Murine liver damage caused by exposure to nano-titanium dioxide

Nanotechnology

Volumn 27, Issue 11, 2016, Pages

  Hong, Jie ^a   Zhang, Yu Qing ^a  

^a SOOCHOW UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

fibrosis; inflammation; liver injury; nano TiO2; toxicology

Indexed keywords

ABLATION; ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTIONS; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; CELL MEMBRANES; CELL SIGNALING; ELECTRON TRANSPORT PROPERTIES; GENE EXPRESSION; MITOCHONDRIA; NANOPARTICLES; NUCLEIC ACIDS; OXIDES; PATHOLOGY; PROTEINS; SURFACE TREATMENT; TITANIUM; TOXICITY;

FIBROSIS; INFLAMMATION; LIVER INJURIES; NANO-TIO; TOXICOLOGY;

TITANIUM DIOXIDE;

AIR POLLUTANT; DNA; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; TITANIUM; TITANIUM DIOXIDE;

AIR POLLUTANT; ANIMAL; CHEMISTRY; DNA STRAND BREAKAGE; DRUG EFFECTS; GENETICS; IMMUNOLOGY; METABOLISM; MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE; MOUSE; TOXIC HEPATITIS; TOXICITY;

AIR POLLUTANTS; ANIMALS; CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY; DNA; DNA BREAKS; MICE; MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANES; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES; TITANIUM;

EID: 84959378268     PISSN: 09574484     EISSN: 13616528     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/11/112001     Document Type: Review

References (140)

