviours and perception of fresh produce. Packaging Technology and Science 26:2 (2013), 96–104, 10.1002/pts.1972.
11. Bloch, P.H., Seeking the ideal form: Product design and consumer response. Journal of Marketing 59:3 (1995), 16–29, 10.2307/1252116.
12. Bloch, P.H., Brunel, F.F., Arnold, T.J., Individual differences in the centrality of visual product aesthetics: Concept and measurement. Journal of Consumer Research 29:4 (2003), 551–565, 10.1086/346250.
13. Bodenlos, J.S., Wormuth, B.M., Watching a food-related television show and caloric intake. A laboratory study. Appetite 61 (2013), 8–12, 10.1016/j.appet.2012.10.027.
14. Brandt, L., Brandt, P.A., Making sense of a blend: A cognitive-semiotic approach to metaphor. Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics 3:1 (2005), 216–249, 10.1075/arcl.3.12bra.
15. Brignell, C., Griffiths, T., Bradley, B.P., Mogg, K., Attentional and approach biases for pictorial food cues. Influence of external eating. Appetite 52:2 (2009), 299–306, 10.1016/j.appet.2008.10.007.
16. Burrows, J., Visually communicating ’honesty’: A semiotic analysis of Dorset Cereals’ packaging. Doctoral dissertation, 2013, Institute of Communications Studies, University of Leeds.
17. Camara, E., Manohar, S., Husain, M., Past rewards capture spatial attention and action choices. Experimental Brain Research 230:3 (2013), 291–300, 10.1007/s00221-013-3654-6.
18. Catalina, Engaging the selective shopper. Retrieved from http://www.catalinamarketing.com/ws_download/engaging-selective-shopper/#download, 2014.
19. Chandran, S., Batra, R.K., Lawrence, B., Is seeing believing? Consumer responses to opacity of product packaging. McGill, A.L., Shavitt, S., (eds.) Advances in consumer research, 36, 2009, Association for Consumer Research, Duluth, MN, 970 < http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/14463/volumes/v36/NA-36>.
20. Chelazzi, L., Perlato, A., Santandrea, E., Della Libera, C., Rewards teach visual selective attention. Vision Research 85 (2013), 58–72, 10.1016/j.visres.2012.12.005.
21. Connolly, A., Davison, L., How does design affect decision at point of sale?. Journal of Brand Management 4:2 (1996), 100–107, 10.1057/bm.1996.33.
22. Cuthbert, B.N., Schupp, H.T., Bradley, M.M., Birbaumer, N., Lang, P.J., Brain potentials in affective picture processing: Covariation with autonomic arousal and affective report. Biological Psychology 52:2 (2000), 95–111, 10.1016/S0301-0511(99)00044-7.
23. Danger, E.P., Selecting colour for packaging. 1987, Gower Technical Press, Aldershot, Hants.
24. Deng, X., Kahn, B.E., Is your product on the right side? The “location effect” on perceived product heaviness and package evaluation. Journal of Marketing Research 46:6 (2009), 725–738, 10.1509/jmkr.46.6.725.
25. Deng, X., Srinivasan, R., When do transparent packages increase (or decrease) food consumption?. Journal of Marketing 77:4 (2013), 104–117, 10.1509/jm.11.0610.
26. di Pellegrino, G., Magarelli, S., Mengarelli, F., Food pleasantness affects visual selective attention. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 64:3 (2011), 560–571, 10.1080/17470218.2010.504031.
27. Engels, M.W., Looking through the colour and the shape of food packaging: The use of crossmodal correspondences in the design of food packaging windows. 2015 Retrieved from < https://uhdspace.uhasselt.be/dspace/handle/1942/19221>.
28. Fairhurst, M.T., Pritchard, D., Ospina, D., Deroy, O., Bouba-Kiki in the plate: Combining crossmodal correspondences to change flavour experience. Flavour 4:1 (2015), 1–5, 10.1186/s13411-015-0032-2.
29. Folk, C.L., Remington, R.W., Wright, J.H., The structure of attentional control: Contingent attentional capture by apparent motion, abrupt onset, and color. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 20:2 (1994), 317–329, 10.1037/0096-1523.20.2.317.
