Candida efflux ATPases and antiporters in clinical drug resistance

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

Volumn 892, Issue , 2016, Pages 351-376

  Prasad, Rajendra ^a,b   Rawal, Manpreet Kaur ^a   Shah, Abdul Haseeb ^a  

^a JAWAHARLAL NEHRU UNIVERSITY   (India)

^b AMITY UNIVERSITY HARYANA   (India)

Author keywords

ABC transporters; CaMdr1p; Cdr1p; Drug resistance; MFS transporters

Indexed keywords

ABC TRANSPORTER; ANTIPORTER; CURCUMIN; DISULFIRAM; FARNESOL; FLU1 PROTEIN; FLUCONAZOLE; ITRACONAZOLE; KETOCONAZOLE; MAJOR FACILITATOR SUPERFAMILY PROTEIN; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE PROTEIN 1; PROTEIN CDR1P; PROTON ANTIPORTER 1; PROTON ANTIPORTER 2; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; CARRIER PROTEIN; CDR1 PROTEIN, CANDIDA ALBICANS; FUNGAL PROTEIN; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE PROTEIN; PYRROLE DERIVATIVE;

ANTIFUNGAL RESISTANCE; BINDING SITE; CANDIDA; CANDIDA ALBICANS; CATALYSIS; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; DRUG ACCUMULATION; FUNGAL GENOME; FUNGAL STRAIN; HUMAN; INTRACELLULAR LOOP; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE BINDING DOMAIN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN HYDROLYSIS; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; TRANSMEMBRANE SEGMENT; UPREGULATION; CANDIDIASIS; CELL MEMBRANE; CELL WALL; CHEMISTRY; DRUG DESIGN; DRUG EFFECTS; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETICS; METABOLISM; MICROBIOLOGY; TRANSPORT AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL;

ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS; AZOLES; BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT; CANDIDA ALBICANS; CANDIDIASIS; CELL MEMBRANE; CELL WALL; DRUG DESIGN; DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE, FUNGAL; FUNGAL PROTEINS; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMANS; MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS; P-GLYCOPROTEIN;

EID: 84953217094     PISSN: 00652598     EISSN: 22148019     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-25304-6_15     Document Type: Chapter

References (133)

1. Aller SG, Yu J,Ward A,Weng Y, Chittaboina S, Zhuo R, Harrell PM, Trinh YT, Zhang Q, Urbatsch IL, Chang G (2009) Structure of P-glycoprotein reveals a molecular basis for poly-specific drug binding. Science 323:1718-1722
2. Ananthaswamy N, Rutledge R, Sauna ZE, Ambudkar SV, Dine E, Nelson E, Xia D, Gollin J (2010) The signaling interface of the yeast multidrug transporter Pdr5 adopts a cis conformation, and there are functional overlap and equivalence of the deviant and canonical Q-loop residues. Biochemistry 49:4440-4449
3. Balzi E, Wang M, Leterme S, Van Dyck L, Goffeau A (1994) PDR5, a novel yeast multidrug resistance conferring transporter controlled by the transcription regulator PDR1. J Biol Chem 269:2206-2214
4. Barker KS, Pearson MM, Rogers PD (2003) Identification of genes differentially expressed in association with reduced azole susceptibility in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Antimicrob Chemother 51:1131-1140
5. Ben-Yaacov R, Knoller S, Caldwell GA, Becker JM, Koltin Y (1994) Candida albicans gene encoding resistance to benomyl and methotrexate is a multidrug resistance gene. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 38:648-652
6. Braun BR, Vanhet HM, d'Enfert C, Martchenko M, Dungan J, Kuo A, Inglis DO et al (2005) A human-curated annotation of the Candida albicans genome. PLoS Genet 1:36-57
7. Cabrito TR, TeixeiraMC, Singh A, Prasad R, Sa-Correia I (2011) The yeast ABC transporter Pdr18 (ORF YNR070w) controls plasma membrane sterol composition, playing a role in multidrug resistance. Biochem J 440:195-202
8. Calabrese D, Bille J, Sanglard D (2000) A novel multidrug efflux transporter gene of the major facilitator superfamily from Candida albicans (FLU1) conferring resistance to fluconazole. Microbiology 146:2743-2754