1. Banfield J F and Zhang Z H 2001 Nanoparticles in the environment MSA 44 1-58
2. Vicki L C 2003 The potential environmental impact of engineered nanomaterials Nat. Biotechnol. 21 1166-70
3. Dagani R 2003 Nanomaterials: safe or unsafe? Chem. Eng. News 81 30-3
4. 2 nanomaterials J. Appl. Toxicol. 35 1086-1101
5. Wang J X et al 2007 Acute toxicity and biodistribution of different sized titanium dioxide particles in mice after oral administration Toxicol. Lett. 168 176-85
6. Oberdörster G, Oberdörster E and Oberdörster J 2005 Nanotoxicology: an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles Environ. Health Perspect. 113 823-39
7. Colvin V L 2003 The potential environmental impact of engineered nanomaterials Nat. Biotechnol. 21 1166-70
8. Chen X B and Samuel S M 2007 Titanium dioxide nanomaterials: synthesis, properties, modifications, and applications Chem. Rev. 107 2891-959
9. Lomer M C, Thompson R P and Powell J J 2002 Fine and ultrafine particles of the diet: influence on the mucosal immune response and association with Crohn's disease Proc. Nutr. Soc. 61 123-30
10. Gelis C, Girard S, Mavon A, Delverdier M, Paillous N and Vicendo P 2002 Assessment of the skin photoprotective capacities of an organo-mineral broad-spectrum sunblock on two ex vivo skin models Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. 19 242-53
11. Ackroyd R, Kelty C, Brown N and Reed M 2001 The history of photodetection and photodynamic therapy Photochem. Photobiol. 74 656-69
12. 2 inorganic photosensitizers for NIR-triggered photodynamic therapy and enhanced chemotherapy in drug-resistant breast cancers Biomaterials 57 93-106
13. Lehner R, Wang X, Marsch S and Hunziker P 2013 Intelligent nanomaterials for medicine: carrier platforms and targeting strategies in the context of clinical application Nanomed. Nanotechnol. 9 742-57
14. 2 nanocarriers RSC Adv. 3 20855-61
15. 2 nanocarriers in an orthotopic breast tumor bearing mouse model J. Mater. Chem. B 3 1518-28
16. 2 for cancer photothermal therapy Adv. Healthc. Mater. 4 1526-36
17. 2 nanoparticles in the anatase and rutile crystal phases Toxicol. Lett. 183 72-80 .5
18. Oberdrster G, Ferin J and Lehnert B E 1994 Correlation between particle size, in vivo particle persistence, and lung injury Environ. Health Perspect. 102 173-9
19. 2nanoparticle-induced atherosclerosis in mice J. Hazard. Mater. 280 364-71
20. Sheng L et al 2013 Cardiac oxidative damage in mice following exposure to nanoparticulate titanium dioxide J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 101 3238-46
21. Sun Q Q et al 2012 Oxidative damage of lung and its protective mechanism in mice caused by long-term exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 100 2554-62
22. 2 NP-induced hepatic inflammation J. Agric. Food Chem. 62 6871-6878
23. Sang X Z et al 2013 Toxicological mechanisms of nanosized titanium dioxide-induced spleen injury in mice after repeated peroral application J. Agric. Food Chem. 61 5590-9
24. 2 nanoparticles J. Agric. Food Chem. 61 8959-8968
25. Gao G et al 2013 Titanium dioxide nanoparticle-induced testicular damage, spermatogenesis suppression, and gene expression alterations in male mice J. Hazard. Mater. 258-259 133-43
26. 2 Biomaterials 53 76-e85
27. 2 nanoparticle-induced neuronal apoptosis in rat primary cultured hippocampal neurons J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 03 1141-9
28. Fabian E, Landsiedel R, Ma-Hock L, Wiench K, Wohlleben W and Ravenzwaay B 2008 Tissue distribution and toxicity of intravenously administered titanium dioxide nanoparticles in rats Arch. Toxicol. 82 151-7
29. Li Y, Li J, Yin J, Li W, Kang C, Huang Q and Li Q 2010 Systematic influence induced by 3 nm titanium dioxide following intratracheal instillation of mice J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 10 8544-8549
30. Wang J X, Liu Y, Jiao F, Lao F, Li W, Gu Y Q, Zhao Y L and Chai Z F 2008 Time-dependent translocation and potential impairment on central nervous system by intranasally instilled TiO2 nanoparticles Toxicol. 254 82-90
31. 2 particles: differential responses related to surface properties Toxicol. 230 90-104
32. Shi H, Magaye R, Castranova V and Zhao J 2013 Titanium dioxide nanoparticles: a review of current toxicological data Part. Fibre Toxicol. 10 15
33. Tinkle S S, Antonini J M, Rich B A, Roberts J R, Salmen R, DePree K and Adkins E J 2003 Skin: as a route of exposure and sensitization in chronic beryllium disease Environ. Health Perspect. 111 1202-8