30. Processing, Food., Taste remains consumers’ top preference for new foods and beverages. Retrieved from http://www.foodprocessing.com/articles/2013/market-view-taste/, 2013.
31. Mikroelektronik, Fraunhofer., Red card for rotten meat. Retrieved from http://www.mikroelektronik.fraunhofer.de/en/press-and-media/microelectronics-news/news/detail/News/red-card-for-rotten-meat-592.html, 2011.
32. Gimba, J.G., Color in marketing: Shades of meaning. Marketing News, 32(6), 1998, 16.
33. Glanz, K., Basil, M., Maibach, E., Goldberg, J., Snyder, D., Why Americans eat what they do: Taste, nutrition, cost, convenience, and weight control concerns as influences on food consumption. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 98:10 (1998), 1118–1126, 10.1016/S0002-8223(98)00260-0.
34. Gofman, A., Moskowitz, H.R., Fyrbjork, J., Moskowitz, D., Mets, T., Extending rule developing experimentation to perception of food packages with eye tracking. The Open Food Science Journal 3 (2009), 66–78.
35. Gómez-Puerto, G., Munar, E., Nadal, M., Preference for curvature: A historical and conceptual framework. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, 2016, 712, 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00712.
36. Greasley, S., 9 tips to help reduce the cost of packaging. Retrieved from http://howtobuypackaging.com/9-tips-to-help-reduce-the-cost-of-packaging/, 2012.
37. Harrar, V., Toepel, U., Murray, M., Spence, C., Food's visually-perceived fat content affects discrimination speed in an orthogonal spatial task. Experimental Brain Research 214 (2011), 351–356.
38. Hawkes, C., Food packaging: The medium is the message. Public Health Nutrition 13:2 (2010), 297–299, 10.1017/S1368980009993168.
39. Hepworth, R., Mogg, K., Brignell, C., Bradley, B.P., Negative mood increases selective attention to food cues and subjective appetite. Appetite 54:1 (2010), 134–142, 10.1016/j.appet.2009.09.019.
40. Hine, T., The total package: The secret history and hidden meanings of boxes, bottles, cans, and other persuasive containers. 1995, Little Brown, New York, NY.
41. Johnson, A., Tactile branding leads us by our fingertips. 2007, CTV News, Shows and Sports – Canadian Television http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/print/CTVNews/20070803/tactile_branding_070803/20070804/?hub=MSNHome&subhub=PrintStory.
42. Kampfer, K., Leischnig, A., Ivens, B. S., & Spence, C. (submitted for publication). Touch-taste-transference: Assessing the effect of the weight of product packaging on flavor perception and taste evaluation. PLoS ONE.
43. Langley, J., Turner, N., Yoxall, A., Attributes of packaging and influences on waste. Packaging Technology and Science 24:3 (2011), 161–175, 10.1002/pts.924.
44. Lee, J.-Y., Gao, Z., Brown, M.G., A study of the impact of package changes on orange juice demand. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 17 (2010), 487–491, 10.1016/j.jretconser.2010.08.003.
45. Lindstrom, M., Brand sense: How to build brands through touch, taste, smell, sight and sound. 2005, Kogan Page, London, UK.
46. Lyman, B., A psychology of food, more than a matter of taste. 1989, Avi, van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY.
47. Mainieri, T., Barnett, E.G., Valdero, T.R., Unipan, J.B., Oskamp, S., Green buying: The influence of environmental concern on consumer behavior. The Journal of Social Psychology 137:2 (1997), 189–204, 10.1080/00224549709595430.
48. Martin, S.K., Sheppard, R.L., Effect of different packaging materials and light exposure time on chlorophyll concentration in 2 cultivars of potato. New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture 11 (1983), 63–67.
49. Meyers, H.M., Determining communication objectives for package design. Stern, W., (eds.) Handbook of package design research, 1981, Wiley Interscience, New York, NY, 22–38.
50. Mintel, Global packaging trends – US – July 2014. Retrieved from http://store.mintel.com/food-packaging-trends-us-july-2014, 2014.
51. Mintel, Global packaging trends 2016. Retrieved from http://www.mintel.com/global-packaging-trends, 2016.
52. Mintel News, Thought bubble: Clear packaging sees the light [web log post]. 2014 Retrieved from < http://www.mintel.com/blog/food-market-news/thought-bubble-clear-packaging-sees-the-light>.
