Peptide-based antifungal therapies against emerging infections

Drugs of the Future

Volumn 35, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 197-217

  Matejuk, A ^a   Leng, Q ^a   Begum, M D ^a   Woodle, M C ^b   Scaria, P ^b   Chou, S T ^a   Mixson, A James ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b Aparna Biosciences Corporation   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACULEACIN A; ACULEACIN D; ACULEACIN F; AMPHOTERICIN; ANIDULAFUNGIN; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; AUREOBASIDIN A; BACILLOMYCIN F; CASPOFUNGIN; CATHELICIDIN ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDE LL 37; CILOFUNGIN; CYCLO[THREONYL(4 HYDROXYPROLYL)(3,4 DIHYDROXYHOMOTYROSYL)(3 HYDROXYGLUTAMINYL)(3 HYDROXY 4 METHYLPROLYL) NGAMMA (4,5 DIHYDROXYORNITHINE)] NALPHA (10,12 DIMETHYLTETRADECANOYLAMIDE); DROSOMYCIN; ECHINOCANDIN; ECHINOCANDIN B; ECHINOCANDIN C; ECHINOCANDIN D; FLUCONAZOLE; ITURIN A; LY 30366; MAGAININ 1; MAGAININ 2; MICAFUNGIN; MULUNDOCANDIN; NIKKOMYCIN; PAF 26; PEPTIDE; PNEUMOCANDIN; PNEUMOCANDIN A; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; WF 11899 A; WF 11899 B; WF 11899 C; XMP 284; XMP 366; XMP 391;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY; ANTIFUNGAL RESISTANCE; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; ASPERGILLOSIS; ASPERGILLUS; ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS; ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS; BLASTOMYCES; BLASTOMYCES DERMATITIDIS; CANDIDA; CANDIDA ALBICANS; CANDIDA KRUSEI; CANDIDIASIS; CLINICAL TRIAL; COCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS; CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG SYNTHESIS; DRUG TARGETING; FUNGICIDAL ACTIVITY; FUSARIUM MONILIFORME; FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM; FUSARIUM SOLANI; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUM; HUMAN; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENT; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; MYCOSIS; NEOPLASM; NONHUMAN; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION; PLANT; PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII; PROTEIN ENGINEERING; REVIEW; SOLID PHASE SYNTHESIS; TOXICITY; TRANSPLANTATION; TRICHOSPORON; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

EID: 84952989125     PISSN: 03778282     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1358/dof.2010.035.03.1452077     Document Type: Review

References (284)

1. Ostrosky-Zeichner, L., Rex, J.H., Bennett, J., Kullberg, B.J. Deeply invasive candidiasis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2002, 16(4): 821-35.
2. Venkatesan, P., Perfect, J.R., Myers, S.A. Evaluation and management of fungal infections in immunocompromised patients. Dermatol Ther 2005, 18(1): 44-57.
3. Prasad, R., Kapoor, K. Multidrug resistance in yeast Candida. Int Rev Cytol 2005, 242: 215-48.
4. Chandrasekar, P.H., Cutright, J., Manavathu, E. Efficacy of voriconazole against invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a guinea-pig model. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000, 45(5): 673-6.
5. Perea, S., Patterson, T.F. Antifungal resistance in pathogenic fungi. Clin Infect Dis 2002, 35(9): 1073-80.
6. Hernandez, S., López-Ribot, J.L., Najvar, L.K., McCarthy, D.I., Bocanegra, R., Graybill, J.R. Caspofungin resistance in Candida albicans: Correlating clinical outcome with laboratory susceptibility testing of three isogenic isolates serially obtained from a patient with progressive Candida esophagitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004, 48(4): 1382-3.
7. Hakki, M., Staab, J.F., Marr, K.A. Emergence of a Candida krusei isolate with reduced susceptibility to caspofungin during therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006, 50(7): 2522-4. (Pubitemid 43993195)
8. Thompson, G.R., 3rd, Wiederhold, N.P., Vallor, A.C., Villareal, N.C., Lewis, J.S., 2nd, Patterson, T.F. Development of caspofungin resistance following prolonged therapy for invasive candidiasis secondary to Candida glabrata infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008, 52(10): 3783-5.
9. Reddy, K.V., Yedery, R.D., Aranha, C. Antimicrobial peptides: Premises and promises. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2004, 24(6): 536-47.
10. Hoffmann, J.A., Kafatos, F.C., Janeway, C.A., Ezekowitz, R.A. Phylogenetic perspectives in innate immunity. Science 1999, 284(5418): 1313-8.
11. Zasloff, M. Antimicrobial peptides of multicellular organisms. Nature 2002, 415(6870): 389-95.
12. Broekaert, W.F., Terras, F.R., Cammue, B.P., Osborn, R.W. Plant defensins: Novel antimicrobial peptides as components of the host defense system. Plant Physiol 1995, 108(4): 1353-8.
13. Bulet, P., Stocklin, R., Menin, L. Anti-microbial peptides: From invertebrates to vertebrates. Immunol Rev 2004, 198: 169-84.
14. Otvos, L., Jr., Bokonyi, K., Varga, I. et al. Insect peptides with improved protease-resistance protect mice against bacterial infection. Protein Sci 2000, 9(4): 742-9. (Pubitemid 30217622)
15. Ganz, T., Lehrer, R.I. Antimicrobial peptides of leukocytes. Curr Opin Hematol 1997, 4(1): 53-8.
16. Thevissen, K., Terras, F.R., Broekaert, W.F. Permeabilization of fungal membranes by plant defensins inhibits fungal growth. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999, 65(12): 5451-8. (Pubitemid 129520636)
17. Thevissen, K., Osborn, R.W., Acland, D.P., Broekaert, W.F. Specific binding sites for an antifungal plant defensin from Dahlia (Dahlia merckii) on fungal cells are required for antifungal activity. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2000, 13(1): 54-61. (Pubitemid 30028176)
18. Schmatz, D.M., Abruzzo, G., Powles, M.A. et al. Pneumocandins from Zalerion arboricola. IV Biological evaluation of natural and semisynthetic pneumocandins for activity against Pneumocystis carinii and Candida species. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1992, 45(12): 1886-91. (Pubitemid 23059700)
19. Jigami, Y., Odani, T. Mannosylphosphate transfer to yeast mannan. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999, 1426(2): 335-45.
20. Tang, Y.Q., Yuan, J., Osapay, G. et al. A cyclic antimicrobial peptide produced in primate leukocytes by the ligation of two tmncated alpha-defensins. Science 1999, 286(5439): 498-502.
21. Biragyn, A., Ruffini, P.A., Leifer, C.A. et al. Toll-like receptor 4-dependent activation of dendritic cells by beta-defensin 2. Science 2002, 298(5595): 1025-9.
22. Chong-Cerrillo, C., Selsted, M.E., Peterson, E.M., de la Maza, L.M. Susceptibility of human and murine Chlamydia trachomatis serovars to granulocyte- and epithelium-derived antimicrobial peptides. J Pept Res 2003, 61(5): 237-42.
23. Yang, D., Chertov, O., Bykovskaia, S.N. et al. Beta-defensins: Linking innate and adaptive immunity through dendritic and T cell CCR6. Science 1999, 286(5439): 525-8.
24. Yang, D., Chen, Q., Chertov, O., Oppenheim, J.J. et al. Human neutrophil defensins selectively chemoattract naive T and immature dendritic cells. J Leukoc Biol 2000, 68(1): 9-14.
25. Yang, D., Biragyn, A., Kwak, L.W., Oppenheim, J.J. et al. Mammalian defensins in immunity: More than just microbicidal. Trends Immunol 2002, 23(6): 291-6.
26. Durr, M., Peschel, A. Chemokines meet defensins: The merging concepts of chemoattractants and antimicrobial peptides in host defense. Infect Immun 2002, 70(12): 6515-7.
27. Hancock, R.E., Rozek, A. Role of membranes in the activities of antimicrobial cationic peptides. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2002, 206(2): 143-9.
28. Ben-Ami, R., Lewis, R.E., Kontoyiannis, D.P. Immunocompromised hosts: Immunopharmacology of modern antifungals. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 47(2): 226-35.