9. Cannon RD, Lamping E, Holmes AR, NiimiK, Baret PV, KeniyaMV, Tanabe K, NiimiM, Goffeau A, Monk BC (2009) Efflux-mediated antifungal drug resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 22:291- 321
10. Christensen PU, Davis K, Nielsen O, Davey J (1997a) Abc1: a new ABC transporter from the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. FEMS Microbiol Lett 147:97-102
11. Christensen PU, Davey J, Nielsen O (1997b) The Schizosaccharomyces pombe mam1 gene encodes an ABC transporter mediating secretion of M-factor. Mol Gen Genet 255:226-236
12. Costa C, Pires C, Cabrito TR, Renaudin A, Ohno M, Chibana H, Sa-Correia I, Teixeira MC (2013) Candida glabrata drug: HC antiporter CgQdr2 confers imidazole drug resistance, being activated by transcription factor CgPdr1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57:3159-3167. doi:10.1128/AAC.00811-12
13. Dassa E, Bouige P (2001) The ABC of ABCS: a phylogenetic and functional classification of ABC systems in living organisms. Res Microbiol 152:211-229
14. Dawson RJ, Locher KP (2006) Structure of a bacterial multidrug ABC transporter. Nature 443:180-185
15. Dean M, Allikmets R, Gerrard B, Stewart C, Kistler A, Shafer B, Michaelis S, Strathern J (1994) Mapping and sequencing of two yeast genes belonging to the ATP- binding cassete superfamily. Yeast 10:377-383
16. Dean M, Andrey R, Rando A (2001) The human ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily. Genome Res 11:1156-1166
17. Decottignies A, Goffeau A (1997) Complete inventory of the yeast ABC proteins. Nat Genet 15:137-145
18. Decottignies A, Lambert L, Catty P, Degand H, Epping EA, Moye-Rowley WS, Balzi E, Goffeau A (1995) Identification and characterization of SNQ2, a new multidrug ATP binding cassette transporter of the yeast plasma membrane. J Biol Chem 270:18150-18157
19. Decottignies A, Grant AM, Nichols JW, De Wet H, McIntosh DB, Goffeau A (1998) ATPase and multidrug transport activities of the overexpressed yeast ABC protein Yor1p. J Biol Chem 273:12612-12622
20. Dejos C, Régnacq M, Bernard M, Voisin P, Bergès T (2013) The MFS-type efflux pump Flr1 induced by Yap1 promotes canthin-6-one resistance in yeast. FEBS Lett 587:3045-3051
21. Dogra S, Krishnamurthy S, Gupta V, Dixit BL, Gupta CM, Sanglard D, Prasad R (1999) Asymmetric distribution of phosphatidylethanolamine in C. albicans: possible mediation by CDR1, a multidrug transporter belonging to ATP binding cassette (ABC) superfamily. Yeast 15:111-121
22. Felder T, Bogengruber E, Tenreiro S, Ellinger A, Sá-Correia I, Briza P (2002) Dtrlp, a multidrug resistance transporter of the major facilitator superfamily, plays an essential role in spore wall maturation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Eukaryot Cell 1:799-810
23. Franz R, Michel S, Morschhauser J (1998) A fourth gene from the Candida albicans CDR family of ABC transporters. Gene 220:91-98
24. Fritz F, Howard EM, Hoffman MM, Roepe P (1999) Evidence for altered ion transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae overexpressing human MDR 1 protein. Biochemistry 38:4214-4226
25. GaurM, Choudhury D, Prasad R (2005) Complete inventory of ABC proteins in human pathogenic yeast, Candida albicans. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 9:3-15
26. Gaur M, Puri N, Manoharlal R, Rai V, Mukhopadhayay G, Choudhary D, Prasad R (2008) MFS transportome of the human pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. BMC Genomics 9:579. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-9-579
27. Ginn SL, Brown MH, Skurray RA (2000) The TetA(K) tetracycline/H(C) antiporter from Staphylococcus aureus: mutagenesis and functional analysis of motif C. J Bacteriol 182:1492- 1498. doi:10.1128/JB.182.6.1492-1498.2000
28. Goldman BS, Kranz RG (2001) ABC transporters associated with cytochrome c biogenesis. Res Microbiol 152:323-329
29. Gupta V, Kohli AK, Krishnamurthy S, Puri N, Aalamgeer SA, Panwar SL, Prasad R (1998) Identification of mutant alleles of CaMDR1, a major facilitator of Candida albicans which confers multidrug resistance and its in vitro transcriptional activation. Curr Genet 3:192-199
