Bioprotective role of yeasts

Microorganisms

Volumn 3, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 588-611

  Muccilli, Serena ^a   Restuccia, Cristina ^b  

^a ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DELLA NUTRIZIONE   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CATANIA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Biocontrol; Diseases; Food industry; Killer toxins; Nutrient competition; Postharvest; Wickerhamomyces anomalus; Yeast species

Indexed keywords

EID: 84991713493     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20762607     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms3040588     Document Type: Review

References (172)

1. Ross, R.P.; Morgan, S.; Hill, C. Preservation and fermentation: Past, present and future. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2002, 79, 3–16.
2. Carocho, M.; Morales, P.; Ferreira, I.C.F.R. Natural food additives: Quo vadis? Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2015, 45, 284–295.
3. Stiles, M.E. Biopreservation by lactic acid bacteria. Antonie van Leeuwen. 1996, 70, 331–345.
4. Galvez, A.; Grande Burgos, M.J.; López, R.L.; Perez Pulido, R. Food Biopreservation; Springer-Verlag: New York, NY, USA, 2014; pp. 15–22.
5. Chi, Z.M.; Liu, G.L.; Zhao, S.F.; Li, J.; Peng, Y. Marine yeasts as biocontrol agents and producers of bio-products. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2010, 86, 1227–1241.
6. Liu, J.; Sui, Y.; Wisniewski, M.; Droby, S.; Liu, Y. Review: Utilization of antagonistic yeasts to manage postharvest fungal diseases of fruit. Int. J. Food. Microbiol. 2013, 167, 153–160.
7. Lachance, M.A. Yeasts; John Wiley & Sons: New York, NY, USA, 2011.
8. Walker, G.M. Pichia anomala: Cell physiology and biotechnology relative to other yeasts. Antonie van Leeuwen. 2011, 99, 25–34.
9. Santos, A.; Sánchez, A.; Marquina, D. Yeast as biological agents to control Botrytis cinerea. Microbiol. Res. 2004, 159, 331–338.
10. Chanchaichaovivat, A.; Ruenwongsa, P.; Panijpan, B. Screening and identification of yeast strains from fruits and vegetables: Potential for biological control of postharvest chilli anthracnose (Colletotrichum capsici). Biol. Control 2007, 42, 326–335.
11. Sui, Y.; Wisniewski, M.; Droby, S.; Liu, J. Responses of yeast biocontrol agents to environmental stress. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2015, 81, 2968–2975.
12. El-Tarabily, K.A.; Sivasithamparam, K. Potential of yeasts as biocontrol agents of soil-borne fungal plant pathogens and as plant growth promoters. Mycoscience 2006, 47, 25–35.
13. Nunes, C.A. Biological control of postharvest diseases of fruit. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 2012, 133, 181–196.
14. Passoth, V.; Schnürer, J. Non-conventional yeasts in antifungal application. In Functional Genetics of Industrial Yeasts; de Winde, H. Ed.; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Germany, 2003; Volume 2, pp. 297–330.
15. Suzuki, C.; Ando, Y.; Machida, S. Interaction of SMKT, a killer toxin produced by Pichia farinosa, with the yeast cell membranes. Yeast 2001, 18, 1471–1478.
16. Golubev, W.I. Antagonistic interactions among yeasts. In Biodiversity and Ecophysiology of Yeasts; Rosa, C.A., Peter, G., Eds.; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Germany, 2006; pp. 197–219.
17. Young, T.W.; Yagiu, M. A comparison of the killer character in different yeasts and its classification. Antonie van Leeuwen. 1978, 44, 59–77.
18. Schmitt, M.J.; Breinig, F. Yeast viral killer toxins: Lethality and self-protection. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2006, 4, 212–221.
19. Do Carmo-Sousa, L. Distribution of yeasts in nature. In The Yeasts; Rose A.H., Harrison J.S., Eds.; Academic Press: London, UK, 1969; Volume 1, pp. 79–105.
20. Janisiewicz, W.J. Enhancement of biocontrol of blue mold with the nutrient analog 2-deoxy-D-glucose on apples and pears. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1994, 60, 2671–2676.
21. Mercier, J.; Wilson, C.L. Colonization of apple wounds by naturally occurring microflora and introduced Candida oleophila and their effect on infection by Botrytis cinerea during storage. Biol. Control 1994, 4, 138–144.
22. Filonow, A.B.; Vishniac, H.S.; Anderson, J.A.; Janisiewicz, W.J. Biological control of Botrytis cinerea in apple by yeasts from various habitats and their putative mechanisms of antagonism. Biol. Control 1996, 7, 212–220.
23. Reyes, M.E.Q.; Rohrbach, K.G.; Paull, R.E. Microbial antagonists control postharvest black rot of pineapple fruit. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 2004, 33, 193–203.
24. Nunes, C.; Usall, J.; Teixidó, N.; Viñas, I. Biological control of postharvest pear diseases using a bacterium, Pantoea agglomerans CPA-2. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2001, 70, 53–61.