29. Balloy, V., Huerre, M., Latgé, J.P., Chignard, M. Differences in patterns of infection and inflammation for corticosteroid treatment and chemotherapy in experimental invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Infect Immun 2005, 73(1): 494-503. (Pubitemid 40041144)
30. Ganz, T. Immunology. Versatile defensins. Science 2002, 298(5595): 977-9.
31. Okumura, K., Itoh, A., Isogai, E. et al. C-terminal domain of human CAP18 antimicrobial peptide induces apoptosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma SAS-H1 cells. Cancer Lett 2004, 212(2): 185-94. (Pubitemid 38997974)
32. Chen, Q.R., Zhang, L., Stass, S.A., Mixson, A.J. Branched co-polymers of histidine and lysine are efficient carriers of plasmids. Nucleic Acids Res 2001, 29(6): 1334-40. (Pubitemid 32229461)
33. Leng, Q., Mixson, A.J. Modified branched peptides with a histidine-rich tail enhance in vitro gene transfection. Nucleic Acids Res 2005, 33(4): e40. (Pubitemid 41439941)
34. Lopez-Exposito, I., Recio, I. Protective effect of milk peptides: Antibacterial and antitumor properties. Adv Exp Med Biol 2008, 606: 271-93.
35. Kuipers, O.P., Bierbaum, C., Ottenwälder B. et al. Protein engineering of lantibiotics. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1996, 69(2): 161-69.
36. Andreu, D., Rivas, L. Animal antimicrobial peptides: An overview. Biopolymers 1998, 47(6): 415-33.
37. Cheigh, C.I., Pyun, Y.R. Nisin biosynthesis and its properties. Biotechnol Lett 2005, 27(21): 1641-8.
38. Jack, R.W., Jung, G. Lantibiotics and microcins: Polypeptides with unusual chemical diversity. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2000, 4(3): 310-7.
39. Xie, L., van der Donk, W.A. Post-translational modifications during lantibiotic biosynthesis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2004, 8(5): 498-507. (Pubitemid 39278346)
40. Jenssen, H., P. Hamill, Hancock, R.E. Peptide antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006, 19(3): 491-511.
41. Yeaman, M.R., Yount, N.Y. Mechanisms of antimicrobial peptide action and resistance. Pharmacol Rev 2003, 55(1): 27-55. (Pubitemid 36268398)
42. De Lucca, A.J. Antifungal peptides: Potential candidates for the treatment of fungal infections. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2000, 9(2): 273-99.
43. Cole, A.M., Ganz, T. Human antimicrobial peptides: Analysis and application. Biotechniques 2000, 29(4): 822-6, 828, 830-1.
44. Georgopapadakou, N.H., Walsh, T.J. Antifungal agents: Chemotherapeutic targets and immunologic strategies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996, 40(2): 279-91.
45. Kurtz, M.B., Douglas, C.M. Lipopeptide inhibitors of fungal glucan synthase. J Med Vet Mycol 1997, 35(2): 79-86.
46. Turner, W.W., Current, W.L. Echinocandin antifungal agents. In: Biotechnology of Antibiotics, 2nd Ed. W.R. Strohl (Ed.). Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York, 1997, 315-34.
47. Benz, F., Knuesel, F., Nuesch, J., Treicher, H., Voser, W., Nyfeler, R., Keller-Schlerein, W. Echinocandin B, ein neuartiges Polypetid Antibioticum aus Aspergillus nidulans vor echinlatus: Isolierung and Baudsteine. Helv Chim Acta 1974, 57: 2459-77.
48. Schmatz, D.M., Romancheck, M.A., Pittarelli, L.A. et al. Treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with 1,3-beta-glucan synthesis inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990, 87(15): 5950-4.
49. Schmatz, D.M., Powles, M.A, McFadden, D.C. et al. Antipneumocystis activity of water-soluble lipopeptide L-693,989 in rats. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992, 36(9): 1964-70.
50. Fromtling, R.A., Abruzzo, G.K. L-671,329, a new antifungal agent. III. In vitro activity, toxicity and efficacy in comparison to aculeacin. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1989, 42(2): 174-8.
51. Zambias, R.A., Hammond, M.L., Heck, J.V., Bartizal, K., Trainor, C., Abruzzo, G., Schmatz, D.M., Nollstadt, K.M. Preparation and structure-activity relationships of simplified analogues of the antifungal agent cilofungin: A total synthesis approach. J Med Chem 1992, 35(15): 2843-55.
52. Gordee, R.S., Zeckner, D.J., Howard, L.C., Alborn, W.E., Jr, Debono, M. Anti-Candida activity and toxicology of LY121019, a novel semisynthetic polypeptide antifungal antibiotic. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1988, 544: 294-309.
53. Sucher, A.J., E.B. Chahine, H.E. Balcer, Echinocandins: The newest class of antifungals. Ann Pharmacother 2009. 43(10): 1647-57.
54. Tawara, S., Ikeda, F., Maki, K. et al. In vitro activities of a new lipopeptide antifungal agent, FK463, against a variety of clinically important fungi. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000, 44(1): 57-62.
55. Mizuno, K., Yagi, A., Satoi, S., Takada, M., Hayashi, M. Studies on aculeacin. I. Isolation and characterization of aculeacin A. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1977, 30(4): 297-302.
56. Satoi, S., Yagi, A., Asano, K., Mizuno, K., Watanabe, T. Studies on aculeacin. II. Isolation and characterization of aculeacins B, C, D, E, F and G. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1977, 30(4): 303-7. (Pubitemid 8119849)
57. Mizoguchi, J., Saito, T., Mizuno, K., Hayano, K. On the mode of action of a new antifungal antibiotic, aculeacin A: Inhibition of cell wall synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1977, 30(4): 308-13. (Pubitemid 8119850)
58. Iwata, K., Yamamoto, Y., Yamaguchi, H., Hiratani, T. In vitro studies of aculeacin A, a new antifungal antibiotic. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1982, 35(2): 203-9.
59. Mukhopadhyay, T., Ganguli, B.N., Fehlhaber, H.W., Kogler, H., Vertesy, L. Mulundocandin, a new lipopeptide antibiotic. II. Structure elucidation. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1987, 40(3): 281-9.
60. Roy, K., Mukhopadhyay, T., Reddy, G.C., Desikan, K.R., Ganguli, B.N. Mulundocandin, a new lipopeptide antibiotic. I. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and characterization. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1987, 40(3): 275-80.
61. Hawser, S., Borgonovi, M., Markus, A., Isert, D. Mulundocandin, an echinocandin-like lipopeptide antifungal agent: Biological activities in vitro. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1999, 52(3): 305-10.
62. Iwamoto, T., Fujie, A., Nitta, K., Hashimoto, S., Okuhara, M., Kohsaka, M. WF11899A, B and C, novel antifungal lipopeptides. II. Biological properties. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1994, 47(10): 1092-7.
63. Hori, M., Eguchi, J., Kakiki, K., Misato, T. Studies on the mode of action of polyoxins. VI. Effect of polyoxin B on chitin synthesis in polyoxin-sensitive and resistant strains of Alternaria kikuchiana. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1974, 27(4): 260-6.
64. Brillinger, G.U. Metabolic products of microorganisms. 181. Chitin synthase from fungi, a test model for substances with insecticidal properties. Arch Microbiol 1979, 121(1): 71-4.
65. Chen, W., H. Zeng, Tan, H. Cloning, sequencing, and function of sanF:A gene involved in nikkomycin biosynthesis of Streptomyces ansochromogenes. Curr Microbiol 2000, 41(5): 312-6.
66. McCarthy, P.J., Troke, P.F., Gull, K. Mechanism of action of nikkomycin and the peptide transport system of Candida albicans. J Gen Microbiol 1985, 131(4): 775-80.
67. Hector, R.F., Zimmer, B.L., Pappagianis, D. Evaluation of nikkomycins X and Z in murine models of coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, and blastomycosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990, 34(4): 587-93.
68. Clemons, K.V., Stevens, D.A. Efficacy of nikkomycin Z against experimental pulmonary blastomycosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997, 41(9): 2026-8.
69. Ikai, K., Takesako, K., Shiomi, K., Moriguchi, M., Umeda, Y., Yamamoto, J., Kato, I., Naganawa, H. Stmcture of aureobasidin A. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1991, 44(9): 925-33.
70. Endo, M., Takesako, K., Kato, I., Yamaguchi, H. Fungicidal action of aureobasidin A, a cyclic depsipeptide antifungal antibiotic, against Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997, 41(3): 672-6.