30. Higgins CF, Linton KJ (2004) The ATP switch model for ABC transporters. Nat Struct Mol Biol 11:918-926
31. Hiraga K, Yamamoto S, Fukuda H, Hamanaka N, Oda K (2005) Enniatin has a new function as an inhibitor of Pdr5p, one of the ABC transporters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 328:1119-1125
32. Huang J, Zhang Y, Peng JS, Zhong C, Yi HY, Ow DW, Gong JM (2012) Fission yeast HMT1 lowers seed cadmium through phytochelatin-dependent vacuolar sequestration in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 158:1779-1788. doi:10.1104/pp.111.192872
33. Iwaki T, Fujita Y, Tanaka N, Giga-Hama Y, Takegawa K (2005) Mitochondrial ABC transporter Atm1p is required for protection against oxidative stress and vacuolar functions in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 69:2109-2116
34. Iwaki T, Giga-Hama Y, Takegawa K (2006) A survey of all 11 ABC transporters in fission yeast: two novel ABC transporters are required for red pigment accumulation in a Schizosaccharomyces pombe adenine biosynthetic mutant. Microbiology 152:2309-2321
35. Jacquot C, Julien R, Guilloton M (1997) The Saccharomyces cerevisiae MFS superfamily SGE1 gene confers resistance to cationic dyes. Yeast 13:891-902
36. Jha S, Karnani N, Dhar SK, Mukhopadhayay K, Shukla S, Saini P, Mukhopadhayay G, Prasad R (2003) Purification and characterization of the N-terminal nucleotide binding domain of an ABC drug transporter of Candida albicans: uncommon cysteine 193 ofWalker A is critical for ATP hydrolysis. Biochemistry 42:10822-10832
37. Jha S, Dabas N, Karnani N, Saini P, Prasad R (2004) ABC multidrug transporter Cdr1p of Candida albicans has divergent nucleotide-binding domains which display functional asymmetry. FEMS Yeast Res 5:63-72
38. Kapoor K, Rehan M, Kaushiki A, Pasrija R, Lynn AM, Prasad R (2009) Rational mutational analysis of a multidrug MFS transporter CaMdr1p of Candida albicans by employing a membrane environment based computational approach. PLoS Comput Biol 5:1-11
39. Kapoor K, Rehan M, Lynn AM, Prasad R (2010) Employing information theoretic measures and mutagenesis to identify residues critical for drug-proton antiport function in Mdr1p of Candida albicans. PLoS One 5(6):e11041. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011041
40. Katiyar SK, Edlind TD (2001) Identification and expression of multidrug resistance-related ABC transporter gene in Candida krusei. Med Mycol 39:109-116
41. Katzmann DJ, Hallstrom TC, Voet M, Wysock W, Golin J, Volckert G, Moye-Rowley WS (1995) Expression of an ATP-binding cassette transporter-encoding gene (YOR1) is required for oligomycin resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 15:6875-6883
42. Kaya A, Karakaya HC, Fomenko DE, Gladyshev VN, Koc A (2009) Identification of a novel system for boron transport: Atr1 is a main boron exporter in yeast. Mol Cell Biol 29:3665- 3674
43. Kispal G, Csere P, Guiard B, Lill R (1997) The ABC transporter Atm1p is required for mitochondrial iron homeostasis. FEBS Lett 418:346-350
44. Krishnamurthy S, Gupta V, Prasad R, Panwar SL, Prasad R (1998) Expression of CDR1, a multidrug resistance gene of Candida albicans: In vitro transcriptional activation by heat shock, drugs and human steroid hormones. FEMS Microbiol Lett 160:191-197
45. Lamping E, Baret PV, Holmes AR, Monk BC, Goffeau A, Cannon RD (2010) Fungal PDR transporters: phylogeny, topology, motifs and function. Fungal Genet Biol 47:117-142
46. Lee MD, Galazzo JL, Staley AL, Lee JC, Warren W, Fuernkranz H, Chamberland S, Lomovskaya O, Miller GH (2001) Microbial fermentation-derived inhibitors of efflux-pump-mediated drug resistance. Farmaco 56:81-85
47. Leighton J, Schatz G (1995) An ABC transporter in the mitochondrial inner membrane is required for normal growth of yeast. EMBO J 14:188-195
48. Li ZS, Szczypka M, Lu YP, Thiele DJ, Rea PA (1996) The yeast cadmium factor protein (YCF1) is a vacuolar glutathione S-conjugate pump. J Biol Chem 271:6509-6517