25. Scherm, B.; Ortu, G.; Muzzu, A.; Budroni, M.; Arras, G.; Migheli, Q. Biocontrol activity of antagonistic yeasts against Penicillium expansum on apple. J. Plant Pathol. 2003, 85, 205–213.
26. Wandersman, C.; Delepelaire, P. Bacterial iron sources: From siderophores to hemophores. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 2004, 58, 611–647.
27. Calvente, V.; Benuzzi, D.; de Tosetti, M.I.S. Antagonistic action of siderophores from Rhodotorula glutinis upon the postharvest pathogen Penicillium expansum. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 1999, 43, 167–172.
28. Zhang, H.; Zheng, X.; Yu, T. Biological control of postharvest diseases of peach with Cryptococcus laurentii. Food Control 2007, 18, 287–291.
29. Saravanakumar, D.; Ciavorella, A.; Spadaro, D.; Garibaldi, A.; Gullino, M. Metschnikowia pulcherrima strain MACH1 outcompetes Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria alternata and Penicillium expansum in apples through iron depletion. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 2008, 49, 121–128.
30. Parafati, L.; Vitale, A.; Restuccia, C.; Cirvilleri, G. Biocontrol ability and action mechanism of food-isolated yeast strains against Botrytis cinerea causing postharvest bunch rot of table grape. Food Microbiol. 2015, 47, 85–92.
31. Kulakovskaya, T.; Kulakovskaya, E.; Golubev, W. ATP leakage from yeast cells treated by extracellular glycolipids of Pseudozyma fusiformata. FEMS Yeast Res. 2003, 3, 401–404.
32. Kulakovskaya, T.V.; Shashkov, A.S.; Kulakovskaya, E.V.; Golubev, W.I. Characterization of an antifungal glycolipid secreted by the yeast Sympodiomycopsis paphiopedili. FEMS Yeast Res. 2004, 5, 247–252.
33. Bevan, E.A.; Somers, J.M. Somatic segregation of the killer (k) and neutral (n) cytoplasmic genetic determinants in yeast. Genet. Res. 1969, 14, 71–77.
34. Muccilli, S.; Caggia, C.; Randazzo, C.L.; Restuccia, C. Yeast dynamics during the fermentation of brined green olives treated in the field with kaolin and Bordeaux mixture to control the olive fruit fly. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2011, 148, 15–22.
35. Psani, M.; Kotzekidou, P. Technological characteristics of yeast strains and their potential as starter adjuncts in Greek-style black olive fermentation. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2006, 22, 1329–1336.
36. Hernández, A.; Martín, A.; Córdoba, M.G.; Benito, M.J.; Aranda, E.; Pérez-Nevado, F. Determination of killer activity in yeasts isolated from the elaboration of seasoned green table olives. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2008, 121, 178–188.
37. Rodríguez-Cousiño, N.; Maqueda, M.; Ambrona, J.; Zamora, E.; Esteban, R.; Ramírez, M. A new wine Saccharomyces cerevisiae double-stranded RNA virus encoded killer toxin (Klus) with broad antifungal activity is evolutionarily related to a chromosomal host gene. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2011, 77, 1822–1832.
38. Young, T.W. Killer yeasts. In The Yeasts, 2nd ed.; Rose, A.H., Harrison, J.S., Eds.; Academic Press: London, UK, 2012; Volume 2, pp. 131–164.
39. Hodgson, V.J.; Button, D.; Walker, G.M. Anti-candida activity of a novel killer toxin from the yeast Williopsis mrakii. Microbiology 1995, 141, 2003–2012.
40. Magliani, W.; Conti, S.; Gerloni, M.; Bertolotti, D.; Polonelli, L. Yeast killer systems. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 1997, 10, 369–400.
41. Chen, W.B.; Han, Y.F.; Jong, S.C.; Chang, S.C. Isolation, purification, and characterization of a killer protein from Schwanniomyces occidentalis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2000, 66, 5348–5352.
42. Schmitt, M.J.; Breinig, F. The viral killer system in yeast: From molecular biology to application. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 2002, 26, 257–276.
43. Golubev, W.I.; Pfeiffer, I.; Golub, E.W. Mycocin production in Pseudozyma tsukubaensis. Mycopathologia 2006, 162, 313–316.
44. Muccilli, S.; Wemhoff, S.; Restuccia, C.; Meinhardt, F. Exoglucanase-encoding genes from three Wickerhamomyces anomalus killer strains isolated from olive brine. Yeast 2013, 30, 33–43.
45. Wickner, R.B. Double-stranded RNA viruses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiol. Rev. 1996, 60, 250–265.
46. Weiler, F.; Rehfeldt, K.; Bautz, F.; Schmitt, M.J. The Zygosaccharomyces bailii antifungal virus toxin zygocin: Cloning and expression in a heterologous fungal host. Mol. Microbiol. 2002, 46, 1095–1105.