71. Nagiec, M.M., Nagiec, E.E., Baltisberger, J.A., Wells, G.B., Lester, R.L., Dickson, R.C. Sphingolipid synthesis as a target for antifungal drugs. Complementation of the inositol phosphorylceramide synthase defect in a mutant strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by the AUR1 gene. J Biol Chem 1997, 272(15): 9809-17.
72. Takesako, K., Kuroda, H., Inoue, T. et al. Biological properties of aureobasidin A, a cyclic depsipeptide antifungal antibiotic. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1993, 46(9): 1414-20.
73. Thevissen, K., Kristensen, H.H., Thomma, B.P., Cammue, B.P., François, I.E. Therapeutic potential of antifungal plant and insect defensins. Drug Discov Today 2007, 12(21-22): 966-71.
74. Fehlbaum, P., Bulet, P., Michaut, L., Lagueux, M., Broekaert, W.F., Hetru, C., Hoffmann, J.A. Insect immunity. Septic injury of Drosophila induces the synthesis of a potent antifungal peptide with sequence homology to plant antifungal peptides. J Biol Chem 1994, 269(52): 33159-63.
75. Gao, B., Zhu, S.Y. Differential potency of drosomycin to Neurospora crassa and its mutant: Implications for evolutionary relationship between defensins from insects and plants. Insect Mol Biol 2008, 17(4): 405-11.
76. Schaaper, W.M., Posthuma, G.A., Plasman, H.H. et al. Synthetic peptides derived from the beta2-beta3 loop of Raphanus sativus antifungal protein 2 that mimic the active site. J Pept Res 2001, 57(5): 409-18.
77. Cohen, L., Moran, Y., Sharon, A., Segal, D., Gordon, D., Gurevitz, M. Drosomycin, an innate immunity peptide of Drosophila melanogaster, interacts with the fly voltage-gated sodium channel. J Biol Chem 2009, 284(35): 23558-63.
78. Lemaitre, B., Nicolas, E., Michaut, L., Reichhart, J.M., Hoffmann, J.A. The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spatzle/Toll/cactus controls the potent antifungal response in Drosophila adults. Cell 1996, 86(6): 973-83.
79. Michaut, L., Fehlbaum, P., Moniatte, M., Van Dorsselaer, A., Reichhart, J.M., Bulet, P. Determination of the disulfide array of the first inducible anti-fungal peptide from insects: Drosomycin from Drosophila melanogaster. FEBS Lett 1996, 395(1): 6-10.
80. Zhang, Z.T., Zhu, S.Y. Drosomycin, an essential component of antifungal defence in Drosophila. Insect Mol Biol 2009, 18(5): 549-56.
81. Besson, F., Michel, G. Action of the antibiotics of the iturin group on artificial membranes. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1984, 37(6): 646-51.
82. Mhammedi, A., Peypoux, F., Besson, F., Michel, G. Bacillomycin F, a new antibiotic of iturin group: Isolation and characterization. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1982, 35(3): 306-11.
83. Klich, M.A., Lax, A.R., Bland, J.M. Inhibition of some mycotoxigenic fungi by iturin A, a peptidolipid produced by Bacillus subtilis. Mycopathologia 1991, 116(2): 77-80.
84. Latoud, C., Peypoux, F., Michel, G., Genet, R., Morgat, J.L. Interactions of antibiotics of the iturin group with human erythrocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1986, 856(3): 526-35.
85. Brewer, D., Hunter, H., Lajoie, G. NMR studies of the antimicrobial salivary peptides histatin 3 and histatin 5 in aqueous and nonaqueous solutions. Biochem Cell Biol 1998, 76(2-3): 247-56.
86. Raj, P.A., Soni, S.D., Levine, M.J. Membrane-induced helical conformation of an active candidacidal fragment of salivary histatins. J Biol Chem 1994, 269(13): 9610-9.
87. Raj, P.A., Marcus, E., Sukumaran, D.K. Structure of human salivary histatin 5 in aqueous and nonaqueous solutions. Biopolymers 1998, 45(1): 51-67.
88. Pollock, J.J., Denepitiya, L., MacKay, B.J., Iacono, V.J. Fungistatic and fungicidal activity of human parotid salivary histidine-rich polypeptides on Candida albicans. Infect Immun 1984, 44(3): 702-7.
89. Rayhan, R. Xu, L., Santarpia, R.P. 3rd, Tylenda, C.A., Pollock, J.J. Antifungal activities of salivary histidine-rich polypeptides against Candida albicans and other oral yeast isolates. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1992, 7(1): 51-2.
90. Helmerhorst, E.J., Reijnders, I.M., van't Hof, W., Simoons-Smit, I., Veerman, E.C., Amerongen, A.V. Amphotericin B- and fluconazole-resistant Candida spp., Aspergillus fumigatus, and other newly emerging pathogenic fungi are susceptible to basic antifungal peptides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999, 43(3): 702-4.
91. Tsai, H., Bobek, L.A. Human salivary histatin-5 exerts potent fungicidal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans. Biochim Biophys Acta 1997, 1336(3): 367-9.
92. Castagnola, M., Inzitari, R., Rossetti, D.V. et al. A cascade of 24 histatins (histatin 3 fragments) in human saliva. Suggestions for a pre-secretory sequential cleavage pathway. J Biol Chem 2004, 279(40): 41436-43. (Pubitemid 39313584)
93. MacKay, B.J., Pollock, J.J., Iacono, V.J., Baum, B.J. Isolation of milligram quantities of a group of histidine-rich polypeptides from human parotid saliva. Infect Immun 1984, 44(3): 688-94.
94. vanderSpek, J.C., Wyandt, H.E., Skare, J.C., Milunsky, A., Oppenheim, F.G., Troxler, R.F. Localization of the genes for histatins to human chromosome 4q13 and tissue distribution of the mRNAs. Am J Hum Genet 1989, 45(3): 381-7.
95. Ahmad, M., Piludu, M., Oppenheim, F.G., Helmerhorst, E.J., Hand, A.R. Immunocytochemical localization of histatins in human salivary glands. J Histochem Cytochem 2004, 52(3): 361-70. (Pubitemid 38229101)
96. Raj, P.A., Edgerton, M., Levine, M.J. Salivary histatin 5: Dependence of sequence, chain length, and helical conformation for candidacidal activity. J Biol Chem 1990, 265(7): 3898-905. (Pubitemid 20096023)
97. Rothstein, D.M., Spacciapoli, P., Tran, L.T. et al. Anticandida activity is retained in P-113, a 12-amino-acid fragment of histatin 5. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001, 45(5): 1367-73. (Pubitemid 32374104)
98. De Prijck, K., De Smet, N., Rymarczyk-Machal, M. et al. Candida albicans biofilm formation on peptide functionalized polydimethylsiloxane. Biofouling 2010, 26(3): 269-75.
99. Pusateri, C.R., Monaco, E.A., Edgerton, M. Sensitivity of Candida albicans biofilm cells grown on denture acrylic to antifungal proteins and Chlorhexidine. Arch Oral Biol 2009, 54(6): 588-94.
100. Douglas, L.J. Candida biofilms and their role in infection. Trends Microbiol 2003, 11(1): 30-6.
101. Lee, S.Y., Moon, H.J., Kawabata, S., Kurata, S., Natori, S., Lee, B.L. A sapecin homologue of Holotrichia diomphalia: Purification, sequencing and determination of disulfide pairs. Biol Pharm Bull 1995, 18(3): 457-9.
102. Lee, S.Y., Moon, H.J., Kurata, S., Natori, S., Lee, B.L. Purification and cDNA cloning of on antifungal protein from the hemolymph of Holotrichia diomphalia larvae. Biol Pharm Bull 1995, 18(8): 1049-52.
103. Iijima, R., Kurata, S., Natori, S. Purification, characterization, and cDNA cloning of an antifungal protein from the hemolymph of Sarcophaga peregrina (flesh fly) larvae. J Biol Chem 1993, 268(16): 12055-61. (Pubitemid 23168170)
104. Zhu, J., Luther, P.W., Leng, Q., Mixson, A.J. Synthetic histidine-rich peptides inhibit Candida species and other fungi in vitro: Role of endocytosis and treatment implications. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006, 50(8): 2797-805. (Pubitemid 44198703)
105. Mochon, A.B., Liu, H. The antimicrobial peptide histatin-5 causes a spatially restricted disruption on the Candida albicans surface, allowing rapid entry of the peptide into the cytoplasm. PLoS Pathog 2008, 4(10): e1000190.
