Twelve Tips for teaching medical professionalism at all levels of medical education

Medical Teacher

Volumn 37, Issue 11, 2015, Pages 1018-1025

  Al Eraky, Mohamed Mostafa ^a,b  

^a IMAM ABDULRAHMAN BIN FAISAL UNIVERSITY   (Saudi Arabia)

^b ZAGAZIG UNIVERSITY   (Egypt)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EDUCATION; HUMAN; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MEDICAL STUDENT; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PROFESSIONALISM; TEACHING;

EDUCATION, MEDICAL; GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; HUMANS; PROFESSIONALISM; STUDENTS, MEDICAL; TEACHING;

EID: 84946846931     PISSN: 0142159X     EISSN: 1466187X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/0142159X.2015.1020288     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. ABIM (American Board of Internal Medicine). 1995. Project professionalism. [Accessed 23 December 2014] Available from http://www. abimfoundation.org//media/Foundation/Professionalism/Project professionalism.ashx?la=en.
2. Adkoli BV, Al-Umran KU, Al-Sheikh M, Deepak KK, Al-Rubaish AM. 2011. Medical students' perception of professionalism: A qualitative study from Saudi Arabia. Med Teach 33(10):840-845.
3. Ainsworth MA, Szauter KM. 2006. Medical student professionalism: Are we measuring the right behaviors? A comparison of professional lapses by students and physicians. Acad Med 81(10 Suppl):S83-86.
4. Al-Abdulrazzaq D, Al-Fadhli A, Arshad A. 2014. Advanced medical students' experiences and views on professionalism at Kuwait University. BMC Med Educ 14:150.
5. Al-Eraky MM, Donkers J, Wajid G, van Merrienboer JJG. 2014. A Delphi study of medical professionalism in Arabian countries: The Four-Gates model. Med Teach 36(Suppl 1):S8-S16.
6. Al-Eraky MM, Donkers J, Wajid G, van Merrienboer JJG. 2015. Faculty development for learning and teaching medical professionalism. Med Teach 37. Forthcoming. DOI:10.3109/0142159X.2015.1006604.
7. American Medical Association (AMA). 2011. Opinion 9.124-Professionalism in the use of social media. [Accessed 02 January 2015] Available from http://virtualmentor.ama-assn.org/2011/07/pdf/coet1-1107.pdf.
8. Aronson L. 2011. Twelve tips for teaching reflection at all levels of medical education. Med Teach 33(3):200-205.
9. Baer W, Schwartz AC. 2011. Teaching professionalism in the digital age on the psychiatric consultation-liaison service. Psychosomatics 52(4): 303-309.
10. Beauchamp G. 2004. The challenge of teaching professionalism. Ann Acad Med (Singapore) 33(6):697-705.
11. Benbassat J. 2014. Role modeling in medical education: The importance of a reflective imitation. Acad Med 89(4):550-554.
12. Bernabeo EC, Holmboe ES, Ross K, Chesluk B, Ginsburg S. 2013. The utility of vignettes to stimulate reflection on professionalism: Theory and practice. Adv Health Sci Educ 18(3):463-484.
13. Birden H, Glass N, Wilson I, Harrison M, Usherwood T, Nass D. 2013. Teaching professionalism in medical education: A Best Evidence Medical Education (BEME) systematic review. BEME Guide No. 25. Med Teach 35(7):e1252-e1266.
14. Blue AV, Crandall S, Nowacek G, Luecht R, Chauvin S, Swick H. 2009. Assessment of matriculating medical students' knowledge and attitudes towards professionalism. Med Teach 31(10):928-932.
15. Boelen C, Woollard R. 2011. Social accountability: The extra leap to excellence for educational institutions. Med Teach 33(8):614-619.
16. Boenink AD, de Jonge P, Smal K, Oderwald A, van Tilburg W. 2005. The effects of teaching medical professionalism by means of vignettes: An exploratory study. Med Teach 27(5):429-432.
17. Bryan RE, Krych AJ, Carmichael SW, Viggiano TR, Pawlina W. 2005. Assessing professionalism in early medical education: Experience with peer evaluation and self-evaluation in the gross anatomy course. Ann Acad Med (Singapore) 34(8):486-491.
18. Bryden P, Ginsburg S, Kurabi B. 2010. Professing professionalism: Are we our own worst enemy? Faculty members' experiences of teaching and evaluating professionalism in medical education at one school. Acad Med 85:1025-1034.
