메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 30, Issue 7, 2016, Pages 1072-1094

Antiinflammatory, Antioxidant, and Immunomodulatory Effects of Crocus sativus L. and its Main Constituents

Author keywords

antiinflammatory; antioxidant; crocetin; crocins; Crocus sativus; immunomodulation; safranal

Indexed keywords

AQUAPORIN 4; CASPASE 3; CROCETIN; CROCIN; CROCUS SATIVUS EXTRACT; FIBRINOGEN; GAMMA INTERFERON; GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN; HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 70; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 13; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 4; INTERLEUKIN 5; INTERLEUKIN 6; MESSENGER RNA; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE P38; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 1; MYELOPEROXIDASE; PROSTAGLANDIN E2; PROTEIN BCL XL; PROTEIN C; PROTEIN S100B; SAFRANAL; TRYPTASE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

EID: 84964385437     PISSN: 0951418X     EISSN: 10991573     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5622     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (126)

References (141)
  • 1
    • 33746143206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HPLC quantification of major active components from 11 different saffron (Crocus sativus L.) sources
    • Abdullaev F, Ortega CH, Miranda PR. 2007. HPLC quantification of major active components from 11 different saffron (Crocus sativus L.) sources. Food Chem 100: 1126–1131.
    • (2007) Food Chem , vol.100 , pp. 1126-1131
    • Abdullaev, F.1    Ortega, C.H.2    Miranda, P.R.3
  • 2
    • 9644268896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomedical properties of saffron and its potential use in cancer therapy and chemoprevention trials
    • Abdullaev FI, Espinosa-Aguirre JJ. 2004. Biomedical properties of saffron and its potential use in cancer therapy and chemoprevention trials. Cancer Detect Prev 28: 426–432.
    • (2004) Cancer Detect Prev , vol.28 , pp. 426-432
    • Abdullaev, F.I.1    Espinosa-Aguirre, J.J.2
  • 3
    • 0027184894 scopus 로고
    • Biological effects of saffron
    • Abdullaev FI. 1993. Biological effects of saffron. Biofactors 4: 83–86.
    • (1993) Biofactors , vol.4 , pp. 83-86
    • Abdullaev, F.I.1
  • 4
    • 0036377909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cancer chemopreventive and tumoricidal properties of saffron (Crocus sativus L.)
    • Abdullaev FI. 2002. Cancer chemopreventive and tumoricidal properties of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Exp Biol Med 227: 20–25.
    • (2002) Exp Biol Med , vol.227 , pp. 20-25
    • Abdullaev, F.I.1
  • 5
    • 55949117806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential therapeutic effects of Curcumin, the anti-inflammatory agent, against neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic, autoimmune and neoplastic diseases
    • Aggarwal BB, Harikumar KB. 2009. Potential therapeutic effects of Curcumin, the anti-inflammatory agent, against neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic, autoimmune and neoplastic diseases. Int J Biochem Cell Bio 41: 40–59.
    • (2009) Int J Biochem Cell Bio , vol.41 , pp. 40-59
    • Aggarwal, B.B.1    Harikumar, K.B.2
  • 6
    • 38949193873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crocus sativus L. (saffron) in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome: a double-blind, randomised and placebo-controlled trial
    • Agha-Hosseini M1, Kashani L, Aleyaseen A, et al. 2008. Crocus sativus L. (saffron) in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome: a double-blind, randomised and placebo-controlled trial. BJOG 115: 515–519.
    • (2008) BJOG , vol.115 , pp. 515-519
    • Agha-Hosseini, M.1    Kashani, L.2    Aleyaseen, A.3
  • 7
    • 18444399219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crocus sativus L. in the treatment of mild to moderate depression: a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial
    • Akhondzadeh S, Tahmacebi-Pour N, Noorbala AA, et al. 2005. Crocus sativus L. in the treatment of mild to moderate depression: a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial. Phytother Res 19: 148–51.
    • (2005) Phytother Res , vol.19 , pp. 148-151
    • Akhondzadeh, S.1    Tahmacebi-Pour, N.2    Noorbala, A.A.3
  • 8
    • 84890412330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bioactivity assessment and toxicity of crocin: a comprehensive review
    • Alavizadeh SH, Hosseinzadeh H. 2014. Bioactivity assessment and toxicity of crocin: a comprehensive review. Food Chem Toxicol 64: 65–80.
    • (2014) Food Chem Toxicol , vol.64 , pp. 65-80
    • Alavizadeh, S.H.1    Hosseinzadeh, H.2
  • 9
    • 84921982992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protective effects of saffron (its active constituent, crocin) on nephropathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
    • Altinoz E, Oner Z, Elbe H, Cigremis Y, Turkoz Y. 2015. Protective effects of saffron (its active constituent, crocin) on nephropathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 34: 127–134.
    • (2015) Hum Exp Toxicol , vol.34 , pp. 127-134
    • Altinoz, E.1    Oner, Z.2    Elbe, H.3    Cigremis, Y.4    Turkoz, Y.5
  • 10
    • 84983455833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of crocin on oxidative stress in recovery from single bout of swimming exercise in rats
    • Altinoz E, Ozmen T, Oner Z, Elbe H, Erdemli ME, Bag HG. 2015. Effect of crocin on oxidative stress in recovery from single bout of swimming exercise in rats. Gen Physiol Biophys. DOI:10.4149/gpb_2015018.
    • (2015) Gen Physiol Biophys
    • Altinoz, E.1    Ozmen, T.2    Oner, Z.3    Elbe, H.4    Erdemli, M.E.5    Bag, H.G.6
  • 11
    • 84920950210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attenuation of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis by ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Crocus sativus L. stigma after chronic constriction injury of rats
    • Amin B, Abnous K, Motamedshariaty V, Hosseinzadeh H. 2014. Attenuation of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis by ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Crocus sativus L. stigma after chronic constriction injury of rats. An Acad Bras Cienc 86: 1821–1832.
    • (2014) An Acad Bras Cienc , vol.86 , pp. 1821-1832
    • Amin, B.1    Abnous, K.2    Motamedshariaty, V.3    Hosseinzadeh, H.4
  • 12
    • 85042897539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saffron improves epididymal sperm parameters in rats exposed to cadmium
    • Asadi MH, Zafari F, Sarveazad A, et al. 2014. Saffron improves epididymal sperm parameters in rats exposed to cadmium. Nephrourol Mon 6: e12125. DOI:10.5812/numonthly.1215.
    • (2014) Nephrourol Mon , vol.6
    • Asadi, M.H.1    Zafari, F.2    Sarveazad, A.3
  • 13
    • 29244478599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radical scavenging activity of Crocus sativus L. extract and its bioactive constituents
    • Assimopoulou AN, Sinakos Z, Papageorgiou VP. 2005. Radical scavenging activity of Crocus sativus L. extract and its bioactive constituents. Phytother Res 19: 997–1000.
    • (2005) Phytother Res , vol.19 , pp. 997-1000
    • Assimopoulou, A.N.1    Sinakos, Z.2    Papageorgiou, V.P.3
  • 14
    • 0026530324 scopus 로고
    • Platelet activation in the lung after antigen challenge in a model of allergic asthma
    • Averill FJ, Hubbard WC, Proud D, Gleich GJ, Liu MC. 1992. Platelet activation in the lung after antigen challenge in a model of allergic asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 145: 571–576.
    • (1992) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.145 , pp. 571-576
    • Averill, F.J.1    Hubbard, W.C.2    Proud, D.3    Gleich, G.J.4    Liu, M.C.5
  • 15
    • 84973426038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of cinnamon, cardamom, saffron, and ginger consumption on markers of glycemic control, lipid profile, oxidative stress, and inflammation in type 2 diabetes patients
    • Azimi P, Ghiasvand R, Feizi A, Hariri M, Abbasi B. 2014. Effects of cinnamon, cardamom, saffron, and ginger consumption on markers of glycemic control, lipid profile, oxidative stress, and inflammation in type 2 diabetes patients. Rev Diabet Stud 11: 258–266.
    • (2014) Rev Diabet Stud , vol.11 , pp. 258-266
    • Azimi, P.1    Ghiasvand, R.2    Feizi, A.3    Hariri, M.4    Abbasi, B.5
  • 16
    • 84936873429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of saffron (Crocus sativus) petal ethanolic extract on hematology, antibody response, and spleen histology in rats
    • Babaei A, Arshami J, Haghparas A, Danesh MM. 2014. Effects of saffron (Crocus sativus) petal ethanolic extract on hematology, antibody response, and spleen histology in rats. Avicenna J Phytomed 4: 103–109.