106. Helmerhorst, E.J., van't Hof, W., Breeuwer, P. et al. Characterization of histatin 5 with respect to amphipathicity, hydrophobicity, and effects on cell and mitochondrial membrane integrity excludes a candidacidal mechanism of pore formation. J Biol Chem 2001, 276(8): 5643-9.
107. Helmerhorst, E.J., Breeuwer, P., van't Hof, W. et al. The cellular target of histatin 5 on Candida albicans is the energized mitochondrion. J Biol Chem 1999, 274(11): 7286-91. (Pubitemid 129505020)
108. Baev, D., Rivetta, A., Vylkova, S., Sun, J.N., Zeng, G.F., Slayman, C.L., Edgerton, M. The TRK1 potassium transporter is the critical effector for killing of Candida albicans by the cationic protein, Histatin 5. J Biol Chem 2004, 279(53): 55060-72. (Pubitemid 40066498)
109. Leng, Q., Scaria, R., Zhu, J., Ambulos, N., Campbell, P., Mixson, A.J. Highly branched HK peptides are effective carriers of siRNA. J Gene Med 2005, 7(7): 977-86. (Pubitemid 41015546)
110. Steiner, H., Hultmark, D., Engström, A., Bennich, H., Boman, H.G. Sequence and specificity of two antibacterial proteins involved in insect immunity. Nature 1981, 292(5820): 246-8. (Pubitemid 11001840)
111. Zasloff, M. Magainins, a class of antimicrobial peptides from Xenopus skin: Isolation, characterization of two active forms, and partial cDNA sequence of a precursor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987, 84(15): 5449-53.
112. Mor, A., Nguyen, V.H., Delfour, A., Migliore-Samour, D., Nicolas, P. Isolation, amino acid sequence, and synthesis of dermaseptin, a novel antimicrobial peptide of amphibian skin. Biochemistry 1991, 30(36): 8824-30.
113. Dathe, M., Wieprecht, T. Structural features of helical antimicrobial peptides: Their potential to modulate activity on model membranes and biological cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999, 1462(1-2): 71-87.
114. Morton, C.O., Hayes, A., Wilson, M., Rash, B.M., Oliver, S.G., Coote, P. Global phenotype screening and transcript analysis outlines the inhibitory mode(s) of action of two amphibian-derived, alpha-helical, cationic peptides on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007, 51(11): 3948-59.
115. Hsu, C.H., Chen, C., Jou, M.L. et al. Structural and DNA-binding studies on the bovine antimicrobial peptide, indolicidin: Evidence for multiple conformations involved in binding to membranes and DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 2005, 33(13): 4053-64.
116. Marchand, C., Krajewski, K., Lee, H.F. et al. Covalent binding of the natural antimicrobial peptide indolicidin to DNA abasic sites. Nucleic Acids Res 2006, 34(18): 5157-65.
117. Cruciani, R.A., Barker, J.L., Zasloff, M., Chen, H.C., Colamonici, O. Antibiotic magainins exert cytolytic activity against transformed cell lines through channel formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991, 88(9): 3792-6.
118. Merrifield, R.B., Merrifield, E.L., Juvvadi, P., Andreu, D., Boman, H.G. Design and synthesis of antimicrobial peptides. Ciba Found Symp 1994, 186: 5-20.
119. Hultmark, D. Immune reactions in Drosophila and other insects: A model for innate immunity. Trends Genet 1993, 9(5): 178-83.
120. Moore, A.J., Devine, D.A., Bibby, M.C. Preliminary experimental anticancer activity of cecropins. Pept Res 1994, 7(5): 265-9.
121. Giacometti, A., Cirioni, O., Ghiselli, R. et al. Effect of mono-dose intraperitoneal cecropins in experimental septic shock. Crit Care Med 2001, 29(9): 1666-9. (Pubitemid 32848362)
122. Reed, W.A., Elzer, P.H., Enright, F.M., Jaynes, J.M., Morrey, J.D., White, K.L. Interleukin 2 promoter/enhancer controlled expression of a synthetic cecropin-class lytic peptide in transgenic mice and subsequent resistance to Brucella abortus. Transgenic Res 1997, 6(5): 337-47.
123. De Lucca, A.J., Bland, J.M., Jacks, T.J., Grimm, C., Walsh, T.J. Fungicidal and binding properties of the natural peptides cecropin B and dermaseptin. Med Mycol 1998, 36(5): 291-8.
124. De Lucca, A.J., Bland, J.M., Grimm, C. et al. Fungicidal properties, sterol binding, and proteolytic resistance of the synthetic peptide D4E1. Can J Microbiol 1998, 44(6): 514-20. (Pubitemid 28386931)
125. Coca, M., Peñas, G., Gómez, J., Campo, S., Bortolotti, C., Messeguer, J., Segundo, B.S. Enhanced resistance to the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea conferred by expression of a cecropin A gene in transgenic rice. Planta 2006, 223(3): 392-406.
126. Giovannini, M.C., Poulter, L., Gibson, B.W., Williams, D.H. Biosynthesis and degradation of peptides derived from Xenopus laevis prohormones. Biochem J 1987, 243(1): 113-20. (Pubitemid 17048890)
127. Terry, A.S., Poulter, L., Williams, D.H., Nutkins, J.C., Giovannini, M.G., Moore, C.H., Gibson, B.W. The cDNA sequence coding for prepro-PGS (prepro-magainins) and aspects of the processing of this prepro-polypeptide. J Biol Chem 1988, 263(12): 5745-51.
128. Bevins, C.L., Zasloff, M. Peptides from frog skin. Annu Rev Biochem 1990, 59: 395-414.
129. Sures, I., Crippa, M. Xenopsin: The neurotensin-like octapeptide from Xenopus skin at the carboxyl terminus of its precursor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1984, 81(2): 380-4. (Pubitemid 14185733)
130. Gibson, B.W., Poulter, L., Williams, D.H., Maggio, J.E. Novel peptide fragments originating from PGLa and the caerulein and xenopsin precursors from Xenopus laevis. J Biol Chem 1986. 261(12): 5341-9.
131. Hara, T., Mitani, Y., Tanaka, K. et al. Heterodimer formation between the antimicrobial peptides magainin 2 and PGLa in lipid bilayers: A cross-linking study. Biochemistry 2001, 40(41): 12395-9.
132. Giacometti, A., Cirioni, O., Barchiesi, F., Del Prete, M.S., Scalise, G. Antimicrobial activity of polycationic peptides. Peptides 1999, 20(11): 1265-73.
133. Wang, X.Q., Su, C.X., Zhou, B., Cao, R.B., Chen P.Y. [Synthesis of hybrid antimicrobial peptide CecA-mag gene and its secretion expression in Pichia pastoris]. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2007, 47(1): 75-8.
134. Park, Y., Lee, D.G., Jang, S.H., Woo, E.R., Jeong, H.G., Choi, C.H., Hahm, K.S. A Leu-Lys-rich antimicrobial peptide: Activity and mechanism. Biochim Biophys Acta 2003, 1645(2): 172-82.
135. Park, Y., Lee, D.C., Hahm, K.S. HP(2-9)-magainin 2(1-12), a synthetic hybrid peptide, exerts its antifungal effect on Candida albicans by damaging the plasma membrane. J Pept Sci 2004, 10(4): 204-9.
136. Avrahami, D., Shai, Y. Bestowing antifungal and antibacterial activities by lipophilic acid conjugation to D,L-amino acid-containing antimicrobial peptides: A plausible mode of action. Biochemistry 2003, 42(50): 14946-56.
137. Simmaco, M., Barra, D., Chiarini, F., Noviello, L., Melchiorri, P., Kreil, G., Richter, K. A family of bombinin-related peptides from the skin of Bombina variegata. Eur J Biochem, 1991, 199(1): 217-22.
138. Rozek, T., Waugh, R.J., Steinborner, S.T., Bowie, J.H., Tyler, M.J., Wallace, J.C. The maculatin peptides from the skin glands of the tree frog Litoria genimaculata: A comparison of the structures and antibacterial activities of maculatin 7.7 and caerin 1.1. J Pept Sci 1998, 4(2): 111-5.