47. Gunge, N.; Tamaru, A.; Ozawa, F.; Sakaguchi, K. Isolation and characterization of linear deoxyribonucleic acid plasmids from Kluyveromyces lactis and the plasmid—Associated killer character. Yeast 1981,145, 382–390.
48. Hayman, G.T.; Bolen, P.L. Linear DNA plasmids of Pichia inositovora are associated with a novel killer toxin activity. Curr. Genet. 1991, 19, 389–393.
49. Kimura, T.; Kitamoto, N.; Matsuoka, K.; Nakamura, K.; Iimura, Y., Kito, Y. Isolation and nucleotide sequences of the genes encoding killer toxins from Hansenula mrakii and H. saturnus. Gene 1993, 137, 265–270.
50. Muccilli, S.; Wemhoff, S.; Restuccia, C.; Meinhardt, F. Molecular genetics of Pichia anomala killer strains isolated from naturally fermented olive brine. J. Biotechnol. 2010, 150, 302.
51. İzgü, F.; Altinbay, D. Isolation and characterization of the K5-type yeast killer protein and its homology with an exo-β-1,3-glucanase. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2004, 68, 685–693.
52. Marquina, D.; Santos, A.; Peinado, J.M. Biology of killer yeasts. Int. Microbiol. 2002, 5, 65–71.
53. Wang, X.H.; Chi, Z.M.; Yue, L.; Li, J. Purification and characterization of killer toxin from a marine yeast Pichia anomala YF07b against the Pathogenic yeast in crab. Curr. Microbiol. 2007, 55, 396–401.
54. Comitini, F.; Mannazzu, I.; Ciani, M. Tetrapisispora phaffii killer toxin is a highly specific β-glucanase that disrupts the integrity of the yeast cell wall. Microb. Cell Fact. 2009, 8, 1–11.
55. Klassen, R.; Meinhardt, F. Linear plasmids pWR1A and pWR1B of the yeast Wingea robertsiae are associated with a killer phenotype. Plasmid 2002, 48, 142–148.
56. Klassen, R.; Meinhardt, F. Induction of DNA damage and apoptosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by a yeast killer toxin. Cell Microbiol. 2005, 7, 393–401.
57. Gln. Mol. Microbiol. 2008, 69, 681–697.
58. Brown, D.W. The KP4 killer protein gene family. Curr. Genet. 2011, 57, 51–62.
59. Ahmed, A.; Sesti, F.; Ilan, N.; Shih, T.M.; Sturley, S.L.; Goldstein, S.A. A molecular target for viral killer toxin: TOK1 potassium channels. Cell 1999, 99, 283–291.
60. Santos, A.; Mauro, M.S.; Abrusci, C.; Marquina, D. Cwp2p, the plasma membrane receptor for Pichia membranifaciens killer toxin. Mol. Microbiol. 2007, 64, 831–843.
61. Hayduck, F. Uber einen Hefengiftstoff in Hefe. Wochenschr. Brau. 1909, 26, 677–679. (In German)
62. Viljoen, B.C. Yeast ecological interactions: Yeast–yeast, yeast–bacteria, yeast–fungi interactions and yeast as biocontrol agents. In The Yeast Handbook: Yeasts in Food and Beverages; Querol, A., Fleet, G., Eds.; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Germany, 2006; pp. 83–110.
63. Fatichenti, F.; Bergere, J.L.; Deiana, P.; Farris, G.A. Antagonistic activity of Debaryomyces hansenii towards Clostridium tyrobutyricum and C. butyricum. J. Dairy Res. 1983, 50, 449–457.
64. Bilinski, C.A.; Innamorato, G.; Stewart, G.G. Identification and characterization of antimicrobial activity in two yeast Genera. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1985, 50, 1330–1332.
65. Polonelli, L.; Morace, G. Reevaluation of the yeast killer phenomenon. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1986, 24, 866–869.
66. Dieuleveux, V.; van der Pyl, D.; Chataud, J.; Gueguen, M. Purification and characterization of anti-Listeria compounds produced by Geotrichum candidum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1998, 64, 800–803.
67. Cavalero, D.A.; Cooper, D.G. The effect of medium composition on the structure and physical state of sophorolipids produced by Candida bombicola ATCC22214. J. Biotechnol. 2003, 103, 31–41.
68. Shah, V.; Badia, D.; Ratsup, P. Sophorolipids having enhanced antibacterial activity. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2007, 51, 397–400.
69. Goerges, S.; Aigner, U.; Silakowski, B.; Scherer, S. Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes by food-borne yeasts. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2006, 72, 313–318.
70. Goerges, S.; Koslowsky, M.; Velagic, S.: Borst, N.; Bockelmann,W.; Heller, K.J.; Scherer, S. Anti-listerial potential of food-borne yeasts in red smear cheese. Int. Dairy J. 2011, 21, 83–89.
71. Hatoum, R.; Labrie, S.; Fliss, I. Identification and partial characterization of antilisterial compounds produced by dairy yeasts. Probiotics Antimicro. Prot. 2013, 5, 8–17.