53. Mizutani, N., Okamoto, M., Yamaguchi, Y., Kusakabe, Y., Dan, I., Yamanaka, T., Package images modulate flavor perception for orange juice. Food Quality and Preference 21:7 (2010), 867–872, 10.1016/j.foodqual.2010.05.010.
54. Murray, F., Clear window of opportunity for modern brands. Retrieved from http://www.thedrinksreport.com/news/2016/16442-clear-window-of-opportunity-for-modern-brands.html, 2016.
55. Nassauer, S., See-through food packaging boosts sales. The Wall Street Journal, 2014 Retrieved from < http://www.wsj.com/articles/see-through-food-packaging-boosts-sales-1407884666>.
56. Ngo, M.K., Velasco, C., Salgado, A., Boehm, E., O'Neill, D., Spence, C., Assessing crossmodal correspondences in exotic fruit juices: The case of shape and sound symbolism. Food Quality and Preference 28:1 (2013), 361–369, 10.1016/j.foodqual.2012.10.004.
57. Nijs, I.M.T., Muris, P., Euser, A.S., Franken, I.H.A., Differences in attention to food and food intake between overweight/obese and normal-weight females under conditions of hunger and satiety. Appetite 54:2 (2010), 243–254, 10.1016/j.appet.2009.11.004.
58. Nikolaidou, I., Communicating naturalness through packaging design. Desmet, P.M.A., Schifferstein, H.N.J., (eds.) From floating wheelchairs to mobile car parks, 2011, Eleven International, The Hague, 74–79.
59. Norman, D.A., Emotional design: Why we love (or hate) everyday things. 2005, Basic Books, New York, NY.
60. Okamoto, M., Wada, Y., Yamaguchi, Y., Kimura, A., Dan, H., Masuda, T., Ellipsis Dan, I., Influences of food-name labels on perceived tastes. Chemical Senses 34:3 (2009), 187–194, 10.1093/chemse/bjn075.
61. Oster, E., Does see-through packaging really boost sales? Maybe but some things are best left unseen. Adweek, 2014 < http://www.adweek.com/news/advertising-branding/does-see-through-packaging-really-boost-sales-159496>.
62. Pachauri, M., Consumer behaviour: A literature review. The Marketing Review 2:3 (2001), 319–355, 10.1362/1469347012569896.
63. Passamonti, L., Rowe, J.B., Schwarzbauer, C., Ewbank, M.P., von dem Hagen, E., Calder, A.J., Personality predicts the brain's response to viewing appetizing foods: The neural basis of a risk factor for overeating. The Journal of Neuroscience 29:1 (2009), 43–51, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4966-08.2009.
64. Patrick, V. M., Atefi, Y., & Hagtvedt, H. (in press). The allure of the hidden: How product unveiling confers value. International Journal of Research in Marketing. doi: 10.1016/j.ijresmar.2016.08.009.
65. Piech, R.M., Pastorino, M.T., Zald, D.H., All I saw was the cake. Hunger effects on attentional capture by visual food cues. Appetite 54:3 (2010), 579–582, 10.1016/j.appet.2009.11.003.
66. Piqueras-Fiszman, B., Spence, C., Crossmodal correspondences in product packaging: Assessing color-flavor correspondences for potato chips (crisps). Appetite 57 (2011), 753–757.
67. Piqueras-Fiszman, B., Spence, C., The weight of the bottle as a possible extrinsic cue with which to estimate the price (and quality) of the wine? Observed correlations. Food Quality & Preference 25 (2012), 41–45.
68. Piqueras-Fiszman, B., Spence, C., Colour, pleasantness, and consumption behaviour within a meal. Appetite 75 (2014), 165–172.
69. Piqueras-Fiszman, B., Spence, C., Sensory expectations based on product-extrinsic food cues: An interdisciplinary review of the empirical evidence and theoretical accounts. Food Quality and Preference 40 (2015), 165–179, 10.1016/j.foodqual.2014.09.013.