139. Simmaco, M., Kreil, G., Barra, D. Bombinins, antimicrobial peptides from Bombina species. Biochim Biophys Acta 2009, 1788(8): 1551-5.
140. Mangoni, M.L., Maisetta, G., Di Luca, M. et al. Comparative analysis of the bactericidal activities of amphibian peptide analogues against multidrug-resistant nosocomial bacterial strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008, 52(1): 85-91.
141. Mangoni, M.L., Grovale, N., Giorgi, A., Mignogna, G., Simmaco, M., Barra, D. Structure-function relationships in bombinins H, antimicrobial peptides from Bombina skin secretions. Peptides 2000, 21(11): 1673-9.
142. Simmaco, M., Mangoni, M.L., Miele, R., Borro, M., Barra, D. Defence peptides in the amphibian immune system. In: Bacterial, Plant, and Animal Toxins. P. Ascenzi, F. Polticelli, P. Visca (Eds). Kerala, Research Signpost (India) 2003.
143. Mangoni, M.L., Marcellini, H.G., Simmaco, M. Biological characterization and modes of action of temporins and bombinins H, multiple forms of short and mildly cationic anti-microbial peptides from amphibian skin. J Pept Sci 2007, 13(9): 603-13. (Pubitemid 47490325)
144. Mignogna, G., Simmaco, M., Kreil, G., Barra, D. Antibacterial and haemolytic peptides containing D-alloisoleucine from the skin of Bombina variegata. EMBO J 1993, 12(12): 4829-32. (Pubitemid 23330289)
145. Mor, A., Hani, K., Nicolas, P. The vertebrate peptide antibiotics dermaseptins have overlapping structural features but target specific microorganisms. J Biol Chem 1994, 269(50): 31635-41.
146. Lorin, C., Saldi, H., Belaid, A. et al. The antimicrobial peptide dermaseptin S4 inhibits HIV-1 infectivity in vitro. Virology 2005, 334(2): 264-75. (Pubitemid 40386960)
147. Hernandez, C., Mor, A., Dagger, F., Nicolas, P., Hernandez, A., Benedetti, E.L., Dunia, I. Functional and structural damage in Leishmania mexicana exposed to the cationic peptide dermaseptin. Eur J Cell Biol 1992, 59(2): 414-24. (Pubitemid 23023052)
148. Mor, A., Nicolas, P. Isolation and structure of novel defensive peptides from frog skin. Eur J Biochem 1994, 219(1-2): 145-54. (Pubitemid 24053627)
149. Savoia, D., Guerrini, R., Marzola, E., Salvadori, S. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of dermaseptin S1 analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2008, 16(17): 8205-9.
150. Osusky, M., Osuska, L., Kay, W., Misra, S. Genetic modification of potato against microbial diseases: In vitro and in planta activity of a dermaseptin B1 derivative, MsrA2. Theor Appl Genet 2005, 111(4): 711-22.
151. Nijnik, A., Hancock, R.E. The roles of cathelicidin LL-37 in immune defences and novel clinical applications. Curr Opin Hematol 2009, 16(1): 41-7.
152. Bals, R. Epithelial antimicrobial peptides in host defense against infection. Respir Res 2000, 1(3): 141-50.
153. Frohm, M., Agerberth, B., Ahangari, G., Stâhle-Bäckdahl, M., Lidén, S., Wigzell, H., Gudmundsson, G.H. The expression of the gene coding for the antibacterial peptide LL-37 is induced in human keratinocytes during inflammatory disorders. J Biol Chem 1997, 272(24): 15258-63.
154. Cowland, J.B., Johnsen, A.H., Borregaard, N. hCAP-18, a cathelin/probactenecin-like protein of human neutrophil specific granules. FEBS Lett 1995, 368(1): 173-6.
155. Gudmundsson, G.H., Agerberth, B., Odeberg, J., Bergman, T., Olsson, B., Salcedo, R. The human gene FALL39 and processing of the cathelin precursor to the antibacterial peptide LL-37 in granulocytes. Eur J Biochem 1996, 238(2): 325-32.
156. Agerberth, B., Charo, J., Werr, J. et al. The human antimicrobial and chemotactic peptides LL-37 and alpha-defensins are expressed by specific lymphocyte and monocyte populations. Blood 2000, 96(9): 3086-93.
157. Schauber, J. Gallo, R.L. The vitamin D pathway: A new target for control of the skin's immune response? Exp Dermatol 2008, 17(8): 633-9.
158. Segaert, S. Vitamin D regulation of cathelicidin in the skin: Toward a renaissance of vitamin D in dermatology? J Invest Dermatol 2008, 128(4): 773-5.
159. López-García, B., Lee, P.H., Yamasaki, K., Gallo, R.L. Anti-fungal activity of cathelicidins and their potential role in Candida albicans skin infection. J Invest Dermatol 2005, 125(1): 108-15.
160. Benincasa, M., Scocchi, M., Pacor, S. et al. Fungicidal activity of five cathelicidin peptides against clinically isolated yeasts. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006, 58(5): 950-9.
161. Kanthawong, S., Nazmi, K., Wongratanacheewin, S., Bolscher, J.C., Wuthlekanun, V., Taweechaisupapong, S. In vitro susceptibility of Burkholderia pseudomallei to antimicrobial peptides. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009, 34(4): 309-14.
162. Zanetti, M. Cathelicidins, multifunctional peptides of the innate immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2004, 75(1): 39-48.
163. Filewod, N.C., Pistolic, J., Hancock, R.E. Low concentrations of LL-37 alter IL-8 production by keratinocytes and bronchial epithelial cells in response to proinflammatory stimuli. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2009, 56(3): 233-40.
164. Schittek, B., Paulmann, M., Senyürek, I., Steffen, H. The role of antimicrobial peptides in human skin and in skin infectious diseases. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2008, 8(3): 135-43.
165. Wollenberg, A., Klein, E. Current aspects of innate and adaptive immunity in atopic dermatitis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2007, 33(1-2): 35-44.
166. Lawyer, C., Pai, S., Watabe, M., Borgia, P., Mashimo, T., Eagleton, L., Watabe, K. Antimicrobial activity of a 13 amino acid tryptophan-rich peptide derived from a putative porcine precursor protein of a novel family of antibacterial peptides. FEBS Lett 1996, 390(1): 95-8.
167. Selsted, M.E., Novotny, M.J., Morris, W.L., Tang, Y.Q., Smith, W., Cullor, J.S. Indolicidin, a novel bactericidal tridecapeptide amide from neutrophils. J Biol Chem 1992, 267(7): 4292-5.
168. Falla, T.J., Karunaratne, D.N., Hancock, R.E. Mode of action of the antimi-crobial peptide indolicidin. J Biol Chem 1996, 271(32): 19298-303.
169. Yang, S.T., Yub Shin, S.Y., Kim, Y.C., Kim, Y., Hahm, K.S., Kim, J.I. Conformation-dependent antibiotic activity of tritrpticin, a cathelicidin-derived antimicrobial peptide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002, 296(5): 1044-50.
170. Ahmad, I., Perkins, W.R., Lupan, D.M., Selsted, M.E., Janoff, A.S. Liposomal entrapment of the neutrophil-derived peptide indolicidin endows it with in vivo antifungal activity. Biochim Biophys Acta 1995, 1237(2): 109-14.
171. Yang, S.T., Shin, S.Y., Hahm, K.S., Kim, J.I. Design of perfectly symmetric Trp-rich peptides with potent and broad-spectmm antimicrobial activities. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2006, 27(4): 325-30.
172. Muñoz, A., López-García, B., Pérez- Payá, E., Marcos, J.F. Antimicrobial properties of derivatives of the cationic tryptophan-rich hexapeptide PAF26. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007, 354(1): 172-7.
173. Li, G.P., Chen, Y.B. [Cloning, expression and characterization of a new hybrid AMP gene of Hex-Mag]. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2007, 47(1): 115-20.
174. Stark, M., Liu, L.P., Deber, C.M. Cationic hydrophobic peptides with antimicrobial activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002, 46(11): 3585-90.
175. Burrows, L.L., Stark, M., Chan, C., Glukhov, E., Sinnadurai, S., Deber, C.M. Activity of novel non-amphipathic cationic antimicrobial peptides against Candida species. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006, 57(5): 899-907.
176. Fehlbaum, P., Bulet, P., Chernysh, S. et al. Stmcture-activity analysis of thanatin, a 21-residue inducible insect defense peptide with sequence homology to frog skin antimicrobial peptides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996, 93(3): 1221-5.