72. Chen, Y.; Aorigele, C.; Wang, C.; Simujide, H.; Yang, S. Screening and extracting mycocin secreted by yeast isolated from koumiss and their antibacterial effect. J. Food Nutr. Res. 2015, 3, 52–56.
73. França, R.C.; Conceição, F.R.; Mendonça, M.; Haubert, L.; Sabadin, G.; de Oliveira, P.D.; Amaral, M.G.; Silva, W.P.; Moreira, Â.N. Pichia pastoris X-33 has probiotic properties with remarkable antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhimurium. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2015, 99, 7953–7961.
74. Du Toit, M.; Pretorius, I.S. Microbial spoilage and preservation of wine: Using weapons from nature’s own arsenal—A review. S. Afr. J. Enol. Vitic. 2000, 21, 74–96.
75. Romano, P.; Capece, A.; Jespersen, L. Taxonomic and ecological diversity of food and beverage yeasts. In The Yeast Handbook: Yeasts in Food and Beverages; Querol, A., Fleet, G., Eds.; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Germany, 2006; pp. 13–53.
76. Sperber, W.H.; Doyle, M.P. Compendium of the Microbiological Spoilage of Foods and Beverages; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2009.
77. Pretorius, I.S. Tailoring wine yeast for the new millennium: Novel approaches to the ancient art of winemaking. Yeast 2000, 16, 675–729.
78. Hara, S.; Iimura, Y.; Otsuka, K. Breeding of useful killer wine yeasts. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 1980, 31, 28–33.
79. Pfeiffer, P.; Radler, F. Comparison of the killer toxin of several yeasts and the purification of a toxin of type K2. Arch. Microbiol. 1984, 137, 357–361.
80. Boone, C.; Sdicu, A.M.; Wagner, J.; Degre, R.; Sanchez, C.; Bussey, H. Integration of the yeast K1 killer toxin gene into the genome of marked wine yeasts and its effect on vinification. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 1990, 41, 7–42.
81. Comitini, F.; de Ingeniis, J.; Pepe L.; Mannazzu, I.; Ciani, M. Pichia anomala and Kluyveromyces wickerhamii killer toxins as new tools against Dekkera/Brettanomyces spoilage yeasts. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2004, 238, 235–240.
82. Seki, T.; Choi, E.H.; Ryu, D. Construction of killer wine yeast strain. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1985, 49, 1211–1215.
83. Cocolin, L.; Comi, G. Killer yeasts in winemaking. In Hand Book of Enology: Principles, Practices and Recent Innovation; Joshi, V.K. Ed.; Asiatech Publishers Inc.: Delhi, India, 2011; pp. 564–590.
84. Todd, B.E.; Fleet, G.H.; Henschke, P.A. Promotion of autolysis through the interaction of killer and sensitive yeasts: Potential application in sparkling wine production. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 2000, 51, 65–72.
85. Van Vuuren, H.J.J.; Jacobs, C.J. Killer yeasts in the wine industry: A review. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 1992, 43, 119–128.
86. Maqueda, M.; Zamora, E.; Álvarez, M.L.; Ramírez, M. Characterization, ecological distribution, and population dynamics of Saccharomyces sensu stricto killer yeasts in the spontaneous grape must fermentations of southwestern Spain. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2012, 78, 735–743.
87. Comitini, F.; Ciani, M. The zymocidial activity of Tetrapisispora phaffii in the control of Hanseniaspora uvarum during the early stages of winemaking. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 2010, 50, 50–56.
88. Oro, L.; Zara, S.; Fancellu, F.; Mannazzu, I.; Budroni, M.; Ciani, M.; Comitini, F. TpBGL2 codes for a Tetrapisispora phaffii killer toxin active against wine spoilage yeasts. FEMS Yeast Res. 2014, 14, 464–471.
89. Comitini, F.; Ciani, M. Kluyveromyces wickerhamii killer toxin: Purification and activity towards Brettanomyces/Dekkera yeasts in grape must. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2011, 316, 77–82.
90. De Ullivarri, M.F.; Mendoza, L.M.; Raya, R.R. Killer yeasts as biocontrol agents of spoilage yeasts and bacteria isolated from wine. In Proceedings of 37th World Congress of Vine Wine, Mendoza, Argentina, 9–14 November 2014.
91. Ibeas, J.I.; Lozano, I.; Perdigones, F.; Jimenez, J. Detection of Dekkera-Brettanomyces strains in sherry by a nested PCR method. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1996, 62, 998–1003.
92. İzgü, F.; Altınbay, D.; Acun, T. Killer toxin of Pichia anomala NCYC 432; purification, characterization and its exo-β-1, 3-glucanase activity. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 2006, 39, 669–676.
93. Lowes, K.F.; Shearman, C.A.; Payne, J.; MacKenzie, D.; Archer, D.B.; Merry, R.J.; Gasson, M.J. Prevention of yeast spoilage in feed and food by the yeast mycocin HMK. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2000, 66, 1066–1076.