34. Bennat C and Müller-Goymann C C 2000 Skin penetration and stabilization of formulations containing microfine titanium dioxide as physical UV filter Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 22 271-83
35. Olsson T and Kristensson K 1981 Neuronal uptake of iron: somatopetal axonal transport and fate of cationized and native ferritin, and iron-dextran after intramuscular injections Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 7 87-95
36. Reszka R, Beck P, Fichtner I, Hentschel M, Richter J and Kreuter J 1997 Body distribution of free liposomal and nanoparticle-associated mitoxantrone in B16-melanoma-bearing mice J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 280 232-7
37. Xie G P, Wang C, Sun J and Zhong G R 2011 Tissue distribution and excretion of intravenously administered titanium dioxide nanoparticles Toxicol. Lett. 205 55-61
38. Raju H B, Hu Y, Vedula A, Dubovy S R and Goldberg J L 2011 Evaluation of magnetic micro- and nanoparticle toxicity to ocular tissues PLoS One 6 e17452
39. Huggins C B and Froehlich J P 1966 High concentration of injected titanium dioxide in abdominal lymph nodes J. Exp. Med. 124 1099-106
40. Chen J Y, Dong X, Zhao J and Tang G P 2009 In vivo acute toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles to mice after intraperitoneal injection J. Appl. Toxicol. 29 330-7
41. Ma L L et al 2009 The acute liver injury in mice caused by nano-anatase TiO2 Nanoscale Res. Lett. 4 1275-85
42. Schanen B C, Karakoti A S, Seal S, Drake D R, Warren W L and Self W T 2009 Exposure to titanium dioxide nanomaterials provokes inflammation of an in vitro human immune construct ACS Nano 3 2523-32
43. Buege J A and Aust S D 1978 Microsomal lipid peroxidation Methods Enzymol. 52 302-10
44. Beauchamp C and Fridovich I 1971 Superoxide dismutase: improved assays and assay applicable to acrylamide gels Anal. Biochem. 44 276-86
45. Liu H T, Ma L L, Liu J, Zhao J F, Yan J Y and Hong F S 2010 Toxicity of nano-anatase TiO2 to mice: liver injury, oxidative stress Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 92 175-86
46. 2 nano anatase in liver and kidney of Wistar rat Toxico. Enviro. Chem. 94 146-63
47. Hirakawa K, Mori M, Yoshida M, Oikawa S and Kawanishi S 2004 Photo-irradiated titanium dioxide catalyzes site specific DNA damage via generation of hydrogen peroxide Free Radic. Res. 38 439-47
48. Long T C, Saleh N, Tilton R D, Lowry G V and Veronesi B 2006 Titanium dioxide (P25) produces reactive oxygen species in immortalized brain microglia (BV2): implications for nanoparticle neurotoxicity Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 4346-52
49. Nel A, Xia T, Madler L and Li N 2006 Toxic potential of materials at the nanolevel Science 311 622-7
50. Cui Y L et al 2010 Hepatocyte apoptosis and its molecular mechanisms in mice caused by titanium dioxide nanoparticles J. Hazard. Mater. 183 874-80
51. Hu H, Guo Q, Wang C, Ma X, He H, Oh Y, Feng Y, Wu Q and Gu N 2015 Titanium dioxide nanoparticles increase plasma glucose via reactive oxygen species-induced insulin resistance in mice J. Appl. Toxicol. 35 1122-32
52. Liu H T, Ma L L, Zhao J F, Liu J, Yan J Y, Ruan J and Hong F S 2009 Biochemical toxicity of nano-anatase TiO2 particles in mice Biol. Trace. Elem. Res. 129 170-80
53. Duan Y M et al 2010 Toxicological characteristics of nanoparticulate anatase titanium dioxide in mice Biomaterials 31 894-9
54. Samy A A A, Hebatallah A D, Maha Z R, Sanaa A A and Mai O K 2015 Amelioration of titanium dioxide nanoparticles-induced liver injury in mice: possible role of some antioxidants Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 3 05-14
55. Shukla R K, Kumar A, Vallabani N V, Pandey A K and Dhawan A 2014 Titanium dioxide nanoparticle-induced oxidative stress triggers DNA damage and hepatic injury in mice Nanomedicine 9 1423-34
56. 2 nanoparticles J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 96 221-9
57. 2 nanoparticles on cytotoxicity and gene expressions in human cell lines Int. J. Mol. Sci. 13 3703-17
58. Garnett M C and Kallinteri P 2006 Nanomedicines and nanotoxicology: some physiological principles Occup. Med. 56 307-11
59. Anderem A and Underhill D M 1999 Mechanism of phagocytosis in macrophages Annu. Rev. Immunol. 17 593-623
60. 2 nanoparticles induce oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis in human liver cells Nanotoxicology 7 48-60
61. 2 nanoparticles in cells by flow cytometry Methods Mol. Biol. 906 497-509
62. 2 ultrafine particles Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1201 259-65
