Flt3 ligand

The Cytokine Handbook

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 989-1010

  Lyman, Stewart D ^a   McKenna, Hilary J ^a  

^a AMGEN INC   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84942874121     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012689663-3/50046-6     Document Type: Chapter

References (211)

1. Abu-Duhier F.M., Goodeve A.C., Wilson G.A., et al. FLT3 internal tandem duplication mutations in adult acute myeloid leukaemia define a high-risk group. Br. J. Haematol. 2000, 111:190-195.
2. Abu-Duhier F.M., Goodeve A.C., Wilson G.A., et al. Genomic structure of human FLT3: implications for mutational analysis. Br. J. Haematol. 2001, 113:1076-1077.
3. Abu-Duhier F.M., Goodeve A.C., Wilson G.A., et al. Identification of novel FLT-3 Asp835 mutations in adult acute myeloid leukaemia. Br. J. Haematol. 2001, 113:983-988.
4. Agnès F., Shamoon B., Dina C., et al. Genomic structure of the downstream part of the human FLT3 gene: exon/intron structure conservation among genes encoding receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) of subclass III. Gene 1994, 145:283-288.
5. Antonysamy M.A., Steptoe R.J., Khanna A., et al. Flt-3 ligand increases microchimerism but can prevent the therapeutic effect of donor bone marrow in transiently immunosuppressed cardiac allograft recipients. J. Immunol. 1998, 160:4106-4113.
6. Austyn J.M. New insights into the mobilization and phagocytic activity of dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med. 1996, 183:1287-1292.
7. Beghini A., Larizza L., Cairoli R., Morra E. c-kit activating mutations and mast cell proliferation in human leukemia. Blood 1998, 92:701-702.
8. + cord blood cells under serum-free conditions. Hum. Gene Ther. 1997, 8:1651-1658.
9. Bertho J.M., Demarquay C., Frick J., et al. Level of Flt3-ligand in plasma: a possible new bio-indicator for radiation-induced aplasia. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 2001, 77:703-712.
10. Birg F., Courcoul M., Rosnet O., et al. Expression of the FMS/KIT-like gene FLT3 in human acute leukemias of the myeloid and lymphoid lineages. Blood 1992, 80:2584-2593.
11. Birg F., Rosnet O., Carbuccia N., Birnbaum D. The expression of FMS, KIT and FLT3 in hematopoietic malignancies. Leuk. Lymphoma 1994, 13:223-227.
12. Blazas B.R., McKenna H.J., Panoskaltis-Mortari A., Taylor P.A. Flt2 ligand (FL) treatment of murine donors does not modify graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) but FL treatment of recipients post-bone marrow transplantation accelerates GVHD lethality. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. 2001, 7:197-207.
13. Borges L., Miller R.E., Jones J., et al. Synergistic action of fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand and CD40 ligand in the induction of dendritic cells and generation of antitumor immunity in vivo. J. Immunol. 1999, 163:1289-1297.
14. Brasel K., Escobar S., Anderberg R., et al. Expression of the flt3 receptor and its ligand on hematopoietic cells. Leukemia 1995, 9:1212-1218.
15. Brasel K., McKenna H.J., Morrissey P.J., et al. Hematologic effects of flt3 ligand in vivo in mice. Blood 1996, 88:2004-2012.
16. Brasel K., McKenna H.J., Williams D.E., Lyman S.D. Flt3 ligand mobilized hematopoietic progenitor cells are capable of reconstituting multiple lineages in lethally irradiated recipient mice. Blood (Suppl. 1) 1996, 88:601a.
17. Brasel K., McKenna H.J., Charrier K., et al. Flt3 lig-and synergizes with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor to mobilize hematopoietic progenitor cells into the peripheral blood of mice. Blood 1997, 90:3781-3788.
18. Brasel K., De Smedt T., Smith J.L., Maliszewski C.R. Generation of murine dendritic cells from flt3-ligand-supplemented bone marrow cultures. Blood 2000, 96:3029-3039.
19. Braun S.E., Chen K., Blazar B.R., et al. Flt3 ligand antitumor activity in a murine breast cancer model: a comparison with granulocyte-macrophage colonystimulating factor and a potential mechanism of action. Hum. Gene Ther. 1999, 10:2141-2151.
20. Broxmeyer H.E., Lu L., Cooper S., et al. Flt3 ligand stimulates/costimulates the growth of myeloid stem/progenitor cells. Exp. Hematol. 1995, 23:1121-1129.
21. Bucur S.Z., Lackey D.A., Adams J.W., et al. Hematologic and virologic effects of lineage-specific and non-lineage-specific recombinant human and rhesus cytokines in a cohort of SIVmac239-infected macaques. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 1998, 14:651-660.
22. Garow C.E., Levenstein M., Kaufmann S.H., et al. Expression of the hematopoietic growth factor receptor FLT3 (STK-1/Flk2) in human leukemias. Blood 1996, 87:1089-1096.
23. Cavazzana-Calvo M., Hacein-Bey S., de Saint Basile G., et al. Gene therapy of human severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)-X1 disease. Science 2000, 288:669-672.
24. Chakravarty P.K., Alfieri A., Thomas E.K., et al. Flt3-ligand administration after radiation therapy prolongs survival in a murine model of metastatic lung cancer. Cancer Res. 1999, 59:6028-6032.
25. Chen K., Braun S., Lyman S., et al. Antitumor activity and immunotherapeutic properties of Flt3-ligand in a murine breast cancer model. Cancer Res. 1997, 57:3511-3516.
26. Ciavarra R.P., Somers K.D., Brown R.R., et al. Flt3-ligand induces transient tumor regression in an ectopic treatment model of major histocompatibility complex-negative prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 2000, 60:2081-2084.