94. Mehlomakulu, N.N.; Setati, M.E.; Divol, B. Characterization of novel killer toxins secreted by wine-related non-Saccharomyces yeasts and their action on Brettanomyces spp. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2014, 188, 83–91.
95. Santos, A.; Navascués, E.; Bravo, E.; Marquina, D. Ustilago maydis killer toxin as a new tool for the biocontrol of the wine spoilage yeast Brettanomyces bruxellensis. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2011, 145, 147–154.
96. Alexandre, H.; Costello, P.J.; Remize, F.; Guzzo, J.; Guilloux-Benatier, M. Saccharomyces cerevisiae–Oenococcus oeni interactions in wine: Current knowledge and perspectives. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2004, 93, 141–154.
97. Young, T. W. The genetic manipulation of killer character into brewing yeast. J. Inst. Brew. 1981, 87, 292–295.
98. Yoshiuchi, K.;Watanabe, M.; Nishimura, A. Breeding of a non-urea producing sake yeast with killer character using a kar1-1 mutant as a killer donor. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2000, 24, 203–209.
99. Llorente, P.; Marquina, D.; Santos, A.; Peinado, J.M.; Spencer-Martins, I. Effect of salt on the killer phenotype of yeasts from olive brines. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1997, 63, 1165–1167.
100. Asehraou, A.; Peres, C.; Brito, D.; Faid, M.; Serhrouchni, M. Characterization of yeast strains isolated from bloaters of fermented green table olives during storage. Grasas Aceites 2007, 51, 225–229
101. Marquina, D.; Peres, C.; Caldas, F.V.; Marques, J.F.; Peinado, J.M.; Spencer-Martins, I. Characterization of the yeast population in olive brines. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 1992, 14, 279–283.
102. Nisiotou, A.A.; Chorianopoulos, N.; Nychas, G.J.; Panagou, E.Z. Yeast heterogeneity during spontaneous fermentation of black Conservolea olives in different brine solutions. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2010, 108, 396–405.
103. Suzuki, C.; Yamada, K.; Okada, N.; Nikkuni, S. Isolation and characterization of halotolerant killer yeasts from fermented foods. Agric. Biol. Chem. 1989, 53, 2596–2397.
104. Kagan, B.L. Mode of action of yeast killer toxins: Channel formation in lipid bilayer membranes. Nature 1983, 302, 709–711.
105. Bortol, A.; Nudel, C.; Fraile, E.; de Torres, R.; Giulietti, A.; Spencer, J.F.T.; Spencer, D. Isolation of yeast with killer activity and its breeding with an industrial baking strain by protoplast fusion. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1986, 24, 414–416.
106. Pérez‐Nevado, F.; Córdoba Ramos, M.G.; Aranda Medina, E.; Martín González, A.; Andrade, M.J.; Córdoba Ramos, J.J. Killer activity of yeasts isolated from spanish dry‐cured ham. In Modern Multidisciplinary Applied Microbiology: Exploiting Microbes and Their Interactions; Mendez-Vilas, A. Ed.; Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA: Weinheim, Germany, 2006; pp. 232–235.
107. Virgili, R.; Simoncini, N.; Toscani, T.; Camardo Leggieri, M.; Formenti, S.; Battilani, P. Biocontrol of Penicillium nordicum growth and ochratoxin A production by native yeasts of dry cured ham. Toxins 2012, 4, 68–82.
108. Liu, S.Q.; Tsao, M. Enhancement of survival of probiotic and non-probiotic lactic acid bacteria by yeasts in fermented milk under non-refrigerated conditions. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2009, 135, 34–38.
109. Jakobsen, M.; Narvhus, J. Yeasts and their possible beneficial and negative effects on the quality of dairy products. Int. Dairy J. 1996, 6, 755–768.
110. Liu, S.Q.; Tsao, M. Biocontrol of dairy moulds by antagonistic dairy yeast Debaryomyces hansenii in yoghurt and cheese at elevated temperatures. Food Control 2009, 20, 852–855.
111. Liu, S.Q.; Tsao, M. Inhibition of spoilage yeasts in cheese by killer yeast Williopsis saturnus var. saturnus. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2009, 131, 280–282.
112. Liu, S.Q.; Tsao, M. Enhancing stability of lactic acid bacteria and probiotics by Williopsis saturnus var. saturnus in fermented milks. Nutr. Food Sci. 2010, 40, 314–322.
113. Liu, S.Q.; Tsao, M. Biocontrol of spoilage yeasts and moulds by Williopsis saturnus var. saturnus in yoghurt. Nutr. Food Sci. 2010, 40, 166–175.
114. Palpacelli, V.; Ciani, M.; Rosini, G. Activity of different “killer” yeasts on strains of yeast species undesirable in the food industry. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1991, 84, 75–78.
115. Reed, G.; Nagodawithana, T.W. Wine yeasts. In Yeast Technology; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1990, 151–224.