63. Renwick L C, Donaldson K and Clouter A 2001 Impairment of alveolar macrophage phagocytos is by ultrafine particles Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 172 119-27
64. Long T C, Tajuba J, Sama P, Saleh N, Swartz C, Parker J, Hester S, Lowry G V and Veronesi B 2007 Nanosize titanium dioxide stimulates reactive oxygen species in brain microglia and damages neurons in vitro Environ. Health Perspect. 115 1631-7
65. Hussain S, Thomassen L C, Ferecatu I, Borot M C, Andreau K, Martens J A, Fleury J, Baeza-Squiban A, Marano F and Boland S 2010 Carbon black and titanium dioxide nanoparticles elicit distinct apoptotic pathways in bronchial epithelial cells Part. Fibre Toxicol. 7 10
66. Natarajan V, Wilson C L, Hayward S L and Kidambi S 2015 Titanium dioxide nanoparticles trigger loss of function and perturbation of mitochondrial dynamics in primary hepatocytes PLoS One 10 e0134541
67. Rothen-Rutishauser B, Muhlfeld C, Blank F, Musso C and Gehr P 2007 Translocation of particles and inflammatory responses after exposure to fine particles and nanoparticles in an epithelial airway model Part. Fibre Toxicol. 4 9
68. Geiser M, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Kapp N, Schürch S, Kreyling W, Schulz H, Semmler M, Im Hof V, Heyder J and Gehr P 2005 Ultrafine particles cross cellular membranes by nonphagocytic mechanisms in lungs and in cultured cells Environ. Health Perspect. 113 1555-60
69. 2 thin films J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 70 45-50
70. Xiong X L, Wu M L and Li S P 2003 The in fluence of cell cycle of human hepatom a cell by nanometer titanium dioxide Cancer Res. Prev. Treat. 30 300
71. Jin C Y, Zhu B S, Wang X F and Lu Q H 2008 Cytotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mouse fibroblast cells Chem. Res. Toxicol. 21 1871-7
72. Chen Z et al 2015 Interaction of titanium dioxide nanoparticles with glucose on young rats after oral administration Nanomedicine 11 1633-42
73. Li N et al 2010 Spleen injury and apoptotic pathway in mice caused by titanium dioxide nanoparticles Toxicol. Lett. 195 161-8
74. Rahman Q, Lohani M, Dopp E, Pemsel H, Jones L, Weiss D G and Schiffmann D 2002 Evidence that ultra fine titanium dioxide induces micronuclei and apoptosis in syrian hamster embryo fibroblasts Environ. Health Perspect. 110 797-800
75. Shi Y L, Wang F, He J B, Yadav S T and Wang H 2010 Titanium dioxide nanoparticles cause apoptosis in BEAS-2B cells through the caspase 8/t-Bid-independent mitochondrial pathway Toxicol. Lett. 196 21-7
76. Alarifi S, Ali D, Al-Doaiss A A, Ali B A, Ahmed M and Al-Khedhairy A A 2013 Histologic and apoptotic changes induced by titanium dioxide nanoparticles in the livers of rats Int. J. Nanomedicine 8 3937-43
77. 2 nanoparticles induce oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis in human liver cells Nanotoxicology 7 48-60
78. Valko M, Izakovic M, Mazur M, Rhodes C J and Telser J 2004 Role of oxygen radicals in DNA damage and cancer incidence Mol. Cell. Biochem. 266 37-56
79. Mossman T 1983 Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays J. Immunol. Methods 65 55-63
80. Olinski R, Gackowski D, Foksinski M, Rozalski R, Roszkowski K and Jaruga P 2002 Oxidative DNA damage: assessment of the role in carcinogenesis, atherosclerosis, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Free Radic. Biol. Med. 33 192-200
81. Valko M, Rhodes C J, Moncol J, Izakovic M and Mazur M 2006 Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer Chem.-Biol. Interact. 160 1-40
82. Gonzalez-Flecha B 2004 Oxidant mechanisms in response to ambient air particles Mol. Aspects Med. 25 169-82
83. Vinzents P S, Mfiler P, Sfiensen M, Knudsen L E, Hertel O, Jensen F P, Schibye B and Loft S 2005 Personal exposure to ultrafine particles and oxidative DNA damage Environ. Health Perspect. 113 1485-90
84. Dunford R, Salinaro A, Cai L, Serpone N, Horikoshi S, Hidaka H and Knowl J 1997 Chemical oxidation and DNA damage catalysed by inorganic sunscreen ingredients FEBS Lett. 418 87-90
85. Wamer W G, Yin J J and Weiet R R 1997 Oxidative damage to nucleic acids photosensitized by titanium dioxide Free Radic. Biol. Med. 23 851-8
86. 2 on plasmid DNA Mutat. Res. 466 1-7
87. Dunford R, Salinaro A, Cai L, Serpone N, Horikoshi S, Hidaka H and Knowland J 1997 Chemical oxidation and DNA damage catalysed by inorganic sunscreen ingredients FEBS Lett. 418 87-90
88. 2 on plasmid DNA Mutat. Res. 466 1-7
89. 2 and liver DNA from mice in vivo Nanoscale Res. Lett. 5 108-15
90. Cui Y L et al 2012 Gene expression in liver injury caused by long-term exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mice Toxicol. Sci. 128 171-85