    • (2014) Avicenna J Phytomed , vol.4 , pp. 103-109
    • Babaei, A.1    Arshami, J.2    Haghparas, A.3    Danesh, M.M.4
  • 18
    • 84921960684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protective effects of Crocus Sativus L. extract and crocin against chronic-stress induced oxidative damage of brain, liver and kidneys in rats
    • Bandegi AR, Rashidypour A, Vafaei AA, Ghadrdoost A. 2014. Protective effects of Crocus Sativus L. extract and crocin against chronic-stress induced oxidative damage of brain, liver and kidneys in rats. Pharm Bull 4: 493–499.
    • (2014) Pharm Bull , vol.4 , pp. 493-499
    • Bandegi, A.R.1    Rashidypour, A.2    Vafaei, A.A.3    Ghadrdoost, A.4
  • 21
    • 84876897730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of the extract of Crocus sativus on tracheal responsiveness and plasma levels of IL-4, IFN-γ, total NO and nitrite in ovalbumin sensitized guinea-pigs
    • Bayrami G, Boskabady MH, Jalali S, Farkhondeh T. 2013. The effect of the extract of Crocus sativus on tracheal responsiveness and plasma levels of IL-4, IFN-γ, total NO and nitrite in ovalbumin sensitized guinea-pigs. J Ethno Pharmacol 147: 530–535.
    • (2013) J Ethno Pharmacol , vol.147 , pp. 530-535
    • Bayrami, G.1    Boskabady, M.H.2    Jalali, S.3    Farkhondeh, T.4
  • 22
    • 84873396878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The potential effect of the extract of Crocus sativus and safranal on total and differential white blood cells in blood of ovalbumin-sensitized guinea-pigs
    • Bayrami G, Boskabady MH. 2012. The potential effect of the extract of Crocus sativus and safranal on total and differential white blood cells in blood of ovalbumin-sensitized guinea-pigs. Res Pharmac Sci 7: 249–255.
    • (2012) Res Pharmac Sci , vol.7 , pp. 249-255
    • Bayrami, G.1    Boskabady, M.H.2
  • 23
    • 84940164645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crocus sativus L. (saffron) for cancer chemoprevention: a mini review
    • Bhandari PR. 2015. Crocus sativus L. (saffron) for cancer chemoprevention: a mini review. J Tradit Complement Med 5: 81–87.
    • (2015) J Tradit Complement Med , vol.5 , pp. 81-87
    • Bhandari, P.R.1
  • 24
    • 84865250865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Akt/GSK-3β/eNOS phosphorylation arbitrates safranal-induced myocardial protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats
    • Bharti S, Golechha M, Kumari S, Siddiqui KM, Arya DS. 2012. Akt/GSK-3β/eNOS phosphorylation arbitrates safranal-induced myocardial protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Eur J Nutr 51: 719–27.
    • (2012) Eur J Nutr , vol.51 , pp. 719-727
    • Bharti, S.1    Golechha, M.2    Kumari, S.3    Siddiqui, K.M.4    Arya, D.S.5
  • 26
    • 33750041373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relaxant effect of Crocus sativus on guinea pig tracheal chains and its possible mechanisms
    • Boskabady MH, Aslani MR. 2006. Relaxant effect of Crocus sativus on guinea pig tracheal chains and its possible mechanisms. J Pharm Pharmacol 58: 1385–1390.
    • (2006) J Pharm Pharmacol , vol.58 , pp. 1385-1390
    • Boskabady, M.H.1    Aslani, M.R.2
  • 27
    • 84899630944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of safranal, a constituent of Crocus sativus (Saffron), on tracheal responsiveness, serum levels of cytokines, total NO and nitrite in sensitized guinea pigs
    • Boskabady MH, Bayrami G, Faizpour A. 2014. The effect of safranal, a constituent of Crocus sativus (Saffron), on tracheal responsiveness, serum levels of cytokines, total NO and nitrite in sensitized guinea pigs. Pharmacol Rep 66: 56–61.
    • (2014) Pharmacol Rep , vol.66 , pp. 56-61
    • Boskabady, M.H.1    Bayrami, G.2    Faizpour, A.3
  • 28
    • 84864407644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of the extract of Crocus sativus and its constituent safranal, on lung pathology and lung inflammation of ovalbumin sensitized guinea-pigs
    • Boskabady MH, Bayrami G, Tabatabaee A. 2012. The effect of the extract of Crocus sativus and its constituent safranal, on lung pathology and lung inflammation of ovalbumin sensitized guinea-pigs. Phytomed 19: 904–911.
    • (2012) Phytomed , vol.19 , pp. 904-911
    • Boskabady, M.H.1    Bayrami, G.2    Tabatabaee, A.3
  • 29
    • 77950609653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibitory effect of Crocus sativus (saffron) on histamine (H1) receptors of guinea pig tracheal chains
    • Boskabady MH, Ghasemzadeh M, Nemati H, Esmaeilzadeh M. 2010. Inhibitory effect of Crocus sativus (saffron) on histamine (H1) receptors of guinea pig tracheal chains. Pharmezie 65: 300–305.
    • (2010) Pharmezie , vol.65 , pp. 300-305
    • Boskabady, M.H.1    Ghasemzadeh, M.2    Nemati, H.3    Esmaeilzadeh, M.4
  • 31
    • 40849102570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of aqueous-ethanol extract from Crocus sativus (saffron) on guinea-pig isolated heart
    • Boskabady MH, Shafei MN, Shakiba A, Sang SH. 2008. Effect of aqueous-ethanol extract from Crocus sativus (saffron) on guinea-pig isolated heart. Phytother Res 22: 330–334.
    • (2008) Phytother Res , vol.22 , pp. 330-334
    • Boskabady, M.H.1    Shafei, M.N.2    Shakiba, A.3    Sang, S.H.4
  • 32
    • 84944177198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crocin prevents patulin-induced acute toxicity in cardiac tissues via the regulation of oxidative damage and apoptosis
    • Boussabbeh M, Ben Salem I, Neffati F, Najjar MF, Bacha H, Abid-Essefi S. 2015. Crocin prevents patulin-induced acute toxicity in cardiac tissues via the regulation of oxidative damage and apoptosis. J Biochem Mo Toxicol DOI:10.1002/jbt.21718.
    • (2015) J Biochem Mo Toxicol
    • Boussabbeh, M.1    Ben Salem, I.2    Neffati, F.3    Najjar, M.F.4    Bacha, H.5    Abid-Essefi, S.6
  • 33
    • 84940859352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crocin and quercetin prevent PAT-induced apoptosis in mammalian cells: Involvement of ROS-mediated ER stress pathway
    • Boussabbeh M, Prola A, Ben Salem I, et al. 2015. Crocin and quercetin prevent PAT-induced apoptosis in mammalian cells: Involvement of ROS-mediated ER stress pathway. Environ Toxicol. DOI:10.1002/tox.22185.
    • (2015) Environ Toxicol
    • Boussabbeh, M.1    Prola, A.2    Ben Salem, I.3
  • 34
    • 84926459409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safranal of Crocus sativus L. inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase and attenuates asthma in a mouse model of asthma
    • Bukhari SI, Pattnaik B, Rayees S, Kaul S, Dhar MK. 2015. Safranal of Crocus sativus L. inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase and attenuates asthma in a mouse model of asthma. Phytother Res 29: 617–627.
    • (2015) Phytother Res , vol.29 , pp. 617-627
    • Bukhari, S.I.1    Pattnaik, B.2    Rayees, S.3    Kaul, S.4    Dhar, M.K.5
  • 35
    • 67249116436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crocetin protects against cardiac hypertrophy by blocking MEK-ERK1/2 signalling pathway
    • Cai J, Yi FF, Bian ZY, et al. 2009. Crocetin protects against cardiac hypertrophy by blocking MEK-ERK1/2 signalling pathway. J Cell Mol Med 13: 909–925.
    • (2009) J Cell Mol Med , vol.13 , pp. 909-925
    • Cai, J.1    Yi, F.F.2    Bian, Z.Y.3
  • 36
    • 84907228647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preventive effect of crocin on osteoporosis in an ovariectomized rat model
    • Cao PC, Xiao WX, Yan YB, et al. 2014. Preventive effect of crocin on osteoporosis in an ovariectomized rat model. Evid Based Complement Altern Med 2014: 825181.
    • (2014) Evid Based Complement Altern Med , vol.2014 , pp. 825181
    • Cao, P.C.1    Xiao, W.X.2    Yan, Y.B.3
  • 37
    • 84977624975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saffron extracts alleviate cardiomyocytes injury induced by doxorubicin and ischemia-reperfusion in vitro
    • Chahine N, Nader M, Duca L, Martiny L, Chahine R. 2015. Saffron extracts alleviate cardiomyocytes injury induced by doxorubicin and ischemia-reperfusion in vitro. Drug Chem Toxicol 17: 1–10.