116. Baeza, M.E.; Sanhueza, M.A.; Cifuentes, V.H. Occurrence of killer yeast strains in industrial and clinical yeast isolates. Biol. Res. 2008, 41, 173–182.
117. Hara, S.; Iimura, Y.; Oyama, H.; Kozeki, T.; Kitano, K.; Otsuka, K. I. The breeding of cryophilic killer wine yeasts. Agric. Biol. Chem. 1980, 45, 1327–1334.
118. Ciani, M.; Fatichenti, F. Killer toxin of Kluyveromyces phaffii DBVPG 6076 as a biopreservative agent to control apiculate wine yeasts. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2001, 67, 3058–3063.
119. Da Silva, S.; Calado, S.; Lucas, C.; Aguiar, C. Unusual properties of the halotolerant yeast Candida nodaensis Killer toxin, CnKT. Microbiol. Res. 2008, 163, 243–251.
120. Spadaro, D.; Gullino, M.L. State of the art and future prospects of the biological control of postharvest fruit diseases. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2004, 91, 185–194.
121. Conway, W.S.; Leverentz, B.; Janisiewicz, W.J.; Blodgett, A.B.; Saftner, R.A.; Camp, M.J. Integrating heat treatment, biocontrol and sodium bicarbonate to reduce postharvest decay of apple caused by Colletotrichum acutatum and Penicillium expansum. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 2004, 34, 11–20.
122. Ullivarri, M.F.; Mendoza, L.M.; Raya, R.R. Killer activity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains: Partial characterization and strategies to improve the biocontrol efficacy in winemaking. Antonie van Leeuwen. 2014, 106, 865–878.
123. Platania, C.; Restuccia, C.; Muccilli, S.; Cirvilleri, G. Efficacy of killer yeasts in the biological control of Penicillium digitatum on Tarocco orange fruits (Citrus sinensis). Food Microbiol. 2012, 30, 219–225.
124. Schena, L.; Ippolito, A.; Zahavi, T.; Cohen, L.; Droby, S. Molecular approaches to assist the screening and monitoring of postharvest biocontrol yeasts. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 2000, 106, 681–691.
125. Janisiewicz, W.J.; Tworkoski, T.J.; Kurtzman, C.P. Biocontrol potential of Metchnikowia pulcherrima strains against blue mold of apple. Phytopathology 2011, 91, 1098–1108.
126. Spadaro, D.; Vola, R.; Piano, S.; Gullino, M.L. Mechanisms of action and efficacy of four isolates of the yeast Metschnikowia pulcherrima active against postharvest pathogens on apples. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 2002, 24, 123–134.
127. Zhang, D.; Spadaro, D.; Garibaldi, A.; Gullino, M.L. Efficacy of the antagonist Aureobasidium pullulans PL5 against postharvest pathogens of peach, apple and plum and its modes of action. Biol. Control 2010, 54, 172–180.
128. Lima, G.; Castoria, R.; de Curtis, F.; Raiola, A.; Ritieni, A.; de Cicco, V. Integrated control of blue mould using new fungicides and biocontrol yeasts lowers levels of fungicide residues and patulin contamination in apples. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 2011, 60, 164–172.
129. Oro, L.; Feliziani, E.; Ciani, M.; Romanazzi, G.; Comitin, F. Biocontrol of postharvest brown rot of sweet cherries by Saccharomyces cerevisiae Disva 599, Metschnikowia pulcherrima Disva 267 and Wickerhamomyces anomalus Disva 2 strains. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 2014, 96, 64–68.
130. Castoria, R.; de Curtis, F.; Lima, G.; Caputo, L.; Pacifico, S.; de Cicco, V. Aureobasidium pullulans (LS-30) an antagonist of postharvest pathogens of fruits: study on its modes of action. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 2001, 22, 7–17.
131. Zhang, D.; Spadaro, D.; Valente, S.; Garibaldi, A.; Gullino, M.L. Cloning, characterization, expression and antifungal activity of an alkaline serine protease of Aureobasidium pullulans PL5 involved in the biological control of postharvest pathogens. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2012, 153, 453–464.
132. Lima, G.; Ippolito, A.; Nigro, F.; Salerno, M. Effectiveness of Aureobasidium pullulans and Candida oleophila against postharvest strawberry rots. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 1997, 10, 169–178.
133. Ippolito, A.; El Ghaouth, A.; Wilson, C.L.; Wisniewski, M. Control of postharvest decay of apple fruit by Aureobasidium pullulans and induction of defense responses. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 2011, 19, 265–272.
134. Fredlund, E.; Blank, L.M.; Schnürer, J.; Sauer, U.; Passoth, V. Oxygen-and glucose-dependent regulation of central carbon metabolism in Pichia anomala. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2004, 70, 5905–5591.
135. Druvefors, U.Ä.; Passoth, V.; Schnürer, J. Nutrient effects on biocontrol of Penicillium roqueforti by Pichia anomala J121 during airtight storage of wheat. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2005, 71, 1865–1869.