27. Colucci G., Moore J.G., Feldman M., Chrispeels M.J. cDNA cloning of FRIL, a lectin from Dolichos lablab, that preserves hematopoietic progenitors in suspension culture. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1999, 96:646-650.
28. Curti A., Fogli M., Ratta M., et al. Stem cell factor and FLT3-ligand are strictly required to sustain the long-term expansion of primitive CD34(+)DR(-) dendritic cell precursors. J. Immunol. 2001, 166:848-854.
29. Da Silva N., Hu Z.B., Ma W., et al. Expression of the FLT3 gene in human leukemia-lymphoma cell lines. Leukemia 1994, 8:885-888.
30. + progenitors to sustain long-term hematopoiesis in immune-deficient mice after ex vivo retroviral-mediated transduction. Blood 1997, 89:446-456.
31. high murine dendritic cells in vivo: a comparative analysis with Flt3 ligand. J. Immunol. 2000, 165:49-58.
32. deLapeyriere O., Naquet P., Planche J., et al. Expression of Flt3 tyrosine kinase receptor gene in mouse hematopoietic and nervous tissues. Differentiation 1995, 58:351-359.
33. Dosil M., Wang S., Lemischka I.R. Mitogenic signalling and substrate specificity of the Flk2/Flt3 receptor tyrosine kinase in fibroblasts and interleukin 3-dependent hematopoietic cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1993, 13:6572-6585.
34. Drake D.R., Moser J.M., Hadley A., et al. Polyomavirus-infected dendritic cells induce antiviral CD8(+) T lymphocytes. J. Virol. 2000, 74:4093-4101.
35. Drexler H.G. Expression of FLT3 receptor and response to FLT3 ligand by leukemic cells. Leukemia 1996, 10:588-599.
36. Drexler H.G., Meyer C., Quentmeier H. Effects of FLT3 ligand on proliferation and survival of myeloid leukemia cells. Leuk. Lymphoma 1999, 33:83-91.
37. Eder M., Hemmati P., Kalina U., et al. Effects of Flt3 ligand and interleukin-7 on in vitro growth of acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Exp. Hematol. 1996, 24:371-377.
38. Elwood N.J., Zogos H., Willson T., Begley C.G. Retroviral transduction of human progenitor cells: use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor plus stem cell factor to mobilize progenitor cells in vivo and stimulation by Flt3/Flk-2 ligand in vitro. Blood 1996, 88:4452-4462.
39. Esche C., Subbotin V.M., Maliszewski C., et al. FLT3 ligand administration inhibits tumor growth in murine melanoma and lymphoma. Cancer Res. 1998, 58:380-383.
40. Etchart N., Desmoulins P.O., Chemin K., et al. Dendritic cells recruitment and in vivo priming of CD8(+) CTL induced by a single topical or transepithelial immunization via the buccal mucosa with measles virus nucleoprotein. J. Immunol. 2001, 167:384-391.
41. Favre-Felix N., Martin M., Maraskovsky E., et al. Flt3 ligand lessens the growth of tumors obtained after colon cancer cell injection in rats but does not restore tumor-suppressed dendritic cell function. Int. J. Cancer 2000, 86:827-834.
42. Fenski R., Flesch K., Serve S., et al. Constitutive activation of FLT3 in acute myeloid leukaemia and its consequences for growth of 32D cells. Br. J. Haematol. 2000, 108:322-330.
43. Fernandez N.C., Lozier A., Flament C., et al. Dendritic cells directly trigger NK cell functions: cross-talk relevant in innate anti-tumor immune responses in vivo. Nat. Med. 1999, 5:405-411.
44. Fong L., Hou Y., Rivas A., et al. Altered peptide ligand vaccination with Flt3 ligand expanded dendritic cells for tumor immunotherapy. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 2001, 98:8809-8814.
45. + cells in vitro. Nat. Med. 1996, 2:46-51.
46. Gabbianelli M., Pelosi E., Montesoro E., et al. Multi-level effects of flt3 ligand on human hematopoiesis: expansion of putative stem cells and proliferation of granulomonocytic progenitors/monocytic precursors. Blood 1995, 86:1661-1670.
47. Galli S.J., Zsebo K.M., Geissler E.N. The kit ligand, stem cell factor. Adv. Immunol. 1994, 55:1-96.
48. Gilmore G.L., DePasquale D.K., Lister J., Shadduck R.K. Ex vivo expansion of human umbilical cord blood and peripheral blood CD34(+) hematopoietic stem cells. Exp. Hematol. 2000, 28:1297-1305.
49. Gratwohl A., John L., Baldomero H., et al. FLT-3 ligand provides hematopoietic protection from total body irradiation in rabbits. Blood 1998, 92:765-769.
50. Gregory S.H., Sagnimeni A.J., Zurowski N.B., Thomson A.W. Flt3 ligand pretreatment promotes protective immunity to Listeria monocytogenes. Cytokine 2001, 13:202-208.
51. Griffin J.D. Point mutations in the FLT3 gene in AML. Blood 2001, 97:2193A.
52. Grouard G., Durand I., Filgueira L., et al. Dendritic cells capable of stimulating T cells in germinal centres. Nature 1996, 384:364-367.
53. Hannum C., Culpepper J., Campbell D., et al. Ligand for FLT3/FLK2 receptor tyrosine kinase regulates growth of haematopoietic stem cells and is encoded by variant RNAs. Nature 1994, 368:643-648.
54. Hawley T.S., Fong A.Z.C., Griesser H., et al. Leukemic predisposition of mice transplanted with gene-modified hematopoietic precursors expressing flt3 ligand. Blood 1998, 92:2003-2011.