    • (2015) Drug Chem Toxicol , vol.17 , pp. 1-10
    • Chahine, N.1    Nader, M.2    Duca, L.3    Martiny, L.4    Chahine, R.5
  • 38
    • 2542486456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asthma: mechanisms of disease persistence and progression
    • Cohn L, Elias JA, Chupp GL. 2004. Asthma: mechanisms of disease persistence and progression. Annu Rev Immunol 22: 789–815.
    • (2004) Annu Rev Immunol , vol.22 , pp. 789-815
    • Cohn, L.1    Elias, J.A.2    Chupp, G.L.3
  • 39
    • 2542554241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saffron can prevent chemically induced skin carcionogenesis in Swiss albino mice
    • Das I, Chakrabart RN, Das S. 2004. Saffron can prevent chemically induced skin carcionogenesis in Swiss albino mice. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 5: 70–76.
    • (2004) Asian Pac J Cancer Prev , vol.5 , pp. 70-76
    • Das, I.1    Chakrabart, R.N.2    Das, S.3
  • 40
    • 84889060782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nephroprotective activity of Crocus sativus extract against gentamicin and/or ceftazidime-induced nephrotoxicity in rats
    • Dhar MH, Shah KU, Ghongane BB, Rane SR. 2013. Nephroprotective activity of Crocus sativus extract against gentamicin and/or ceftazidime-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Int J Pharm Bio Sci 4: 864–870.
    • (2013) Int J Pharm Bio Sci , vol.4 , pp. 864-870
    • Dhar, M.H.1    Shah, K.U.2    Ghongane, B.B.3    Rane, S.R.4
  • 41
    • 84899852455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protective effects of crocin on ischemia-reperfusion induced oxidative stress in comparison with vitamin E in isolated rat hearts
    • Dianat M, Esmaeilizadeh M, Badavi M, Samarbaf-Zadeh AR, Naghizadeh B. 2014. Protective effects of crocin on ischemia-reperfusion induced oxidative stress in comparison with vitamin E in isolated rat hearts. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 9: e17187. DOI:10.17795/jjnpp-17187.
    • (2014) Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod , vol.9
    • Dianat, M.1    Esmaeilizadeh, M.2    Badavi, M.3    Samarbaf-Zadeh, A.R.4    Naghizadeh, B.5
  • 42
    • 84926363335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative stress and free radicals in COPD-implications and relevance for treatment
    • Domej W, Oettl K, Renner W. 2014. Oxidative stress and free radicals in COPD-implications and relevance for treatment. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 9: 1207–1224.
    • (2014) Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis , vol.9 , pp. 1207-1224
    • Domej, W.1    Oettl, K.2    Renner, W.3
  • 43
    • 84864112551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crocin “saffron” protects against beryllium chloride toxicity in rats through diminution of oxidative stress and enhancing gene expression of antioxidant enzymes
    • El-Beshbishy HA, Hassan MH, Aly HAA, Doghish AS, Alghaithy AAA. 2012. Crocin “saffron” protects against beryllium chloride toxicity in rats through diminution of oxidative stress and enhancing gene expression of antioxidant enzymes. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 83: 47–54.
    • (2012) Ecotoxicol Environ Saf , vol.83 , pp. 47-54
    • El-Beshbishy, H.A.1    Hassan, M.H.2    Aly, H.A.A.3    Doghish, A.S.4    Alghaithy, A.A.A.5
  • 44
    • 84922355752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gastroprotective effect of crocin in ethanol-induced gastric injury in rats
    • El-Maraghy SA, Rizk SM, Shahin NN. 2015. Gastroprotective effect of crocin in ethanol-induced gastric injury in rats. Chem Biol Interact 229: 26–35.
    • (2015) Chem Biol Interact , vol.229 , pp. 26-35
    • El-Maraghy, S.A.1    Rizk, S.M.2    Shahin, N.N.3
  • 45
    • 33745216323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biology, biotechnology and biomedicine of saffron
    • Fernández JA. 2004. Biology, biotechnology and biomedicine of saffron. Recent Res Devel Plant Sci 2: 127–159.
    • (2004) Recent Res Devel Plant Sci , vol.2 , pp. 127-159
    • Fernández, J.A.1
  • 46
    • 80052035361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protective effects of saffron extract and its active constituent crocin against oxidative stress and spatial learning and memory deficits induced by chronic stress in rats
    • Ghadrdoost B, Vafaei AA, Rashidy-Pour A, Hajisoltani R, Bandegi AR, Motamedi F. 2011. Protective effects of saffron extract and its active constituent crocin against oxidative stress and spatial learning and memory deficits induced by chronic stress in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 667: 222–229.
    • (2011) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.667 , pp. 222-229
    • Ghadrdoost, B.1    Vafaei, A.A.2    Rashidy-Pour, A.3    Hajisoltani, R.4    Bandegi, A.R.5    Motamedi, F.6
  • 47
    • 84927519459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antilithiatic effects of crocin on ethylene glycol-induced lithiasis in rats
    • Ghaeni FA, Amin B, Hariri AT, Meybodi NT, Hosseinzadeh H. 2014. Antilithiatic effects of crocin on ethylene glycol-induced lithiasis in rats. Urolithiasis 42: 549–558.
    • (2014) Urolithiasis , vol.42 , pp. 549-558
    • Ghaeni, F.A.1    Amin, B.2    Hariri, A.T.3    Meybodi, N.T.4    Hosseinzadeh, H.5
  • 48
    • 84983577492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of ethanol extract of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on the inhibition of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57bl/6 mice
    • Ghazavi A, Mosayebi G, Salehi H, Abtahi H. 2009. Effect of ethanol extract of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on the inhibition of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57bl/6 mice. Pak J Biol Sci 12: 690–695.
    • (2009) Pak J Biol Sci , vol.12 , pp. 690-695
    • Ghazavi, A.1    Mosayebi, G.2    Salehi, H.3    Abtahi, H.4
  • 49
    • 84938886543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory aspects of Nigella sativa for its preventive and bronchodilatory effects on obstructive respiratory diseases: a review of basic and clinical evidence
    • Gholamnezhad Z, Keyhanmanesh R, Boskabady MH. 2015. Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory aspects of Nigella sativa for its preventive and bronchodilatory effects on obstructive respiratory diseases: a review of basic and clinical evidence. J Funct Foods 17: 910–927.
    • (2015) J Funct Foods , vol.17 , pp. 910-927
    • Gholamnezhad, Z.1    Keyhanmanesh, R.2    Boskabady, M.H.3
  • 50
    • 84884551718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The extract of Crocus sativus and its constituent safranal, affect serum levels of endothelin and total protein in sensitized guinea-pigs
    • Gholamnezhad Z, Koushyar H, Byrami G, Boskabady MH. 2013. The extract of Crocus sativus and its constituent safranal, affect serum levels of endothelin and total protein in sensitized guinea-pigs. Iran J Basic Med Sci 16: 1022–1026.
    • (2013) Iran J Basic Med Sci , vol.16 , pp. 1022-1026
    • Gholamnezhad, Z.1    Koushyar, H.2    Byrami, G.3    Boskabady, M.H.4
  • 51
    • 84929070854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity from saffron (Crocus sativus L.) petal
    • Goli SAM, Mokhtari F, Rahimmalek M. 2012. Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity from saffron (Crocus sativus L.) petal. J Agr Sci 4: 175–181.
    • (2012) J Agr Sci , vol.4 , pp. 175-181
    • Goli, S.A.M.1    Mokhtari, F.2    Rahimmalek, M.3
  • 52
    • 75249099832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preventive effect of crocin of Crocus sativus on hemodynamic, biochemical, histopathological and ultrastuctural alterations in isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity in rats
    • Goyal SN, Arora S, Sharma AK, Joshi S, Ray R, Bhatia J. 2010. Preventive effect of crocin of Crocus sativus on hemodynamic, biochemical, histopathological and ultrastuctural alterations in isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Phytomedicin 17: 227–32.
    • (2010) Phytomedicin , vol.17 , pp. 227-232
    • Goyal, S.N.1    Arora, S.2    Sharma, A.K.3    Joshi, S.4    Ray, R.5    Bhatia, J.6
  • 53
    • 84904067007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental pollutants and lifestyle factors induce oxidative stress and poor prenatal development
    • Gubory KH. 2014. Environmental pollutants and lifestyle factors induce oxidative stress and poor prenatal development. Reprod Biomed Online 29: 17–31.