49. Liu HY, Chiang YC, Pan J, Chen J, Salvadore C, Audino DC, Badarinarayana V, Palaniswamy V, Anderson B, Denis CL (2001) Characterization of CAF4 and CAF16 reveals a functional connection between the CCR4-NOT complex and a subset of SRB proteins of the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme. J Biol Chem 276:7541-7548
50. Mandal A, Kumar A, Singh A, Lynn AM, Kapoor K, Prasad R (2012) A key structural domain of the Candida albicans Mdr1 protein. Biochem J 445:313-322
51. McGrath JP, Vershavsky A (1989) The yeast STE6 gene encodes a homologue of the mammalian multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein. Nature 340:400-404
52. Mendez C, Salas JA (2001) The role of ABC transporters in antibiotic producing organisms: drug secretion and resistance mechanisms. Res Microbiol 152:341-350
53. Mendoza-Cózatl DG, Zhai Z, Jobe TO, Akmakjian GZ, Song WY et al (2010) Tonoplast-localized Abc2 transporter mediates phytochelatin accumulation in vacuoles and confers cadmium tolerance. J Biol Chem 285:40416-40426
54. Miyazaki H, Miyazaki Y, Geber A, Parkinson T, Hitchcock CA, Falconer DJ, Ward DJ, Marsden K, Bennett JE (1998) Fluconazole resistance associated with drug efflux and increased transcription of a drug transporter gene, PDH1, in Candida glabrata. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42:1695-1701
55. Moran GP, Sanglard D, Donnelly SM, Shanley DB, Sullivan DJ, Coleman DC (1998) Identification and expression of multidrug transporters responsible for fluconazole resistance in Candida dubliniensis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42:1819-1830
56. Nagao K, Taguchi Y, Arioka M, Kadokura H, Takatsuki A, Yoda K, Yamasaki M (1995) bfr1C, a novel gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe which confers brefeldin A resistance, is structurally related to the ATP-binding cassette superfamily. J Bacteriol 177:1536-1543
57. Nakamura K, Niimi M, Niimi K, Holmes AR, Yates JE, Decottignies A, Monk BC, Goffeau A, Cannon RD (2001) Functional expression of Candida albicans drug efflux pump Cdr1p in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain deficient in membrane transporters. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45:3366-3374
58. Nakayama H, Tanabe K, Bard M, Hodgson W, Wu S, Takemori D, Aoyama T, Kumaraswami NS, Metzler L, Takano Y, Chibana H, Niimi M (2007) The Candida glabrata putative sterol transporter gene CgAUS1 protects cells against azoles in the presence of serum. J Antimicrob Chemother 60:1264-1272
59. Niimi K, Harding DR, Parshot R, King A, Lun DJ, Decottignies A, Niimi M, Lin S, Cannon RD, Goffeau A, Monk BC (2004) Chemosensitization of fluconazole resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and pathogenic fungi by a D-octapeptide derivative. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48:1256-1271
60. Nim S, Rawal MK, Prasad R (2014) FK520 interacts with the discrete intrahelical amino acids of multidrug transporter Cdr1 protein and acts as antagonist to selectively chemosensitize azole-resistant clinical isolates of Candida albicans. FEMS Yeast Res 14:624-632. doi:10.1111/1567-1364 12149
61. Nishi K, Yoshida M, Horinouchi S, Beppu T (1993) Mating of the fission yeast independently of pmd1C gene product, a structural homologue of budding yeast STE6 and mammalian Pglycoproteins. Arch Microbiol 160:162-165
62. Nunes PA, Tenreiro S, Sá-Correia I (2001) Resistance and adaptation to quinidine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: role of QDR1 (YIL120w), encoding a plasma membrane transporter of the major facilitator superfamily required for multidrug resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45:1528-1534
63. Ogawa A, Hashida Okado T, Endo M, Yoshioka H, Tsuruo T, Takesako K, Kato I (1998) Role of ABC transporters in aureobasidin A resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42:755-761
64. Ortiz DF, Pierre MV, Abdulmessih A, Arias IM (1997) A yeast ATP binding cassette-type protein mediating ATP-dependent bile acid transport. J Biol Chem 272:15358-15365
