메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2015, Pages 101-126

Purines in parkinson's: Adenosine A2A receptors and urate as targets for neuroprotection

Author keywords

Adenosine A2A receptor; Caffeine; Clinical trials; Neurodegenerative disease; Neuroprotection; Parkinson's disease; Purines; Risk factor; Urate

Indexed keywords


EID: 84955685742     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-20273-0_6     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (7)

References (224)
  • 1
    • 84903579488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of serum uric acid levels on prognosis and survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a meta-analysis
    • Abraham A, Drory VE (2014) Influence of serum uric acid levels on prognosis and survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a meta-analysis. J Neurol 261:1133-1138
    • (2014) J Neurol , vol.261 , pp. 1133-1138
    • Abraham, A.1    Drory, V.E.2
  • 2
    • 0029147825 scopus 로고
    • No evidence for systemic oxidant stress in Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease
    • Ahlskog JE, Uitti RJ, Low PA et al (1995) No evidence for systemic oxidant stress in Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease. Mov Disord 10:566-573
    • (1995) Mov Disord , vol.10 , pp. 566-573
    • Ahlskog, J.E.1    Uitti, R.J.2    Low, P.A.3
  • 3
    • 0345060347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adenosinergic protection of dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons against mitochondrial inhibition through receptors located in the substantia nigra and striatum, respectively
    • Alfinito PD, Wang SP, Manzino L et al (2003) Adenosinergic protection of dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons against mitochondrial inhibition through receptors located in the substantia nigra and striatum, respectively. J Neurosci 23:10982-10987
    • (2003) J Neurosci , vol.23 , pp. 10982-10987
    • Alfinito, P.D.1    Wang, S.P.2    Manzino, L.3
  • 4
    • 84922590859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relation between uric acid and Alzheimer's disease in elderly Jordanians
    • Al-Khateeb E, Althaher A, Al-Khateeb M et al (2015) Relation between uric acid and Alzheimer's disease in elderly Jordanians. J Alzheimers Dis 44:859-865
    • (2015) J Alzheimers Dis , vol.44 , pp. 859-865
    • Al-Khateeb, E.1    Althaher, A.2    Al-Khateeb, M.3
  • 5
    • 36048943239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gout and risk of Parkinson disease: a prospective study
    • Alonso A, Rodriguez LA, Logroscino G et al (2007) Gout and risk of Parkinson disease: a prospective study. Neurology 69:1696-1700
    • (2007) Neurology , vol.69 , pp. 1696-1700
    • Alonso, A.1    Rodriguez, L.A.2    Logroscino, G.3
  • 6
    • 77955154086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The URICO-ICTUS study, a phase 3 study of combined treatment with uric acid and rtPA administered intravenously in acute ischaemic stroke patients within the first 4.5 h of onset of symptoms
    • Amaro S, Canovas D, Castellanos M et al (2010) The URICO-ICTUS study, a phase 3 study of combined treatment with uric acid and rtPA administered intravenously in acute ischaemic stroke patients within the first 4.5 h of onset of symptoms. Int J Stroke 5:325-328
    • (2010) Int J Stroke , vol.5 , pp. 325-328
    • Amaro, S.1    Canovas, D.2    Castellanos, M.3
  • 7
    • 0019787519 scopus 로고
    • Uric acid provides an antioxidant defense in humans against oxidant- and radical-caused aging and cancer: a hypothesis
    • Ames BN, Cathcart R, Schwiers E et al (1981) Uric acid provides an antioxidant defense in humans against oxidant- and radical-caused aging and cancer: a hypothesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 78:6858-6862
    • (1981) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.78 , pp. 6858-6862
    • Ames, B.N.1    Cathcart, R.2    Schwiers, E.3
  • 8
    • 70349487220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum uric acid levels in patients with Parkinson's disease: their relationship to treatment and disease duration
    • Andreadou E, Nikolaou C, Gournaras F et al (2009) Serum uric acid levels in patients with Parkinson's disease: their relationship to treatment and disease duration. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 111:724-728
    • (2009) Clin Neurol Neurosurg , vol.111 , pp. 724-728
    • Andreadou, E.1    Nikolaou, C.2    Gournaras, F.3
  • 9
    • 34447547493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low plasma uric acid level in Parkinson's disease
    • Annanmaki T, Muuronen A, Murros K (2007) Low plasma uric acid level in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 22:1133-1137
    • (2007) Mov Disord , vol.22 , pp. 1133-1137
    • Annanmaki, T.1    Muuronen, A.2    Murros, K.3
  • 10
    • 33750984544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caffeine protects Alzheimer's mice against cognitive impairment and reduces brain beta-amyloid production
    • Arendash GW, Schleif W, Rezai-Zadeh K et al (2006) Caffeine protects Alzheimer's mice against cognitive impairment and reduces brain beta-amyloid production. Neuroscience 142:941-952
    • (2006) Neuroscience , vol.142 , pp. 941-952
    • Arendash, G.W.1    Schleif, W.2    Rezai-Zadeh, K.3
  • 11
    • 67849083449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caffeine reverses cognitive impairment and decreases brain amyloid-beta levels in aged Alzheimer's disease mice
    • Arendash GW, Mori T, Cao C et al (2009) Caffeine reverses cognitive impairment and decreases brain amyloid-beta levels in aged Alzheimer's disease mice. J Alzheimers Dis 17:661-680
    • (2009) J Alzheimers Dis , vol.17 , pp. 661-680
    • Arendash, G.W.1    Mori, T.2    Cao, C.3
  • 12
    • 80055002811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Past, present and future of A(2A) adenosine receptor antagonists in the therapy of Parkinson's disease
    • Armentero MT, Pinna A, Ferré S et al (2011) Past, present and future of A(2A) adenosine receptor antagonists in the therapy of Parkinson's disease. Pharmacol Ther 132:280-299
    • (2011) Pharmacol Ther , vol.132 , pp. 280-299
    • Armentero, M.T.1    Pinna, A.2    Ferré, S.3
  • 13
    • 0034950069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective study of caffeine consumption and risk of Parkinson's disease in men and women
    • Ascherio A, Zhang SM, Hernan MA et al (2001) Prospective study of caffeine consumption and risk of Parkinson's disease in men and women. Ann Neurol 50:56-63
    • (2001) Ann Neurol , vol.50 , pp. 56-63
    • Ascherio, A.1    Zhang, S.M.2    Hernan, M.A.3
  • 14
    • 73549111772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Urate as a predictor of the rate of clinical decline in Parkinson disease
    • Ascherio A, LeWitt PA, Xu K et al (2009) Urate as a predictor of the rate of clinical decline in Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 66:1460-1468
    • (2009) Arch Neurol , vol.66 , pp. 1460-1468
    • Ascherio, A.1    LeWitt, P.A.2    Xu, K.3
  • 15
    • 84921985362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The PRO-ACT database: design, initial analyses, and predictive features
    • Atassi N, Berry J, Shui A et al (2014) The PRO-ACT database: design, initial analyses, and predictive features. Neurology 83:1719-1725
    • (2014) Neurology , vol.83 , pp. 1719-1725
    • Atassi, N.1    Berry, J.2    Shui, A.3
  • 16
    • 77649110090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between uric acid levels and Huntington's disease progression
    • Auinger P, Kieburtz K, McDermott MP (2010) The relationship between uric acid levels and Huntington's disease progression. Mov Disord 25:224-228
    • (2010) Mov Disord , vol.25 , pp. 224-228
    • Auinger, P.1    Kieburtz, K.2    McDermott, M.P.3
  • 17
    • 70449529633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The blood-brain barrier and immune function and dysfunction
    • Banks WA, Erickson MA (2009) The blood-brain barrier and immune function and dysfunction. Neurobiol Dis 37:26-32
    • (2009) Neurobiol Dis , vol.37 , pp. 26-32
    • Banks, W.A.1    Erickson, M.A.2
  • 18
    • 80054922215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coffee and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a possible preventive role
    • Beghi E, Pupillo E, Messina P et al (2011) Coffee and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a possible preventive role. Am J Epidemiol 174:1002-1008
    • (2011) Am J Epidemiol , vol.174 , pp. 1002-1008
    • Beghi, E.1    Pupillo, E.2    Messina, P.3
  • 19
    • 64549104196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A2A adenosine receptor antagonists protect the striatum against rotenone-induced neurotoxicity
    • Belcastro V, Tozzi A, Tantucci M et al (2009) A2A adenosine receptor antagonists protect the striatum against rotenone-induced neurotoxicity. Exp Neurol 217:231-234
    • (2009) Exp Neurol , vol.217 , pp. 231-234
    • Belcastro, V.1    Tozzi, A.2    Tantucci, M.3
  • 20
    • 0034649444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smoking, alcohol, and coffee consumption preceding Parkinson's disease: a case-control study
    • Benedetti MD, Bower JH, Maraganore DM et al (2000) Smoking, alcohol, and coffee consumption preceding Parkinson's disease: a case-control study. Neurology 55:1350-1358
    • (2000) Neurology , vol.55 , pp. 1350-1358
    • Benedetti, M.D.1    Bower, J.H.2    Maraganore, D.M.3
  • 21
    • 0000687128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uric acid: friend or foe?