70. Piqueras-Fiszman, B., Velasco, C., Salgado-Montejo, A., Spence, C., Using combined eye tracking and word association in order to assess novel packaging solutions: A case study involving jam jars. Food Quality and Preference 28:1 (2013), 328–338, 10.1016/j.foodqual.2012.10.006.
71. POPAI, Mass merchant shopper engagement study. Retrieved from: http://university.popai.com/Research%20Library/popai-mass-merchant-shopper-engagement-study.pdf, 2014.
72. Pritchard, A., Morgan, N.J., Sex still sells to Generation X: Promotional practice and the youth package holiday market. Journal of Vacation Marketing 3:1 (1996), 68–80, 10.1177/135676679600300106.
73. Reichert, T., McRee Walker, K., Sex and magazine promotion. Journal of Promotion Management 11:2–3 (2005), 131–141, 10.1300/J057v11n02_09.
74. Reimann, M., Zaichkowsky, J., Neuhaus, C., Bender, T., Weber, B., Aesthetic package design: A behavioral, neural, and psychological investigation. Journal of Consumer Psychology 20:4 (2010), 431–441, 10.1016/j.jcps.2010.06.009.
75. Riley, D., Martins da Silva, P., & Behr, S. (2015). The impact of packaging design on health product perceptions (pp. 81–89). Presented at the Marketing and Business Development (MBD) International Conference 2015, Bucharest, Romania. Retrieved from http://www.mbd.ase.ro/?p=103.
76. Rogers, P.J., Hardman, C.A., Food reward: What it is and how to measure it. Appetite 90 (2015), 1–15, 10.1016/j.appet.2015.02.032.
77. Rogers, P.J., Hill, A.J., Breakdown of dietary restraint following mere exposure to food stimuli: Interrelationships between restraint, hunger, salivation, and food intake. Addictive Behaviors 14:4 (1989), 387–397, 10.1016/0306-4603(89)90026-9.
78. Rokka, J., Uusitalo, L., Preference for green packaging in consumer product choices – Do consumers care?. International Journal of Consumer Studies 32:5 (2008), 516–525, 10.1111/j.1470-6431.2008.00710.x.
79. Rundh, B., The multi-faceted dimension of packaging: Marketing logistic or marketing tool?. British Food Journal 107:9 (2005), 670–684, 10.1108/00070700510615053.
80. Sainsbury (n.d.). How many products does Sainsbury's supermarkets sell? Retrieved from http://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/extras/faqs/media/how-many-products-does-sainsburys-supermarkets-sell/.
81. Salgado-Montejo, A., Leon, I.T., Elliot, A.J., Salgado, C.J., Spence, C., Smiles over frowns: When curved lines influence product preference. Psychology & Marketing 32:7 (2015), 771–781, 10.1002/mar.20817.
82. Salgado-Montejo, A., Velasco, C., Olier, J.S., Alvarado, J., Spence, C., Love for logos: Evaluating the congruency between brand symbols and typefaces and their relation to emotional words. Journal of Brand Management 21:7–8 (2014), 635–649, 10.1057/bm.2014.29.
83. Schifferstein, H.N.J., Fenko, A., Desmet, P.M.A., Labbe, D., Martin, N., Influence of package design on the dynamics of multisensory and emotional food experience. Food Quality and Preference 27:1 (2013), 18–25, 10.1016/j.foodqual.2012.06.003.
84. Schifferstein, H.N.J., Howell, B.F., Pont, S., Colored backgrounds affect the attractiveness of fresh produce, but not it's perceived color. Food Quality and Preference 56 (2017), 173–180, 10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.10.011.
85. Schindler, P.S., Color and contrast in magazine advertising. Psychology and Marketing 3:2 (1986), 69–78, 10.1002/mar.4220030203.
86. Shen, X., Wan, X., Mu, B., Spence, C., Searching for triangles: An extension to food & packaging. Food Quality & Preference 44 (2015), 26–35.
87. Sioutis, T. (2011). Effects of package design on consumer expectations of food product healthiness. Retrieved from: < http://pure.au.dk/portal-asb-student/files/39310329/effects_of_package_design_on_consumer_expectations_of_food_product_healthiness.pdf>.
88. Sogn-Grundvag, G., Ostli, J., Consumer evaluation of unbranded and unlabelled food products: The case of bacalhau. European Journal of Marketing 43:1/2 (2009), 213–228.