    • (2014) Reprod Biomed Online , vol.29 , pp. 17-31
    • Gubory, K.H.1
  • 54
    • 82155197279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saffron (Crocus sativus) aqueous extract and its constituent crocin reduce stress-induced anorexia in mice
    • Halataei BA, Khosravi M, Arbabian S, et al. 2011. Saffron (Crocus sativus) aqueous extract and its constituent crocin reduce stress-induced anorexia in mice. Phytother Resv 25: 1833–1838.
    • (2011) Phytother Resv , vol.25 , pp. 1833-1838
    • Halataei, B.A.1    Khosravi, M.2    Arbabian, S.3
  • 55
    • 77956340469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sub-acute effects of diazinon on biochemical indices and specific biomarkers in rats: protective effects of crocin and safranal
    • Hariri AT, Moallem SA, Mahmoudi M, Memar B, Hosseinzadeh H. 2010. Sub-acute effects of diazinon on biochemical indices and specific biomarkers in rats: protective effects of crocin and safranal. Food Chem Toxicol 48: 2803–2808.
    • (2010) Food Chem Toxicol , vol.48 , pp. 2803-2808
    • Hariri, A.T.1    Moallem, S.A.2    Mahmoudi, M.3    Memar, B.4    Hosseinzadeh, H.5
  • 56
    • 84935744968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crocin abrogates carbon tetrachloride-induced renal toxicity in rats via modulation of metabolizing enzymes and diminution of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammatory cytokines
    • Hassan MH, Bahashawan SA, Abdelghany TM, Abd-Allah GM, Ghobara MM. 2015. Crocin abrogates carbon tetrachloride-induced renal toxicity in rats via modulation of metabolizing enzymes and diminution of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammatory cytokines. J Biochem Mol Toxico 29: 330–339.
    • (2015) J Biochem Mol Toxico , vol.29 , pp. 330-339
    • Hassan, M.H.1    Bahashawan, S.A.2    Abdelghany, T.M.3    Abd-Allah, G.M.4    Ghobara, M.M.5
  • 57
    • 84937252255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities of safranal in the reduction of renal dysfunction and damage that occur in diabetic nephropathy
    • Hazman Ö, Bozkurt MF. 2015. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities of safranal in the reduction of renal dysfunction and damage that occur in diabetic nephropathy. Inflammation 38: 1537–1545.
    • (2015) Inflammation , vol.38 , pp. 1537-1545
    • Hazman, Ö.1    Bozkurt, M.F.2
  • 58
    • 84939948222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigation of the anti-inflammatory effects of safranal on high-fat diet and multiple low dose streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetes rat model
    • Hazman O, Ovalı S. 2014. Investigation of the anti-inflammatory effects of safranal on high-fat diet and multiple low dose streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetes rat model. Inflammation 38: 1012–1019.
    • (2014) Inflammation , vol.38 , pp. 1012-1019
    • Hazman, O.1    Ovalı, S.2
  • 59
    • 84868215221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A dietary colorant crocin mitigates arthritis and associated secondary complications by modulating cartilage deteriorating enzymes, inflammatory mediators and antioxidant status
    • Hemshekhar M, Sebastin Santhosh M, Sunitha K, et al. 2012. A dietary colorant crocin mitigates arthritis and associated secondary complications by modulating cartilage deteriorating enzymes, inflammatory mediators and antioxidant status. Biochimie 94: 2723–2733.
    • (2012) Biochimie , vol.94 , pp. 2723-2733
    • Hemshekhar, M.1    Sebastin Santhosh, M.2    Sunitha, K.3
  • 60
    • 84907934362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crocetin, a carotenoid from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, protects against hypertension and cerebral thrombogenesis in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats
    • Higashino S, Sasaki Y, Giddings JC, et al. 2014. Crocetin, a carotenoid from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, protects against hypertension and cerebral thrombogenesis in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Phytother Res 28: 1315–1319.
    • (2014) Phytother Res , vol.28 , pp. 1315-1319
    • Higashino, S.1    Sasaki, Y.2    Giddings, J.C.3
  • 61
    • 33748188583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the antitussive effect of stigma and petals of saffron (Crocus sativus) and its components, safranal and crocin in guinea pigs
    • Hosseinzadeh H, Ghenaati J. 2006. Evaluation of the antitussive effect of stigma and petals of saffron (Crocus sativus) and its components, safranal and crocin in guinea pigs. Fitoterapia 77: 446–448.
    • (2006) Fitoterapia , vol.77 , pp. 446-448
    • Hosseinzadeh, H.1    Ghenaati, J.2
  • 62
    • 68849096206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crocus sativus L. (Saffron) extract and its active constituents (crocin and safranal) on ischemia-reperfusion in rat skeletal muscle
    • Hosseinzadeh H, Modaghegh MH, Saffari Z. 2009. Crocus sativus L. (Saffron) extract and its active constituents (crocin and safranal) on ischemia-reperfusion in rat skeletal muscle. Evid Based Complement Altern Med 6: 343–350.
    • (2009) Evid Based Complement Altern Med , vol.6 , pp. 343-350
    • Hosseinzadeh, H.1    Modaghegh, M.H.2    Saffari, Z.3
  • 64
    • 84858005351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and its active constituent, crocin, on recognition and spatial memory after chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in rats
    • Hosseinzadeh H, Sadeghnia HR, Ghaeni FA, Motamedshariaty VS, Mohajeri SA. 2012. Effects of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and its active constituent, crocin, on recognition and spatial memory after chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in rats. Phytother Res 26: 381–386.
    • (2012) Phytother Res , vol.26 , pp. 381-386
    • Hosseinzadeh, H.1    Sadeghnia, H.R.2    Ghaeni, F.A.3    Motamedshariaty, V.S.4    Mohajeri, S.A.5
  • 65
    • 27444437828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protective effect of aqueous saffron extract (Crocus sativus L.) and crocin, its active constituent, on renal ischemia-reperfusion-induced oxidative damage in rats
    • Hosseinzadeh H, Sadeghnia HR, Ziaee T, Danaee A. 2005. Protective effect of aqueous saffron extract (Crocus sativus L.) and crocin, its active constituent, on renal ischemia-reperfusion-induced oxidative damage in rats. J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci 8: 387–393.
    • (2005) J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci , vol.8 , pp. 387-393
    • Hosseinzadeh, H.1    Sadeghnia, H.R.2    Ziaee, T.3    Danaee, A.4
  • 66
    • 27444442382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safranal, a constituent of Crocus sativus (saffron), attenuated cerebral ischemia induced oxidative damage in rat hippocampus
    • Hosseinzadeh H, Sadeghnia HR. 2005. Safranal, a constituent of Crocus sativus (saffron), attenuated cerebral ischemia induced oxidative damage in rat hippocampus. J Pharm Pharm Sci 22: 394–399.
    • (2005) J Pharm Pharm Sci , vol.22 , pp. 394-399
    • Hosseinzadeh, H.1    Sadeghnia, H.R.2
  • 67
    • 77956341479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Crocus sativus L. stigma and its bioactive constituents, crocin and safranal
    • Hosseinzadeh H, Shamsaie F, Mehri S. 2009. Antioxidant activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Crocus sativus L. stigma and its bioactive constituents, crocin and safranal. Phcog Mag 5: 419–424.
    • (2009) Phcog Mag , vol.5 , pp. 419-424
    • Hosseinzadeh, H.1    Shamsaie, F.2    Mehri, S.3
  • 68
    • 34548805635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antinociceptive effects of safranal, a constituent of Crocus sativus (saffron), in mice
    • Hosseinzadeh H, Shariaty V. 2007. Antinociceptive effects of safranal, a constituent of Crocus sativus (saffron), in mice. Pharmacol Online 2: 498–503.
    • (2007) Pharmacol Online , vol.2 , pp. 498-503
    • Hosseinzadeh, H.1    Shariaty, V.2
  • 69
    • 77957270539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute and sub-acute toxicity of crocin, a constituent of Crocus sativus L. (saffron), in mice and rats
    • Hosseinzadeh H, Shariaty VM, Sameni AK, Vahabzadeh M. 2010. Acute and sub-acute toxicity of crocin, a constituent of Crocus sativus L. (saffron), in mice and rats. Pharmacol Online 2: 943–951.
    • (2010) Pharmacol Online , vol.2 , pp. 943-951
    • Hosseinzadeh, H.1    Shariaty, V.M.2    Sameni, A.K.3    Vahabzadeh, M.4
  • 70
    • 0141746538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Crocus sativus L. stigma and petal extracts in mice
    • Hosseinzadeh H, Younesi HM. 2002. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Crocus sativus L. stigma and petal extracts in mice. BMC Pharmacol 15: 7.