    • Benzie I, Strain J (1996) Uric acid: friend or foe? Redox Rep 2:231-234
    • (1996) Redox Rep , vol.2 , pp. 231-234
    • Benzie, I.1    Strain, J.2
  • 22
    • 0042141599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A2A antagonist prevents dopamine agonist-induced motor complications in animal models of Parkinson's disease
    • Bibbiani F, Oh JD, Petzer JP et al (2003) A2A antagonist prevents dopamine agonist-induced motor complications in animal models of Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 184:285-294
    • (2003) Exp Neurol , vol.184 , pp. 285-294
    • Bibbiani, F.1    Oh, J.D.2    Petzer, J.P.3
  • 23
    • 0038113064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A dual role of adenosine A2A receptors in 3-nitropropionic acid-induced striatal lesions: implications for the neuroprotective potential of A2A antagonists
    • Blum D, Galas MC, Pintor A et al (2003) A dual role of adenosine A2A receptors in 3-nitropropionic acid-induced striatal lesions: implications for the neuroprotective potential of A2A antagonists. J Neurosci 23:5361-5369
    • (2003) J Neurosci , vol.23 , pp. 5361-5369
    • Blum, D.1    Galas, M.C.2    Pintor, A.3
  • 24
    • 38849159145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolomic profiling to develop blood biomarkers for Parkinson's disease
    • Bogdanov M, Matson WR, Wang L et al (2008) Metabolomic profiling to develop blood biomarkers for Parkinson's disease. Brain 131:389-396
    • (2008) Brain , vol.131 , pp. 389-396
    • Bogdanov, M.1    Matson, W.R.2    Wang, L.3
  • 25
    • 33745144316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uric acid is a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke: the Rotterdam study
    • Bos MJ, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A et al (2006) Uric acid is a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke: the Rotterdam study. Stroke 37:1503-1507
    • (2006) Stroke , vol.37 , pp. 1503-1507
    • Bos, M.J.1    Koudstaal, P.J.2    Hofman, A.3
  • 26
    • 0042305247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blockade of A2A adenosine receptors prevents basic fibroblast growth factor-induced reactive astrogliosis in rat striatal primary astrocytes
    • Brambilla R, Cottini L, Fumagalli M et al (2003) Blockade of A2A adenosine receptors prevents basic fibroblast growth factor-induced reactive astrogliosis in rat striatal primary astrocytes. Glia 43:190-194
    • (2003) Glia , vol.43 , pp. 190-194
    • Brambilla, R.1    Cottini, L.2    Fumagalli, M.3
  • 27
    • 84874606434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Astrocyte signaling and neurodegeneration: new insights into CNS disorders
    • Brambilla L, Martorana F, Rossi D (2012) Astrocyte signaling and neurodegeneration: new insights into CNS disorders. Prion 7:28-36
    • (2012) Prion , vol.7 , pp. 28-36
    • Brambilla, L.1    Martorana, F.2    Rossi, D.3
  • 28
    • 0032510829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation of the A2A adenosine receptor inhibits nitric oxide production in glial cells
    • Brodie C, Blumberg PM, Jacobson KA (1998) Activation of the A2A adenosine receptor inhibits nitric oxide production in glial cells. FEBS Lett 429:139-142
    • (1998) FEBS Lett , vol.429 , pp. 139-142
    • Brodie, C.1    Blumberg, P.M.2    Jacobson, K.A.3
  • 29
    • 77954541590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caffeine attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation
    • Brothers HM, Marchalant Y, Wenk GL (2010) Caffeine attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation. Neurosci Lett 480:97-100
    • (2010) Neurosci Lett , vol.480 , pp. 97-100
    • Brothers, H.M.1    Marchalant, Y.2    Wenk, G.L.3
  • 30
    • 33751503096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vivo modulation of the Parkinsonian phenotype by Nrf2
    • Burton NC, Kensler TW, Guilarte TR (2006) In vivo modulation of the Parkinsonian phenotype by Nrf2. Neurotoxicology 27:1094-1100
    • (2006) Neurotoxicology , vol.27 , pp. 1094-1100
    • Burton, N.C.1    Kensler, T.W.2    Guilarte, T.R.3
  • 31
    • 84878706647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ischemia modified albumin and plasma oxidative stress markers in Alzheimer's disease
    • Can M, Varlibas F, Guven B et al (2013) Ischemia modified albumin and plasma oxidative stress markers in Alzheimer's disease. Eur Neurol 69:377-380
    • (2013) Eur Neurol , vol.69 , pp. 377-380
    • Can, M.1    Varlibas, F.2    Guven, B.3
  • 32
    • 84873688769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altered levels of homocysteine and serum natural antioxidants links oxidative damage to Alzheimer's disease
    • Cankurtaran M, Yesil Y, Kuyumcu ME et al (2012) Altered levels of homocysteine and serum natural antioxidants links oxidative damage to Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 33:1051-1058
    • (2012) J Alzheimers Dis , vol.33 , pp. 1051-1058
    • Cankurtaran, M.1    Yesil, Y.2    Kuyumcu, M.E.3
  • 33
    • 67849104997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caffeine suppresses amyloid-beta levels in plasma and brain of Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice
    • Cao C, Cirrito JR, Lin X et al (2009) Caffeine suppresses amyloid-beta levels in plasma and brain of Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice. J Alzheimers Dis 17:681-697
    • (2009) J Alzheimers Dis , vol.17 , pp. 681-697
    • Cao, C.1    Cirrito, J.R.2    Lin, X.3
  • 34
    • 84886089887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uric acid is associated with the prevalence but not disease progression of multiple system atrophy in Chinese population
    • Cao B, Guo X, Chen K et al (2013) Uric acid is associated with the prevalence but not disease progression of multiple system atrophy in Chinese population. J Neurol 260:2511-2515
    • (2013) J Neurol , vol.260 , pp. 2511-2515
    • Cao, B.1    Guo, X.2    Chen, K.3
  • 35
    • 70450219517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inactivation of neuronal forebrain A receptors protects dopaminergic neurons in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease
    • Carta AR, Kachroo A, Schintu N et al (2009) Inactivation of neuronal forebrain A receptors protects dopaminergic neurons in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 111:1478-1489
    • (2009) J Neurochem , vol.111 , pp. 1478-1489
    • Carta, A.R.1    Kachroo, A.2    Schintu, N.3
  • 36
    • 55949096514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SLC2A9 is a high-capacity urate transporter in humans
    • Caulfield MJ, Munroe PB, O'Neill D et al (2008) SLC2A9 is a high-capacity urate transporter in humans. PLoS Med 5:e197
    • (2008) PLoS Med , vol.5 , pp. e197
    • Caulfield, M.J.1    Munroe, P.B.2    O'Neill, D.3
  • 37
    • 0036221193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prognostic significance of uric acid serum concentration in patients with acute ischemic stroke
    • Chamorro A, Obach V, Cervera A et al (2002) Prognostic significance of uric acid serum concentration in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 33:1048-1052
    • (2002) Stroke , vol.33 , pp. 1048-1052
    • Chamorro, A.1    Obach, V.2    Cervera, A.3
  • 38
    • 84898539374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and efficacy of uric acid in patients with acute stroke (URICO-ICTUS): a randomised, double-blind phase 2b/3 trial
    • Chamorro A, Amaro S, Castellanos M et al (2014) Safety and efficacy of uric acid in patients with acute stroke (URICO-ICTUS): a randomised, double-blind phase 2b/3 trial. Lancet Neurol 13:453-460
    • (2014) Lancet Neurol , vol.13 , pp. 453-460
    • Chamorro, A.1    Amaro, S.2    Castellanos, M.3
  • 39
    • 0037090246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parkinson's disease risks associated with cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and caffeine intake
    • Checkoway H, Powers K, Smith-Weller T et al (2002) Parkinson's disease risks associated with cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and caffeine intake. Am J Epidemiol 155:732-738
    • (2002) Am J Epidemiol , vol.155 , pp. 732-738
    • Checkoway, H.1    Powers, K.2    Smith-Weller, T.3
  • 40
    • 0034977186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Astrocytes protect neurons from nitric oxide toxicity by a glutathione-dependent mechanism
    • Chen Y, Vartiainen NE, Ying W et al (2001a) Astrocytes protect neurons from nitric oxide toxicity by a glutathione-dependent mechanism. J Neurochem 77:1601-1610
    • (2001) J Neurochem , vol.77 , pp. 1601-1610
    • Chen, Y.1    Vartiainen, N.E.2    Ying, W.3
  • 41
    • 0035874345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotection by caffeine and A(2A) adenosine receptor inactivation in a model of Parkinson's disease
    • Chen JF, Xu K, Petzer JP et al (2001b) Neuroprotection by caffeine and A(2A) adenosine receptor inactivation in a model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci 21:RC143
    • (2001) J Neurosci , vol.21 , pp. RC143
    • Chen, J.F.1    Xu, K.2    Petzer, J.P.3
  • 42
    • 33845296450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Valproate protects dopaminergic neurons in midbrain neuron/ glia cultures by stimulating the release of neurotrophic factors from astrocytes
    • Chen PS, Peng GS, Li G et al (2006) Valproate protects dopaminergic neurons in midbrain neuron/ glia cultures by stimulating the release of neurotrophic factors from astrocytes. Mol Psychiatry 11:1116-1125
    • (2006) Mol Psychiatry , vol.11 , pp. 1116-1125
    • Chen, P.S.1    Peng, G.S.2    Li, G.3
  • 43
    • 65249166556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma urate and Parkinson's disease in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study
    • Chen H, Mosley TH, Alonso A et al (2009a) Plasma urate and Parkinson's disease in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Am J Epidemiol 169:1064-1069
    • (2009) Am J Epidemiol , vol.169 , pp. 1064-1069
    • Chen, H.1    Mosley, T.H.2    Alonso, A.3
  • 44
    • 62449132771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nrf2-mediated neuroprotection in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease: critical role for the astrocyte
    • Chen PC, Vargas MR, Pani AK et al (2009b) Nrf2-mediated neuroprotection in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease: critical role for the astrocyte. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:2933-2938
    • (2009) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.106 , pp. 2933-2938
    • Chen, P.C.1    Vargas, M.R.2    Pani, A.K.3
  • 45
    • 77956180419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caffeine protects against disruptions of the blood-brain barrier in animal models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases
    • Chen X, Ghribi O, Geiger JD (2010) Caffeine protects against disruptions of the blood-brain barrier in animal models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. J Alzheimers Dis 20:S127-S141
    • (2010) J Alzheimers Dis , vol.20 , pp. S127-S141
    • Chen, X.1    Ghribi, O.2    Geiger, J.D.3
  • 46
    • 84871954612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disrupted and transgenic urate oxidase alter urate and dopaminergic neurodegeneration
    • Chen X, Burdett TC, Desjardins CA et al (2013) Disrupted and transgenic urate oxidase alter urate and dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110:300-305
    • (2013) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.110 , pp. 300-305
    • Chen, X.1    Burdett, T.C.2    Desjardins, C.A.3
  • 47
    • 84899449984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum uric acid levels in patients with Alzheimer's disease:a meta-analysis
    • Chen X, Guo X, Huang R et al (2014) Serum uric acid levels in patients with Alzheimer's disease:a meta-analysis. PLoS One 9:e94084
    • (2014) PLoS One , vol.9 , pp. e94084
    • Chen, X.1    Guo, X.2    Huang, R.3
  • 48
    • 20244362093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CGS 21680 attenuates symptoms of Huntington's disease in a transgenic mouse model
    • Chou SY, Lee YC, Chen HM et al (2005) CGS 21680 attenuates symptoms of Huntington's disease in a transgenic mouse model. J Neurochem 93:310-320
    • (2005) J Neurochem , vol.93 , pp. 310-320
    • Chou, S.Y.1    Lee, Y.C.2    Chen, H.M.3
  • 50
    • 0028036368 scopus 로고
    • Uric acid is reduced in the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease:effect on dopamine oxidation
    • Church WH, Ward VL (1994) Uric acid is reduced in the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease:effect on dopamine oxidation. Brain Res Bull 33:419-425
    • (1994) Brain Res Bull , vol.33 , pp. 419-425
    • Church, W.H.1    Ward, V.L.2
  • 51
    • 84861006456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Urate and its transgenic depletion modulate neuronal vulnerability in a cellular model of Parkinson's disease
    • Cipriani S, Desjardins CA, Burdett TC et al (2012a) Urate and its transgenic depletion modulate neuronal vulnerability in a cellular model of Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 7:e37331
    • (2012) PLoS One , vol.7 , pp. e37331
    • Cipriani, S.1    Desjardins, C.A.2    Burdett, T.C.3
  • 52
    • 84866261719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protection of dopaminergic cells by urate requires its accumulation in astrocytes
    • Cipriani S, Desjardins CA, Burdett TC et al (2012b) Protection of dopaminergic cells by urate requires its accumulation in astrocytes. J Neurochem 123:172-181
    • (2012) J Neurochem , vol.123 , pp. 172-181
    • Cipriani, S.1    Desjardins, C.A.2    Burdett, T.C.3
  • 53
    • 16344372309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotection by adenosine in the brain: from A(1) receptor activation to A (2A) receptor blockade
    • Cunha RA (2005) Neuroprotection by adenosine in the brain: from A(1) receptor activation to A (2A) receptor blockade. Purinergic Signal 1:111-134
    • (2005) Purinergic Signal , vol.1 , pp. 111-134
    • Cunha, R.A.1
  • 54
    • 0020960991 scopus 로고
    • Subclasses of adenosine receptors in the central nervous system: interaction with caffeine and related methylxanthines
    • Daly JW, Butts-Lamb P, Padgett W (1983) Subclasses of adenosine receptors in the central nervous system: interaction with caffeine and related methylxanthines. Cell Mol Neurobiol 3:69-80
    • (1983) Cell Mol Neurobiol , vol.3 , pp. 69-80
    • Daly, J.W.1    Butts-Lamb, P.2    Padgett, W.3
  • 55
    • 0029795479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observations on serum uric acid levels and the risk of idiopathic Parkinson's disease
    • Davis JW, Grandinetti A, Waslien CI et al (1996) Observations on serum uric acid levels and the risk of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Am J Epidemiol 144:480-484
    • (1996) Am J Epidemiol , vol.144 , pp. 480-484
    • Davis, J.W.1    Grandinetti, A.2    Waslien, C.I.3
  • 56
    • 27644540928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum uric acid levels and the risk of Parkinson disease
    • de Lau LM, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A et al (2005) Serum uric acid levels and the risk of Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol 58:797-800
    • (2005) Ann Neurol , vol.58 , pp. 797-800
    • De Lau, L.M.1    Koudstaal, P.J.2    Hofman, A.3
  • 57
    • 84922269921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elevation of striatal urate in experimental models of Parkinson's disease: a compensatory mechanism triggered by dopaminergic nigrostriatal degeneration?