55. Hayakawa F., Towatari M., Kiyoi H., et al. Tandem-duplicated Flt3 constitutively activates STAT5 and MAP kinase and introduces autonomous cell growth in IL-3-dependent cell lines. Oncogene 2000, 19:624-631.
56. He Y., Pimenov A.A., Nayak J.V., et al. Intravenous injection of naked DNA encoding secreted flt3 ligand dramatically increases the number of dendritic cells and natural killer cells in vivo. Hum. Gene Ther. 2000, 11:547-554.
57. Hirayama F., Lyman S.D., Clark S.C., Ogawa M. The flt3 ligand supports proliferation of lymphohematopoietic progenitors and early B-lymphoid progenitors. Blood 1995, 85:1762-1768.
58. Hjertson M., Sundstrom C., Nilsson K., Nilsson G. The potential of human mast cell progenitors to differentiate into mature mast cells remains after prolonged culture with flt3 ligand, interleukin-3 or granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor. Br. J. Haematol. 1999, 104:516-522.
59. Hogge D., Fanning S., Bockhold K., et al. Quantitation and characterization of human megakaryocyte colony-forming cells using a standardized serum-free agarose assay. Br. J. Haematol. 1997, 96:790-800.
60. Horiike S., Yokota S., Nakao M., et al. Tandem duplications of the FLT3 receptor gene are associated with leukemic transformation of myelodysplasia. Leukemia 1997, 11:1442-1446.
61. Hudak S., Hunte B., Culpepper J., et al. FLT3/FLK2 ligand promotes the growth of murine stem cells and the expansion of colony-forming cells and spleen colonyforming units. Blood 1995, 85:2747-2755.
62. Hudak S., Leach M.W., Xu Y. Radioprotective effects of flk2/flt3 ligand. Exp. Hematol. 1998, 26:515-522.
63. Hung C.F., Hsu K.F., Cheng W.F., et al. Enhancement of DNA vaccine potency by linkage of antigen gene to a gene encoding the extracellular domain of Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3-ligand. Cancer Res. 2001, 61:1080-1088.
64. Hunte B.E., Hudak S., Campbell D., et al. flk2/flt3 ligand is a potent cofactor for the growth of primitive B cell progenitors. J. Immunol. 1996, 156:489-496.
65. Imbert A., Rosnet O., Marchetto S., et al. Characterization of a yeast artificial chromosome from human chromosome band 13q12 containing the FLT1 and FLT3 receptor-type tyrosine kinase genes. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 1994, 67:175-177.
66. Inaba M., Inaba K., Hosono M., et al. Distinct mechanisms of neonatal tolerance induced by dendritic cells and thyrmic B cells. J. Exp. Med. 1991, 173:549-559.
67. Inaba K., Steinman R.M., Pack M.W., et al. Identification of proliferating dendritic cell precursors in mouse blood. J. Exp. Med. 1992, 175:1157-1167.
68. Ishii E., Zaitsu M., Ihara K., et al. High expression but no internal tandem duplication of FLT3 in normal hematopoietic cells. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol. 1999, 16:437-441.
69. Ito A., Hirota S., Kitamura Y., Nomura S. Developmental expression of flt3 mRNA in the mouse brain. J. Mol. Neurosci. 1993, 4:235-243.
70. Iwai T., Yokota S., Nakao M., et al. Internal tandem duplication in the juxtatransmembrane domain of the flt3 is not involved in blastic crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 1997, 11:1992-1993.
71. Iwai T., Yokota S., Nakao M., et al. Internal tandem duplication of the FLT3 gene and clinical evaluation in childhood acute myeloid leukemia. The Children’s Cancer and Leukemia Study Group, Japan. Leukemia 1999, 13:38-43.
72. Iwama A., Okano K., Sudo T., et al. Molecular cloning of a novel receptor tyrosine kinase gene, STK, derived from enriched hematopoietic stem cells. Blood 1994, 83:3160-3169.
73. Ivengar A.R., Bonham C.A., Antonysamy M.A., et al. Striking augmentation of hematopoietic cell chimerism in noncytoablated allogeneic bone marrow recipients by FLT3 ligand and tacrolimus. Transplantation 1997, 63:1193-1199.
74. Jacobsen S.E.W., Okkenhaug C., Myklebust J., et al. The FLT3 ligand potently and directly stimulates the growth and expansion of primitive murine bone marrow progenitor cells in vitro: synergistic interactions with interleukin (IL) 11, IL-12, and other hematopoietic growth factors. J. Exp. Med. 1995, 181:1357-1363.
75. Jacobsen S.E.W., Veiby O.P., Myklebust J., et al. Ability of flt3 ligand to stimulate the in vitro growth of primitive murine hematopoietic progenitors is potently and directly inhibited by transforming growth factor-β and tumor necrosis factor-α. Blood 1996, 87:5016-5026.
76. Johansson B., Billstrom R., Mauritzson N., Mitelman F. Trisomy 19 as the sole chromosomal anomaly in hematologic neoplasms. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 1994, 74:62-65.
77. Kiyoi H., Naoe T., Yokota S., et al. Internal tandem duplication of FLT3 associated with leukocytosis in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Leukemia 1997, 11:1447-1452.
78. Kiyoi H., Naoe T., Nakano Y., et al. Prognostic implication of FLT3 and N-RAS gene mutations in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 1999, 93:3074-3080.
79. Koller M.R., Oxender M., Brott D.A., Palsson B.Ø. flt-3 ligand is more potent than c-kit ligand for the synergistic stimulation of ex vivo hematopoietic cell expansion. J. Hematother. 1996, 5:449-459.