    • (2002) BMC Pharmacol , vol.15 , pp. 7
    • Hosseinzadeh, H.1    Younesi, H.M.2
  • 71
    • 84876290925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Avicenna's (Ibn Sina) the Canon of Medicine and saffron (Crocus sativus): a review
    • Hosseinzadeh H, Nassiri-Asl M. 2013. Avicenna's (Ibn Sina) the Canon of Medicine and saffron (Crocus sativus): a review. Phytother Res 27: 475–83.
    • (2013) Phytother Res , vol.27 , pp. 475-483
    • Hosseinzadeh, H.1    Nassiri-Asl, M.2
  • 72
    • 84874936130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crocetin, a carotenoid derivative, inhibits retinal ischemic damage in mice
    • Ishizuka F, Shimazawa M, Umigai N, et al. 2013. Crocetin, a carotenoid derivative, inhibits retinal ischemic damage in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 703: 1–10.
    • (2013) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.703 , pp. 1-10
    • Ishizuka, F.1    Shimazawa, M.2    Umigai, N.3
  • 73
    • 84888856813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crocin improved locomotor function and mechanical behavior in the rat model of contused spinal cord injury through decreasing calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP)
    • Karami M, Bathaie SZ, Tiraihi T, Habibi-Rezaei M, Arabkheradmand J, Faghihzadeh S. 2013. Crocin improved locomotor function and mechanical behavior in the rat model of contused spinal cord injury through decreasing calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP). Phytomedicine 21: 62–67.
    • (2013) Phytomedicine , vol.21 , pp. 62-67
    • Karami, M.1    Bathaie, S.Z.2    Tiraihi, T.3    Habibi-Rezaei, M.4    Arabkheradmand, J.5    Faghihzadeh, S.6
  • 75
    • 68549090726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crocetin reduces TNBS-induced experimental colitis in mice by downregulation of NFkB
    • Kazi HA, Qian Z. 2009. Crocetin reduces TNBS-induced experimental colitis in mice by downregulation of NFkB. Saudi J Gastroenterol 15: 181–187.
    • (2009) Saudi J Gastroenterol , vol.15 , pp. 181-187
    • Kazi, H.A.1    Qian, Z.2
  • 76
    • 84869219770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotective efficacy of Nardostachys jatamansi and crocetin in conjunction with selenium in cognitive impairment
    • Khan MB, Hoda MN, Ishrat T, et al. 2012. Neuroprotective efficacy of Nardostachys jatamansi and crocetin in conjunction with selenium in cognitive impairment. Neurol Sci 33: 1011–1020.
    • (2012) Neurol Sci , vol.33 , pp. 1011-1020
    • Khan, M.B.1    Hoda, M.N.2    Ishrat, T.3
  • 77
    • 82155184517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunomodulatory effects of saffron: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial
    • Kianbakht S, Ghazavi A. 2011. Immunomodulatory effects of saffron: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytother Res 25: 1801–1805.
    • (2011) Phytother Res , vol.25 , pp. 1801-1805
    • Kianbakht, S.1    Ghazavi, A.2
  • 78
    • 69249164798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of saffron and its active constituents, crocin and safranal, on prevention of indomethacin induced gastric ulcers in diabetic and nondiabetic rats
    • Kianbakht S, Mozaffari K. 2009. Effects of saffron and its active constituents, crocin and safranal, on prevention of indomethacin induced gastric ulcers in diabetic and nondiabetic rats. J Med Plants 8: 30–38.
    • (2009) J Med Plants , vol.8 , pp. 30-38
    • Kianbakht, S.1    Mozaffari, K.2
  • 79
    • 84899942828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crocin suppresses LPS-stimulated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase by upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 via calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 4
    • Kim JH, Park GY, Bang SY, Park SY, Bae SK, Kim Y. 2014. Crocin suppresses LPS-stimulated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase by upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 via calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 4. Mediators Inflamm 2014: 728709.
    • (2014) Mediators Inflamm , vol.2014 , pp. 728709
    • Kim, J.H.1    Park, G.Y.2    Bang, S.Y.3    Park, S.Y.4    Bae, S.K.5    Kim, Y.6
  • 80
    • 33645315798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Platelet activation in allergic asthma patients during allergen challenge with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus
    • Kowal K, Pampuc A, Kowal-Bielecka O, DuBuske LM, Bodzenta-Lukaszyk A. 2006. Platelet activation in allergic asthma patients during allergen challenge with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Clin Exp Allergy 36: 426–432.
    • (2006) Clin Exp Allergy , vol.36 , pp. 426-432
    • Kowal, K.1    Pampuc, A.2    Kowal-Bielecka, O.3    DuBuske, L.M.4    Bodzenta-Lukaszyk, A.5
  • 81
    • 67349086614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantification of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) metabolites crocins, picrocrocin and safranal for quality determination of the spice grown under different environmental Moroccan conditions
    • Lage M, Cantrell C. 2009. Quantification of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) metabolites crocins, picrocrocin and safranal for quality determination of the spice grown under different environmental Moroccan conditions. Sci Hortic 121: 366–373.
    • (2009) Sci Hortic , vol.121 , pp. 366-373
    • Lage, M.1    Cantrell, C.2
  • 83
    • 84875121716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigation of the neuroprotective action of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in aluminum-exposed adult mice through behavioral and neurobiochemical assessment
    • Linardaki ZI, Orkoula MG, Kokkosis AG, Lamari FN, Margarity M. 2013. Investigation of the neuroprotective action of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in aluminum-exposed adult mice through behavioral and neurobiochemical assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 52: 163–70.
    • (2013) Food Chem Toxicol , vol.52 , pp. 163-170
    • Linardaki, Z.I.1    Orkoula, M.G.2    Kokkosis, A.G.3    Lamari, F.N.4    Margarity, M.5
  • 84
    • 84926473668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydroalcoholic extract of Crocus sativus effects on bronchial inflammatory cells in ovalbumin sensitized rats
    • Mahmoudabady M, Neamati A, Vosooghi S, Aghababa H. 2013. Hydroalcoholic extract of Crocus sativus effects on bronchial inflammatory cells in ovalbumin sensitized rats. Avicenna J Phytomed 3: 356–363.
    • (2013) Avicenna J Phytomed , vol.3 , pp. 356-363
    • Mahmoudabady, M.1    Neamati, A.2    Vosooghi, S.3    Aghababa, H.4
  • 85
    • 84872867286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardioprotective effect of saffron extract and safranal in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in Wistar rats
    • Mehdizadeh R, Parizadeh MR, Khooei AR, Mehri S, Hosseinzadeh H. 2013. Cardioprotective effect of saffron extract and safranal in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in Wistar rats. Iran J Basic Med Sci 16: 56–63.
    • (2013) Iran J Basic Med Sci , vol.16 , pp. 56-63
    • Mehdizadeh, R.1    Parizadeh, M.R.2    Khooei, A.R.3    Mehri, S.4    Hosseinzadeh, H.5
  • 87
    • 33750500316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crocus sativus L. (petal) in the treatment of mild-to-moderate depression: a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial
    • Moshiri E1, Basti AA, Noorbala AA, Jamshidi AH, Hesameddin Abbasi S, Akhondzadeh S. 2006. Crocus sativus L. (petal) in the treatment of mild-to-moderate depression: a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial. Phytomedicine 13: 607–611.
    • (2006) Phytomedicine , vol.13 , pp. 607-611
    • Moshiri, E.1    Basti, A.A.2    Noorbala, A.A.3    Jamshidi, A.H.4    Hesameddin Abbasi, S.5    Akhondzadeh, S.6
  • 88
    • 77952093874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protective effect of saffron extract and crocin on reactive oxygen species-mediated high glucose-induced toxicity in PC12 Cells
    • Mousavi SH, Tayarani NZ, Parsaee H. 2010. Protective effect of saffron extract and crocin on reactive oxygen species-mediated high glucose-induced toxicity in PC12 Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 30: 185–191.
    • (2010) Cell Mol Neurobiol , vol.30 , pp. 185-191
    • Mousavi, S.H.1    Tayarani, N.Z.2    Parsaee, H.3
  • 89
    • 45349096032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protective effects of crocin against cisplatin-induced acute renal failure and oxidative stress in rats
    • Naghizadeh B, Boroushaki MT, Mashhadian NV, Mansouri SMT. 2008. Protective effects of crocin against cisplatin-induced acute renal failure and oxidative stress in rats. Iran Biomed J 12: 93–100.