    • De Luca MA, Cauli O, Morelli M et al (2014) Elevation of striatal urate in experimental models of Parkinson's disease: a compensatory mechanism triggered by dopaminergic nigrostriatal degeneration? J Neurochem 131:284-289
    • (2014) J Neurochem , vol.131 , pp. 284-289
    • De Luca, M.A.1    Cauli, O.2    Morelli, M.3
  • 58
    • 0033823084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adenosine: does it have a neuroprotective role after all?
    • de Mendonça A, Sebastiao AM, Ribeiro JA (2000) Adenosine: does it have a neuroprotective role after all? Brain Res Rev 33:258-274
    • (2000) Brain Res Rev , vol.33 , pp. 258-274
    • de Mendonça, A.1    Sebastiao, A.M.2    Ribeiro, J.A.3
  • 59
    • 56049092243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gout and the risk of Parkinson's disease: a cohort study
    • De Vera M, Rahman MM, Rankin J et al (2008) Gout and the risk of Parkinson's disease: a cohort study. Arthritis Rheum 59:1549-1554
    • (2008) Arthritis Rheum , vol.59 , pp. 1549-1554
    • De Vera, M.1    Rahman, M.M.2    Rankin, J.3
  • 60
    • 57049083981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of three genetic loci with uric acid concentration and risk of gout: a genome-wide association study
    • Dehghan A, Kottgen A, Yang Q et al (2008) Association of three genetic loci with uric acid concentration and risk of gout: a genome-wide association study. Lancet 372:1953-1961
    • (2008) Lancet , vol.372 , pp. 1953-1961
    • Dehghan, A.1    Kottgen, A.2    Yang, Q.3
  • 61
    • 34248392684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microglial activation and its implications in the brain diseases
    • Dheen ST, Kaur C, Ling EA (2007) Microglial activation and its implications in the brain diseases. Curr Med Chem 14:1189-1197
    • (2007) Curr Med Chem , vol.14 , pp. 1189-1197
    • Dheen, S.T.1    Kaur, C.2    Ling, E.A.3
  • 62
    • 84858332372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alcohol, coffee, fish, smoking and disease progression in multiple sclerosis
    • D'Hooghe MB, Haentjens P, Nagels G et al (2012) Alcohol, coffee, fish, smoking and disease progression in multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 19:616-624
    • (2012) Eur J Neurol , vol.19 , pp. 616-624
    • D'Hooghe, M.B.1    Haentjens, P.2    Nagels, G.3
  • 63
    • 33847745017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Astroglia-mediated effects of uric acid to protect spinal cord neurons from glutamate toxicity
    • Du Y, Chen CP, Tseng CY et al (2007) Astroglia-mediated effects of uric acid to protect spinal cord neurons from glutamate toxicity. Glia 55:463-472
    • (2007) Glia , vol.55 , pp. 463-472
    • Du, Y.1    Chen, C.P.2    Tseng, C.Y.3
  • 64
    • 0036270262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary folate deficiency and elevated homocysteine levels endanger dopaminergic neurons in models of Parkinson's disease
    • Duan W, Ladenheim B, Cutler RG et al (2002) Dietary folate deficiency and elevated homocysteine levels endanger dopaminergic neurons in models of Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 80:101-110
    • (2002) J Neurochem , vol.80 , pp. 101-110
    • Duan, W.1    Ladenheim, B.2    Cutler, R.G.3
  • 65
    • 79551626268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of fumaric acid esters in the R6/2 and YAC128 models of Huntington's disease
    • Ellrichmann G, Petrasch-Parwez E, Lee DH et al (2011) Efficacy of fumaric acid esters in the R6/2 and YAC128 models of Huntington's disease. PLoS One 6:e16172
    • (2011) PLoS One , vol.6 , pp. e16172
    • Ellrichmann, G.1    Petrasch-Parwez, E.2    Lee, D.H.3
  • 66
    • 84856034604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroinflammation: a common pathway in CNS diseases as mediated at the blood-brain barrier
    • Erickson MA, Dohi K, Banks WA (2012) Neuroinflammation: a common pathway in CNS diseases as mediated at the blood-brain barrier. Neuroimmunomodulation 19:121-130
    • (2012) Neuroimmunomodulation , vol.19 , pp. 121-130
    • Erickson, M.A.1    Dohi, K.2    Banks, W.A.3
  • 67
    • 77956196113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caffeine as a protective factor in dementia and Alzheimer's disease
    • Eskelinen MH, Kivipelto M (2010) Caffeine as a protective factor in dementia and Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 20:S167-S174
    • (2010) J Alzheimers Dis , vol.20 , pp. S167-S174
    • Eskelinen, M.H.1    Kivipelto, M.2
  • 68
    • 58849083195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Midlife coffee and tea drinking and the risk of late-life dementia: a population-based CAIDE study
    • Eskelinen MH, Ngandu T, Tuomilehto J et al (2009) Midlife coffee and tea drinking and the risk of late-life dementia: a population-based CAIDE study. J Alzheimers Dis 16:85-91
    • (2009) J Alzheimers Dis , vol.16 , pp. 85-91
    • Eskelinen, M.H.1    Ngandu, T.2    Tuomilehto, J.3
  • 69
    • 60149091497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum uric acid and cognitive function and dementia
    • Euser SM, Hofman A, Westendorp RG et al (2009) Serum uric acid and cognitive function and dementia. Brain 132:377-382
    • (2009) Brain , vol.132 , pp. 377-382
    • Euser, S.M.1    Hofman, A.2    Westendorp, R.G.3
  • 70
    • 79955864999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation in the uric acid transporter gene SLC2A9 and its association with AAO of Parkinson's disease
    • Facheris MF, Hicks AA, Minelli C et al (2011) Variation in the uric acid transporter gene SLC2A9 and its association with AAO of Parkinson's disease. J Mol Neurosci 43:246-250
    • (2011) J Mol Neurosci , vol.43 , pp. 246-250
    • Facheris, M.F.1    Hicks, A.A.2    Minelli, C.3
  • 71
    • 0032924712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutritional and occupational factors influencing the risk of Parkinson's disease: a case-control study in southeastern Sweden
    • Fall PA, Fredrikson M, Axelson O et al (1999) Nutritional and occupational factors influencing the risk of Parkinson's disease: a case-control study in southeastern Sweden. Mov Disord 14:28-37
    • (1999) Mov Disord , vol.14 , pp. 28-37
    • Fall, P.A.1    Fredrikson, M.2    Axelson, O.3
  • 72
    • 0030268068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in rat microglia is induced by adenosine A2a-receptors
    • Fiebich BL, Biber K, Lieb K et al (1996) Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in rat microglia is induced by adenosine A2a-receptors. Glia 18:152-160
    • (1996) Glia , vol.18 , pp. 152-160
    • Fiebich, B.L.1    Biber, K.2    Lieb, K.3
  • 73
    • 0032432275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protein kinase C-mediated regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in cultured microglial cells
    • Fiebich BL, Butcher RD, Gebicke-Haerter PJ (1998) Protein kinase C-mediated regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in cultured microglial cells. J Neuroimmunol 92:170-178
    • (1998) J Neuroimmunol , vol.92 , pp. 170-178
    • Fiebich, B.L.1    Butcher, R.D.2    Gebicke-Haerter, P.J.3
  • 74
    • 77956198871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondria and the link between neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration
    • Filippo MD, Chiasserini D, Tozzi A et al (2010) Mitochondria and the link between neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. J Alzheimers Dis 20:S369-S379
    • (2010) J Alzheimers Dis , vol.20 , pp. S369-S379
    • Filippo, M.D.1    Chiasserini, D.2    Tozzi, A.3
  • 75
    • 0942298557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic and pharmacological inactivation of the adenosine A2A receptor attenuates 3-nitropropionic acid-induced striatal damage
    • Fink JS, Kalda A, Ryu H et al (2004) Genetic and pharmacological inactivation of the adenosine A2A receptor attenuates 3-nitropropionic acid-induced striatal damage. J Neurochem 88:538-544
    • (2004) J Neurochem , vol.88 , pp. 538-544
    • Fink, J.S.1    Kalda, A.2    Ryu, H.3
  • 76
    • 0345561561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use
    • Fredholm BB, Battig K, Holmen J et al (1999) Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use. Pharmacol Rev 51:83-133
    • (1999) Pharmacol Rev , vol.51 , pp. 83-133
    • Fredholm, B.B.1    Battig, K.2    Holmen, J.3
  • 77
    • 77049092091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grape seed extract acting on astrocytes reveals neuronal protection against oxidative stress via interleukin-6-mediated mechanisms
    • Fujishita K, Ozawa T, Shibata K et al (2009) Grape seed extract acting on astrocytes reveals neuronal protection against oxidative stress via interleukin-6-mediated mechanisms. Cell Mol Neurobiol 29:1121-1129
    • (2009) Cell Mol Neurobiol , vol.29 , pp. 1121-1129
    • Fujishita, K.1    Ozawa, T.2    Shibata, K.3
  • 78
    • 0028321498 scopus 로고
    • CGS 15943, an adenosine A2 receptor antagonist, reduces cerebral ischemic injury in the Mongolian gerbil
    • Gao Y, Phillis JW (1994) CGS 15943, an adenosine A2 receptor antagonist, reduces cerebral ischemic injury in the Mongolian gerbil. Life Sci 55:PL61-PL65
    • (1994) Life Sci , vol.55 , pp. PL61-PL65
    • Gao, Y.1    Phillis, J.W.2
  • 79
    • 41349103415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diet, urate, and Parkinson's disease risk in men
    • Gao X, Chen H, Choi HK et al (2008) Diet, urate, and Parkinson's disease risk in men. Am J Epidemiol 167:831-838
    • (2008) Am J Epidemiol , vol.167 , pp. 831-838
    • Gao, X.1    Chen, H.2    Choi, H.K.3
  • 80
    • 30744472146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vivo imaging of microglial activation with [11C] (R)-PK11195 PET in idiopathic Parkinson's disease
    • Gerhard A, Pavese N, Hotton G et al (2006) In vivo imaging of microglial activation with [11C] (R)-PK11195 PET in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 21:404-412
    • (2006) Neurobiol Dis , vol.21 , pp. 404-412
    • Gerhard, A.1    Pavese, N.2    Hotton, G.3
  • 81
    • 84868654616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotection by urate on 6-OHDA-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease: linking to Akt/GSK3beta signaling pathway
    • Gong L, Zhang QL, Zhang N et al (2012) Neuroprotection by urate on 6-OHDA-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease: linking to Akt/GSK3beta signaling pathway. J Neurochem 123:876-885
    • (2012) J Neurochem , vol.123 , pp. 876-885
    • Gong, L.1    Zhang, Q.L.2    Zhang, N.3
  • 82
    • 77954673594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Boosting endogenous neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis: the ASsociation of Inosine and Interferon beta in relapsing- remitting Multiple Sclerosis (ASIIMS) trial
    • Gonsette RE, Sindic C, D'Hooghe MB et al (2010) Boosting endogenous neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis: the ASsociation of Inosine and Interferon beta in relapsing- remitting Multiple Sclerosis (ASIIMS) trial. Mult Scler 16:455-462
    • (2010) Mult Scler , vol.16 , pp. 455-462
    • Gonsette, R.E.1    Sindic, C.2    D'Hooghe, M.B.3
  • 83
    • 84886412353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic variability related to serum uric acid concentration and risk of Parkinson's disease
    • Gonzalez-Aramburu I, Sanchez-Juan P, Jesus S et al (2013) Genetic variability related to serum uric acid concentration and risk of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 28:1737-1740
    • (2013) Mov Disord , vol.28 , pp. 1737-1740
    • Gonzalez-Aramburu, I.1    Sanchez-Juan, P.2    Jesus, S.3
  • 84
    • 84890214544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A3 Adenosine receptors mediate oligodendrocyte death and ischemic damage to optic nerve
    • Gonzalez-Fernandez E, Sanchez-Gomez MV, Perez-Samartin A et al (2014) A3 Adenosine receptors mediate oligodendrocyte death and ischemic damage to optic nerve. Glia 62(2):199-216
    • (2014) Glia , vol.62 , Issue.2 , pp. 199-216
    • Gonzalez-Fernandez, E.1    Sanchez-Gomez, M.V.2    Perez-Samartin, A.3
  • 85
    • 65649126049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protection of midbrain dopaminergic neurons by the end-product of purine metabolism uric acid: potentiation by low-level depolarization
    • Guerreiro S, Ponceau A, Toulorge D et al (2009) Protection of midbrain dopaminergic neurons by the end-product of purine metabolism uric acid: potentiation by low-level depolarization. J Neurochem 109:1118-1128
    • (2009) J Neurochem , vol.109 , pp. 1118-1128
    • Guerreiro, S.1    Ponceau, A.2    Toulorge, D.3
  • 86