89. Spence, C., Mouth-watering: The influence of environmental and cognitive factors on salivation and gustatory/flavour perception. Journal of Texture Studies 42 (2011), 157–171.
90. Spence, C., Managing sensory expectations concerning products and brands: Capitalizing on the potential of sound and shape symbolism. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22:1 (2012), 37–54, 10.1016/j.jcps.2011.09.004.
91. Spence, C., Multisensory packaging design: Colour, shape, texture, sound, and smell. Chen, M., Burgess, P., (eds.) Integrating the packaging and product experience: A route to consumer satisfaction, 2016, Elsevier, Oxford, UK, 1–22.
92. Spence, C., Deroy, O., Tasting shapes: A review of four hypotheses. Theoria et Historia Scientiarum 10 (2013), 207–238.
93. Spence, C., Levitan, C.A., Shankar, M.U., Zampini, M., Does food color influence taste and flavor perception in humans?. Chemosensory Perception 3:1 (2010), 68–84, 10.1007/s12078-010-9067-z.
94. Spence, C., Ngo, M., Assessing the shape symbolism of the taste, flavour, and texture of foods and beverages. Flavour, 1, 2012, 12, 10.1186/2044-7248-1-12.
95. Spence, C., Ngo, M.K., Percival, B., Smith, B., Crossmodal correspondences: Assessing shape symbolism for cheese. Food Quality and Preference 28:1 (2013), 206–212, 10.1016/j.foodqual.2012.08.002.
96. Spence, C., Okajima, K., Cheok, A.D., Petit, O., Michel, C., Eating with our eyes: From visual hunger to digital satiation. Brain & Cognition 110 (2016), 53–63.
97. Spence, C., Wang, Q., Sensory expectations elicited by the sounds of opening the packaging and pouring a beverage. Flavour, 4, 2015, 35, 10.1186/s13411-015-0044-y (J.).
98. Sunaga, T., Park, J., Spence, C., Effects of lightness-location consumers’ purchase decision-making. Psychology & Marketing 33:11 (2016), 934–950, 10.1002/mar.20929.
99. Theeuwes, J., Stimulus-driven capture and attentional set: Selective search for color and visual abrupt onsets. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 20:4 (1994), 799–806, 10.1037/0096-1523.20.4.799.
100. Theeuwes, J., Top–down and bottom–up control of visual selection. Acta Psychologica 135:2 (2010), 77–99, 10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.02.006.
101. Treisman, A., Souther, J., Search asymmetry: A diagnostic for preattentive processing of separable features. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 114:3 (1985), 285–310, 10.1037/0096-3445.114.3.285.
102. Underwood, R.L., Klein, N.M., Packaging as brand communication: Effects of product pictures on consumer responses to the package and brand. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice 10:4 (2002), 58–68, 10.1080/10696679.2002.11501926.
103. Underwood, R.L., Ozanne, J.L., Is your package an effective communicator? A normative framework for increasing the communicative competence of packaging. Journal of Marketing Communications 4:4 (1998), 207–220, 10.1080/135272698345762.
104. Urbany, J.E., Dickson, P.R., Kalapurakal, R., Price search in the retail grocery market. Journal of Marketing 60:2 (1996), 91–104, 10.2307/1251933.
105. van der Laan, L.N., de Ridder, D.T.D., Viergever, M.A., Smeets, P.M., The first taste is always with the eyes: A meta-analysis on the neural correlates of processing visual food cues. NeuroImage 55:1 (2011), 296–303, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.11.055.
106. van Rompay, T., Hekkert, P., Muller, W., The bodily basis of product experience. Design Studies 26:4 (2005), 359–377, 10.1016/j.destud.2004.08.001.
107. Velasco, C., Salgado-Montejo, A., Marmolejo-Ramos, F., Spence, C., Predictive packaging design: Tasting shapes, typographies, names, and sounds. Food Quality & Preference 34 (2014), 88–95.
108. Velasco, C., Wan, X., Knoeferle, K., Zhou, X., Salgado-Montejo, A., Spence, C., Searching for flavor labels in food products: The influence of color-flavor congruence and association strength. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 2015, 301, 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00301.