    • (2008) Iran Biomed J , vol.12 , pp. 93-100
    • Naghizadeh, B.1    Boroushaki, M.T.2    Mashhadian, N.V.3    Mansouri, S.M.T.4
  • 90
    • 0028834324 scopus 로고
    • Saffron chemoprevention in biology and medicine: a review
    • Nair SC, Kurumboor SK, Hasegawa JH. 1995. Saffron chemoprevention in biology and medicine: a review. Cancer Biother 10: 257–264.
    • (1995) Cancer Biother , vol.10 , pp. 257-264
    • Nair, S.C.1    Kurumboor, S.K.2    Hasegawa, J.H.3
  • 91
    • 0027333293 scopus 로고
    • Protective effects of crocetin on the bladder toxicity induced by cyclophosphamide
    • Nair SC, Panikkar KR, Parthod RK. 1993. Protective effects of crocetin on the bladder toxicity induced by cyclophosphamide. Cancer Biother 8: 339–343.
    • (1993) Cancer Biother , vol.8 , pp. 339-343
    • Nair, S.C.1    Panikkar, K.R.2    Parthod, R.K.3
  • 92
    • 77957755920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-inflammatory effects of crocin and crocetin in rat brain microglial cells
    • Nam KN, Park YM, Jung HJ, et al. 2010. Anti-inflammatory effects of crocin and crocetin in rat brain microglial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 648: 110–116.
    • (2010) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.648 , pp. 110-116
    • Nam, K.N.1    Park, Y.M.2    Jung, H.J.3
  • 93
    • 56249097197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stimulatory effect of Crocus sativus (saffron) on beta 2-adrenoceptors of guinea pig tracheal chains
    • Nemati H, Boskabady MH, Ahmadzadef VH. 2008. Stimulatory effect of Crocus sativus (saffron) on beta 2-adrenoceptors of guinea pig tracheal chains. Phytomedicine 15: 1038–1045.
    • (2008) Phytomedicine , vol.15 , pp. 1038-1045
    • Nemati, H.1    Boskabady, M.H.2    Ahmadzadef, V.H.3
  • 94
    • 2442604428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crocin prevents the death of rat pheochromyctoma (PC-12) cells by its antioxidant effects stronger than those of a-tocopherol
    • Ochiai T, Ohno S, Soeda S, Tanaka H, Shoyama Y, Shimeno H. 2004. Crocin prevents the death of rat pheochromyctoma (PC-12) cells by its antioxidant effects stronger than those of a-tocopherol. Neurosci Lett 362: 61–64.
    • (2004) Neurosci Lett , vol.362 , pp. 61-64
    • Ochiai, T.1    Ohno, S.2    Soeda, S.3    Tanaka, H.4    Shoyama, Y.5    Shimeno, H.6
  • 96
    • 58149107469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of oxidative stress on lung diseases
    • Park HS, Kim SR, Lee YC. 2009. Impact of oxidative stress on lung diseases. Respirology 14: 27–38.
    • (2009) Respirology , vol.14 , pp. 27-38
    • Park, H.S.1    Kim, S.R.2    Lee, Y.C.3
  • 97
    • 33644778804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protective effect of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) aqueous extract against genetic damage induced by anti-tumor agents in mice
    • Premkumar K, Thirunavukkarasu C, Abraham SK, Santhiya ST, Ramesh A. 2006. Protective effect of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) aqueous extract against genetic damage induced by anti-tumor agents in mice. Hum Exp Toxicol 25: 79–84.
    • (2006) Hum Exp Toxicol , vol.25 , pp. 79-84
    • Premkumar, K.1    Thirunavukkarasu, C.2    Abraham, S.K.3    Santhiya, S.T.4    Ramesh, A.5
  • 98
    • 84937709527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protective effect of crocin on acrolein-induced tau phosphorylation in the rat brain
    • Rashedinia M, Lari P, Abnous K, Hosseinzadeh H. 2015. Protective effect of crocin on acrolein-induced tau phosphorylation in the rat brain. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 75: 208–219.
    • (2015) Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) , vol.75 , pp. 208-219
    • Rashedinia, M.1    Lari, P.2    Abnous, K.3    Hosseinzadeh, H.4
  • 99
    • 84906814858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protective effect of crocin on diazinon induced vascular toxicity in subchronic exposure in rat aorta ex vivo
    • Razavi B, Hosseinzadeh H, Abnous K, Imenshahidi M. 2014. Protective effect of crocin on diazinon induced vascular toxicity in subchronic exposure in rat aorta ex vivo. Drug Chem Toxicol 37: 378–830.
    • (2014) Drug Chem Toxicol , vol.37 , pp. 378-830
    • Razavi, B.1    Hosseinzadeh, H.2    Abnous, K.3    Imenshahidi, M.4
  • 100
    • 84872832475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safranal: from an aromatic natural product to a rewarding pharmacological agent
    • Rezaee R, Hosseinzadeh H. 2013. Safranal: from an aromatic natural product to a rewarding pharmacological agent. Iran J Basic Med Sci 16: 12–26.
    • (2013) Iran J Basic Med Sci , vol.16 , pp. 12-26
    • Rezaee, R.1    Hosseinzadeh, H.2
  • 101
    • 0029934789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An update review of saffron and its active constituents
    • Rios JL, Recio MC, Giner RM, Manz S. 1996. An update review of saffron and its active constituents. Phytother Res 10: 189–193.
    • (1996) Phytother Res , vol.10 , pp. 189-193
    • Rios, J.L.1    Recio, M.C.2    Giner, R.M.3    Manz, S.4
  • 102
    • 84872872908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protective effect of safranal, a constituent of Crocus sativus, on quinolinic acid-induced oxidative damage in rat hippocampus
    • Sadeghnia HR, Kamkar M, Assadpour E, Boroushaki MT, Ghorbani A. 2013. Protective effect of safranal, a constituent of Crocus sativus, on quinolinic acid-induced oxidative damage in rat hippocampus. Iran J Basic Med Sci 16: 73–82.
    • (2013) Iran J Basic Med Sci , vol.16 , pp. 73-82
    • Sadeghnia, H.R.1    Kamkar, M.2    Assadpour, E.3    Boroushaki, M.T.4    Ghorbani, A.5
  • 103
    • 0031857283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased formation of the potent oxidant peroxynitrite in the airways of asthmatic patients is associated with induction of nitric oxide synthase: effect of inhaled glucocorticoid
    • Saleh D, Ernst P, Lim S, Barnes PJ, Giaid A. 1998. Increased formation of the potent oxidant peroxynitrite in the airways of asthmatic patients is associated with induction of nitric oxide synthase: effect of inhaled glucocorticoid. FASEB J 12: 929–937.
    • (1998) FASEB J , vol.12 , pp. 929-937
    • Saleh, D.1    Ernst, P.2    Lim, S.3    Barnes, P.J.4    Giaid, A.5
  • 104
    • 84971236545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zearalenone-induced changes in biochemical parameters, oxidative stress and apoptosis in cardiac tissue: protective role of crocin
    • Salem IB, Boussabbeh M, Neffati F, Najjar MF, Abid-Essefi S, Bacha H. 2015. Zearalenone-induced changes in biochemical parameters, oxidative stress and apoptosis in cardiac tissue: protective role of crocin. Hum Exp Toxicol. DOI:10.1177/0960327115597467.
    • (2015) Hum Exp Toxicol
    • Salem, I.B.1    Boussabbeh, M.2    Neffati, F.3    Najjar, M.F.4    Abid-Essefi, S.5    Bacha, H.6
  • 105
    • 85027928932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Propensity of crocin to offset Vipera russelli venom induced oxidative stress mediated neutrophil apoptosis: a biochemical insight
    • Santhosh MS, Sundaram MS, Sunitha K, Jnaneshwari S, Devaraja S, Kemparaju K. 2016. Propensity of crocin to offset Vipera russelli venom induced oxidative stress mediated neutrophil apoptosis: a biochemical insight. Cytotechnology DOI:10.1007/s10616-014-9752-x.
    • (2016) Cytotechnology
    • Santhosh, M.S.1    Sundaram, M.S.2    Sunitha, K.3    Jnaneshwari, S.4    Devaraja, S.5    Kemparaju, K.6
  • 106
    • 84872368603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vipera russelli venom-induced oxidative stress and hematological alterations: amelioration by crocin a dietary colorant
    • Santhosh SM, Hemshekhar M, Thushara RM, Devaraja S, Kemparaju K, Girish KS. 2013. Vipera russelli venom-induced oxidative stress and hematological alterations: amelioration by crocin a dietary colorant. Cell Biochem Function 31: 41–50.