    • 36949000863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soluble neuroprotective antioxidant uric acid analogs ameliorate ischemic brain injury in mice
    • Haberman F, Tang SC, Arumugam TV et al (2007) Soluble neuroprotective antioxidant uric acid analogs ameliorate ischemic brain injury in mice. Neuromolecular Med 9:315-323
    • (2007) Neuromolecular Med , vol.9 , pp. 315-323
    • Haberman, F.1    Tang, S.C.2    Arumugam, T.V.3
  • 87
    • 84872687901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease and monogenic parkinsonism
    • Hauser DN, Hastings TG (2013) Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease and monogenic parkinsonism. Neurobiol Dis 51:35-42
    • (2013) Neurobiol Dis , vol.51 , pp. 35-42
    • Hauser, D.N.1    Hastings, T.G.2
  • 88
    • 18244387733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular physiology of urate transport
    • Hediger MA, Johnson RJ, Miyazaki H et al (2005) Molecular physiology of urate transport. Physiology 20:125-133
    • (2005) Physiology , vol.20 , pp. 125-133
    • Hediger, M.A.1    Johnson, R.J.2    Miyazaki, H.3
  • 89
    • 9544227379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diet and Parkinson's disease. II: a possible role for the past intake of specific nutrients. Results from a self-administered food-frequency questionnaire in a case-control study
    • Hellenbrand W, Boeing H, Robra BP et al (1996) Diet and Parkinson's disease. II: a possible role for the past intake of specific nutrients. Results from a self-administered food-frequency questionnaire in a case-control study. Neurology 47:644-650
    • (1996) Neurology , vol.47 , pp. 644-650
    • Hellenbrand, W.1    Boeing, H.2    Robra, B.P.3
  • 90
    • 0028363784 scopus 로고
    • Stimulation of reactive astrogliosis in vivo by extracellular adenosine diphosphate or an adenosine A2 receptor agonist
    • Hindley S, Herman MA, Rathbone MP (1994) Stimulation of reactive astrogliosis in vivo by extracellular adenosine diphosphate or an adenosine A2 receptor agonist. J Neurosci Res 38:399-406
    • (1994) J Neurosci Res , vol.38 , pp. 399-406
    • Hindley, S.1    Herman, M.A.2    Rathbone, M.P.3
  • 91
    • 0031930043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uric acid, a natural scavenger of peroxynitrite, in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis
    • Hooper DC, Spitsin S, Kean RB et al (1998) Uric acid, a natural scavenger of peroxynitrite, in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:675-680
    • (1998) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.95 , pp. 675-680
    • Hooper, D.C.1    Spitsin, S.2    Kean, R.B.3
  • 92
    • 0034038044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uric acid, a peroxynitrite scavenger, inhibits CNS inflammation, blood-CNS barrier permeability changes, and tissue damage in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis
    • Hooper DC, Scott GS, Zborek A et al (2000) Uric acid, a peroxynitrite scavenger, inhibits CNS inflammation, blood-CNS barrier permeability changes, and tissue damage in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. FASEB J 14:691-698
    • (2000) FASEB J , vol.14 , pp. 691-698
    • Hooper, D.C.1    Scott, G.S.2    Zborek, A.3
  • 93
    • 33745491875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum uric acid and risk of ischemic stroke: the ARIC Study
    • Hozawa A, Folsom AR, Ibrahim H et al (2006) Serum uric acid and risk of ischemic stroke: the ARIC Study. Atherosclerosis 187:401-407
    • (2006) Atherosclerosis , vol.187 , pp. 401-407
    • Hozawa, A.1    Folsom, A.R.2    Ibrahim, H.3
  • 94
    • 38049053106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coffee and tea consumption and the risk of Parkinson's disease
    • Hu G, Bidel S, Jousilahti P et al (2007) Coffee and tea consumption and the risk of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 22:2242-2248
    • (2007) Mov Disord , vol.22 , pp. 2242-2248
    • Hu, G.1    Bidel, S.2    Jousilahti, P.3
  • 95
    • 33750940225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adenosine A2A receptors in bone marrow-derived cells but not in forebrain neurons are important contributors to 3-nitropropionic acid-induced striatal damage as revealed by cell-type-selective inactivation
    • Huang QY, Wei C, Yu L et al (2006) Adenosine A2A receptors in bone marrow-derived cells but not in forebrain neurons are important contributors to 3-nitropropionic acid-induced striatal damage as revealed by cell-type-selective inactivation. J Neurosci 26:11371-11378
    • (2006) J Neurosci , vol.26 , pp. 11371-11378
    • Huang, Q.Y.1    Wei, C.2    Yu, L.3
  • 96
    • 79959352258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new drug design targeting the adenosinergic system for Huntington's disease
    • Huang NK, Lin JH, Lin JT et al (2011) A new drug design targeting the adenosinergic system for Huntington's disease. PLoS One 6:e20934
    • (2011) PLoS One , vol.6 , pp. e20934
    • Huang, N.K.1    Lin, J.H.2    Lin, J.T.3
  • 97
    • 0029294575 scopus 로고
    • Inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression in brain following cerebral ischemia
    • Iadecola C, Zhang F, Xu S et al (1995) Inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression in brain following cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 15:378-384
    • (1995) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab , vol.15 , pp. 378-384
    • Iadecola, C.1    Zhang, F.2    Xu, S.3
  • 98
    • 0036020950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotection by adenosine A2A receptor blockade in experimental models of Parkinson's disease
    • Ikeda K, Kurokawa M, Aoyama S et al (2002) Neuroprotection by adenosine A2A receptor blockade in experimental models of Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 80:262-270
    • (2002) J Neurochem , vol.80 , pp. 262-270
    • Ikeda, K.1    Kurokawa, M.2    Aoyama, S.3
  • 99
    • 84862985282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationships between disease progression and serum levels of lipid, urate, creatinine and ferritin in Japanese patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a cross-sectional study
    • Ikeda K, Hirayama T, Takazawa T et al (2012) Relationships between disease progression and serum levels of lipid, urate, creatinine and ferritin in Japanese patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a cross-sectional study. Intern Med 51:1501-1508
    • (2012) Intern Med , vol.51 , pp. 1501-1508
    • Ikeda, K.1    Hirayama, T.2    Takazawa, T.3
  • 100
    • 45449092100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pramipexole has astrocyte-mediated neuroprotective effects against lactacystin toxicity
    • Imamura K, Takeshima T, Nakaso K et al (2008) Pramipexole has astrocyte-mediated neuroprotective effects against lactacystin toxicity. Neurosci Lett 440:97-102
    • (2008) Neurosci Lett , vol.440 , pp. 97-102
    • Imamura, K.1    Takeshima, T.2    Nakaso, K.3
  • 101
    • 77955608828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Different susceptibility to the Parkinson's toxin MPTP in mice lacking the redox master regulator Nrf2 or its target gene heme oxygenase-1
    • Innamorato NG, Jazwa A, Rojo AI et al (2010) Different susceptibility to the Parkinson's toxin MPTP in mice lacking the redox master regulator Nrf2 or its target gene heme oxygenase-1. PLoS One 5:e11838
    • (2010) PLoS One , vol.5 , pp. e11838
    • Innamorato, N.G.1    Jazwa, A.2    Rojo, A.I.3
  • 102
    • 57449110949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma urate and progression of mild cognitive impairment
    • Irizarry MC, Raman R, Schwarzschild MA et al (2009) Plasma urate and progression of mild cognitive impairment. Neurodegener Dis 6:23-28
    • (2009) Neurodegener Dis , vol.6 , pp. 23-28
    • Irizarry, M.C.1    Raman, R.2    Schwarzschild, M.A.3
  • 103
    • 33947307990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nrf2-mediated protection against 6-hydroxydopamine
    • Jakel RJ, Townsend JA, Kraft AD et al (2007) Nrf2-mediated protection against 6-hydroxydopamine. Brain Res 1144:192-201
    • (2007) Brain Res , vol.1144 , pp. 192-201
    • Jakel, R.J.1    Townsend, J.A.2    Kraft, A.D.3
  • 104
    • 0037378026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease
    • Jenner P (2003) Oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 53:S26-S36
    • (2003) Ann Neurol , vol.53 , pp. S26-S36
    • Jenner, P.1
  • 105
    • 84871660499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low serum uric acid concentration in Parkinson's disease in southern Spain
    • Jesus S, Perez I, Caceres-Redondo MT et al (2012) Low serum uric acid concentration in Parkinson's disease in southern Spain. Eur J Neurol 20:208-210
    • (2012) Eur J Neurol , vol.20 , pp. 208-210
    • Jesus, S.1    Perez, I.2    Caceres-Redondo, M.T.3
  • 106
    • 77950199824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attenuated variants of Lesch-Nyhan disease
    • Jinnah HA, Ceballos-Picot I, Torres RJ et al (2010) Attenuated variants of Lesch-Nyhan disease. Brain 133:671-689
    • (2010) Brain , vol.133 , pp. 671-689
    • Jinnah, H.A.1    Ceballos-Picot, I.2    Torres, R.J.3
  • 107
    • 8444243293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protective effect of caffeine against neurodegeneration in a model of Parkinson's disease in rat: behavioral and histochemical evidence
    • Joghataie MT, Roghani M, Negahdar F et al (2004) Protective effect of caffeine against neurodegeneration in a model of Parkinson's disease in rat: behavioral and histochemical evidence. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 10:465-468
    • (2004) Parkinsonism Relat Disord , vol.10 , pp. 465-468
    • Joghataie, M.T.1    Roghani, M.2    Negahdar, F.3
  • 108
    • 70449552850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolomic profiling in LRRK2-related Parkinson's disease
    • Johansen KK, Wang L, Aasly JO et al (2009) Metabolomic profiling in LRRK2-related Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 4:e7551
    • (2009) PLoS One , vol.4 , pp. e7551
    • Johansen, K.K.1    Wang, L.2    Aasly, J.O.3
  • 109
    • 0034025513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dopamine-induced apoptosis is mediated by oxidative stress and Is enhanced by cyanide in differentiated PC12 cells
    • Jones DC, Gunasekar PG, Borowitz JL et al (2000) Dopamine-induced apoptosis is mediated by oxidative stress and Is enhanced by cyanide in differentiated PC12 cells. J Neurochem 74:2296-2304
    • (2000) J Neurochem , vol.74 , pp. 2296-2304
    • Jones, D.C.1    Gunasekar, P.G.2    Borowitz, J.L.3
  • 110
    • 84867777145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Nrf2-ARE pathway: a valuable therapeutic target for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases
    • Joshi G, Johnson JA (2012) The Nrf2-ARE pathway: a valuable therapeutic target for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Recent Pat CNS Drug Discov 7:218-229
    • (2012) Recent Pat CNS Drug Discov , vol.7 , pp. 218-229
    • Joshi, G.1    Johnson, J.A.2
  • 111
    • 77952545692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caffeine protects against combined paraquat and maneb-induced dopaminergic neuron degeneration
    • Kachroo A, Irizarry MC, Schwarzschild MA (2010) Caffeine protects against combined paraquat and maneb-induced dopaminergic neuron degeneration. Exp Neurol 223:657-661
    • (2010) Exp Neurol , vol.223 , pp. 657-661
    • Kachroo, A.1    Irizarry, M.C.2    Schwarzschild, M.A.3
  • 112
    • 84980053533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical outcomes and serum uric acid levels in elderly patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis aged ≥ 70 years
    • Kataoka H, Kiriyama T, Kobayashi Y et al (2013) Clinical outcomes and serum uric acid levels in elderly patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis aged ≥ 70 years. Am J Neurodegener Dis 2:140-144
    • (2013) Am J Neurodegener Dis , vol.2 , pp. 140-144
    • Kataoka, H.1    Kiriyama, T.2    Kobayashi, Y.3
  • 113
    • 77952807424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolutionary fate of the genes encoding the purine catabolic enzymes in hominoids, birds, and reptiles
    • Keebaugh AC, Thomas JW (2010) The evolutionary fate of the genes encoding the purine catabolic enzymes in hominoids, birds, and reptiles. Mol Biol Evol 27:1359-1369
    • (2010) Mol Biol Evol , vol.27 , pp. 1359-1369
    • Keebaugh, A.C.1    Thomas, J.W.2
  • 114
    • 69549116245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low uric acid levels in serum of patients with ALS: further evidence for oxidative stress?