65. Pagant S, Halliday JJ, Kougentakis C, Miller EA (2010) Intragenic suppressing mutations correct the folding and intracellular traffic of misfolded mutants of Yor1p, a eukaryotic drug transporter. J Biol Chem 285:36304-36314
66. Pao SS, Paulsen IT, Saier MH Jr (1998) Major facilitator superfamily. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 62:1-34
67. Pasrija R, Banerjee D, Prasad R (2007) Structure and function analysis of CaMdr1p, a MFS antifungal efflux transporter protein of Candida albicans: identification of amino acid residues critical for drug/HC transport. Eukaryot Cell 6:443-453
68. Paulsen IT, Skurray RA (1993) Topology, structure and evolution of two families of proteins involved in antibiotic and antiseptic resistance in eukaryotes and prokaryotes- an analysis. Gene 124:1-11
69. Paulsen IT, Brown MH, Skurray RA (1996) Proton-dependent multidrug efflux systems. Microbiol Rev 60:575-608
70. Perlin DS (2011) Current perspectives on echinocandin class drugs. Future Microbiol 6:41-57
71. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ (2007) Epidemiology of invasive candidiasis: a persistent public health problem. Clin Microbiol Rev 20:133-163
72. Pfaller MA, Andes DR, Diekema DJ, Horn DL, Reboli AC, Rotstein C, Franks B, Azie NE (2014) Epidemiology and outcomes of invasive candidiasis due to non-albicans species of Candida in 2,496 patients: data from the Prospective Antifungal Therapy (PATH) registry 2004-2008. PLoS One 9(7):e101510. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101510. eCollection 2014
73. Pina-Vaz C, Rodrigues AG, Costa-de-Oliveira S, Ricardo E, Mardh PA (2005) Potent synergic effect between ibuprofen and azoles on Candida resulting from blockade of efflux pumps as determined by FUN-1 staining and flow cytometry. J Antimicrob Chemother 56:678-685
74. Piper P, Mahe Y, Thompson S, Pandjaitan R, Holyoak C, Egner R,Muhlbauer M, Coote P, Kuchler K (1998) The Pdr12 ABC transporter is required for the development of weak organic acid resistance in yeast. EMBO J 17:4257-4265
75. Prasad R, Goffeau A (2012) Yeast ATP binding cassette transporters conferring multidrug resistance. Annu Rev Microbiol 66:39-63
76. Prasad R, Rawal MK (2014) Efflux pump proteins in antifungal resistance. Front Pharmacol 5:202. doi:10.3389/fphar.2014.00202. eCollection 2014. Review
77. Prasad R, Worgifosse PD, Goffeau A, Balzi E (1995) Molecular cloning and characterisation of a novel gene of C. albicans, CDR1, conferring multiple resistance to drugs and antifungals. Curr Genet 27:320-329
78. Prasad R, Panwar SL, Smriti (2002) Drug resistance in yeasts as an emerging scenario. AdvMicrob Physiol 46:155-201
79. Puri N, Gaur M, Sharma M, Shukla S, Ambudkar SV, Prasad R (2009) The amino acid residues of transmembrane helix 5 of multidrug resistance protein CaCdr1p of Candida albicans are involved in substrate specificity and drug transport. Biochim Biophys Acta 1788:1752-1761
80. Puri N, Prakash O, Manoharlal R, Sharma M, Ghosh I, Prasad R (2010) Analysis of physicochemical properties of substrates of ABC and MFS multidrug transporters of pathogenic Candida albicans. Eur J Med Chem 45:4813-4826
81. Purnelle B, Skala J, Goffeau A (1991) The product of the YCR105 gene located on the chromosome III from Saccharomyces cerevisiae presents homologies to ATP-dependent permeases. Yeast 7:867-872
82. Rai V, Shukla S, Jha S, Komath SS, Prasad R (2005) Functional characterization of N-terminal nucleotide binding domain (NBD-1) of a major ABC drug transporter Cdr1p of Candida albicans: uncommon but conserved Trp326 of Walker B is important for ATP binding. Biochemistry 44:6650-6661
83. Rai V, GaurM, Shukla S, Shukla S, Ambudkar SV, Komath SS, Prasad R (2006) Conserved Asp327 of Walker B motif in the N-terminal nucleotide binding domain (NBD-1) of Cdr1p of Candida albicans has acquired a new role in ATP hydrolysis. Biochemistry 45:14726-14739