80. Kondo M., Horibe K., Takahashi Y., et al. Prognostic value of internal tandem duplication of the FLT3 gene in childhood acute myelogenous leukemia. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 1999, 33:525-529.
81. Krause D.S., Theise N.D., Collector M.I., et al. Multiorgan, multi-lineage engraftment by a single bone marrow-derived stem cell. Cell 2001, 105:369-377.
82. Kremer I.B., Gould M.P., Cooper K.D., Heinzel F.P. Pretreatment with recombinant Flt3 ligand partially protects against progressive cutaneous leishmaniasis in susceptible BALB/c mice. Infect. Immun. 2001, 69:673-680.
83. Ku H., Hirayama F., Kato T., et al. Soluble thromobopoietin receptor (Mpl) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor directly stimulate proliferation of primitive hematopoietic progenitors of mice in synergy with steel factor or the ligand for Flt3/Flk2. Blood 1996, 88:4124-4131.
84. Langley K.E., Bennett L.G., Wypych J., et al. Soluble stem cell factor in human serum. Blood 1993, 81:656-660.
85. Lavagna C., Marchetto S., Birnbaum D., Rosnet O. Identification and characterization of a functional murine FLT3 isoform produced by exon skipping. J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270:3165-3171.
86. Levis M., Tse K.F., Smith B.D., et al. A FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitor is selectively cytotoxic to acute myeloid leukemia blasts harboring FLT3 internal tandem duplication mutations. Blood 2001, 98:885-887.
87. Li W., Lu L., Wang Z., et al. IL-12 antagonism enhances apoptotic death of T cells within hepatic allografts from Flt3 ligand-treated donors and promotes graft acceptance. J. Immunol. 2001, 166:5619-5628.
88. Lisovsky M., Estrov Z., Zhang X., et al. Flt3 ligand stimulates proliferation and inhibits apoptosis of acute myeloid leukemia cells: regulation of Bcl-2 and Bax. Blood 1996, 88:3987-3997.
89. Lu H.S., Clogston C.L., Wypych J., et al. Amino acid sequence and post-translational modification of stem cell factor isolated from buffalo rat liver cell-conditioned medium. J. Biol. Chem. 1991, 266:8102-8107.
90. Lu L., Rudert W.A., Qian S., et al. Growth of donorderived dendritic cells from the bone marrow of murine liver allograft recipients in response to granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J. Exp. Med. 1995, 182:379-387.
91. Lyman S.D., James L., Vanden Bos T., et al. Molecular cloning of a ligand for the flt3/flk-2 tyrosine kinase receptor: a proliferative factor for primitive hematopoietic cells. Cell 1993, 75:1157-1167.
92. Lyman S.D., James L., Zappone J., et al. Characterization of the protein encoded by the flt3 (flk2) receptor-like tyrosine kinase gene. Oncogene 1993, 8:815-822.
93. Lyman S.D., Brasel K., Rousseau A.M., Williams D.E. The flt3 ligand: a hematopoietic stem cell factor whose activities are distinct from steel factor. Stem Cells 1994, 12:99-107.
94. Lyman S.D., James L., Johnson L., et al. Cloning of the human homologue of the murine flt3 ligand: a growth factor for early hematopoietic progenitor cells. Blood 1994, 83:2795-2801.
95. Lyman S.D., James L., Escobar S., et al. Identification of soluble and membrane-bound isoforms of the murine flt3 ligand generated by alternative splicing of mRNAs. Oncogene 1995, 10:149-157.
96. Lyman S.D., Seaberg M., Hanna R., et al. Plasma/serum levels of flt3 ligand are low in normal individuals and highly elevated in patients with Fanconi anemia and acquired aplastic anemia. Blood 1995, 86:4091-4096.
97. Lyman S.D., Stocking K., Davison B., et al. Structural analysis of human and murine flt3 ligand genomic loci. Oncogene 1995, 11:1165-1172.
98. Lynch D.H., Andreasen A., Maraskovsky E., et al. Flt3 ligand induces tumor regression and antitumor immune responses in vivo. Nat. Med. 1997, 3:625-631.
99. Mach N., Gillessen S., Wilson S.B., et al. Differences in dendritic cells stimulated in vivo by tumors engineered to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor or Flt3-ligand. Cancer Res. 2000, 60:3239-3246.
100. Mackarehtschian K., Hardin J.D., Moore K.A., et al. Targeted disruption of the flk2/flt3 gene leads to deficiencies in primitive hematopoietic progenitors. Immunity 1995, 3:147-161.
101. Maldonado-Lopez R., De Smedt T., Michel P., et al. CD8alpha+ and CD8alpha- subclasses of dendritic cells direct the development of distinct T helper cells in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 1999, 189:587-592.
102. Maraskovsky E., Brasel K., Teepe M., et al. Dramatic increase in the numbers of functionally mature dendritic cells in Flt3 ligand-treated mice: multiple dendritic cell subpopulations identified. J. Exp. Med. 1996, 184:1953-1962.
103. Maraskovsky E., Daro E., Roux E., et al. In vivo generation of human dendritic cell subsets by flt3 ligand. Blood 2000, 96:878-884.
104. Maroc N., Rottapel R., Rosnet O., et al. Biochemical characterization and analysis of the transforming potential of the FLT3/FLK2 receptor tyrosine kinase. Oncogene 1993, 8:909-918.
105. Matthews W., Jordan C.T., Wiegand G.W., et al. Areceptor tyrosine kinase specific to hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell-enriched populations. Cell 1991, 65:1143-1152.
106. Matzinger P., Guerder S. Does T-cell tolerance require a dedicated antigen-presenting cells?. Nature 1989, 338:74-76.