    • Keizman D, Ish-Shalom M, Berliner S et al (2009) Low uric acid levels in serum of patients with ALS: further evidence for oxidative stress? J Neurol Sci 285:95-99
    • (2009) J Neurol Sci , vol.285 , pp. 95-99
    • Keizman, D.1    Ish-Shalom, M.2    Berliner, S.3
  • 115
    • 33646203803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreased plasma antioxidants in patients with Alzheimer's disease
    • Kim TS, Pae CU, Yoon SJ et al (2006) Decreased plasma antioxidants in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 21:344-348
    • (2006) Int J Geriatr Psychiatry , vol.21 , pp. 344-348
    • Kim, T.S.1    Pae, C.U.2    Yoon, S.J.3
  • 116
    • 67651056502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis of 28,141 individuals identifies common variants within five new loci that influence uric acid concentrations
    • Kolz M, Johnson T, Sanna S et al (2009) Meta-analysis of 28,141 individuals identifies common variants within five new loci that influence uric acid concentrations. PLoS Genet 5:e1000504
    • (2009) PLoS Genet , vol.5 , pp. e1000504
    • Kolz, M.1    Johnson, T.2    Sanna, S.3
  • 119
    • 0029294575 scopus 로고
    • Inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression in brain following cerebral ischemia
    • Ladecola C, Zhang F, Xu S et al (1995) Inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression in brain following cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 15:378-384
    • (1995) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab , vol.15 , pp. 378-384
    • Ladecola, C.1    Zhang, F.2    Xu, S.3
  • 120
    • 6644228387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case-control study of markers of oxidative stress and metabolism of blood iron in Parkinson's disease
    • Larumbe Ilundain R, Ferrer Valls JV, Vines Rueda JJ et al (2001) Case-control study of markers of oxidative stress and metabolism of blood iron in Parkinson's disease. Rev Esp Salud Publica 75:43-53
    • (2001) Rev Esp Salud Publica , vol.75 , pp. 43-53
    • Larumbe Ilundain, R.1    Ferrer Valls, J.V.2    Vines Rueda, J.J.3
  • 121
    • 84902082985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beneficial effects of caffeine in a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease-like tau pathology
    • Laurent C, Eddarkaoui S, Derisbourg M et al (2014) Beneficial effects of caffeine in a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease-like tau pathology. Neurobiol Aging 35:2079-2090
    • (2014) Neurobiol Aging , vol.35 , pp. 2079-2090
    • Laurent, C.1    Eddarkaoui, S.2    Derisbourg, M.3
  • 122
    • 84906766601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adenosine receptors and Huntington's disease
    • Lee CF, Chern Y (2014) Adenosine receptors and Huntington's disease. Int Rev Neurobiol 119:195-232
    • (2014) Int Rev Neurobiol , vol.119 , pp. 195-232
    • Lee, C.F.1    Chern, Y.2
  • 123
    • 79960592809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uric acid as a potential disease modifier in patients with multiple system atrophy
    • Lee JE, Song SK, Sohn YH et al (2011) Uric acid as a potential disease modifier in patients with multiple system atrophy. Mov Disord 26:1533-1536
    • (2011) Mov Disord , vol.26 , pp. 1533-1536
    • Lee, J.E.1    Song, S.K.2    Sohn, Y.H.3
  • 124
    • 0026045483 scopus 로고
    • Enhancement of endogenous excitatory amino acids by theophylline does not modify the behavioral and histological consequences of forebrain ischemia
    • Lekieffre D, Callebert J, Plotkine M et al (1991) Enhancement of endogenous excitatory amino acids by theophylline does not modify the behavioral and histological consequences of forebrain ischemia. Brain Res 565:353-357
    • (1991) Brain Res , vol.565 , pp. 353-357
    • Lekieffre, D.1    Callebert, J.2    Plotkine, M.3
  • 125
    • 0035830550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adenosine enhances glial glutamate efflux via A2a adenosine receptors
    • Li XX, Nomura T, Aihara H et al (2001) Adenosine enhances glial glutamate efflux via A2a adenosine receptors. Life Sci 68:1343-1350
    • (2001) Life Sci , vol.68 , pp. 1343-1350
    • Li, X.X.1    Nomura, T.2    Aihara, H.3
  • 126
    • 37349008492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The GLUT9 gene is associated with serum uric acid levels in Sardinia and Chianti cohorts
    • Li S, Sanna S, Maschio A et al (2007) The GLUT9 gene is associated with serum uric acid levels in Sardinia and Chianti cohorts. PLoS Genet 3:e194
    • (2007) PLoS Genet , vol.3 , pp. e194
    • Li, S.1    Sanna, S.2    Maschio, A.3
  • 127
    • 70349466534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of IL-6 secreted from astrocytes on the survival of dopaminergic neurons in lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation
    • Li XZ, Bai LM, Yang YP et al (2009) Effects of IL-6 secreted from astrocytes on the survival of dopaminergic neurons in lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation. Neurosci Res 65:252-258
    • (2009) Neurosci Res , vol.65 , pp. 252-258
    • Li, X.Z.1    Bai, L.M.2    Yang, Y.P.3
  • 128
    • 0033136194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain iNOS: current understanding and clinical implications
    • Licinio J, Prolo P, McCann SM et al (1999) Brain iNOS: current understanding and clinical implications. Mol Med Today 5:225-232
    • (1999) Mol Med Today , vol.5 , pp. 225-232
    • Licinio, J.1    Prolo, P.2    McCann, S.M.3
  • 129
    • 0036725818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a prospective analysis from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging
    • Lindsay J, Laurin D, Verreault R et al (2002) Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a prospective analysis from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. Am J Epidemiol 156:445-453
    • (2002) Am J Epidemiol , vol.156 , pp. 445-453
    • Lindsay, J.1    Laurin, D.2    Verreault, R.3
  • 130
    • 84860836541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of uric acid excretion by the kidney
    • Lipkowitz MS (2012) Regulation of uric acid excretion by the kidney. Curr Rheumatol Rep 14:179-188
    • (2012) Curr Rheumatol Rep , vol.14 , pp. 179-188
    • Lipkowitz, M.S.1
  • 131
    • 84896719369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caffeine neuroprotective effects on 6-OHDA-lesioned rats are mediated by several factors, including pro-inflammatory cytokines and histone deacetylase inhibitions
    • Machado-Filho JA, Correia AO, Montenegro AB et al (2014) Caffeine neuroprotective effects on 6-OHDA-lesioned rats are mediated by several factors, including pro-inflammatory cytokines and histone deacetylase inhibitions. Behav Brain Res 264:116-125
    • (2014) Behav Brain Res , vol.264 , pp. 116-125
    • Machado-Filho, J.A.1    Correia, A.O.2    Montenegro, A.B.3
  • 132
    • 0027155160 scopus 로고
    • Hypouricemia, abnormal renal tubular urate transport, and plasma natriuretic factor(s) in patients with Alzheimer's disease
    • Maesaka JK, Wolf-Klein G, Piccione JM et al (1993) Hypouricemia, abnormal renal tubular urate transport, and plasma natriuretic factor(s) in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 41:501-506
    • (1993) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.41 , pp. 501-506
    • Maesaka, J.K.1    Wolf-Klein, G.2    Piccione, J.M.3
  • 134
    • 84872360567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caffeine and alcohol intakes have no association with risk of multiple sclerosis
    • Massa J, O'Reilly EJ, Munger KL et al (2012) Caffeine and alcohol intakes have no association with risk of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 19:53-58
    • (2012) Mult Scler , vol.19 , pp. 53-58
    • Massa, J.1    O'Reilly, E.J.2    Munger, K.L.3
  • 135
    • 84887851711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antagonistic interaction between adenosine A2A receptors and Na+/K+-ATPase-α2 controlling glutamate uptake in astrocytes
    • Matos M, Augusto E, Agostinho P et al (2013) Antagonistic interaction between adenosine A2A receptors and Na+/K+-ATPase-α2 controlling glutamate uptake in astrocytes. J Neurosci 33:18492-18502
    • (2013) J Neurosci , vol.33 , pp. 18492-18502
    • Matos, M.1    Augusto, E.2    Agostinho, P.3
  • 136
    • 0020351568 scopus 로고
    • Blood-brain barrier transport of caffeine: doserelated restriction of adenine transport
    • McCall AL, Millington WR, Wurtman RJ (1982) Blood-brain barrier transport of caffeine: doserelated restriction of adenine transport. Life Sci 31:2709-2715
    • (1982) Life Sci , vol.31 , pp. 2709-2715
    • McCall, A.L.1    Millington, W.R.2    Wurtman, R.J.3
  • 137
    • 0036906924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Design and analysis of two-period studies of potentially disease-modifying treatments
    • McDermott MP, Hall WJ, Oakes D et al (2002) Design and analysis of two-period studies of potentially disease-modifying treatments. Control Clin Trials 23:635-649
    • (2002) Control Clin Trials , vol.23 , pp. 635-649
    • McDermott, M.P.1    Hall, W.J.2    Oakes, D.3
  • 138
    • 47349104402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glial reactions in Parkinson's disease
    • McGeer PL, McGeer EG (2008) Glial reactions in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 23:474-483
    • (2008) Mov Disord , vol.23 , pp. 474-483
    • McGeer, P.L.1    McGeer, E.G.2
  • 139
    • 67649395906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective adenosine A2a receptor antagonism reduces JNK activation in oligodendrocytes after cerebral ischaemia
    • Melani A, Cipriani S, Vannucchi MG et al (2009) Selective adenosine A2a receptor antagonism reduces JNK activation in oligodendrocytes after cerebral ischaemia. Brain 132:1480-1495
    • (2009) Brain , vol.132 , pp. 1480-1495
    • Melani, A.1    Cipriani, S.2    Vannucchi, M.G.3
  • 141
    • 78650609433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A2A receptor knockout worsens survival and motor behaviour in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease
    • Mievis S, Blum D, Ledent C (2011) A2A receptor knockout worsens survival and motor behaviour in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease. Neurobiol Dis 41:570-576
    • (2011) Neurobiol Dis , vol.41 , pp. 570-576
    • Mievis, S.1    Blum, D.2    Ledent, C.3
  • 142