91. Kang S J, Kim B M, Lee Y J and Chung H W 2008 Titanium dioxide nanoparticles trigger p53-mediated damage response in peripheral blood lymphocytes Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 49 399-4051
92. Kiss B, Bó T, Czifra G, T' Kiss A Z, Juhíróth B I, Kertész Z, Szikszai Z, asz I, Zouboulis C C and Hunyadi J 2008 Investigation of micronized titanium dioxide penetration in human skin xenografts and its effect on cellular functions of human skin-derived cells Exp. Dermatol. 17 659-67
93. Trouiller B, Relience R, Westbrook A, Solaimani P and Schiesll R H 2009 Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induce DNA damage and genetic instability in vivo in mice Cancer Res. 69 8784-9
94. 2 particles as a component of nanoparticle risk management Toxicol. Lett. 171 99-110
95. Carinci F, Volinia S, Pezzetti F, Francioso F, Tosi L and Pi- attelli A 2003 Titanium-cell interaction: analysis of gene expression profiling J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 66 341-6
96. 2 nanoparticles in human hepatoma HepG2 cells Nanotoxicology 5 341-53
97. Levine A J 1997 p53, the cellular gatekeeper for growth and division Cell 88 323-31
98. Vogelstein B, Lane D and Levine A J 2000 Surfing the p53 network Nature 408 307-10
99. Wu X, Bayle J H, Olson D and Levine A J 1993 The p53-mdm-2 autoregulatory feedback loop Genes Dev. 7 1126-32
100. Ellinger-Ziegelbauer H, Stuart B, Wahle B, Bomann W and Ahr H J 2005 Comparison of the expression profiles induced by genotoxic and nongenotoxic carcinogens in rat liver Mutat. Res. 575 61-84
101. Chang Y T 2005 Methods in pharmacology and toxicology: optimization in drug discovery: in vitro methods Chem. Bio. Chem. 6 1129-30
102. Zhan Q 2005 Gadd45a, a p53- and BRCA1-regulated stress protein, in cellular response to DNA damage Mutat. Res. 569 133-43
103. Wang X W, Zhan Q, Coursen J D, Khan M A, Kontny H U, Yu L, Hollander M C, Connor P M, Fornace A J and Harris C C 1999 GADD45 induction of a G2/M cell cycle checkpoint Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96 3706-11
104. Waldman T, Kinzler K W and Vogelstein B 1995 p21 is necessary for the p53-mediated G1 arrest in human cancer cells Cancer Res. 55 5187-90
105. Azim S A, Darwish H A, Rizk M Z, Ali S A and Kadry M O 2015 Amelioration of titanium dioxide nanoparticles-induced liver injury in mice: possible role of some antioxidants Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 67 305-14
106. Abdelazim S A, Darwish H A, Ali S A, Rizk M Z and Kadry M O 2015 Potential antifibrotic and angiostatic impact of idebenone, carnosine and vitamin E in nano-sized titanium dioxide-induced liver injury Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 35 2402-11
107. Friedman S L 2000 Molecular regulation of hepatic fibrosis, an integrated cellular response to tissue injury J. Biol. Chem. 275 2247-50
108. Tsukada S 2006 Mechanisms of liver fibrosis Clin. Chim. Acta 364 33-60
109. Armand L et al 2013 Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induce matrix metalloprotease 1 in human pulmonary fibroblasts partly via an Interleukin-1β-dependent mechanism Am. J. Res. Cell. Mol. Biol. 48 354-63
110. Valencia S, Gretzer C and Cooper L F 2009 Surface nanofeature effects on titanium-adherent human mesenchymal stem cells Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants 24 38-46
111. Gressner A M, Weiskirchen R, Breitkopf K and Dooley S 2002 Roles of TGFbeta in hepatic fibrosis Front. Biosci. 7 793-807
112. Heldin C H, Miyazono K and ten Dijke P 1997 TGF-beta signalling from cell membrane to nucleus through SMAD proteins Nature 390 465-71
113. Derynck R and Zhang Y E 2003 Smad-dependent and Smad-independent pathways in TGF-beta family signalling Nature 425 577-84
114. Shek F W and Benyon R C 2004 How can transforming growth factor beta be targeted usefully to combat liver fibrosis Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 16 123-6
115. Schuppan D 1990 Structure of the extracellular matrix in normal and fibrotic liver: collagens and glycoproteins Semin. Liver Dis. 10 1-10
116. Milani S, Herbst H, Schuppan D, Kim K Y, Riecken E O and Stein H 1990 Procollagen expression by nonparenchymal rat liver cells in experimental liver fibrosis Gastroenterology 98 175-84
117. Mak K M, Leo M A and Lieber C S 1984 Alcoholic liver injury in baboon: transformation of lipocytes to transitional cells Gastroenterology 87 188-200
118. Maher J J and McGuire R F 1990 Extracellular matrix gene expression increases preferentially in rat lipocytes and sinusoidal endothelial cells during hepatic fibrosis in vivo J. Clin. Invest. 86 1641-8