19. Buchanan AO, Stallworth J, Christy C, Garfunkel LC, Hanson JL. 2012. Professionalism in practice: Strategies for assessment, remediation, and promotion. Pediatrics 129(3):407-409.
20. Byszewski A, Hendelman W, McGuinty C, Moineau G. 2012. Wanted: Role models-Medical students' perceptions of professionalism. BMC Med Educ 12:115.
21. Chandratilake M, McAleer S, Gibson J. 2012. Cultural similarities and differences in medical professionalism: A multi-region study. Med Educ 46(3):257-266.
22. Coulehan J, Williams PC. 2001. Vanquishing virtue: The impact of medical education. Acad Med 76:598-605.
23. Cruess RL, Cruess SR. 2006. Teaching professionalism: General principles. Med Teach 28(3):205-208.
24. Cruess RL, Cruess SR, Boudreau JD, Snell L, Steinert Y. 2014. Reframing medical education to support professional identity formation. Acad Med 89(11):1446-1451.
25. Cruess RL, Cruess SR, Johnston SE. 2000. Professionalism: An ideal to be sustained. Lancet 356(9224):156-159.
26. Cruess SR, Cruess RL. 1997. Professionalism must be taught. BMJ (Clin Res Ed.) 315(7123):1674-1677.
27. Cruess SR, Cruess RL, Steinert Y. 2008. Role modelling-Making the most of a powerful teaching strategy. BMJ (Clin Res Ed.) 336(7646):718-721.
28. Cruess SR, Johnston S, Cruess RL. 2002. Professionalism for medicine: Opportunities and obligations. Med J Aust 177:208-211.
29. Cruess RL, Cruess SR, Steinert Y. 2009. Teaching medical professionalism. New York: Cambridge University Press.
30. Derstine PL. 2002. Implementing goals for non-cognitive outcomes within a basic science course. Acad Med 77(9):931-932.
31. Domen RE. 2014. Resident remediation, probation, and dismissal basic considerations for program directors. Am J Clin Pathol 141(6):784-790.
32. Escobar-Poni B, Poni ES. 2006. The role of gross anatomy in promoting professionalism: A neglected opportunity! Clin Anat (NY) 19(5):461-467.
33. Finn G, Garner J, Sawdon M. 2010. "You"re judged all the time!' Students' views on professionalism: A multicentre study. Med Educ 44(8):814-825.
34. Gaiser RR. 2009. The teaching of professionalism during residency: Why it is failing and a suggestion to improve its success. Anesth Anal 108(3):948-954.
35. Gammon M. 2001. PUNs and PUEs, DENs and SANs. Br J Gen Pract 51(469):676.
36. Gholami-Kordkheili F, Wild V, Strech D. 2013. The impact of social media on medical professionalism: A systematic qualitative review of challenges and opportunities. J Med Internet Res 15(8):e184.
37. Glicken AD, Merenstein GB. 2007. Addressing the hidden curriculum: Understanding educator professionalism. Med Teach 29(1):54-57.
38. Goldstein EA, Maestas RR, Fryer-Edwards K, Wenrich MD, Oelschlager AMA, Baernstein A, Kimball HR. 2006. Professionalism in medical education: An institutional challenge. Acad Med 81(10):871-876.
39. Green M, Zick A, Makoul G. 2009. Defining professionalism from the perspective of patients, physicians, and nurses. Acad Med 84(5):566-573.
40. Hafferty F. 2004. Toward the operationalization of professionalism: A commentary. Am J Bioethics 4(2):28-31.
41. Hafferty FW, Castellani B. 2010. The increasing complexities of professionalism. Acad Med 85(2):288-301.
42. Harden RM, Crosby JR, Davis MH, Friedman M. 1999. AMEE Guide No. 14: Outcome-based education: Part 5D From competency to metacompetency: A model for the specification of learning outcomes. Med Teach 21(6):546-552.
43. Hegazi I, Wilson I. 2013. Medical education and moral segmentation in medical students. Med Educ 47(10):1022-1028.
44. Helmich E, Bolhuis S, Laan R, Prins J, Koopmans R. 2012. Medical students' responses to their first clinical experiences. Med Teach 34(5):424-425.
45. Helmich E, Derksen E, Prevoo M, Laan R, Bolhuis S, Koopmans R. 2010. Medical students' professional identity development in an early nursing attachment. Med Educ 44(7):674-682.
46. Hilton S, Southgate L. 2007. Professionalism in medical education. Teach Teach Educ 23(3):265-279.