177. Simmaco, M., Mignogna, G., Barra, D., Bossa, F. Antimicrobial peptides from skin secretions of Rana esculenta. Molecular cloning of cDNAs encoding esculentin and brevinins and isolation of new active peptides. J Biol Chem 1994, 269(16): 11956-61.
178. Daly, N.L., Koltay, A., Gustafson, K.R., Boyd, M.R., Casas-Finet, J.R., Craik, D.J. Solution structure by NMR of circulin A: A macrocyclic knotted peptide having anti-HIV activity. J Mol Biol 1999, 285(1): 333-45. (Pubitemid 29034048)
179. Shafer, W.M., Qu, X., Waring, A.J., Lehrer, R.I. Modulation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae susceptibility to vertebrate antibacterial peptides due to a member of the resistance/nodulation/divlsion efflux pump family. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998, 95(4): 1829-33.
180. Lehrer, R.I., Lichtenstein, A.K., Ganz, T. Defensins: Antimicrobial and cytotoxic peptides of mammalian cells. Annu Rev Immunol 1993, 11: 105-28.
181. Miyata, T., Tokunaga, F., Yoneya, T. et al. Antimicrobial peptides, isolated from horseshoe crab hemocytes, tachyplesin II, and polyphemusins I and II: Chemical structures and biological activity. J Biochem 1989, 106(4): 663-8.
182. Nakamura, T., Furunaka, H., Miyata, T. et al. Tachyplesin, a class of antimicrobial peptide from the hemocytes of the horseshoe crab (Tachypleus tridentatus). Isolation and chemical structure. J Biol Chem 1988, 263(32): 16709-13.
183. Yasin, B., Lehrer, R.I., Harwig, S.S., Wagar, E.A. Protegrins: Structural requirements for inactivating elementary bodies of Chlamydia trachomatis. Infect Immun 1996, 64(11): 4863-6.
184. Yasin, B., Harwig, S.S., Lehrer, R.I., Wagar, E.A. Susceptibility of Chlamydia trachomatis to protegrins and defensins. Infect Immun 1996, 64(3): 709-13.
185. Tamamura, H., Murakami, T., Horiuchi, S. et al. Synthesis of protegrin-related peptides and their antibacterial and anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1995, 43(5): 853-8.
186. Yasin, B., Pang, M., Turner, J.S. et al. Evaluation of the inactivation of infectious Herpes simplex virus by host-defense peptides. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2000, 19(3): 187-94.
187. Tam, J.F., Wu, C., Yang, J.L. Membranolytic selectivity of cystine-stabilized cyclic protegrins. Eur J Biochem 2000, 267(11): 3289-300.
188. Cho, Y., Turner, J.S., Dinh, N.N., Lehrer, R.I. Activity of protegrins against yeast-phase Candida albicans. Infect Immun 1998, 66(6): 2486-93.
189. Owen, S.M., Rudolph, D.L., Wang, W., Cole, A.M., Waring, A.J., Lal, R.B., Lehrer, R.I. RC-101, a retrocyclin-1 analogue with enhanced activity against primary HIV type 1 isolates. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2004, 20(11): 1157-65.
190. Ganz, T. Biosynthesis of defensins and other antimicrobial peptides. Ciba Found Symp 1994, 186: 62-71.
191. Zimmermann, G.R., Legault, P., Selsted, M.E., Pardi, A. Solution structure of bovine neutrophil beta-defensin-12: The peptide fold of the beta-defensins is identical to that of the classical defensins. Biochemistry 1995, 34(41): 13663-71.
192. Scott, M.G., Hancock, R.E. Cationic antimicrobial peptides and their multifunctional role in the immune system. Crit Rev Immunol 2000, 20(5): 407-31.
193. Lehrer, R.I., Ganz, T., Szklarek, D., Selsted, M.E. Modulation of the in vitro candidacidal activity of human neutrophil defensins by target cell metabolism and divalent cations. J Clin Invest 1988, 81(6): 1829-35.
194. Ganz, T., Selsted, M.E., Lehrer, R.I. Defensins. Eur J Haematol 1990, 44(1): 1-8.
195. Ganz, T., Liu, L., Valore, E.V., Oren, A. Posttranslational processing and targeting of transgenic human defensin in murine granulocyte, macrophage, fibroblast, and pituitary adenoma cell lines. Blood 1993, 82(2): 641-50.
196. Wilson, C.L., Ouellette, A.J., Satchell, D.P. et al. Regulation of intestinal alpha-defensin activation by the metalloproteinase matrilysin in innate host defense. Science 1999, 286(5437): 113-7.
197. Selsted, M.E., Miller, S.I., Henschen, A.H., Ouellette, A.J. Enteric defensins: Antibiotic peptide components of intestinal host defense. J Cell Biol 1992, 118(4): 929-36.
198. Jones, D.E., Bevins, C.L. Defensin-6 mRNA in human Paneth cells: Implications for antimicrobial peptides in host defense of the human bowel. FEBS Lett 1993, 315(2): 187-92.
199. Quayle, A.J., Porter, E.M., Nussbaum, A.A., Wang, Y.M., Brabec, C., Yip, K.P., Mok, S.C. Gene expression, immunolocalization, and secretion of human defensin-5 in human female reproductive tract. Am J Pathol 1998, 152(5): 1247-58.
200. Lehrer, R.I., Barton, A., Daher, K.A., Harwig, S.S., Ganz, T., Selsted, M.E. Interaction of human defensins with Escherichia coli. Mechanism of bactericidal activity. J Clin Invest 1989, 84(2): 553-61.
201. Brogden, K.A. Antimicrobial peptides: Pore formers or metabolic inhibitors in bacteria? Nat Rev Microbiol 2005, 3(3): 238-50.
202. Levitz, S.M., Selsted, M.E., Ganz, T., Lehrer, R.I., Diamond, R.D. In vitro killing of spores and hyphae of Aspergillus fumigatus and Rhizopus oryzae by rabbit neutrophil cationic peptides and bronchoalveolar macrophages. J Infect Dis 1986, 154(3): 483-9.
203. Alcouloumre, M.S., Ghannoum, M.A., Ibrahim, A.S., Selsted, M.E., Edwards, J.E., Jr. Fungicidal properties of defensin NP-1 and activity against Cryptococcus neoformans in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993, 37(12): 2628-32.
204. Ganz, T., Selsted, M.E., Szklarek, D., Harwig, S.S., Daher, K., Bainton, D.F., Lehrer, R.I. Defensins. Natural peptide antibiotics of human neutrophils. J Clin Invest 1985, 76(4): 1427-35.
205. Bensch, K.W., Raida, M., Mägert, H.J., Schulz-Knappe, P., Forssmann, W.G. hBD-1: A novel beta-defensin from human plasma. FEBS Lett 1995, 368(2): 331-5.
206. Weinberg, A., Krisanaprakornkit, S., Dale, B.A. Epithelial antimicrobial peptides: Review and significance for oral applications. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1998, 9(4): 399-414. (Pubitemid 29402008)
207. Tollin, M., Bergman, P., Svenberg, T., Jörnvall, H., Gudmundsson, C.H., Agerberth, B. Antimicrobial peptides in the first line defence of human colon mucosa. Peptides 2003, 24(4): 523-30. (Pubitemid 36829340)
208. Cole, A.M., Dewan, P., Ganz, T. Innate antimicrobial activity of nasal secretions. Infect Immun 1999, 67(7): 3267-75. (Pubitemid 29291490)
209. Valore, E.V., Park, C.H., Quayle, A.J., Wiles, K.R., McCray, P.B. Jr, Ganz, T. Human beta-defensin-1: An antimicrobial peptide of urogenital tissues. J Clin Invest 1998, 101(8): 1633-42.
210. Sahasrabudhe, K.S., Kimball, J.R., Morton, T.H., Weinberg, A., Dale, B.A. Expression of the antimicrobial peptide, human beta-defensin 1, in duct cells of minor salivary glands and detection in saliva. J Dent Res 2000, 79(9): 1669-74. (Pubitemid 32489432)
211. Garcia, J.R., Krause, A., Schulz, S. et al. Human beta-defensin 4: A novel inducible peptide with a specific salt-sensitive spectrum of antimicrobial activity. FASEB J 2001, 15(10): 1819-21.