    • 34247880388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of the adenosine A2A receptor antagonist SCH 58621 on cyclooxygenase-2 expression, glial activation, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor availability in a rat model of striatal neurodegeneration
    • Minghetti L, Greco A, Potenza RL et al (2007) Effects of the adenosine A2A receptor antagonist SCH 58621 on cyclooxygenase-2 expression, glial activation, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor availability in a rat model of striatal neurodegeneration. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 66:363-371
    • (2007) J Neuropathol Exp Neurol , vol.66 , pp. 363-371
    • Minghetti, L.1    Greco, A.2    Potenza, R.L.3
  • 143
    • 84923089659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Presence and progression of non-motor symptoms in relation to uric acid in de novo Parkinson's disease
    • Moccia M, Picillo M, Erro R et al (2014) Presence and progression of non-motor symptoms in relation to uric acid in de novo Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurol 22:93-98
    • (2014) Eur J Neurol , vol.22 , pp. 93-98
    • Moccia, M.1    Picillo, M.2    Erro, R.3
  • 144
    • 70349327971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adenosine A2A receptors and Parkinson's disease
    • Morelli M, Carta AR, Jenner P (2009) Adenosine A2A receptors and Parkinson's disease. Handb Exp Pharmacol 193:589-615
    • (2009) Handb Exp Pharmacol , vol.193 , pp. 589-615
    • Morelli, M.1    Carta, A.R.2    Jenner, P.3
  • 145
    • 77955353133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathophysiological roles for purines: adenosine, caffeine and urate
    • Morelli M, Carta AR, Kachroo A et al (2010) Pathophysiological roles for purines: adenosine, caffeine and urate. Prog Brain Res 183:183-208
    • (2010) Prog Brain Res , vol.183 , pp. 183-208
    • Morelli, M.1    Carta, A.R.2    Kachroo, A.3
  • 147
    • 84926419210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Associated Inosine to interferon: results of a clinical trial in multiple sclerosis
    • Munoz Garcia D, Midaglia L, Martinez Vilela J et al (2015) Associated Inosine to interferon: results of a clinical trial in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand. 131:405-410
    • (2015) Acta Neurol Scand , vol.131 , pp. 405-410
    • Munoz Garcia, D.1    Midaglia, L.2    Martinez Vilela, J.3
  • 148
    • 79957959973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotective effect of Nrf2/ARE activators, CDDO ethylamide and CDDO trifluoroethylamide, in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
    • Neymotin A, Calingasan NY, Wille E et al (2011) Neuroprotective effect of Nrf2/ARE activators, CDDO ethylamide and CDDO trifluoroethylamide, in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Free Radic Biol Med 51:88-96
    • (2011) Free Radic Biol Med , vol.51 , pp. 88-96
    • Neymotin, A.1    Calingasan, N.Y.2    Wille, E.3
  • 149
    • 84894384733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of inflammatory and oxidative stress mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease: focus on astrocytes
    • Niranjan R (2013) The role of inflammatory and oxidative stress mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease: focus on astrocytes. Mol Neurobiol 49:28-38
    • (2013) Mol Neurobiol , vol.49 , pp. 28-38
    • Niranjan, R.1
  • 150
    • 1642504355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ATP- and adenosine-mediated signaling in the central nervous system: adenosine stimulates glutamate release from astrocytes via A2a adenosine receptors
    • Nishizaki T (2004) ATP- and adenosine-mediated signaling in the central nervous system: adenosine stimulates glutamate release from astrocytes via A2a adenosine receptors. J Pharmacol Sci 94:100-102
    • (2004) J Pharmacol Sci , vol.94 , pp. 100-102
    • Nishizaki, T.1
  • 151
    • 0036097513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Loss of urate oxidase activity in hominoids and its evolutionary implications
    • Oda M, Satta Y, Takenaka O et al (2002) Loss of urate oxidase activity in hominoids and its evolutionary implications. Mol Biol Evol 19:640-653
    • (2002) Mol Biol Evol , vol.19 , pp. 640-653
    • Oda, M.1    Satta, Y.2    Takenaka, O.3
  • 152
    • 77956906686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma urate and Parkinson's disease in women
    • O'Reilly EJ, Gao X, Weisskopf MG et al (2010) Plasma urate and Parkinson's disease in women. Am J Epidemiol 172:666-670
    • (2010) Am J Epidemiol , vol.172 , pp. 666-670
    • O'Reilly, E.J.1    Gao, X.2    Weisskopf, M.G.3
  • 153
    • 0000116599 scopus 로고
    • The origin of man
    • Orowan E (1955) The origin of man. Nature 175:683-684
    • (1955) Nature , vol.175 , pp. 683-684
    • Orowan, E.1
  • 154
    • 0030727329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adenosine receptor blockade and nitric oxide synthase inhibition in the retina: impact upon post-ischemic hyperemia and the electroretinogram
    • Ostwald P, Park SS, Toledano AY et al (1997) Adenosine receptor blockade and nitric oxide synthase inhibition in the retina: impact upon post-ischemic hyperemia and the electroretinogram. Vision Res 37:3453-3461
    • (1997) Vision Res , vol.37 , pp. 3453-3461
    • Ostwald, P.1    Park, S.S.2    Toledano, A.Y.3
  • 156
    • 84867330990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uric acid levels predict survival in men with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
    • Paganoni S, Zhang M, Quiroz Zarate A et al (2012) Uric acid levels predict survival in men with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol 259:1923-1928
    • (2012) J Neurol , vol.259 , pp. 1923-1928
    • Paganoni, S.1    Zhang, M.2    Quiroz Zarate, A.3
  • 157
    • 84893841038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inosine to increase serum and cerebrospinal fluid urate in Parkinson disease: a randomized clinical trial
    • Parkinson's-Study-Group, Schwarzschild MA, Ascherio A et al (2014) Inosine to increase serum and cerebrospinal fluid urate in Parkinson disease: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol 71:141-150
    • (2014) JAMA Neurol , vol.71 , pp. 141-150
    • Schwarzschild, M.A.1    Ascherio, A.2
  • 158
    • 14544287564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KW-6002 protects from MPTP induced dopaminergic toxicity in the mouse
    • Pierri M, Vaudano E, Sager T et al (2005) KW-6002 protects from MPTP induced dopaminergic toxicity in the mouse. Neuropharmacology 48:517-524
    • (2005) Neuropharmacology , vol.48 , pp. 517-524
    • Pierri, M.1    Vaudano, E.2    Sager, T.3
  • 159
    • 84901485155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adenosine A2A receptor antagonists in Parkinson's disease: progress in clinical trials from the newly approved istradefylline to drugs in early development and those already discontinued
    • Pinna A (2014) Adenosine A2A receptor antagonists in Parkinson's disease: progress in clinical trials from the newly approved istradefylline to drugs in early development and those already discontinued. CNS Drugs 28:455-474
    • (2014) CNS Drugs , vol.28 , pp. 455-474
    • Pinna, A.1
  • 160
    • 73449102471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new ethyladenine antagonist of adenosine A(2A) receptors: behavioral and biochemical characterization as an antiparkinsonian drug
    • Pinna A, Tronci E, Schintu N et al (2010) A new ethyladenine antagonist of adenosine A(2A) receptors: behavioral and biochemical characterization as an antiparkinsonian drug. Neuropharmacology 58:613-623
    • (2010) Neuropharmacology , vol.58 , pp. 613-623
    • Pinna, A.1    Tronci, E.2    Schintu, N.3
  • 161
    • 5644239560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma antioxidant status, immunoglobulin g oxidation and lipid peroxidation in demented patients: relevance to Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia
    • Polidori MC, Mattioli P, Aldred S et al (2004) Plasma antioxidant status, immunoglobulin g oxidation and lipid peroxidation in demented patients: relevance to Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 18:265-270
    • (2004) Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord , vol.18 , pp. 265-270
    • Polidori, M.C.1    Mattioli, P.2    Aldred, S.3
  • 162
    • 0036522987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blockade of striatal adenosine A2A receptor reduces, through a presynaptic mechanism, quinolinic acid-induced excitotoxicity: possible relevance to neuroprotective interventions in neurodegenerative diseases of the striatum
    • Popoli P, Pintor A, Domenici MR et al (2002) Blockade of striatal adenosine A2A receptor reduces, through a presynaptic mechanism, quinolinic acid-induced excitotoxicity: possible relevance to neuroprotective interventions in neurodegenerative diseases of the striatum. J Neurosci 22:1967-1975
    • (2002) J Neurosci , vol.22 , pp. 1967-1975
    • Popoli, P.1    Pintor, A.2    Domenici, M.R.3
  • 164
    • 84866103728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caffeine for treatment of Parkinson disease: a randomized controlled trial
    • Postuma RB, Lang AE, Munhoz RP et al (2012) Caffeine for treatment of Parkinson disease: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology 79:651-658
    • (2012) Neurology , vol.79 , pp. 651-658
    • Postuma, R.B.1    Lang, A.E.2    Munhoz, R.P.3
  • 165
    • 84873711954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of chronic caffeine intake in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
    • Potenza RL, Armida M, Ferrante A et al (2013) Effects of chronic caffeine intake in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurosci Res 91:585-592
    • (2013) J Neurosci Res , vol.91 , pp. 585-592
    • Potenza, R.L.1    Armida, M.2    Ferrante, A.3
  • 166
    • 77956180469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caffeine protects against oxidative stress and Alzheimer's disease-like pathology in rabbit hippocampus induced by cholesterol-enriched diet
    • Prasanthi JR, Dasari B, Marwarha G et al (2010) Caffeine protects against oxidative stress and Alzheimer's disease-like pathology in rabbit hippocampus induced by cholesterol-enriched diet. Free Radic Biol Med 49:1212-1220
    • (2010) Free Radic Biol Med , vol.49 , pp. 1212-1220
    • Prasanthi, J.R.1    Dasari, B.2    Marwarha, G.3
  • 167
    • 36949057849 scopus 로고
    • Similar functions of uric acid and ascorbate in man?