84. Rawal MK, Khan MF, Kapoor K, Goyal N, Sen S, Saxena AK, Lynn AM, Tyndal JD, Monk BC, Cannon RD, Komath SS, Prasad R (2013) Insight into pleiotropic drug resistance ATP-binding cassette pump drug transport through mutagenesis of Cdr1p transmembrane domains. J Biol Chem 288:24480-24493. doi:10.1074/jbc.M113.488353
85. Raymond M, Dignard D, Alarco AM, Mainville N, Magee BB, Thomas DY (1998) A Ste6p/Pglycoprotein homologue from the asexual yeast Candida albicans transports the a-factor mating pheromone in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Microbiol 27:587-598
86. Reboutier D, Piednoel M, Boisnard S, Conti A, Chevalier V, Florent M, Gibot-Leclerc S, Da Silva B, Chastin C, Fallague K, Favel A, Noël T, Ruprich-Robert G, Chapeland-Leclerc F, Papon N (2009) Combination of different molecular mechanisms leading to fluconazole resistance in a Candida lusitaniae clinical isolate. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 63:188-193. doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2008.10.019
87. Richardson DM (2005) Changing patterns and trends in systemic function infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 56:5-112
88. Saier MH Jr, Reizer J (1991) Families and super families of transport proteins common to prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Curr Opinion Struct Biol 1:362-368
89. Saini P, Prasad T, Gaur NA, Shukla S, Jha S, Komath SS, Khan LA, Haq QMR, Prasad R (2005) Alanine scanning of transmembrane helix 11 of Cdr1p ABC antifungal efflux pump of Candida albicans: identification of amino acid residues critical for drug efflux. J Antimicrob Chemother 56:77-86
90. Saini P, Gaur NA, Prasad R (2006) Chimeras of the ABC drug transporter Cdr1p reveal functional indispensability of transmembrane domains and nucleotide-binding domains, but transmembrane segment 12 is replaceable with the corresponding homologous region of the non-drug transporter Cdr3p. Microbiology 152:1559-1573
91. Sandbaken MG, Lupisella JA, DiDomenico B, Chakraburtty K (1990) Protein synthesis in yeast. Structural and functional analysis of the gene encoding elongation factor 3. J Biol Chem 265:15838-15844
92. Sanglard D, Kuchler K, Ischer F, Pagani JL, Monod M, Bille J (1995) Mechanisms of resistance to azole antifungal agents in Candida albicans isolates from AIDS patients involve specific multidrug transporters. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 39:2378-2386
93. Sanglard D, Ischer F, Monod M, Bille J (1997) Cloning of Candida albicans genes conferring resistance to azole antifungal agents: characterisation of CDR2, a new multidrug ABC transporter gene. Microbiology 143:405-416
94. Sanglard D, Ischer F, Calabrese D, Majcherczyk PA, Bille J (1999) The ATP binding cassette transporter gene CgCDR1 from Candida glabrata is involved in the resistance of clinical isolates to azole antifungal agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43:2753-2765
95. Sanguinetti M, Posteraro B, La Sorda M, Torelli R, Fiori B, Santangelo R, Delogu G, Fadda G (2006) Role of AFR1, an ABC transporter-encoding gene, in the in vivo response to fluconazole and virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect Immun 74:1352-1359
96. Sasnauskas K, Jomantiene R, Lebediene E, Lebedys J, Januska A, Janulaitis A (1992) Cloning and sequence analysis of a Candida maltosa gene which confers resistance to cycloheximide. Gene 116:105-108
97. Sasser TL, Padolina M, Fratti RA (2012) The yeast vacuolar ABC transporter Ybt1p regulates membrane fusion through Ca2C transport modulation. Biochem J 448:365-372. doi:10.1042/BJ20120847
98. Sauna ZE, Bohn SS, Rutledge R, Dougherty MP, Cronin S, May L, Xia D, Ambudkar SV, Golin J (2008) Mutations define cross-talk between the N-terminal nucleotide-binding domain and transmembrane helix-2 of the yeast multidrug transporter Pdr5: possible conservation of a signaling interface for coupling ATP hydrolysis to drug transport. J Biol Chem 283:35010- 35022
99. Schneider E (2001) ABC transporters catalyzing carbohydrate uptake. ResMicrobiol 152:303-310