107. Mazda O., Watanabe Y., Gyotoku J.-I., Katsura Y. Requirement of dendritic cells and B cells in the clonal deletion of Mls-reactive T cells in the thymus. J. Exp. Med. 1991, 173:539-547.
108. McClanahan T., Culpepper J., Campbell D., et al. Biochemical and genetic characterization of multiple splice variants of the Flt3 ligand. Blood 1996, 88:3371-3382.
109. + hematopoietic progenitor cells. Blood 1995, 86:3413-3420.
110. McKenna H.J., Miller R.E., Brasel K.E., et al. Targeted disruption of the flt3 ligand gene in mice affects multiple hematopoietic lineages, including natural killer cells, B lymphocytes, and dendritic cells. Blood 1996, 88(Suppl. 1):474a.
111. McKenna H.J., Smith F.O., Brasel K., et al. Effects of flt3 ligand on acute myeloid and lymphocytic leukemic blast cells from children. Exp. Hematol. 1996, 24:378-385.
112. McKenna H.J., Stocking K.L., Miller R.E., et al. Mice lacking flt3 ligand have deficient hematopoiesis affecting hematopoietic progenitor cells, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells. Blood 2000, 95:3489-3497.
113. Meierhoff G., Dehmel U., Gruss H.-J., et al. Expression of flt3 receptor and flt3-ligand in human leukemia-lymphoma cell lines. Leukemia 1995, 9:1368-1372.
114. Meshinchi S., Woods W.G., Stirewalt D.L., et al. Prevalence and prognostic significance of flt3 internal tandem duplication in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 2001, 97:89-94.
115. Metlay J.P., Witmer-Pack M.D., Agger R., et al. The distinct leukocyte integrins of mouse spleen dendritic cells as identified with new hamster monoclonal antibodies. J. Exp. Med. 1990, 171:1753-1771.
116. Mezey E., Chandross K.J., Harta G., et al. Turning blood into brain: cells bearing neuronal antigens generated in vivo from bone marrow. Science 2000, 290:1779-17782.
117. Mizuki M., Fenski R., Halfter H., et al. Flt3 mutations from patients with acute myeloid leukemia induce transformation of 32D cells mediated by the Ras and STAT5 pathways. Blood 2000, 96:3907-3914.
118. Mo H., Meah Y., Moore J.G., Goldstein I.J. Purification and characterization of dolichos lablab lectin. Glycobiology 1999, 9:173-179.
119. Molineux G., McCrea C., Yan X.Q., et al. Flt-3 ligand synergizes with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor to increase neutrophil numbers and to mobilize peripheral blood stem cells with long-term repopulating potential. Blood 1997, 89:3998-4004.
120. Moore T.A., Zlotnik A. Differential effects of Flk-2/Flt-3 ligand and stem cell factor on murine thymic progenitor cells. J. Immunol. 1997, 158:4187-4192.
121. Moorea J.G., Fuchsa C.A., Hataa Y.S., et al. A new lectin in red kidney beans called PvFRIL stimulates proliferation of NIH 3T3 cells expressing the Flt3 receptor. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2000, 1475:216-224.
122. Morelli A.E., Antonysamy M.A., Takayama T., et al. Microchimerism, donor dendritic cells, and alloimmune reactivity in recipients of Flt3 ligand-mobilized hemo-poietic cells: modulation by tacrolimus. J. Immunol. 2000, 165:226-237.
123. Moriyama Y., Tsujimura T., Hashimoto K., et al. Role of aspartic acid 814 in the function and expression of c-kit receptor tyrosine kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 1996, 271:3347-3350.
124. Morse M.A., Nair S., Fernandez-Casal M., et al. Preoperative mobilization of circulating dendritic cells by Flt3 ligand administration to patients with metastatic colon cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2000, 18:3883-3893.
125. Muench M.O., Roncarolo M.G., Menon S., et al. FLK-2/FLT-3 ligand regulates the growth of early myeloid progenitors isolated from human fetal liver. Blood 1995, 85:963-972.
126. Mwangi W., Brown W.C., Palmer G.H. Identification of fetal liver tyrosine kinase 3 (Flt3) ligand domain required for receptor binding and function using naturally occurring ligand isoforms. J. Immunol. 2000, 165:6966-6974.
127. Nakano Y., Kiyoi H., Miyawaki S., et al. Molecular evolution of acute myeloid leukaemia in relapse: unstable N-ras and FLT3 genes compared with p53 gene. Br. J. Haematol. 1999, 104:659-664.
128. Nakao M., Yokota S., Iwai T., et al. Internal tandem duplication of the flt3 gene found in acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 1996, 10:1911-1918.
129. Namikawa R., Muench M.O., de Vries J.E., Roncarolo M.G. The FLK2/FLT3 ligand synergizes with interleukin-7 in promoting stromal cell-independent expansion and differentiation of human fetal pro-B cells in vitro. Blood 1996, 87:1881-1890.
130. Neipp M., Zorina T., Domenick M.A., et al. Effect of FLT3 ligand and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on expansion and mobilization of facilitating cells and hematopoietic stem cells in mice: kinetics and repopulating potential. Blood 1998, 92:3177-3188.
131. Nielsen S.D., Husemoen L.L., Sorensen T.U., et al. FLT3 ligand preserves the uncommitted CD34+CD38-progenitor cells during cytokine prestimulation for retroviral transduction. J. Hematother. Stem Cell Res. 2000, 9:695-701.
132. Ohishi K., Katayama N., Itoh R., et al. Accelerated cell-cycling of hematopoietic progenitors by the flt3 ligand that is modulated by transforming growth factor-β. Blood 1996, 87:1718-1727.