136. Hua, S.S.T.; Beck, J.J.; Sarreal, S.B.L.; Gee, W. The major volatile compound 2-phenylethanol from the biocontrol yeast, Pichia anomala, inhibits growth and expression of aflatoxin biosynthetic genes of Aspergillus flavus. Mycotoxin Res. 2014, 30, 71–78.
137. Fiori, S.; Urgeghe, P.P.; Hammami, W.; Razzu, S.; Jaoua, S.; Migheli, Q. Biocontrol activity of four non-and low-fermenting yeast strains against Aspergillus carbonarius and their ability to remove ochratoxin A from grape juice. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2014, 189, 45–50.
138. Rosa-Magri, M.M.; Tauk-Tornisielo, S.M.; Ceccato-Antonini, S.R. Bioprospection of yeasts as biocontrol agents against phytopathogenic molds. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol. 2011, 54, 1–5.
139. Zhang, D.; Spadaro, D.; Garibaldi, A.; Gullino, M.L. Potential biocontrol activity of a strain of Pichia guilliermondii against grey mold of apples and its possible modes of action. Biol. Control 2011, 57, 193–201.
140. Ragazzo-Sánchez, J.A.; Magallón-Andalón, C.G.; Luna-Solano, G.; Calderón-Santoyo, M. Parasitism and substrate competitions effect of antagonistic yeasts for biocontrol of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in papaya (Carica papaya L.) var. Maradol. Mex. J. Sci. Res. 2012, 1, 2–9.
141. Björnberg, A.; Schnürer, J. Inhibition of the growth of grain-storage molds in vitro by the yeast Pichia anomala (Hansen) Kurtzman. Can. J. Microbiol. 1993, 39, 623–628.
142. Jijakli, M.H.; Lepoivre, P. Characterization of an exo-β-1,3-glucanase produced by Pichia anomala strain K, antagonist of Botrytis cinerea on apples. Phytopathology 1998, 88, 335–343.
143. Masih, E.I.; Alie, I.; Paul, B. Can the grey mould disease of the grape-vine be controlled by yeast? FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2000, 189, 233–237.
144. Mohamed, H.; Saad, A. The biocontrol of postharvest disease (Botryodiplodia threobromae) of guava (Psidum guajava L.) by the application of yeast strains. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 2009, 53, 123–130.
145. Druvefors, Ä.U.; Schnürer, J. Mold‐inhibitory activity of different yeast species during airtight storage of wheat grain. FEMS Yeast Res. 2005, 5, 373–378.
146. Olstorpe, M.; Borling, J.; Schnürer, J.; Passoth, V. Pichia anomala yeast improves feed hygiene during storage of moist crimped barley grain under Swedish farm conditions. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2010, 156, 47–56.
147. Friel, D.; Pessoa, N.M.G.; Vandenbol, M.; Jijakli, M.H. Separate and combined disruptions of two exo-β-1,3-glucanase genes decrease the efficiency of Pichia anomala (strain K) biocontrol against Botrytis cinerea on apple. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 2007, 20, 371–379.
148. Haïssam, J.M. Pichia anomala in biocontrol for apples: 20 Years of fundamental research and practical applications. Antonie Van Leeuwen. 2011, 99, 93–105.
149. Aloui, H.; Licciardello, F.; Khwaldia, K.; Hamdi, M.; Restuccia, C. Physical properties and antifungal activity of bioactive films containing Wickerhamomyces anomalus killer yeast and their application for preservation of oranges and control of postharvest green mold caused by Penicillium digitatum. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2015, 200, 22–30.
150. Lima, J.R.; Gondim, D.M.F.; Oliveira, J.T.A.; Oliveira, F.S.A.; Gonçalves, L.R.B.; Viana, F.M.P. Use of killer yeast in the management of postharvest papaya anthracnose. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 2013, 83, 58–64.
151. Polonelli, L.; Lorenzini, R.; de Bernardis, F.; Morace, G. Potential therapeutic effect of yeast killer toxin. Mycopathologia 1986, 96, 103–107.
152. Yamamoto, T.; Uchida, K.; Hiratani, T.; Miyazaki, T.; Yagiu, J.; Yamaguchi, H. In vitro activity of the killer toxin from yeast Hansenula mrakii against yeasts and molds. J. Antib. 1988, 41, 398–403.
153. Walker, G.M.; Mcleod, A.H.; Hodgson, V.J. Interactions between killer yeasts and pathogenic fungi. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1995, 127, 213–222.
154. Séguy, N.; Polonelli, L.; Dei-Cas, E.; Cailliez, J.C. Effect of a killer toxin of Pichia anomala to Pneumocystis. Perspectives in the control of pneumocystosis. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 1998, 22, 145–149.
155. Conti, S.; Magliani, W.; Arseni, S.; Frazzi, R.; Salati, A.; Ravanetti, L.; Polonelli, L. Inhibition by yeast killer toxin-like antibodies of oral Streptococci adhesion to tooth surfaces in an ex vivo model. Mol. Med. 2002, 8, 313–317.