119. Nakatsukasa H, Nagy P, Evart R P, Chu-Chieh H, Marsden E and Thorgiersson S S 1990 Cellular distribution of transforming growth factor - h1 and procollagen type I, III, and IV transcripts in carbon tetrachloride-induced rat liver fibrosis J. Clin. Invest. 85 1833-43
120. Schaefer H J and Weber M J 1999 Mitogen-activated protein kinases: specific messages from ubiquitous messengers Mol. Cell. Biol. 19 2435-44
121. Toker A 2000 Protein kinases as mediators of phosphoinositide 3-kinase signalling Mol. Pharmacol. 57 652-8
122. Svegliati-Baroni G et al 2003 Regulation of ERK/JNK/p70S6K in two rat models of liver injury and fibrosis J. Hepatol. 39 528-37
123. Benedetti A et al 2001 Inhibition of the NA(+)/H(+) exchanger reduces rat hepatic stellate cell activity and liver fibrosis: an in vitro and in vivo study Gastroenterology 120 545-56
124. Svegliati-Baroni G, Saccomanno S, van Goor H, Jansen P, Benedetti A and Moshage H 2001 Involvement of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide radicals in activation and proliferation of rat hepatic stellate cells Liver 21 1-12
125. Svegliati-Baroni G et al 2001 Intracellular signalling pathways involved in acetaldehyde-induced collagen and fibronectin gene expression in human hepatic stellate cells Hepatology 33 1130-40
126. Svegliati-Baroni G et al 1999 Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 stimulate proliferation and type I collagen accumulation by human hepatic stellate cells: differential effects on signal transduction pathways Hepatology 29 1743-51
127. Schnabl B, Bradham C A, Bennett B L, Manning A M, Stefanovic B and Brenner D A 2001 TAK1/JNK and p38 have opposite effects on rat hepatic stellate cells Hepatology 34 953-63
128. Di Sario A et al 1999 Intracellular pathways mediating Na þ/H þ activation by platelet-derived growth factor in rat hepatic stellate cells Gastroenterology 116 1155-66
129. Pinzani M and Marra F 2001 Cytokine receptors and signaling in hepatic stellate cells Sem. Liv. Dis. 21 397-4161
130. Huang K T, Wu C T, Kuo-How H, Lin W C, Chen C M, Guan S S, Chiang C K and Liu S H 2015 Titanium nanoparticle inhalation induces renal fibrosis in mice via an oxidative stress upregulated transforming growth factor-βpathway Chem. Res. Toxicol. 28 354-364
131. Higgins D F, Biju M P, Akai Y, Wutz A, Johnson R S and Haase V H 2004 Hypoxic induction of Ctgf is directly mediated by Hif-1 Am. J. Physiol. Renal. Physiol. 287 1223-1232
132. Basu R K, Hubchak S, Hayashida T, Runyan C E, Schumacker P T and Schnaper H W 2011 Interdependence of HIF-1alpha and TGF-beta/Smad3 signaling in normoxic and hypoxic renal epithelial cell collagen expression Am. J. Physiol. Renal. Physiol. 300 898-905
133. Zhou J, Fandrey J, Schumann J, Tiegs G and Brune B 2003 NO and TNF-alpha released from activated macrophages stabilize HIF- 1alpha in resting tubular LLC-PK1 cells Am. J. Physiol. Cell. Physiol. 284 439-446
134. Kobayashi H, Gilbert V, Liu Q, Kapitsinou P P, Unger T L, Rha J, Rivella S, Schlondorff D and Haase V H 2012 Myeloid cellderived hypoxia-inducible factor attenuates inflammation in unilateral ureteral obstruction-induced kidney injury J. Immunol. 188 5106-5115
135. Sandau K B, Zhou J, Kietzmann T and Brune B 2001 Regulation of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha by the inflammatory mediators nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in contrast to desferroxamine and phenylarsine oxide J. Biol. Chem. 276 39805-39811
136. Tanaka T and Nangaku M 2010 The role of hypoxia, increased oxygen consumption, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha in progression of chronic kidney disease Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 19 43-50
137. Chen J Y, Dong X, Zhao J and Tang G 2009 In vivo acute toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles to mice after intraperitioneal injection J. Appl. Toxicol. 29 330-7
138. Fabian E, Landsiedel R, Ma-Hock L, Wiench K, Wohlleben W and van Ravenzwaay B 2008 Tissue distribution and toxicity of intravenously administered titanium dioxide nanoparticles in rats Arch. Toxicol. 82 151-7
139. Xu J Y, Shi H B, Ruth M, Yu H S, Lazar L, Zou B B, Yang C, Wu A G and Zhao J S 2013 Acute toxicity of intravenously administered titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mice PLOS One 8 e70618
140. Wang J X et al 2007 Acute toxicity and biodistribution of different sized titanium dioxide particles in mice after oral administration Toxicol. Lett. 168 176-85