133. Orlic D., Kajstura J., Chimenti S., et al. Bone marrow cells regenerate infarcted myocardium. Nature 2001, 410:701-705.
134. Pandit J., Bohm A., Jancarik J., et al. Three-dimensional structure of dimeric human recombinant macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Science 1992, 258:1358-1362.
135. Papayannopoulou T., Nakamoto B., Andrews R.G., et al. In vivo effects of Flt3/Flk2 ligand on mobilization of hematopoietic progenitors in primates and potent synergistic enhancement with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Blood 1997, 90:620-629.
136. Pawlowska A.B., Hashino S., McKenna H., et al. In vitro tumor-pulsed or in vivo Flt3 ligand-generated dendritic cells provide protection against acute myelogenous leukemia in nontransplanted or syngeneic bone marrow-transplanted mice. Blood 2001, 97:1474-1482.
137. Peron J.M., Esche C., Subbotin V.M., et al. FLT3-ligand administration inhibits liver metastases: role of NK cells. J. Immunol. 1998, 161:6164-6170.
138. Petzer A.L., Zandstra P.W., Piret J.M., Eaves C.J. Differential cytokine effects on primitive (CD34+CD38-) human hematopoietic cells: novel responses to Flt3-ligand and thrombopoietin. J. Exp. Med. 1996, 183:2551-2558.
139. Piacibello W., Fubini L., Sanavio F., et al. Effects of human FLT3 ligand on myeloid leukemia cell growth: heterogeneity in response and synergy with other hematopoietic growth factors. Blood 1995, 86:4105-4114.
140. Piacibello W., Sanavio F., Garetto L., et al. Extensive amplification of self-renewal of human primitive hematopoietic stem cells from cord blood. Blood 1997, 89:2644-2653.
141. Pless M., Wodnar-Filipowicz A., John L., et al. Synergy of growth factors during mobilization of peripheral blood precursor cells with recombinant human Flt3-ligand and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in rabbits. Exp. Hematol. 1999, 27:155-161.
142. Pulendran B., Lingappa J., Kennedy M.K., et al. Developmental pathways of dendritic cells in vivo: distinct function, phenotype, and localization of dendritic cell subsets in FLT3 ligand-treated mice. J. Immunol. 1997, 159:2222-2231.
143. Pulendran B., Smith J.L., Jenkins M., et al. Prevention of peripheral tolerance by a dendritic cell growth factor: Flt3 ligand as an adjuvant. J. Exp. Med. 1998, 188:2075-2082.
144. Pulendran B., Smith J.L., Caspary G., et al. Distinct dendritic cell subsets differentially regulate the class of immune response in vivo. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1999, 96:1036-1041.
145. Pulendran B., Banchereau J., Burkeholder S., et al. Flt3-ligand and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor mobilize distinct human dendritic cell subsets in vivo. J. Immunol. 2000, 165:566-572.
146. Rappold I., Watt S.M., Kusadasi N., et al. Gp130-signaling synergizes with FL and TPO for the long-term expansion of cord blood progenitors. Leukemia 1999, 13:2036-2048.
147. Rasko J.E.J., Metcalf D., Rossner M.T., et al. The flt3/flk-2 ligand: receptor distribution and action on murine haemopoietic cell survival and proliferation. Leukemia 1995, 9:2058-2066.
148. Ray R.J., Paige C.J., Furlonger C., et al. Flt3 ligand supports the differentiation of early B cell progenitors in the presence of interleukin-11 and interleukin-7. Eur. J. Immunol. 1996, 26:1504-1510.
149. Reid C.D., Stackpoole A., Meager A., Tikerpae J. Interactions of tumor necrosis factor with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and other cytokines in the regulation of dendritic cell growth in vitro from early bipotent CD34+ progenitors in human bone marrow. J. Immunol. 1992, 149:2681-2688.
150. Rissoan M.C., Soumelis V., Kadowaki N., et al. Reciprocal control of T helper cell and dendritic cell differentiation. Science 1999, 283:1183-1186.
151. Rombouts W.J., Broyl A., Martens A.C., et al. Human acute myeloid leukemia cells with internal tandem duplications in the Flt3 gene show reduced proliferative ability instoma supported long-term cultures. Leukemia 1999, 13:1071-1078.
152. Rombouts W.J., Blokland I., Lowenberg B., Ploemacher R.E. Biological characteristics and prognosis of adult acute myeloid leukemia with internal tandem duplications in the Flt3 gene. Leukemia 2000, 14:675-683.
153. Rosnet O., Marchetto S., deLapeyriere O., Birnbaum D. Murine Flt3, a gene encoding a novel tyrosine kinase receptor of the PDGFR/CSF1R family. Oncogene 1991, 6:1641-1650.
154. Rosnet O., Mattei M.G., Marchetto S., Birnbaum D. Isolation and chromosomal localization of a novel FMS-like tyrosine kinase gene. Genomics 1991, 9:380-385.
155. Rosnet O., Schiff C., Pébusque M.-J., et al. Human FLT3/FLK2 gene: cDNA cloning and expression in hematopoietic cells. Blood 1993, 82:1110-1119.
156. Rosnet O., Stephenson D., Mattei M.-G., et al. Close physical linkage of the FLT1 and FLT3 genes on chromosome 13 in man and chromosome 5 in mouse. Oncogene 1993, 8:173-179.
157. Rosnet O., Bühring H.-J., Marchetto S., et al. Human FLT3/FLK2 receptor tyrosine kinase is expressed at the surface of normal and malignant hematoietic cells. Leukemia 1996, 10:238-248.