156. İzgü, F.; Altınbay, D.; Türeli, A.E. In vitro susceptibilities of Candida spp. to Panomycocin, a novel exo-β-1,3-glucanase isolated from Pichia anomala NCYC 434. Microbiol. Immunol. 2007, 51, 797–803.
157. Weiler, F.; Schmitt, M.J. Zygocin, a secreted antifungal toxin of the yeast Zygosaccharomyces bailii, and its effect on sensitive fungal cells. FEMS Yeast Res. 2003, 3, 69–76.
158. Bajaj, B.K.; Raina, S.; Singh, S. Killer toxin from a novel killer yeast Pichia kudriavzevii RY55 with idiosyncratic antibacterial activity. J. Basic Microb. 2013, 53, 645–656.
159. Magliani, W.; Conti, S.; Salati, A.; Vaccari, S.; Ravanetti, L.; Maffei, D.L.; Polonelli, L. Therapeutic potential of yeast killer toxin-like antibodies and mimotopes. FEMS Yeast Res. 2004, 5, 11–18.
160. Cappelli, A.; Ulissi, U.; Valzano, M.; Damiani, C.; Epis, S.; Gabrielli, M.G.; Conti, S.; Polonelli, L.; Bandi, C.; Favia, G.; et al. Wickerhamomyces anomalus killer strain in the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi. PloS ONE 2014, 9, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095988.
161. Polonelli, L.; Morace, G. Yeast killer toxin-like anti-idiotypic antibodies. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1988, 26, 602–604.
162. Polonelli, L.; Conti, S.; Gerloni, M.; Magliani, W.; Castagnola, M.; Morace, G.; Chezzi, C. “Antibiobodies”: Antibiotic-like anti-idiotypic antibodies. Med. Mycol. 1991, 29, 235–242.
163. Polonelli, L.; Beninati, C.; Teti, G.; Felici, F.; Ciociola, T.; Giovati, L.; Sperindè, M.; Lo Passo, C.; Pernice, I.; Domina, M.; et al. Yeast killer toxin-like candidacidal Ab6 antibodies elicited through the manipulation of the idiotypic cascade. PLoS ONE, 2014, 9, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105727.
164. Cenci, E.; Bistoni, F.; Mencacci, A.; Perito, S.; Magliani, W.; Conti, S.; Polonelli, L.; Vecchiarelli, A. A synthetic peptide as a novel anticryptococcal agent. Cell Microbiol. 2004, 6, 953–961.
165. Travassos, L.R.; Silva, L.S.; Rodrigues, E.G.; Conti, S.; Salati, A.; Magliani, W.; Polonelli, L. Therapeutic activity of a killer peptide against experimental paracoccidioidomycosis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2004, 54, 956–958.
166. Cafarchia, C.; Immediato, D.; Paola, G.D.; Magliani, W.; Ciociola, T.; Conti, S.; Otranto, D.; Polonelli, L. In vitro and in vivo activity of a killer peptide against Malassezia pachydermatis causing otitis in dogs. Med. Mycol. 2014, 52, 350–355.
167. Selvakumar, D.; Miyamoto, M.; Furuichi, Y.; Komiyama, T. Inhibition of fungal β-1,3-glucan synthase and cell growth by HM-1 killer toxin single-chain anti-idiotypic antibodies. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2006, 50, 3090–3097.
168. Kabir, M.E.; Karim, N.; Krishnaswamy, S.; Selvakumar, D.; Miyamoto, M.; Furuichi, Y.; Komiyama, T. Peptide derived from anti-idiotypic single-chain antibody is a potent antifungal agent compared to its parent fungicide HM-1 killer toxin peptide. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2011, 92, 1151–1160.
169. Krishnaswamy, S.; Kabir, M.E.; Miyamoto, M.; Furuichi, Y.; Komiyama, T. Cloning antifungal single chain fragment variable antibodies by phage display and competitive panning elution. Anal. Biochem. 2009, 395, 16–24.
170. Kabir, M.E.; Krishnaswamy, S.; Miyamoto, M.; Furuichi, Y.; Komiyama, T. An improved phage-display panning method to produce an HM-1 killer toxin anti-idiotypic antibody. BMC Biotechnol. 2009, 9, 99.
171. Podoliankaitė, M.; Lukša, J.; Vyšniauskis, G.; Sereikaitė, J.; Melvydas, V.; Serva, S.; Servienė, E. High-yield expression in Escherichia coli, purification and application of budding yeast K2 killer protein. Mol. Biotechnol. 2014, 56, 644–652.
172. Ciociola, T.; Magliani, W.; Giovati, L.; Sperindè, M.; Santinoli, C.; Conti, G.; Conti, S.; Polonelli, L. Antibodies as an unlimited source of anti-infective, anti-tumour and immunomodulatory peptides. Sci. Prog. 2014, 97, 215–233.