    • Proctor P (1970) Similar functions of uric acid and ascorbate in man? Nature 228:868
    • (1970) Nature , vol.228 , pp. 868
    • Proctor, P.1
  • 168
    • 0024456653 scopus 로고
    • Effect of deprenyl on the progression of disability in early Parkinson's disease. The Parkinson Study Group
    • PSG (1989a) Effect of deprenyl on the progression of disability in early Parkinson's disease. The Parkinson Study Group. N Engl J Med 321:1364-1371
    • (1989) N Engl J Med , vol.321 , pp. 1364-1371
  • 169
    • 0024457355 scopus 로고
    • DATATOP: a multicenter controlled clinical trial in early Parkinson's disease. Parkinson Study Group
    • PSG (1989b) DATATOP: a multicenter controlled clinical trial in early Parkinson's disease. Parkinson Study Group. Arch Neurol 46:1052-1060
    • (1989) Arch Neurol , vol.46 , pp. 1052-1060
  • 170
    • 0027530638 scopus 로고
    • Effects of tocopherol and deprenyl on the progression of disability in early Parkinson's disease
    • PSG (1993) Effects of tocopherol and deprenyl on the progression of disability in early Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 328:176-183
    • (1993) N Engl J Med , vol.328 , pp. 176-183
  • 171
    • 35148882113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mixed lineage kinase inhibitor CEP-1347 fails to delay disability in early Parkinson disease
    • PSG (2007) Mixed lineage kinase inhibitor CEP-1347 fails to delay disability in early Parkinson disease. Neurology 69:1480-1490
    • (2007) Neurology , vol.69 , pp. 1480-1490
  • 172
    • 70350139868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The adenosine A2A receptor antagonist ZM241385 enhances neuronal survival after oxygen-glucose deprivation in rat CA1 hippocampal slices
    • Pugliese AM, Traini C, Cipriani S et al (2009) The adenosine A2A receptor antagonist ZM241385 enhances neuronal survival after oxygen-glucose deprivation in rat CA1 hippocampal slices. Br J Pharmacol 157:818-830
    • (2009) Br J Pharmacol , vol.157 , pp. 818-830
    • Pugliese, A.M.1    Traini, C.2    Cipriani, S.3
  • 173
    • 0042662816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A case-control study on cigarette, alcohol, and coffee consumption preceding Parkinson's disease
    • Ragonese P, Salemi G, Morgante L et al (2003) A case-control study on cigarette, alcohol, and coffee consumption preceding Parkinson's disease. Neuroepidemiology 22:297-304
    • (2003) Neuroepidemiology , vol.22 , pp. 297-304
    • Ragonese, P.1    Salemi, G.2    Morgante, L.3
  • 174
    • 84856327256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Astrocyte mediated protection of fetal cerebral cortical neurons from rotenone and paraquat
    • Rathinam ML, Watts LT, Narasimhan M et al (2012) Astrocyte mediated protection of fetal cerebral cortical neurons from rotenone and paraquat. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 33:353-360
    • (2012) Environ Toxicol Pharmacol , vol.33 , pp. 353-360
    • Rathinam, M.L.1    Watts, L.T.2    Narasimhan, M.3
  • 175
    • 0042591280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma antioxidants are similarly depleted in mild cognitive impairment and in Alzheimer's disease
    • Rinaldi P, Polidori MC, Metastasio A et al (2003) Plasma antioxidants are similarly depleted in mild cognitive impairment and in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 24:915-919
    • (2003) Neurobiol Aging , vol.24 , pp. 915-919
    • Rinaldi, P.1    Polidori, M.C.2    Metastasio, A.3
  • 176
    • 33845804424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uric acid reduces brain damage and improves the benefits of rt-PA in a rat model of thromboembolic stroke
    • Romanos E, Planas AM, Amaro S et al (2007) Uric acid reduces brain damage and improves the benefits of rt-PA in a rat model of thromboembolic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 27:14-20
    • (2007) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab , vol.27 , pp. 14-20
    • Romanos, E.1    Planas, A.M.2    Amaro, S.3
  • 177
    • 0034738134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of coffee and caffeine intake with the risk of Parkinson disease
    • Ross GW, Abbott RD, Petrovitch H et al (2000) Association of coffee and caffeine intake with the risk of Parkinson disease. JAMA 283:2674-2679
    • (2000) JAMA , vol.283 , pp. 2674-2679
    • Ross, G.W.1    Abbott, R.D.2    Petrovitch, H.3
  • 179
    • 28244434101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adenosine A2A receptor stimulation potentiates nitric oxide release by activated microglia
    • Saura J, Angulo E, Ejarque A et al (2005) Adenosine A2A receptor stimulation potentiates nitric oxide release by activated microglia. J Neurochem 95:919-929
    • (2005) J Neurochem , vol.95 , pp. 919-929
    • Saura, J.1    Angulo, E.2    Ejarque, A.3
  • 180
    • 84876034737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3-(Fur-2-yl)-10-(2-phenylethyl)-[1,2,4] triazino[4,3-a]benzimidazol-4(10H)-one, a novel adenosine receptor antagonist with A(2A)- mediated neuroprotective effects
    • Scatena A, Fornai F, Trincavelli ML et al (2011) 3-(Fur-2-yl)-10-(2-phenylethyl)-[1,2,4] triazino[4,3-a]benzimidazol-4(10H)-one, a novel adenosine receptor antagonist with A(2A)- mediated neuroprotective effects. ACS Chem Neurosci 2:526-535
    • (2011) ACS Chem Neurosci , vol.2 , pp. 526-535
    • Scatena, A.1    Fornai, F.2    Trincavelli, M.L.3
  • 181
    • 0344306440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotection by caffeine and more specific A2A receptor antagonists in animal models of Parkinson's disease
    • Schwarzschild MA, Xu K, Oztas E et al (2003) Neuroprotection by caffeine and more specific A2A receptor antagonists in animal models of Parkinson's disease. Neurology 61:S55-S61
    • (2003) Neurology , vol.61 , pp. S55-S61
    • Schwarzschild, M.A.1    Xu, K.2    Oztas, E.3
  • 182
    • 33750171348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targeting adenosine A2A receptors in Parkinson's disease
    • Schwarzschild MA, Agnati L, Fuxe K et al (2006) Targeting adenosine A2A receptors in Parkinson's disease. Trends Neurosci 29:647-654
    • (2006) Trends Neurosci , vol.29 , pp. 647-654
    • Schwarzschild, M.A.1    Agnati, L.2    Fuxe, K.3
  • 183
    • 45149122797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum urate as a predictor of clinical and radiographic progression in Parkinson disease
    • Schwarzschild MA, Schwid SR, Marek K et al (2008) Serum urate as a predictor of clinical and radiographic progression in Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 65:716-723
    • (2008) Arch Neurol , vol.65 , pp. 716-723
    • Schwarzschild, M.A.1    Schwid, S.R.2    Marek, K.3
  • 185
    • 0037058925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Therapeutic intervention in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by administration of uric acid precursors
    • Scott GS, Spitsin SV, Kean RB et al (2002) Therapeutic intervention in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by administration of uric acid precursors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:16303-16308
    • (2002) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.99 , pp. 16303-16308
    • Scott, G.S.1    Spitsin, S.V.2    Kean, R.B.3
  • 186
    • 14744272784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uric acid protects against secondary damage after spinal cord injury
    • Scott GS, Cuzzocrea S, Genovese T et al (2005) Uric acid protects against secondary damage after spinal cord injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:3483-3488
    • (2005) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.102 , pp. 3483-3488
    • Scott, G.S.1    Cuzzocrea, S.2    Genovese, T.3
  • 187
    • 0023772209 scopus 로고
    • Effect of aminophylline on postischemic edema and brain damage in cats
    • Seida M, Wagner HG, Vass K et al (1988) Effect of aminophylline on postischemic edema and brain damage in cats. Stroke 19:1275-1282
    • (1988) Stroke , vol.19 , pp. 1275-1282
    • Seida, M.1    Wagner, H.G.2    Vass, K.3
  • 188
    • 0037072889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine induces apoptosis in mouse nigrostriatal glia. Relevance to nigral neuronal death and striatal neurochemical changes
    • Serra PA, Sciola L, Delogu MR et al (2002) The neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine induces apoptosis in mouse nigrostriatal glia. Relevance to nigral neuronal death and striatal neurochemical changes. J Biol Chem 277:34451-34461
    • (2002) J Biol Chem , vol.277 , pp. 34451-34461
    • Serra, P.A.1    Sciola, L.2    Delogu, M.R.3
  • 190
    • 84913533374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mendelian randomization of serum urate and parkinson disease progression
    • Simon KC, Eberly S, Gao X et al (2014) Mendelian randomization of serum urate and parkinson disease progression. Ann Neurol 76:862-868
    • (2014) Ann Neurol , vol.76 , pp. 862-868
    • Simon, K.C.1    Eberly, S.2    Gao, X.3
  • 191
    • 84879480610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between caffeine intake and age at onset in Huntington's disease
    • Simonin C, Duru C, Salleron J et al (2013) Association between caffeine intake and age at onset in Huntington's disease. Neurobiol Dis 58:179-182
    • (2013) Neurobiol Dis , vol.58 , pp. 179-182
    • Simonin, C.1    Duru, C.2    Salleron, J.3
  • 192
    • 77953187009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uric acid transport and disease
    • So A, Thorens B (2010) Uric acid transport and disease. J Clin Invest 120:1791-1799
    • (2010) J Clin Invest , vol.120 , pp. 1791-1799
    • So, A.1    Thorens, B.2
  • 193
    • 84862821537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delayed caffeine treatment prevents nigral dopamine neuron loss in a progressive rat model of Parkinson's disease
    • Sonsalla PK, Wong LY, Harris SL et al (2012) Delayed caffeine treatment prevents nigral dopamine neuron loss in a progressive rat model of Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 234:482-487
    • (2012) Exp Neurol , vol.234 , pp. 482-487
    • Sonsalla, P.K.1    Wong, L.Y.2    Harris, S.L.3
  • 194
    • 77952467640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Different roles of radical scavengers-ascorbate and urate in the cerebrospinal fluid of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients
    • Spasojevic I, Stevic Z, Nikolic-Kokic A et al (2010) Different roles of radical scavengers-ascorbate and urate in the cerebrospinal fluid of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. Redox Rep 15:81-86
    • (2010) Redox Rep , vol.15 , pp. 81-86
    • Spasojevic, I.1    Stevic, Z.2    Nikolic-Kokic, A.3
  • 195
    • 0034747982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inactivation of peroxynitrite in multiple sclerosis patients after oral administration of inosine may suggest possible approaches to therapy of the disease
    • Spitsin S, Hooper DC, Leist T et al (2001) Inactivation of peroxynitrite in multiple sclerosis patients after oral administration of inosine may suggest possible approaches to therapy of the disease. Mult Scler 7:313-319
    • (2001) Mult Scler , vol.7 , pp. 313-319
    • Spitsin, S.1    Hooper, D.C.2    Leist, T.3
  • 196
    • 0037028061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adenosine: a neuron-glial transmitter promoting myelination in the CNS in response to action potentials
    • Stevens B, Porta S, Haak LL et al (2002) Adenosine: a neuron-glial transmitter promoting myelination in the CNS in response to action potentials. Neuron 36:855-868
    • (2002) Neuron , vol.36 , pp. 855-868
    • Stevens, B.1    Porta, S.2    Haak, L.L.3
  • 197
    • 84955754860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phase-3 clinical trial of the adenosine 2a antagonist preladenant, given as monotherapy, in patients with Parkinson's disease
    • Stocchi F, Rascol O, Hauser R et al (2014) Phase-3 clinical trial of the adenosine 2a antagonist preladenant, given as monotherapy, in patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurology 82:S7.004
    • (2014) Neurology , vol.82 , pp. S7.004
    • Stocchi, F.1    Rascol, O.2    Hauser, R.3
  • 198
    • 70349331090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adenosine receptors and neurological disease: neuroprotection and neurodegeneration