    • (2013) Cell Biochem Function , vol.31 , pp. 41-50
    • Santhosh, S.M.1    Hemshekhar, M.2    Thushara, R.M.3    Devaraja, S.4    Kemparaju, K.5    Girish, K.S.6
  • 107
    • 84943454935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The antioxidant effect of crocin on bovine sperm quality and fertilization outcome
    • Sapanidou V, Taitzoglou I, Tsakmakidis Ι, et al. 2015. The antioxidant effect of crocin on bovine sperm quality and fertilization outcome. Theriogenology 84: 1273–1282.
    • (2015) Theriogenology , vol.84 , pp. 1273-1282
    • Sapanidou, V.1    Taitzoglou, I.2    Tsakmakidis, Ι.3
  • 108
    • 34548445132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saffron in phytotherapy: pharmacology and clinical uses
    • Schmidt M, Betti G, Hensel A. 2007. Saffron in phytotherapy: pharmacology and clinical uses. Wien Med Wochenschr 157: 315–319.
    • (2007) Wien Med Wochenschr , vol.157 , pp. 315-319
    • Schmidt, M.1    Betti, G.2    Hensel, A.3
  • 109
    • 78651072132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and honey syrup on aluminium induced hepatotoxicity
    • Shati A, Alamri S. 2010. Role of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and honey syrup on aluminium induced hepatotoxicity. Saudi Med J 31: 1106–1113.
    • (2010) Saudi Med J , vol.31 , pp. 1106-1113
    • Shati, A.1    Alamri, S.2
  • 110
    • 33847158946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of ischemic neuron death by a saffron's carotenoid pigment crocin and its mechanism of action
    • Soeda S, Ochiai T, Tanaka H, Shoyama Y, Shimeno H. 2005. Prevention of ischemic neuron death by a saffron's carotenoid pigment crocin and its mechanism of action. Focus Neurochem Res 139–156.
    • (2005) Focus Neurochem Res , pp. 139-156
    • Soeda, S.1    Ochiai, T.2    Tanaka, H.3    Shoyama, Y.4    Shimeno, H.5
  • 111
    • 84904721165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crocin attenuates cisplatin-induced liver injury in the mice
    • Sun Y, Yang J, Wang LZ, Sun LR, Dong Q. 2014. Crocin attenuates cisplatin-induced liver injury in the mice. Hum Exp Toxicol 33: 855–862.
    • (2014) Hum Exp Toxicol , vol.33 , pp. 855-862
    • Sun, Y.1    Yang, J.2    Wang, L.Z.3    Sun, L.R.4    Dong, Q.5
  • 112
    • 84885852782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crocin alleviates the local paw edema induced by histamine in rats
    • Tamaddonfard E, Farshid AA, Hosseini L. 2012. Crocin alleviates the local paw edema induced by histamine in rats. Avicenna J Phytomed 2: 97–104.
    • (2012) Avicenna J Phytomed , vol.2 , pp. 97-104
    • Tamaddonfard, E.1    Farshid, A.A.2    Hosseini, L.3
  • 113
    • 84898059195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of safranal, a constituent of saffron, and vitamin E on nerve functions and histopathology following crush injury of sciatic nerve in rats
    • Tamaddonfard E, Farshid AA, Maroufi S, et al. 2014. Effects of safranal, a constituent of saffron, and vitamin E on nerve functions and histopathology following crush injury of sciatic nerve in rats. Phytomedicine 21: 717–723.
    • (2014) Phytomedicine , vol.21 , pp. 717-723
    • Tamaddonfard, E.1    Farshid, A.A.2    Maroufi, S.3
  • 114
    • 84894117469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the effects of crocin, safranal and diclofenac on local inflammation and inflammatory pain responses induced by carrageenan in rats
    • Tamaddonfard E, Karim Eghdami F, Samadi F, Erfanparast A. 2013. Comparison of the effects of crocin, safranal and diclofenac on local inflammation and inflammatory pain responses induced by carrageenan in rats. Pharmacol Rep 65: 1272–1280.
    • (2013) Pharmacol Rep , vol.65 , pp. 1272-1280
    • Tamaddonfard, E.1    Karim Eghdami, F.2    Samadi, F.3    Erfanparast, A.4
  • 115
    • 84906939133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crocin prevents sesamol-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in human platelets
    • Thushara RM, Hemshekhar M, Paul M, et al. 2014. Crocin prevents sesamol-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in human platelets. J Thromb Thrombolysis 38: 321–330.
    • (2014) J Thromb Thrombolysis , vol.38 , pp. 321-330
    • Thushara, R.M.1    Hemshekhar, M.2    Paul, M.3
  • 116
    • 0029066081 scopus 로고
    • Determination of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) components in crude plant extract using high-performance liquid chromatography-UV-visible photodiode-array detection-mass spectrometry
    • Trantilis PA, Tsoupras G, Polissiou M. 1995. Determination of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) components in crude plant extract using high-performance liquid chromatography-UV-visible photodiode-array detection-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr 99: 107–111.
    • (1995) J Chromatogr , vol.99 , pp. 107-111
    • Trantilis, P.A.1    Tsoupras, G.2    Polissiou, M.3
  • 117
    • 84875824191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crocetin administration ameliorates endotoxin-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation in rabbits
    • Tsantarliotou MP, Poutahidis T, Markala D, et al. 2013. Crocetin administration ameliorates endotoxin-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation in rabbits. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 24: 305–310.
    • (2013) Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis , vol.24 , pp. 305-310
    • Tsantarliotou, M.P.1    Poutahidis, T.2    Markala, D.3
  • 118
    • 0028892819 scopus 로고
    • Crocetin protects against oxidative damage in rat primary hepatocytes
    • Tseng TH, Chu CY, Huang JM, Shiow SJ, Wang CJ. 1995. Crocetin protects against oxidative damage in rat primary hepatocytes. Cancer Lett 97: 61–67.
    • (1995) Cancer Lett , vol.97 , pp. 61-67
    • Tseng, T.H.1    Chu, C.Y.2    Huang, J.M.3    Shiow, S.J.4    Wang, C.J.5
  • 119
    • 84860710284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crocetin, a carotenoid derivative, inhibits VEGF-induced angiogenesis via suppression of p38 phosphorylation
    • Umigai N, Tanaka J, Tsuruma K, Shimazawa M, Hara H. 2012. Crocetin, a carotenoid derivative, inhibits VEGF-induced angiogenesis via suppression of p38 phosphorylation. Curr Neurovasc Res 9: 102–109.
    • (2012) Curr Neurovasc Res , vol.9 , pp. 102-109
    • Umigai, N.1    Tanaka, J.2    Tsuruma, K.3    Shimazawa, M.4    Hara, H.5
  • 121
    • 51449085544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduction of mitochondrial oxidative damage and improved mitochondrial efficiency by administration of crocetin against benzo[a]pyrene induced experimental animals
    • Venkatraman M, Konga D, Peramaiyan R, Ganapathy E, Dhanapal S. 2008. Reduction of mitochondrial oxidative damage and improved mitochondrial efficiency by administration of crocetin against benzo[a]pyrene induced experimental animals. Biol Pharm Bull 31: 1639–1645.
    • (2008) Biol Pharm Bull , vol.31 , pp. 1639-1645
    • Venkatraman, M.1    Konga, D.2    Peramaiyan, R.3    Ganapathy, E.4    Dhanapal, S.5
  • 122
    • 84885480378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preventive effects of hydroalcoholic extract of saffron on hematological parameters of experimental asthmatic rats
    • Vosooghi S, Mahmoudabady M, Neamati A, Aghababa H. 2013. Preventive effects of hydroalcoholic extract of saffron on hematological parameters of experimental asthmatic rats. Avicenna J Phytomed 3: 279–287.
    • (2013) Avicenna J Phytomed , vol.3 , pp. 279-287
    • Vosooghi, S.1    Mahmoudabady, M.2    Neamati, A.3    Aghababa, H.4
  • 123
    • 0028816780 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of tumor promotion in benzo[a]pyrene-initiated CD-1 mouse skin by crocetin
    • Wang CJ, Lee MJ, Chang MC, Lin JK. 1995. Inhibition of tumor promotion in benzo[a]pyrene-initiated CD-1 mouse skin by crocetin. Carcinogenesis 16: 187–91.
    • (1995) Carcinogenesis , vol.16 , pp. 187-191
    • Wang, C.J.1    Lee, M.J.2    Chang, M.C.3    Lin, J.K.4
  • 124
    • 0025780593 scopus 로고
    • Effects of crocetin on the hepatotoxicity and hepatic DNA binding of aflatoxin B1 in rats
    • Wang CJ, Shiow SJ, Lin JK. 1991. Effects of crocetin on the hepatotoxicity and hepatic DNA binding of aflatoxin B1 in rats. Carcinogenesis 12: 459–462.