212. Yamaguchi, Y., Nagase, T., Makita, R. et al. Identification of multiple novel epididymis-specific beta-defensin isoforms in humans and mice. J Immunol 2002, 169(5): 2516-23. (Pubitemid 34920996)
213. Shi, J., Zhang, G., Wu, H., Ross, C., Blecha, F., Ganz, T. Porcine epithelial beta-defensin 1 is expressed in the dorsal tongue at antimicrobial concentrations. Infect Immun 1999, 67(6): 3121-7.
214. Schroder, J.M., Harder, J. Human beta-defensin-2. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1999, 31(6): 645-51.
215. Harder, J., Bartels, J., Christophers, E., Schröder, J.M. A peptide antibiotic from human skin. Nature 1997, 387(6636): 861. (Pubitemid 27289577)
216. Jia, H.P., Schutte, B.C., Schudy, A. et al. Discovery of new human beta-defensins using a genomics-based approach. Gene 2001, 263(1-2): 211-8. (Pubitemid 32167071)
217. Diamond, G., J.P. Russell, and C.L. Bevins, Inducible expression of an antibiotic peptide gene in lipopolysaccharide-challenged tracheal epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1996. 93(10): 5156-60.
218. Schonwetter, B.S., Stolzenberg, E.D., Zasloff, M.A. Epithelial antibiotics induced at sites of inflammation. Science 1995, 267(5204): 1645-8.
219. Russell, J.P., Diamond, G., Tarver, A.P., Scanlin, T.F., Bevins, C.L. Coordinate induction of two antibiotic genes in tracheal epithelial cells exposed to the inflammatory mediators lipopolysoccharide and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Infect Immun 1996, 64(5): 1565-8. (Pubitemid 26129816)
220. Singh, P.K., Jia, H.P., Wiles, K. et al. Production of beta-defensins by human airway epithelia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998, 95(25): 14961-6.
221. Zasloff, M. Inducing endogenous antimicrobial peptides to battle infections. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006, 103(24): 8913-4.
222. Joly, S, Maze, C, McCray, P.B., Jr, Guthmiller, J.M. Human beta-defensins 2 and 3 demonstrate strain-selective activity against oral microorganisms. J Clin Microbiol 2004, 42(3): 1024-9.
223. Lawyer, C., Pai, S., Watabe, M., Bakir, H., Eagleton, L., Watabe, K. Effects of synthetic form of tracheal antimicrobial peptide on respiratory pathogens. J Antimicrob Chemother 1996, 37(3): 599-604. (Pubitemid 26119579)
224. Diamond, G., Zasloff, M., Eck, H., Brasseur, M., Maloy, W.L., Bevins, C.L. Tracheal antimicrobial peptide, a cysteine-rich peptide from mammalian tracheal mucosa: Peptide isolation and cloning of a cDNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991, 88(9): 3952-6.
225. Tran, D., Tran, P., Roberts, K., Osapay, G., Schaal, J., Ouellette, A., Selsted, M.E. Microbicidal properties and cytocidal selectivity of rhesus macaque theta defensins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008, 52(3): 944-53.
226. Harwig, S.S., Swiderek, K.M., Kokryakov, V.N. et al. Gallinacins: Cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides of chicken leukocytes. FEBS Lett 1994, 342(3): 281-5.
227. van Dijk, A., Veldhuizen, E.J., Kalkhove, S.I., Tjeerdsma-van Bokhoven, J.L., Romijn, R.A., Haagsman, H.P. The beta-defensin gallinacin-6 is expressed in the chicken digestive tract and has antimicrobial activity against food-borne pathogens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007, 51(3): 912-22.
228. Tam, J.P., Lu, Y.A., Yang, J.L., Chiu, K.W. An unusual structural motif of antimicrobial peptides containing end-to-end macrocycle and cystine-knot disulfides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999, 96(16): 8913-8.
229. Feigin, A.M., Takemoto, J.Y., Wangspa, R., Teeter, J.H., Brand, J.G. Properties of voltage-gated ion channels formed by syringomycin E in planar lipid bilayers. J Membr Biol 1996, 149(1): 41-7.
230. Zhang, L., Takemoto, J.Y. Mechanism of action of Pseudomonas syringae Phytotoxin, syringomycin. Interaction with the plasma membrane of wild-type and respiratory-deficient strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochim Biophys Acta 1986, 861(1): 201-4.
231. Sorensen, K.N., Kim, K.H., Takemoto, J.Y. In vitro antifungal and fungicidal activities and erythrocyte toxicities of cyclic lipodepsinonapeptides produced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996, 40(12): 2710-3.
232. Sorensen, K.N., Wanstrom, A.A., Allen, S.D., Takemoto, J.Y. Efficacy of syringomycin E in a murine model of vaginal candidiasis. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1998, 51(8): 743-9.
233. Tomita, M., Bellamy, W., Takase, M., Yamauchi, K., Wakabayashi, H., Kawase, K. Potent antibacterial peptides generated by pepsin digestion of bovine lactoferrin. J Dairy Sci 1991, 74(12): 4137-42.
234. Minn, I., Kim, H.S., Kim, S.C. Antimicrobial peptides derived from pepsinogens in the stomach of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. Biochim Biophys Acta 1998, 1407(1): 31-9.
235. Nibbering, P.H., Ravensbergen, E., Welling, M.M., van Berkel, L.A., van Berkel, P.H., Pauwels, E.K., Nuijens, J.H. Human lactoferrin and peptides derived from its N terminus are highly effective against infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Infect Immun 2001, 69(3): 1469-76.
236. Lupetti, A., Paulusma-Annema, A., Welling, M.M., Senesi, S., van Dissel, J.T., Nibbering, P.H. Candidacidal activities of human lactoferrin peptides derived from the N terminus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000, 44(12): 3257-63.
237. Kirkpatrick, C.H., Green, I., Rich, R.R., Schade, A.L. Inhibition of growth of Candida albicans by iron-unsaturated lactoferrin: Relation to host-defense mechanisms in chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. J Infect Dis 1971, 124(6): 539-44.
238. Zarember, K.A., Sugui, J.A., Chang, Y.C., Kwon-Chung, K.J., Gallin, J.I. Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes inhibit Aspergillus fumigatus conidial growth by lactoferrin-mediated iron depletion. J Immunol 2007, 178(10): 6367-73.
239. Bellamy, W., Takase, M., Yamauchi, K., Wakabayashi, H., Kawase, K., Tomita, M. Identification of the bactericidal domain of lactoferrin. Biochim Biophys Acta 1992, 1121(1-2): 130-6.
240. Bellamy, W.R., Wakabayashi, H., Takase, M., Kawase, K., Shimamura, S., Tomita, M. Role of cell-binding in the antibacterial mechanism of lactoferricin B. J Appl Bacteriol 1993, 75(5): 478-84.
241. Viejo-Diaz, M., Andres, M.T., Fierro, J.F. Different anti-Candida activities of two human lactoferrin-derived peptides, Lfpep and kaliocin-1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005, 49(7): 2583-8.
242. Ueta, E., Tanida, T., Osaki, T. A novel bovine lactoferrin peptide, FKCR-RWQWRM, suppresses Candida cell growth and activates neutrophils. J Pept Res 2001, 57(3): 240-9.
243. Bellamy, W., Wakabayashi, H., Takase, M., Kawase, K., Shimamura, S., Tomita, M. Killing of Candida albicans by lactoferricin B, a potent antimicrobial peptide derived from the N-terminal region of bovine lactoferrin. Med Microbiol Immunol 1993, 182(2): 97-105.
244. Newman, S.L., Gootee, L., Gabay, J.E., Selsted, M.E. Identification of constituents of human neutrophil azurophil granules that mediate fungistasis against Histoplasma capsulatum. Infect Immun 2000, 68(10): 5668-72.
245. Elsbach, P., Weiss, J. The bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI), a potent element in host-defense against gram-negative bacteria and lipopolysaccharide. Immunobiology 1993, 187(3-5): 417-29.
246. Horwitz, A., Motchink, P., Nadell, R. Fungicidal properties from bactericidal/permiability-increasing protein (BPI) act synergistically with fluconazole on a variety of Candida strains. 37th Intersci Conf Antimicrob Agents Chemother (ICAAC) (Sept 28-Oct 1, Toronto) 1997, Abst F-102.