158. Rossner M.T., McArthur G.A., Allen J.D., Metcalf D. Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 catalytic domain can transduce a proliferative signal in FDC-P1 cells that is qualitatively similar to the signal delivered by c-Fms. Cell. Growth Differ. 1994, 5:549-555.
159. Sallusto F., Lanzavecchia A. Efficient presentation of soluble antigen by cultured human dendritic cells is maintained by granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor plus interleukin 4 and downregulated by tumor necrosis factor α. J. Exp. Med. 1994, 179:1109-1118.
160. Santiago-Schwarz F., Belilos E., Diamond B., Carsons S.E. TNF in combination with GM-CSF enhances the differentiation of neonatal cord blood stem cells into dendritic cells and macrophages. J. Leukoc. Biol. 1992, 52:274-281.
161. Saunders D., Lucas K., Ismaili J., et al. Dendritic cell development in culture from thymic precursor cells in the absence of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J. Exp. Med. 1996, 184:2185-2196.
162. Savvides S.N., Boone T., Andrew Karplus P. Flt3 ligand structure and unexpected commonalities of helical bundles and cystine knots. Nat. Struct. Biol. 2000, 7:486-491.
163. Serve H., Flesch K., Serve S., et al. Expression and function of Flt3/flk2 in human tumor cell lines. Int. J. Oncol. 1999, 14:765-770.
164. Shadle P.J., Allen J.I., Geier M.D., Koths K. Detection of endogenous macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) in human blood. Exp. Hematol. 1989, 17:154-159.
165. + hematopoietic progenitors elicited from human fetal liver, umbilical cord blood, bone marrow, and mobilized peripheral blood. J. Hematother. 1996, 5:655-662.
166. Shaw S.G., Maung A.A., Steptoe R.J., et al. Expansion of functional NK cells in multiple tissue compartments of mice treated with Flt3-ligand: implications for anti-cancer and anti-viral therapy. J. Immunol. 1998, 161:2817-2824.
167. Sherr C.J., Rettenmier C.W., Sacca R., et al. The c-fims proto-oncogene product is related to the receptor for the mononuclear phagocyte growth factor, CSF-1. Cell 1985, 41:665-676.
168. Shibuya M., Matsushime H., Yamane A., et al. Isolation and characterization of new mammalian kinase genes by cross hybridization with a tyrosine kinase probe. Int. Symp. Princess Takamatsu Cancer Res. Fund (United States) 1989, 20:103-110.
169. Shurin M.R., Pandharipande P.P., Zorina T.D., et al. FLT3 ligand induces the generation of functionally active dendritic cells in mice. Cell Immunol. 1997, 179:174-184.
170. Siegal F.P., Kadowaki N., Shodell M., et al. The nature of the principal type 1 interferon-producing cells in human blood. Science 1999, 284:1835-1837.
171. + human bone marrow cells and is involved in the proliferation of early progenitor/stem cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1994, 91:459-463.
172. Smith J.R., Thackray A.M., Bujdoso R. Reduced herpes simplex virus type 1 latency in Flt-3 ligand-treated mice is associated with enhanced numbers of natural killer and dendritic cells. Immunology 2001, 102:352-358.
173. Solanilla A., Grosset C., Lemercier C., et al. Expression of Flt3-ligand by the endothelial cell. Leukemia 2000, 14:153-162.
174. Stacchini A., Fubini L., Severino A., et al. Expression of type III receptor tyrosine kinases FLT3 and KIT and responses to their ligands by acute myeloid leukemia blasts. Leukemia 1996, 14:1584-1591.
175. Starzl T.E., Demetris A.J., Murase N., et al. Cell migration, chimerism, and graft acceptance. Lancet 1992, 339:1579-1582.
176. Starzl T.E., Demetris A.J., Trucco M., et al. Cell migration and chimerism after whole-organ transplantation: the basis of graft acceptance. Hepatology 1993, 17:1127-1152.
177. Steinman R.M. The dendritic cell system and its role in immunogenicity. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 1991, 9:271-296.
178. Steptoe R.J., Fu F., Li W., et al. Augmentation of dendritic cells in murine organ donors by Flt3 ligand alters the balance between transplant tolerance and immunity. J. Immunol. 1997, 159:5483-5491.
179. Stiff P.J. Peripheral blood stem cell mobilization: contemporay issues and early studies using Flt3 ligand. Handbook of Bone Marrow Transplantation 2000, 21-40. Martin Dunitz, London. J.M. Rowe, H.M. Lazarus, A.M. Carella (Eds.).
180. Stiff P., Chen B., Franklin W., et al. Autologous transplantation of ex vivo expanded bone marrow cells grown from small aliquots after high-dose chemotherapy for breast cancer. Blood 2000, 95:2169-2174.
181. Strobl H., Bello Fernandez C., Riedl E., et al. flt3 ligand in cooperation with transforming growth factor-beta1 potentiates in vitro development of Langerhans-type dendritic cells and allows single-cell dendritic cell cluster formation under serum-free conditions. Blood 1997, 90:1425-1434.
182. Sudo Y., Shimazaki C., Ashihara E., et al. Synergistic effect of FLT-3 ligand on the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-induced mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells into blood in mice. Blood 1997, 89:3186-3191.
183. Süss G., Shortman K. A subclass of dendritic cells kills CD4 T cells via Fas/Fas-ligand-induced apoptosis. J. Exp. Med. 1996, 183:1789-1796.
184. Theise N.D., Badve S., Saxena R., et al. Derivation of hepatocytes from bone marrow cells in mice after radiation-induced myeloablation. Hepatology 2000, 31:235-240.