    • (1991) Carcinogenesis , vol.12 , pp. 459-462
    • Wang, C.J.1    Shiow, S.J.2    Lin, J.K.3
  • 125
    • 84922991949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotective effects of crocin against traumatic brain injury in mice: Involvement of notch signaling pathway
    • Wang K, Zhang L, Rao W, et al. 2015. Neuroprotective effects of crocin against traumatic brain injury in mice: Involvement of notch signaling pathway. Neurosci Lett 591: 53–58.
    • (2015) Neurosci Lett , vol.591 , pp. 53-58
    • Wang, K.1    Zhang, L.2    Rao, W.3
  • 126
    • 84907082756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protective effects of crocetin pretreatment on myocardial injury in an ischemia/reperfusion rat model
    • Wang Y, Sun J, Liu C, Fang C. 2014. Protective effects of crocetin pretreatment on myocardial injury in an ischemia/reperfusion rat model. Eur J Pharmacol 741: 290–296.
    • (2014) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.741 , pp. 290-296
    • Wang, Y.1    Sun, J.2    Liu, C.3    Fang, C.4
  • 127
    • 84931044537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-asthma potential of crocin and its effect on MAPK signaling pathway in a murine model of allergic airway disease
    • Xiong Y, Wang J, Yu H, Zhang X, Miao C. 2015. Anti-asthma potential of crocin and its effect on MAPK signaling pathway in a murine model of allergic airway disease. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 37: 236–243.
    • (2015) Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol , vol.37 , pp. 236-243
    • Xiong, Y.1    Wang, J.2    Yu, H.3    Zhang, X.4    Miao, C.5
  • 128
    • 70349332764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preventive effect of crocin in inflamed animals and in LPS-challenged RAW 264.7 cells
    • Xu GL, Li G, Ma HP, Zhong H, Liu F, Ao GZ. 2009. Preventive effect of crocin in inflamed animals and in LPS-challenged RAW 264.7 cells. J Agric Food Chem 57: 8325–8330.
    • (2009) J Agric Food Chem , vol.57 , pp. 8325-8330
    • Xu, G.L.1    Li, G.2    Ma, H.P.3    Zhong, H.4    Liu, F.5    Ao, G.Z.6
  • 129
    • 32644434107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Study of the effect of crocin on rat experimental hyperlipemia and the underlying mechanisms
    • Xu GL, Yu SQ, Gong ZN, Zhang SQ. 2005. Study of the effect of crocin on rat experimental hyperlipemia and the underlying mechanisms. China J Chin Meteria Medica 30: 369–372.
    • (2005) China J Chin Meteria Medica , vol.30 , pp. 369-372
    • Xu, G.L.1    Yu, S.Q.2    Gong, Z.N.3    Zhang, S.Q.4
  • 130
    • 77954624162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibitory effect on protein kinase C theta by crocetin attenuates palmitate-induced insulin insensitivity in 3 T3-L1 adipocytes
    • Yang L, Qian Z, Ji H, et al. 2010. Inhibitory effect on protein kinase C theta by crocetin attenuates palmitate-induced insulin insensitivity in 3 T3-L1 adipocytes. Eur J Pharmacol 642: 47–55.
    • (2010) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.642 , pp. 47-55
    • Yang, L.1    Qian, Z.2    Ji, H.3
  • 131
    • 55549087604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2+ in the inhibition by crocetin of platelet activity and thrombosis formation
    • 2+ in the inhibition by crocetin of platelet activity and thrombosis formation. J Agric Food Chem 56: 9429–9433.
    • (2008) J Agric Food Chem , vol.56 , pp. 9429-9433
    • Yang, L.1    Qian, Z.2    Yang, Y.3
  • 132
    • 39049176405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crocetin inhibits mRNA expression for tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, and inducible nitric oxide synthase in hemorrhagic shock
    • Yang R, Tan X, Thomas AM, et al. 2006. Crocetin inhibits mRNA expression for tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, and inducible nitric oxide synthase in hemorrhagic shock. J Parenter Entera Nutr 30: 297–301.
    • (2006) J Parenter Entera Nutr , vol.30 , pp. 297-301
    • Yang, R.1    Tan, X.2    Thomas, A.M.3
  • 133
    • 84855563615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suppression of NF-κB pathway by crocetin contributes to attenuation of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice
    • Yang R, Yang L, Shen X, Cheng W, Zhao B, Hamid A. 2012. Suppression of NF-κB pathway by crocetin contributes to attenuation of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 674: 391–396.
    • (2012) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.674 , pp. 391-396
    • Yang, R.1    Yang, L.2    Shen, X.3    Cheng, W.4    Zhao, B.5    Hamid, A.6
  • 134
    • 84926296721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro activity and cytotoxicity of Crocus sativus extract against leihmania major (MRHO/IR/75/ER)
    • Yousefi E, Eskandari A, Gharavi MJ, Khademvatan S. 2014. In vitro activity and cytotoxicity of Crocus sativus extract against leihmania major (MRHO/IR/75/ER). Infect Disord Drug Targets 14: 56–60.
    • (2014) Infect Disord Drug Targets , vol.14 , pp. 56-60
    • Yousefi, E.1    Eskandari, A.2    Gharavi, M.J.3    Khademvatan, S.4
  • 135
    • 79961114341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of altitude on anatomy and concentration of crocin, picrocrocin and safranal in Crocus sativus L
    • Zarinkamar F, Tajik S, Soleimanpour S. 2011. Effects of altitude on anatomy and concentration of crocin, picrocrocin and safranal in Crocus sativus L. Aust J Crop Sci 5: 831–838.
    • (2011) Aust J Crop Sci , vol.5 , pp. 831-838
    • Zarinkamar, F.1    Tajik, S.2    Soleimanpour, S.3
  • 136
    • 84930091023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotective effects of safranal in a rat model of traumatic injury to the spinal cord by anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and edema-attenuating
    • Zhang C, Ma J, Fan L, et al. 2015. Neuroprotective effects of safranal in a rat model of traumatic injury to the spinal cord by anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and edema-attenuating. Tissue Cell 47: 291–300.
    • (2015) Tissue Cell , vol.47 , pp. 291-300
    • Zhang, C.1    Ma, J.2    Fan, L.3
  • 137
    • 77749342791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the effects of crocetin and crocin on myocardial injury in rats
    • Zhang R, Qian ZY, Han XY, Chen Z, Yan JL, Hamid A. 2009. Comparison of the effects of crocetin and crocin on myocardial injury in rats. Chin J Nat Med 7: 223–227.
    • (2009) Chin J Nat Med , vol.7 , pp. 223-227
    • Zhang, R.1    Qian, Z.Y.2    Han, X.Y.3    Chen, Z.4    Yan, J.L.5    Hamid, A.6
  • 138
    • 84927587353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of crocetin on VCAM-1 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion
    • Zheng SG, Zhao MQ, Ren YN, Yang JR, Qian ZY. 2015. Effects of crocetin on VCAM-1 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion. Yao Xue Xue Bao 50: 34–38.
    • (2015) Yao Xue Xue Bao , vol.50 , pp. 34-38
    • Zheng, S.G.1    Zhao, M.Q.2    Ren, Y.N.3    Yang, J.R.4    Qian, Z.Y.5
  • 139
    • 33847190347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of crocin on reperfusion induced oxidative/nitrative injury to cerebral microvessels after global cerebral ischemia
    • Zheng YQ, Liu JX, Wang JN, Xu L. 2007. Effects of crocin on reperfusion induced oxidative/nitrative injury to cerebral microvessels after global cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 1138: 86–94.
    • (2007) Brain Res , vol.1138 , pp. 86-94
    • Zheng, Y.Q.1    Liu, J.X.2    Wang, J.N.3    Xu, L.4
  • 140
    • 84938740915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protective effect of crocetin against burn-induced intestinal injury
    • Zhou C, Bai W, Chen Q, et al. 2015. Protective effect of crocetin against burn-induced intestinal injury. J Surg Res 198: 99–107.
    • (2015) J Surg Res , vol.198 , pp. 99-107
    • Zhou, C.1    Bai, W.2    Chen, Q.3
  • 141
    • 84921523510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-allodynia effect of safranal on neuropathic pain induced by spinal nerve transection in rat
    • Zhu KJ, Yang JS. 2014. Anti-allodynia effect of safranal on neuropathic pain induced by spinal nerve transection in rat. Int J Clin Exp Med 7: 4990–4996.
    • (2014) Int J Clin Exp Med , vol.7 , pp. 4990-4996
    • Zhu, K.J.1    Yang, J.S.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.