247. Ammons, S., Aardalen, K., Froebel, S., Little, R. Efficacy of domain III peptide from bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) in murine disseminated aspergillosis. 37th Intersci Conf Antimicrob Agents Chemother (ICAAC) (Sept 28-Oct 1, Toronto) 1997, Abst B-16.
248. Giacometti, A., Cirioni, O., Ghiselli, R. et al. Potential therapeutic role of cationic peptides in three experimental models of septic shock. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002, 46(7): 2132-6.
249. Nikawa, H., Fukushima, H., Makihira, S., Hamada, T., Samaranayake, L.P. Fungicidal effect of three new synthetic cationic peptides against Candida albicans. Oral Dis 2004, 10(4): 221-8.
250. Wade, D., Andreu, D., Mitchell, S.A., Silveira, A.M., Boman, A., Boman, H.G., Merrifield, R.B. Antibacterial peptides designed as analogs or hybrids of cecropins and melittin. Int J Pept Protein Res 1992, 40(5): 429-36.
251. Mosca, D.A., Hurst, M.A., So, W., Viajar, B.S., Fujii, C.A., Falla, T.J. IB-367, a protegrin peptide with in vitro and in vivo activities against the microflora associated with oral mucositis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000, 44(7): 1803-8.
252. Chen, J., Falla, T.J., Liu, H. et al. Development of protegrins for the treatment and prevention of oral mucositis: Structure-activity relationships of synthetic protegrin analogues. Biopolymers 2000, 55(1): 88-98.
253. Andreu, D., Ubach, J., Boman, A., Wåhlin, B., Wade, D., Merrifield, R.B., Boman, H.G. Shortened cecropin A-melittin hybrids. Significant size reduction retains potent antibiotic activity. FEBS Lett 1992, 296(2): 190-4.
254. Gordon, Y.J., Romanowski, E.G., McDermott, A.M. A review of antimicrobial peptides and their therapeutic potential as anti-infective drugs. Curr Eye Res 2005, 30(7): 505-15.
255. Chen, H., Xu, Z., Peng, L., Fang, X., Yin, X., Xu, N., Cen, P. Recent advances in the research and development of human defensins. Peptides 2006, 27(4): 931-40.
256. Hong, I.P., Lee, S.J., Kim, Y.S., Choi, S.G. Recombinant expression of human cathelicidin (hCAP18/LL-37) in Pichia pastoris. Biotechnol Lett 2007, 29(1): 73-8.
257. Huang, L., Leong, S.S., Jiang, R. Soluble fusion expression and characterization of bioactive human beta-defensin 26 and 27. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009, 84(2): 301-8.
258. Jin, F., Xu, X., Wang, L., Zhang, W., Gu, D. Expression of recombinant hybrid peptide cecropinA(1-8)-magainin2(1-12) in Pichia pastoris: Purification and characterization. Protein Expr Purif 2006, 50(2): 147-56.
259. Chen, H., Xu, Z., Cen, P. High-level expression of human beta-defensin-2 gene with rare codons in E. coli cell-free system. Protein Pept Lett 2006, 13(2): 155-62.
260. Kim, H.K., Chun, D.S., Kim, J.S., Yun, C.H., Lee, J.H., Hong, S.K., Kang, D.K. Expression of the cationic antimicrobial peptide lactoferricin fused with the anionic peptide in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006, 72(2): 330-8.
261. De Samblanx, C.W., Goderis, I.J., Thevissen, K. et al. Mutational analysis of a plant defensin from radish (Raphanus sativus L.) reveals two adjacent sites important for antifungal activity. J Biol Chem 1997, 272(2): 1171-9.
262. Chebolu, S., Daniell, H. Chloroplast-derived vaccine antigens and biopharmaceuticals: Expression, folding, assembly and functionality. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2009, 332: 33-54.
263. Li, Y. Carrier proteins for fusion expression of antimicrobial peptides in Escherichia coll. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2009, 54(1): 1-9.
264. Bessette, P.H., Aslund, F., Beckwith, J., Georgiou, G. Efficient folding of proteins with multiple disulfide bonds in the Escherichia coli cytoplasm. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999, 96(24): 13703-8.
265. Peng, L., Xu, Z., Fang, X., Wang, F., Yang, S., Cen, P. Preferential codons enhancing the expression level of human beta-defensin-2 in recombinant Escherichia coli. Protein Pept Lett 2004, 11(4): 339-44.
266. Beckloff, N., Laube, D., Castro, T. et al. Activity of an antimicrobial peptide mimetic against planktonic and biofilm cultures of oral pathogens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007, 51(11): 4125-32. (Pubitemid 350057814)
267. Genco, C.A., Maloy, W.L., Kari, U.P., Motley, M. Antimicrobial activity of magainin analogues against anaerobic oral pathogens. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2003, 21(1): 75-8. (Pubitemid 36043979)
268. La Rocca, P., Biggin, P.C., Tieleman, D.P., Sansom, M.S. Simulation studies of the interaction of antimicrobial peptides and lipid bilayers. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999, 1462(1-2): 185-200.
269. La Rocca, P., Shai, Y., Sansom, M.S. Peptide-bilayer interactions: Simulations of dermaseptin B, an antimicrobial peptide. Biophys Chem 1999, 76(2): 145-59. (Pubitemid 29092789)
270. Massimiliano, M., Colombo, G. Molecular simulation of peptides: A useful tool for the development of new drugs and for the study of molecular recognition. Methods Mol Biol 2009, 570: 77-153.
271. Altman, H., Steinberg, D., Porat, Y., Mor, A., Fridman, D., Friedman, M., Bachrach, G. In vitro assessment of antimicrobial peptides as potential agents against several oral bacteria. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006, 58(1): 198-201.
272. Balaban, N., Gov, Y., Giacometti, A. et al. A chimeric peptide composed of a dermaseptin derivative and an RNA III-inhibiting peptide prevents graft-associated infections by antibiotic-resistant staphylococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004, 48(7): 2544-50.
273. Helmerhorst, E.J., Hodgson, R., van't Hof, W., Veerman, E.C., Allison, C., Nieuw Amerongen, A.V. The effects of histatin-derived basic antimicrobial peptides on oral biofilms. J Dent Res 1999, 78(6): 1245-50.
274. Ryan, R.P., Fouhy, Y., Garcia, B.F. et al. Interspecies signalling via the Stenotrophomonas maltophilia diffusible signal factor influences biofilm formation and polymyxin tolerance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mol Microbiol 2008, 68(1): 75-86. (Pubitemid 351363777)
275. Sims, C.R., Ostrosky-Zeichner, L., Rex, J.H. Invasive candidiasis in immunocompromised hospitalized patients. Arch Med Res 2005, 36(6): 660-71. (Pubitemid 41436235)
276. Bulet, P. Stocklin, insert antimicrobial peptides: Structures, properties and gene regulation. Protein Pept Lett 2005, 12(1): 3-11. (Pubitemid 40071927)
277. Yuan, Y., Gao, B., Zhu, S. Functional expression of a Drosophila antifungal peptide in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2007, 52(2): 457-62. (Pubitemid 46150127)
278. Troxler, R.F., Offner, G.D., Xu, X., Vanderspek, J.C., Oppenheim, F.G. Structural relationship between human salivary histatins. J Dent Res 1990, 69(1): 2-6.
279. Boman, H.G. Antibacterial peptides: Basic facts and emerging concepts. J Intern Med 2003, 254(3): 197-215.
280. Munoz, A., Lopez-Garcia, B., Marcos, J.F. Studies on the mode of action of the antifungal hexapeptide PAF26. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006, 50(11): 3847-55. (Pubitemid 44684902)
281. Bulet, P., Hetru, C., Dimarcq, J.L., Hoffmann, D. Antimicrobial peptides in insects; Structure and function. Dev Comp Immunol 1999, 23(4-5): 329-44.
282. Kokryakov, V.N., Harwig, S.S., Panyutich, E.A. et al. Protegrins: Leukocyte antimicrobial peptides that combine features of corticostatic defensins and tachyplesins. FEBS Lett 1993, 327(2): 231-6.
283. Lehrer, R.I. Primate defensins. Nat Rev Microbiol 2004, 2(9): 727-38.
284. Gonzalez-Chavez, S.A., Arevalo-Gallegos, S., Rascon-Cruz, Q. Lactoferrin: Stmcture, function and applications. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009, 33(4): 301 e1-8.