185. Theise N.D., Nimmakayalu M., Gardner R., et al. Liver from bone marrow in humans. Hepatology 2000, 32:11-16.
186. Thomson A.W., Lu L., Murase N., et al. Microchimerism, dendritic cell progenitors and transplantation tolerance. Stem Cells 1995, 13:622-639.
187. Tse K.F., Novelli E., Civin C.I., et al. Inhibition of FLT3-mediated transformation by use of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Leukemia 2001, 15:1001-1010.
188. Turner A.M., Bennett L.G., Lin N.L., et al. Identification and characterization of a soluble c-kit receptor produced by human hematopoietic cell lines. Blood 1995, 85:2052-2058.
189. Van Zant G., Eldridge P.W., Behringer R.R., Dewey M.J. Genetic control of hematopoietic kinetics revealed by analyses of allophenic mice and stem cell suicide. Cell 1983, 35:639-645.
190. Veiby O.P., Lyman S.D., Jacobsen S.E.W. Combined signaling through interleukin-7 receptors and flt3 but not c-kit potently and selectively promotes B-cell commitment and differentiation from uncommitted murine bone marrow progenitor cells. Blood 1996, 88:1256-1265.
191. Viney J.L., Mowat A.M., O’Malley J.M., et al. Expanding dendritic cells in vivo enhances the induction of oral tolerance. J. Immunol. 1998, 160:5815-5825.
192. Visser J.W., Rozemuller H., de Jong M.O., Belyavsky A. The expression of cytokine receptors by purified hemopoietic stem cells. Stem Cells 1993, 11:49-55.
193. Vremec D., Lieschke G.J., Dunn A.R., et al. The influence of granulocyte/ macrophage colony-stimulating factor on dendritic cell levels in mouse lymphoid organs. Eur. J. Immunol. 1997, 27:40-44.
194. Wang A., Braun S.E., Sonpavde G., Cornetta K. Antileukemic activity of Flt3 ligand in murine leukemia. Cancer Res. 2000, 60:1895-1900.
195. Warren T.L., Weiner G.J. Uses of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in vaccine development. Curr. Opin. Hematol. 2000, 7:168-173.
196. Wasserman R., Li Y.S., Hardy R.R. Differential expression of the blk and ret tyrosine kinases during B lineage development is dependent on Ig rearrangement. J. Immunol. 1995, 155:644-651.
197. Williams D.E., Eisenman J., Baird A., et al. Identification of a ligand for the c-kit proto-oncogene. Cell 1990, 63:167-174.
198. Williamson E., O’Malley J.M., Viney J.L. Visualizing the T-cell response elicited by oral administration of soluble protein antigen. Immunology 1999, 97:565-572.
199. Williamson E., Westrich G.M., Viney J.L. Modulating dendritic cells to optimize mucosal immunization protocols. J. Immunol. 1999, 163:3668-3675.
200. Wineman J., Moore K., Lemischka I., Müller-Sieburg C. Functional heterogeneity of the hematopoietic microenvironment: rate stromal elements maintain long-term repopulating stem cells. Blood 1996, 87:4082-4090.
201. Wodnar-Filipowicz A., Lyman S.D., Gratwohl A., et al. Flt3 ligand level reflects hematopoietic progenitor cell function in aplastic anemia and chemotherapy-induced bone marrow aplasia. Blood 1996, 88:4493-4499.
202. Wognum A.W., Visser T.P., Peters K., et al. Stimulation of mouse bone marrow cells with kit ligand, FLT3 ligand, and thrombopoietin leads to efficient retrovirus-mediated gene transfer to stem cells, whereas interleukin-3 and interleukin-11 reduce transduction of short-and long-term repopulating cells. Hum. Gene Ther. 2000, 11:2129-2141.
203. Woiciechowsky A., Regn S., Kolb H.J., Roskrow M. Leukemic dendritic cells generated in the presence of FLT3 ligand have the capacity to stimulate an autologous leukemia-specific cytotoxic T cell response from patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2001, 15:246-255.
204. Xu F., Taki T., Yang H.W., et al. Tandem duplication of the FLT3 gene is found in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia as well as acute myeloid leukaemia but not in myelodysplastic syndrome or juvenile chronic myelogenous leukaemia in children. Br. J. Haematol. 1999, 105:155-162.
205. Yamamoto Y., Kiyoi H., Nakano Y., et al. Activating mutation of D835 within the activation loop of FLT3 in human hematologic malignancies. Blood 2001, 97:2434-2439.
206. Yang S., Sim G.K. Molecular cloning of canine and feline flt3 ligand reveals high degree of similarity to the human and mouse homologue but uniquely long cytoplasmic domain. DNA Seq. 2000, 11:163-166.
207. Yokota S., Kiyoi H., Nakao M., et al. Internal tandem duplication of the FLT3 gene is preferentially seen in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome among various hematological malignancies. A study on a large series of patients and cell lines. Leukemia 1997, 11:1605-1609.
208. Zeigler F.C., Bennett B.D., Jordan C.T., et al. Cellular and molecular characterization of the role of the FLK-2/FLT-3 receptor tyrosine kinase in hematopoietic stem cells. Blood 1994, 84:2422-2430.
209. Zhao M., Kiyoi H., Yamamoto Y., et al. In vivo treatment of mutant FLT3-transformed murine leukemia with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Leukemia 2000, 14:374-378.
210. Zola H., Siderius N., Flego L., et al. Cytokine receptor expression in leukaemic cells. Leuk. Res. 1994, 18:347-355.
211. Zwierzina H., Anderson J.E., Rollinger-Holzinger I., et al. Endogenous FLT-3 ligand serum levels are associated with disease stage in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. Leukemia 1999, 13:553-557.