47. Hirt C, Wong K, Erichsen S, White JS. 2013. Medical dramas on television: A brief guide for educators. Med Teach 35(3):237-242.
48. Ho M-J, Yu K-H, Hirsh D, Huang T-S, Yang P-C. 2011. Does one size fit all? Building a framework for medical professionalism. Acad Med 86(11):1407-1414.
49. Hodges BD. 2014. Sea monsters & whirlpools: Navigating between examination and reflection in medical education. Med Teach 37:1-6.
50. Hodges BD, Ginsburg S, Cruess R, Cruess S, Delport R, Hafferty F, Ho MJ, Holmboe E, Holtman M, Ohbu S, et al. 2011. Assessment of professionalism: Recommendations from the Ottawa 2010 Conference. Med Teach 33(5):354-363.
51. Hojat M, Vergare MJ, Maxwell K, Brainard G, Herrine SK, Isenberg GA, Veloski J, Gonnella JS. 2009. The devil is in the third year: A longitudinal study of erosion of empathy in medical school. Acad Med 84(9):1182-1191.
52. Jha V, Mclean M, Gibbs TJ, Sandars J. 2014. Medical professionalism across cultures: A challenge for medicine and medical education. Med Teach 37:74-80.
53. Joyner BD, Vemulakonda VM. 2007. Improving professionalism: Making the implicit more explicit. J Urol 177(6):2287-2290; discussion 2291.
54. Kaczmarczyk JM, Chuang A, Dugoff L, Abbott JF, Cullimore AJ, Dalrymple J, Davis KR, Hueppchen NA, Katz NT, Nuthalapaty FS, et al. 2013. e-Professionalism: A new frontier in medical education. Teach Learn Med 25(2):165-170.
55. Kao AC, Parsi KP. 2004. Content analyses of oaths administered at U.S. medical schools in 2000. Acad Med 79(9):882-887.
56. Karnieli-Miller O, Frankel RM, Inui TS. 2013. Cloak of compassion, or evidence of elitism? An empirical analysis of white coat ceremonies. Med Educ 47(1):97-108.
57. Kenny NP, Mann KV, MacLeod H. 2003. Role modeling in physicians' professional formation: Reconsidering an essential but untapped educational strategy. Acad Med 78(12):1203-1210.
58. Kenyon CF, Brown JB. 2007. Mission Statement Day: The impact on medical students of an early exercise in professionalism. Med Teach 29(6):606-610.
59. Kirk LM. 2007. Professionalism in medicine: Definitions and considerations for teaching. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 20(1):13-16.
60. Lachman N, Pawlina W. 2006. Integrating professionalism in early medical education: The theory and application of reflective practice in the anatomy curriculum. Clin Anat (NY.) 19(5):456-460.
61. Loh K.-Y, Nalliah S. 2010. Learning professionalism by role-modelling. Med Educ 44(11):1123.
62. Lu W.-H, Mylona E, Lane S, Wertheim WA, Baldelli P, Williams PC. 2014. Faculty development on professionalism and medical ethics: The design, development and implementation of Objective Structured Teaching Exercises (OSTEs). Med Teach 36(10):876-882.
63. MacLeod A. 2014. The hidden curriculum: Is it time to re-consider the concept? Med Teach 36(6):539-540.
64. Macpherson C, Kenny N. 2008. Professionalism and the basic sciences: An untapped resource. Med Educ 42(2):183-188.
65. Marei HF. 2013. Medical litigation in oral surgery practice: Lessons learned from 20 lawsuits. J Forensic Legal Med 20(4):223-225.
66. Nishigori H, Harrison R, Busari J, Dornan T. 2014. Bushido and medical professionalism in Japan. Acad Med 89(4):560-563.
67. Nomura H. 2008. Developing the "why" facet of medical professionalism. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 24(1):31-34.
68. O'Sullivan H, van Mook W, Fewtrell R, Wass V. 2012. Integrating professionalism into the curriculum: AMEE Guide No. 61. Med Teach 34(2):e64-77.
69. Pan H, Norris JL, Liang Y-S, Li J-N, Ho M-J. 2013. Building a professionalism framework for healthcare providers in China: A nominal group technique study. Med Teach 35(10):e1531-e1536.
70. Papadakis MA, Hodgson CS, Teherani A, Kohatsu ND. 2004. Unprofessional behavior in medical school is associated with subsequent disciplinary action by a state medical board. Acad Med 79(3):244-249.
71. Pavlov A, Dahlquist GE. 2010. Teaching communication and professionalism using a popular medical drama. Fam Med 42(1):25-27.