109. Velasco, C., Woods, A.T., Deroy, O., Spence, C., Hedonic mediation of the crossmodal correspondence between taste and shape. Food Quality and Preference 41:1 (2015), 151–158, 10.1016/j.foodqual.2014.11.010.
110. Velasco, C., Woods, A.T., Hyndman, S., Spence, C., The taste of typeface. i-Perception 6:4 (2015), 1–10, 10.1177/2041669515593040.
111. Velasco, C., Woods, A.T., Petit, O., Cheok, A.D., Spence, C., Crossmodal correspondences between taste and shape, and their implications for product packaging: A review. Food Quality and Preference 52 (2016), 17–26, 10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.03.005.
112. Velasco, C., Woods, A.T., Spence, C., Evaluating the orientation of design elements in product packaging using an online orientation task. Food Quality and Preference 46:1 (2015), 151–159, 10.1016/j.foodqual.2015.07.018.
113. Venter, K., van der Merwe, D., de Beer, H., Kempen, E., Bosman, M., Consumers’ perceptions of food packaging: An exploratory investigation in Potchefstroom, South Africa. International Journal of Consumer Studies 35:3 (2011), 273–281, 10.1111/j.1470-6431.2010.00936.
114. Vilnai-Yavetz, I., Koren, R., Cutting through the clutter: purchase intentions as a function of packaging instrumentality, aesthetics, and symbolism. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research 23:4 (2013), 394–417, 10.1080/09593969.2013.792743.
115. Volkow, N.D., Wang, G.-J., Fowler, J.S., Logan, J., Jayne, M., Franceschi, D., Ellipsis Pappas, N., ‘Nonhedonic’ food motivation in humans involves dopamine in the dorsal striatum and methylphenidate amplifies this effect. Synapse (New York, N. Y.) 44:3 (2002), 175–180, 10.1002/syn.10075.
116. Wansink, B., Environmental factors that increase the food intake and consumption volume of unknowing consumers. Annual Review of Nutrition 24:1 (2004), 455–479, 10.1146/annurev.nutr.24.012003.132140.
117. Wansink, B., Painter, J.E., Lee, Y.-K., The office candy dish: Proximity's influence on estimated and actual consumption. International Journal of Obesity 30:5 (2006), 871–875, 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803217.
118. Werthmann, J., Roefs, A., Nederkoorn, C., Mogg, K., Bradley, B.P., Jansen, A., Can(not) take my eyes off it: Attention bias for food in overweight participants. Health Psychology 30:5 (2011), 561–569, 10.1037/a0024291.
119. Westerman, S.J., Gardner, P.H., Sutherland, E.J., White, T., Jordan, K., Watts, D., Wells, S., Product design: Preference for rounded versus angular design elements. Psychology and Marketing 29:8 (2012), 595–605, 10.1002/mar.20546.
120. Westerman, S.J., Sutherland, E.J., Gardner, P.H., Baig, N., Critchley, C., Hickey, C., Ellipsis Zervos, Z., The design of consumer packaging: Effects of manipulations of shape, orientation, and alignment of graphical forms on consumers’ assessments. Food Quality and Preference 27:1 (2013), 8–17, 10.1016/j.foodqual.2012.05.007.
121. Wilcock, A., Pun, M., Khanona, J., Aung, M., Consumer attitudes, knowledge and behaviour: A review of food safety issues. Trends in Food Science & Technology 15:2 (2004), 56–66, 10.1016/j.tifs.2003.08.004.
122. Wolfe, J.M., Horowitz, T.S., What attributes guide the deployment of visual attention and how do they do it?. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 5:6 (2004), 495–501, 10.1038/nrn1411.
123. Woods, A.T., Velasco, C., Levitan, C.A., Wan, X., Spence, C., Conducting perception research over the internet: A tutorial review. PeerJ, 3, 2015, e1058, 10.7717/peerj.1058.
124. WPP (n.d.). Shopper decisions made in-store by OgilvyAction. Retrieved from http://www.wpp.com/wpp/marketing/consumerinsights/shopper-decisions-made-instore/.
125. Zlatev, J., Cognitive semiotics: An emerging field for the transdisciplinary study of meaning. Public Journal of Semiotics 4:1 (2012), 2–24.