    • Stone TW, Ceruti S, Abbracchio MP (2009) Adenosine receptors and neurological disease: neuroprotection and neurodegeneration. Handb Exp Pharmacol 193:535-587
    • (2009) Handb Exp Pharmacol , vol.193 , pp. 535-587
    • Stone, T.W.1    Ceruti, S.2    Abbracchio, M.P.3
  • 199
    • 0025822057 scopus 로고
    • The effects of caffeine on ischemic neuronal injury as determined by magnetic resonance imaging and histopathology
    • Sutherland GR, Peeling J, Lesiuk HJ et al (1991) The effects of caffeine on ischemic neuronal injury as determined by magnetic resonance imaging and histopathology. Neuroscience 42:171-182
    • (1991) Neuroscience , vol.42 , pp. 171-182
    • Sutherland, G.R.1    Peeling, J.2    Lesiuk, H.J.3
  • 200
    • 84908212164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roles of glial cells in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration
    • Takeuchi H (2013) Roles of glial cells in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Clin Exp Neuroimmunol 4:2-16
    • (2013) Clin Exp Neuroimmunol , vol.4 , pp. 2-16
    • Takeuchi, H.1
  • 201
    • 10744228352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dose-dependent protective effect of coffee, tea, and smoking in Parkinson's disease: a study in ethnic Chinese
    • Tan EK, Tan C, Fook-Chong SM et al (2003) Dose-dependent protective effect of coffee, tea, and smoking in Parkinson's disease: a study in ethnic Chinese. J Neurol Sci 216:163-167
    • (2003) J Neurol Sci , vol.216 , pp. 163-167
    • Tan, E.K.1    Tan, C.2    Fook-Chong, S.M.3
  • 202
    • 39049183204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Therapeutic value of serum uric acid levels increasing in the treatment of multiple sclerosis
    • Toncev G (2006) Therapeutic value of serum uric acid levels increasing in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Vojnosanit Pregl 63:879-882
    • (2006) Vojnosanit Pregl , vol.63 , pp. 879-882
    • Toncev, G.1
  • 203
    • 58149379610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nrf2 activation in astrocytes protects against neurodegeneration in mouse models of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
    • Vargas MR, Johnson DA, Sirkis DW et al (2008) Nrf2 activation in astrocytes protects against neurodegeneration in mouse models of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurosci 28:13574-13581
    • (2008) J Neurosci , vol.28 , pp. 13574-13581
    • Vargas, M.R.1    Johnson, D.A.2    Sirkis, D.W.3
  • 204
    • 41349103917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SLC2A9 is a newly identified urate transporter influencing serum urate concentration, urate excretion and gout
    • Vitart V, Rudan I, Hayward C et al (2008) SLC2A9 is a newly identified urate transporter influencing serum urate concentration, urate excretion and gout. Nat Genet 40:437-442
    • (2008) Nat Genet , vol.40 , pp. 437-442
    • Vitart, V.1    Rudan, I.2    Hayward, C.3
  • 205
    • 0028268303 scopus 로고
    • Chronic administration of selective adenosine A1 receptor agonist or antagonist in cerebral ischemia
    • Von Lubitz DK, Lin RC, Melman N et al (1994) Chronic administration of selective adenosine A1 receptor agonist or antagonist in cerebral ischemia. Eur J Pharmacol 256:161-167
    • (1994) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.256 , pp. 161-167
    • Von Lubitz, D.K.1    Lin, R.C.2    Melman, N.3
  • 206
    • 0036713048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uric acid, hominoid evolution, and the pathogenesis of salt-sensitivity
    • Watanabe S, Kang DH, Feng L et al (2002) Uric acid, hominoid evolution, and the pathogenesis of salt-sensitivity. Hypertension 40:355-360
    • (2002) Hypertension , vol.40 , pp. 355-360
    • Watanabe, S.1    Kang, D.H.2    Feng, L.3
  • 207
    • 34548021226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma urate and risk of Parkinson's disease
    • Weisskopf MG, O'Reilly E, Chen H et al (2007) Plasma urate and risk of Parkinson's disease. Am J Epidemiol 166:561-567
    • (2007) Am J Epidemiol , vol.166 , pp. 561-567
    • Weisskopf, M.G.1    O'Reilly, E.2    Chen, H.3
  • 208
    • 84875535930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caffeine consumption and risk of dyskinesia in CALMPD
    • Wills AM, Eberly S, Tennis M et al (2013) Caffeine consumption and risk of dyskinesia in CALMPD. Mov Disord 28:380-383
    • (2013) Mov Disord , vol.28 , pp. 380-383
    • Wills, A.M.1    Eberly, S.2    Tennis, M.3
  • 209
    • 77951957859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Higher serum uric acid associated with decreased Parkinson's disease prevalence in a large community-based survey
    • Winquist A, Steenland K, Shankar A (2010) Higher serum uric acid associated with decreased Parkinson's disease prevalence in a large community-based survey. Mov Disord 25:932-936
    • (2010) Mov Disord , vol.25 , pp. 932-936
    • Winquist, A.1    Steenland, K.2    Shankar, A.3
  • 210
    • 80052683178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased cerebrospinal fluid production as a possible mechanism underlying caffeine's protective effect against Alzheimer's disease
    • Wostyn P, Van Dam D, Audenaert K et al (2011) Increased cerebrospinal fluid production as a possible mechanism underlying caffeine's protective effect against Alzheimer's disease. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011:617420
    • (2011) Int J Alzheimers Dis , vol.2011 , pp. 617420
    • Wostyn, P.1    Van Dam, D.2    Audenaert, K.3
  • 211
    • 0026592267 scopus 로고
    • Two independent mutational events in the loss of urate oxidase during hominoid evolution
    • Wu XW, Muzny DM, Lee CC et al (1992) Two independent mutational events in the loss of urate oxidase during hominoid evolution. J Mol Evol 34:78-84
    • (1992) J Mol Evol , vol.34 , pp. 78-84
    • Wu, X.W.1    Muzny, D.M.2    Lee, C.C.3
  • 212
    • 33845899095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forebrain adenosine A2A receptors contribute to L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine- induced dyskinesia in hemiparkinsonian mice
    • Xiao D, Bastia E, Xu YH et al (2006) Forebrain adenosine A2A receptors contribute to L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine- induced dyskinesia in hemiparkinsonian mice. J Neurosci 26:13548-13555
    • (2006) J Neurosci , vol.26 , pp. 13548-13555
    • Xiao, D.1    Bastia, E.2    Xu, Y.H.3
  • 213
    • 14544288232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Therapeutic potential of adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonists in Parkinson's disease
    • Xu K, Bastia E, Schwarzschild M (2005) Therapeutic potential of adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonists in Parkinson's disease. Pharmacol Ther 105:267-310
    • (2005) Pharmacol Ther , vol.105 , pp. 267-310
    • Xu, K.1    Bastia, E.2    Schwarzschild, M.3
  • 214
    • 84898720683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Summary of evidence-based guideline: complementary and alternative medicine in multiple sclerosis: report of the guideline development subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology
    • Yadav V, Bever C Jr, Bowen J et al (2014) Summary of evidence-based guideline: complementary and alternative medicine in multiple sclerosis: report of the guideline development subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 82:1083-1092
    • (2014) Neurology , vol.82 , pp. 1083-1092
    • Yadav, V.1    Bever, C.2    Bowen, J.3
  • 215
    • 33947517977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proteasome inhibition induces glutathione synthesis and protects cells from oxidative stress: relevance to Parkinson disease
    • Yamamoto N, Sawada H, Izumi Y et al (2007) Proteasome inhibition induces glutathione synthesis and protects cells from oxidative stress: relevance to Parkinson disease. J Biol Chem 282:4364-4372
    • (2007) J Biol Chem , vol.282 , pp. 4364-4372
    • Yamamoto, N.1    Sawada, H.2    Izumi, Y.3
  • 216
    • 84866251649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic inactivation of the adenosine A(2A) receptor exacerbates brain damage in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • Yao SQ, Li ZZ, Huang QY et al (2012) Genetic inactivation of the adenosine A(2A) receptor exacerbates brain damage in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurochem 123:100-112
    • (2012) J Neurochem , vol.123 , pp. 100-112
    • Yao, S.Q.1    Li, Z.Z.2    Huang, Q.Y.3
  • 217
    • 4344648152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomarkers of antioxidant capacity in the hydrophilic and lipophilic compartments of human plasma
    • Yeum KJ, Russell RM, Krinsky NI et al (2004) Biomarkers of antioxidant capacity in the hydrophilic and lipophilic compartments of human plasma. Arch Biochem Biophys 430:97-103
    • (2004) Arch Biochem Biophys , vol.430 , pp. 97-103
    • Yeum, K.J.1    Russell, R.M.2    Krinsky, N.I.3
  • 218
    • 0346232735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uric acid protects neurons against excitotoxic and metabolic insults in cell culture, and against focal ischemic brain injury in vivo
    • Yu ZF, Bruce-Keller AJ, Goodman Y et al (1998) Uric acid protects neurons against excitotoxic and metabolic insults in cell culture, and against focal ischemic brain injury in vivo. J Neurosci Res 53:613-625
    • (1998) J Neurosci Res , vol.53 , pp. 613-625
    • Yu, Z.F.1    Bruce-Keller, A.J.2    Goodman, Y.3
  • 219
    • 41849085227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adenosine A2A receptor antagonists exert motor and neuroprotective effects by distinct cellular mechanisms
    • Yu L, Shen HY, Coelho JE et al (2008) Adenosine A2A receptor antagonists exert motor and neuroprotective effects by distinct cellular mechanisms. Ann Neurol 63:338-346
    • (2008) Ann Neurol , vol.63 , pp. 338-346
    • Yu, L.1    Shen, H.Y.2    Coelho, J.E.3
  • 220
    • 80053221873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caffeine induces beneficial changes in PKA signaling and JNK and ERK activities in the striatum and cortex of Alzheimer's transgenic mice
    • Zeitlin R, Patel S, Burgess S et al (2011) Caffeine induces beneficial changes in PKA signaling and JNK and ERK activities in the striatum and cortex of Alzheimer's transgenic mice. Brain Res 1417:127-136
    • (2011) Brain Res , vol.1417 , pp. 127-136
    • Zeitlin, R.1    Patel, S.2    Burgess, S.3
  • 221
    • 84903511459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nrf2 signaling contributes to the neuroprotective effects of urate against 6-OHDA toxicity
    • Zhang N, Shu HY, Huang T et al (2014) Nrf2 signaling contributes to the neuroprotective effects of urate against 6-OHDA toxicity. PLoS One 9:e100286
    • (2014) PLoS One , vol.9 , pp. e100286
    • Zhang, N.1    Shu, H.Y.2    Huang, T.3
  • 222
    • 85027954954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum uric acid level is associated with the prevalence but not with survival of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a Chinese population
    • Zheng Z, Guo X, Wei Q et al (2014) Serum uric acid level is associated with the prevalence but not with survival of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a Chinese population. Metab Brain Dis 29:771-775
    • (2014) Metab Brain Dis , vol.29 , pp. 771-775
    • Zheng, Z.1    Guo, X.2    Wei, Q.3
  • 223
    • 84655161553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protective effects of urate against 6-OHDA-induced cell injury in PC12 cells through antioxidant action
    • Zhu TG, Wang XX, Luo WF et al (2012) Protective effects of urate against 6-OHDA-induced cell injury in PC12 cells through antioxidant action. Neurosci Lett 506:175-179
    • (2012) Neurosci Lett , vol.506 , pp. 175-179
    • Zhu, T.G.1    Wang, X.X.2    Luo, W.F.3
  • 224
    • 79953781989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An exploratory study of serum urate levels in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
    • Zoccolella S, Simone IL, Capozzo R et al (2011) An exploratory study of serum urate levels in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol 258:238-243
    • (2011) J Neurol , vol.258 , pp. 238-243
    • Zoccolella, S.1    Simone, I.L.2    Capozzo, R.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.