72. Roberts LW, Green Hammond KA, Geppert CMA, Warner TD. 2004. The positive role of professionalism and ethics training in medical education: A comparison of medical student and resident perspectives. Acad Psychiatry 28(3):170-182.
73. Roff S, Dherwani K. 2011. Development of inventory for polyprofessionalism lapses at the proto-professional stage of health professions education together with recommended responses. Med Teach 33(3):239-243.
74. Ross S, Lai K, Walton JM, Kirwan P, White JS. 2013. "I have the right to a private life": Medical students' views about professionalism in a digital world. Med Teach 35(10):826-831.
75. Sandars J. 2009. The use of reflection in medical education: AMEE Guide No. 44. Med Teach 31(8):685-695.
76. Siegler M. 2002. Training doctors for professionalism: Some lessons from teaching clinical medical ethics. Mt Sinai J Med (NY) 69(6):404-409.
77. Sivalingam N, Mal M. 2004. Teaching and learning of professionalism in medical schools. Ann Acad Med Singapore 33(6):706-710.
78. Smith KL, Saavedra R, Raeke JL, O'Donell AA. 2007. The journey to creating a campus-wide culture of professionalism. Acad Med 82(11):1015-1021.
79. Stark P, Roberts C, Newble D, Bax N. 2006. Discovering professionalism through guided reflection. Med Teach 28(1):e25-31.
80. Steinert Y, Cruess RL, Cruess SR, Boudreau JD, Fuks A. 2007. Faculty development as an instrument of change: A case study on teaching professionalism. Acad Med 82(11):1057-1064.
81. Steinert Y, Cruess S, Cruess R, Snell L. 2005. Faculty development for teaching and evaluating professionalism: From programme design to curriculum change. Med Educ 39(2):127-136.
82. Stephenson A, Higgs R, Sugarman J. 2001. Medical education quartet: Teaching professional development in medical schools. The Lancet 357(3):867-870.
83. Stern DT, Cohen JJ, Bruder A, Packer B, Sole A. 2008. Teaching humanism. Perspect Biol Med 51(4):495-507.
84. Suchman AL, Williamson PR, Litzelman DK, Frankel RM, Mossbarger DL, Inui TS; Relationship-Centered Care Initiative Discovery Team. 2004. Toward an informal curriculum that teaches professionalism. J Gen Intern Med 14610(19):501-504.
85. Swick HM. 2000. Toward a normative definition of medical professionalism. Acad Med 75(6):612-616.
86. Tosteson DC. 1979. Learning in medicine. N Eng J Med 301(13):690-694.
87. Van Mook WNKA, van Luijk SJ, O'Sullivan H, Wass V, Harm Zwaveling J, Schuwirth LW, van der Vleuten CPM. 2009. The concepts of professionalism and professional behaviour: Conflicts in both definition and learning outcomes. Eur J Intern Med 20(4):e85-89.
88. Varga-Atkins T, Dangerfield P, Brigden D. 2010. Developing professionalism through the use of wikis: A study with first-year undergraduate medical students. Med Teach 32(10):824-829.
89. Wear D, Castellani B. 2000. The development of professionalism: Curriculum matters. Acad Med 75(6):602-611.
90. Weaver R, Wilson I. 2011. Australian medical students' perceptions of professionalism and ethics in medical television programs. BMC Med Educ 11:50.
91. Welie JVM. 2012. Social contract theory as a foundation of the social responsibilities of health professionals. Med Health Care Philos 15(3):347-355.
92. Wilson I, Cowin LS, Johnson M, Young H. 2013. Professional identity in medical students: Pedagogical challenges to medical education. Teac Learn Med 25(4):369-373.
93. Wong A, Trollope-Kumar K. 2014. Reflections: An inquiry into medical students' professional identity formation. Med Educ 48(5):489-501.
94. Wood W. 2004. The heart, mind, and soul of professionalism in occupational therapy. Am J Occup Therapy 58(3):249-257.
95. Woollard RF. 2006. Caring for a common future: Medical schools' social accountability. Med Educ 40(4):301-313.
96. Wright S, Wong A, Newill C. 1997. The impact of role models on medical students. J Gen Intern Med 12(1):53-56.
97. Wynia MK, Papadakis MA, Sullivan WM, Hafferty FW. 2014. More than a list of values and desired behaviors: A foundational understanding of medical professionalism. Acad Med 89(5):712-714.