100. Schneider E, Hunke S (1998) ATP-binding-cassette (ABC) transport systems: functional and structural aspects of the ATP-hydrolyzing subunits/domains. FEMS Microbiol Rev 22:1-20
101. Schuetzer-Muehlbauer M, Willinger B, Egner R, Ecker G, Kuchler K (2003) Reversal of antifungal resistance mediated by ABC efflux pumps from Candida albicans functionally expressed in yeast. Int J Antimicrob Agents 22:291-300
102. Shani N, Valle D (1996) A Saccharomyces cerevisiae homolog of the human adrenoleukodystrophy transporter is a heterodimer of two half ATP-binding cassette transporters. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93:11901-11906
103. Shani N, Watkins PA, Valle D (1995) PXA1, a possible Saccharomyces cerevisiae ortholog of the human adrenoleukodystrophy gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92:6012-6016
104. Sharma M, Prasad R (2011) The quorum-sensing molecule farnesol is a modulator of drug efflux mediated by ABC multidrug transporters and synergizes with drugs in Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55:4834-4843
105. Sharma M, Manoharlal R, Shukla S, Puri N, Prasad T, Ambudkar SV, Prasad R (2009) Curcumin modulates efflux mediated by yeast ABC multidrug transporters and is synergistic with antifungals. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53:3256-3265
106. Shimazu M, Sekito T, Akiyama K, Ohsumi Y, Kakinuma Y (2005) A family of basic amino acid transporters of the vacuolar membrane from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 280:4851- 4857
107. Shukla S, Saini P, Smriti JS, Ambudkar SV, Prasad R (2003) Functional characterization of Candida albicans ABC transporter Cdr1p. Eukaryot Cell 2:1361-1375
108. Shukla S, Sauna ZE, Prasad R, Ambudkar SV (2004) Disulfiram is a potent modulator of multidrug transporter Cdr1p of Candida albicans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 322:520-525
109. SmithWL, Edlind TD (2002) Histone deacetylase inhibitors enhance Candida albicans sensitivity to azoles and related antifungals: correlation with reduction in CDR and ERG upregulation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46:3532-3539
110. Smriti Krishnamurthy S, Dixit BL, Gupta CM, Milewski S, Prasad R (2002) ABC transporters Cdr1p, Cdr2p and Cdr3p of a human pathogen Candida albicans are general phospholipid translocators. Yeast 19:303-318
111. Stolz J, Wöhrmann HJ, Vogl C (2005) Amiloride uptake and toxicity in fission yeast are caused by the pyridoxine transporter encoded by bsu1C (car1C). Eukaryot Cell 4:319-326
112. Sturtevant J, Cihlar R, Calderone R (1998) Disruption studies of a Candida albicans gene, ELF1: a member of the ATP-binding cassette family. Microbiology 144:2311-2321
113. Tanabe K, Lamping E, Adachi K, Takano Y, Kawabata K, Shizuri Y, Niimi M, Uehara Y (2007) Inhibition of fungal ABC transporters by unnarmicin A and unnarmicin C, novel cyclic peptides from marine bacterium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 364:990-995
114. Tenreiro S, Rosa PC, Viegas CA, Sa-Correia I (2000) Expression of the AZR1 gene (ORF YGR224w), encoding a plasma membrane transporter of the major facilitator superfamily, is required for adaptation to acetic acid and resistance to azoles in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 16:1469-1481
115. Tenreiro S, Nunes PA, Viegas CA, Neves MS, Teixeira MC, Cabral MG, Sa-Correia I (2002) AQR1 gene (ORF YNL065w) encodes a plasma membrane transporter of the major facilitator superfamily that confers resistance to short-chain monocarboxylic acids and quinidine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 292:741-748
116. Tenreiro S, Vargas RC, Teixeira MC, Magnani C, Sa-Correia I (2005) The yeast multidrug transporter Qdr3 (Ybr043c): localization and role as a determinant of resistance to quinidine, barban, cisplatin, and bleomycin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 327:952-959
117. Theiss S, Kretschmar M, Nichterlein T, Hof H, Agabian N, Hacker J, Kohler GA (2002) Functional analysis of a vacuolar ABC transporter in wild-type Candida albicans reveals its involvement in virulence. Mol Microbiol 43:571-584
118. Thornewell SJ, Peery RB, Skatrud PL (1997) Cloning and characterization of CneMDR1, a Cryptococcus neoformans gene encoding a protein related to multidrug resistance proteins. Gene 201:21-29
119. Tomitori H, Kashiwagi K, Asakawa T, Kakinuma Y, Michael AJ, Igarashi K (2001) Multiple polyamine transport systems on the vacuolar membrane in yeast. Biochem J 353:681-688
120. Torelli R, Posteraro B, Ferrari S, La Sorda M, Fadda G, Sanglard D, Sanguinetti M (2008) The ATP-binding cassette transporter-encoding gene CgSNQ2 is contributing to the CgPDR1-dependent azole resistance of Candida glabrata. Mol Microbiol 68:186-201. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06143.x
121. Vargas RC, Garcia-Salcedo R, Tenreiro S, Teixeira MC, Fernandes AR, Ramos J, Sa-Correia I (2007) Saccharomyces cerevisiae multidrug resistance transporter Qdr2 is implicated in potassium uptake, providing a physiological advantage to quinidine-stressed cells. Eukaryot Cell 6:134-142
122. Vazquez de Aldana CR, Marton MJ, Hinnebusch AG (1995) GCN20, a novel ATP binding cassette protein, and GCN1 reside in a complex that mediates activation of the eIF-2 alpha kinase GCN2 in amino acid-starved cells. EMBO J 14:3184-3199
123. Wang Y, Cao YY, Jia XM, Cao YB, Gao PH, Fu XP, Ying K, Chen WS, Jiang YY (2006) Cap1p is involved in multiple pathways of oxidative stress response in Candida albicans. Free Radic Biol Med 40:1201-1209
124. Watkins WJ, Chong L, Cho A, Hilgenkamp R, Ludwikow M, Garizi N, Iqbal N, Barnard J, Singh R, Madsen D, Lolans K, Lomovskaya O, Oza U, Kumaraswamy P, Blecken A, Bai S, Loury DJ, Griffith DC, Dudley MN (2007) Quinazolinone fungal efflux pump inhibitors. Part 3: (N-Methyl)piperazine variants and pharmacokinetic optimization. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 17:2802-2806
125. Wawrzycka D, Sobczak I, Bartosz G, Bocer T, Ułaszewski S, Goffeau A (2010) Vmr 1p is a novel vacuolar multidrug resistance ABC transporter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 10:828-838. doi:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2010.00673.x
126. Wilcox LJ, Balderes DA,Wharton B, Tinkelenberg AH, Rao G, Sturley SL (2002) Transcriptional profiling identifies two members of the ATP-binding cassette transporter superfamily required for sterol uptake in yeast. J Biol Chem 277:32466-32472
127. Wolfger H, Mahe Y, Parle-McDermott A, Delahodde A, Kuchler K (1997) The yeast ATP binding cassette (ABC) protein genes PDR10 and PDR15 are novel targets for the Pdr1 and Pdr3 transcriptional regulators. FEBS Lett 418:269-274
128. Wright MB, Howell EA, Gaber RF (1996) Amino acid substitutions in membrane-spanning domains of Hol1, a member of the major facilitator superfamily of transporters, confer nonselective cation uptake in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol 178:7197-7205
129. Wu CP, Ohnuma S, Ambudkar SV (2011) Discovering natural product modulators to overcome multidrug resistance in cancer chemotherapy. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 12:609-620
130. Yamamoto S, Hiraga K, Abiko A, Hamanaka N, Oda K (2005) A new function of isonitrile as an inhibitor of the Pdr5p multidrug ABC transporter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 330:622-628
131. Yang Z, Huang J, Geng J, Nair U, Klionsky DJ (2006) Atg22 recycles amino acids to link the degradative and recycling functions of autophagy. Mol Biol Cell 17:5094-5104
132. Yong VC, Chew LM, Kwan CL, Ng KP, Seow HF et al (2006) Transcriptional and sequencing analysis of CtCDR1, CtMDR1 and CtERG11 genes in fluconazole-resistant Candida tropicalis isolates from Candidemia patients. J Med Sci 6:713-723
133. Young L, Leonhard K, Tatsuta T, Trowsdale J, Langer T (2001) Role of the ABC transporter Mdl1 in peptide export from mitochondria. Science 291:2135-2138