The connectomics of brain disorders

Nature Reviews Neuroscience

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 159-172

  Fornito, Alex ^a   Zalesky, Andrew ^b   Breakspear, Michael ^c,d  

^a MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b The University of Melbourne   (Australia)

^c QIMR BERGHOFER MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Australia)

^d ROYAL BRISBANE AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MOLECULAR MOTOR;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS; BRAIN DISEASE; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; BRAIN REGION; CELL DEDIFFERENTIATION; COGNITIVE RESERVE; CONNECTOME; CONVALESCENCE; DISABILITY; DISEASE COURSE; FOCAL EPILEPSY; FRONTAL VARIANT FRONTOTEMPORAL DEMENTIA; FUNCTIONAL DISEASE; HEREDITARY MOTOR SENSORY NEUROPATHY; HUMAN; HUNTINGTON CHOREA; INSULA; METABOLIC STRESS; MOTOR NEUROPATHY; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NERVE FIBER TRANSPORT; NERVE POTENTIAL; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PREMOTOR CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SIGNAL NOISE RATIO; STRIATE CORTEX; TRANSNEURONAL DEGENERATION; ANIMAL; BRAIN; BRAIN DISEASES; GENETICS; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; PATHOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES; TRENDS;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; BRAIN DISEASES; CONNECTOME; HUMANS; NERVE NET; NEURONAL PLASTICITY;

EID: 84923554820     PISSN: 1471003X     EISSN: 14710048     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nrn3901     Document Type: Review

References (174)

1. Siegel, R. E. Galen on the Affected Parts (Karger Publisher, 1976).
2. Finger, S., Koehler, P. J. & Jagella, C. The von Monakow concept of diaschisis: origins and perspectives. Arch. Neurol. 61, 283-288 (2004).
3. Koehler, P. J. Brown-Séquard and cerebral localization as illustrated by his ideas on aphasia. J. Hist. Neurosci. 5, 26-33 (1996).
4. Monakow, von, C. in Brain and Behaviour Vol.I: Mood, States and Mind (ed. Pribram, K. H.) 27-36 (Penguin books, 1969).
5. Feeney, D. M. & Baron, J. C. Diaschisis. Stroke 17, 817-830 (1986).
6. Wernicke, C. Some new studies on aphasie. Fortschr. Med. 824-830 (1885).
7. Catani, M. & ffytche, D.H. The rises and falls of disconnection syndromes. Brain 128, 2224-2239 (2005).
8. Geschwind, N. Disconnexion syndromes in animals and man. Part I. Brain 88, 237-294 (1965).
9. Geschwind, N. Disconnexion syndromes in animals and man. Part II. Brain 88, 585-644 (1965).
10. Mesulam, M. M. Large-scale neurocognitive networks and distributed processing for attention, language, and memory. Ann. Neurol. 28, 597-613 (1990).
11. Damasio, A. R. Time-locked multiregional retroactivation: a systems-level proposal for the neural substrates of recall and recognition. Cognition 33, 25-62 (1989).
12. Broca, P. Perte de la parole: ramollissement chronique et destruction partielle du lobe anterieur gauche du cerveau. Bulletins Soc. Anthropolgie 2, 235-238 (in French) (1861).
13. Harlow, J. M. Passage of an iron rod through the head. Boston Med. Surg. J. 39, 389-393 (1848).
14. Scoville, W. B. & Milner, B. Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. J. Neurol, Neurosurg. Psychiatry 20, 11-21 (1957).
15. Bullmore, E. & Sporns, O. Complex brain networks: graph theoretical analysis of structural and functional systems. Nature Rev. Neurosci. 10, 186-198 (2009).
16. Tononi, G., Sporns, O. & Edelman, G. M. A measure for brain complexity: relating functional segregation and integration in the nervous system. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91, 5033-5037 (1994).
17. Breakspear, M. & Stam, C. J. Dynamics of a neural system with a multiscale architecture. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 360, 1051-1074 (2005).
18. Buldyrev, S. V., Parshani, R., Paul, G., Stanley, H. E. & Havlin, S. Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks. Nature 464, 1025-1028 (2011).
19. Coan, A. C. et al. Frequent seizures are associated with a network of gray matter atrophy in temporal lobe epilepsy with or without hippocampal sclerosis. PLoS ONE 9, e85843 (2014).
20. Rehme, A. K. & Grefkes, C. Cerebral network disorders after stroke: evidence from imaging-based connectivity analyses of active and resting brain states in humans. J. Physiol. 591, 17-31 (2012).
21. Tabrizi, S. J. et al. Biological and clinical manifestations of Huntington's disease in the longitudinal TRACK-HD study: cross-sectional analysis of baseline data. Lancet Neurol. 8, 791-801 (2009).
22. Goedert, M., Spillantini, M. G., Del Tredici, K. & Braak, H. 100 years of Lewy pathology. Nature Rev. Neurol. 9, 13-24 (2012).
23. Sporns, O. The human connectome: a structural description of the human brain. PLoS Comput. Biol. 1, e42 (2005).
24. Bohland, J. W. et al. A proposal for a coordinated effort for the determination of brainwide neuroanatomical connectivity in model organisms at a mesoscopic scale. PLoS Comp. Biol. 5, e1000334 (2009).
25. Kandel, E. R., Markram, H., Matthews, P. M., Yuste, R. & Koch, C. Neuroscience thinks big (and collaboratively). Nature Rev. Neurosci. 14, 659-664 (2013).
26. Van Essen, D. C. & Ugurbil, K. The future of the human connectome. NeuroImage 62, 1299-1310 (2012).
27. Oh, S. W. et al. A mesoscale connectome of the mouse brain. Nature 508, 207-214 (2014).
28. Chiang, A. S. et al. Three-dimensional reconstruction of brain-wide wiring networks in Drosophila at single-cell resolution. Curr. Biol. 21, 1-11 (2011).
29. Markov, N. T. et al. A weighted and directed interareal connectivity matrix for macaque cerebral cortex. Cereb. Cortex 24, 17-36 (2013).
30. White, J. G., Southgate, E., Thomson, J. N. & Brenner, S. The structure of the nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 314, 1-340 (1986).
31. Herculano-Houzel, S. The human brain in numbers: a linearly scaled-up primate brain. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 9, 31 (2009).
32. Pakkenberg, B. et al. Aging and the human neocortex. Exp. Gerontol. 38, 95-99 (2003).
33. Kasthuri, N. & Lichtman, J. W. Neurocartography. Neuropsychopharmacology 35, 342-343 (2010).
34. Bullmore, E. & Sporns, O. The economy of brain network organization. Nature Rev. Neurosci. 13, 336-349 (2012).
35. Crossley, N. A. et al. The hubs of the human connectome are generally implicated in the anatomy of brain disorders. Brain 137, 2382-2395 (2014).
36. Nomura, E. M., Gratton, C. & Visser, R. M. Double dissociation of two cognitive control networks in patients with focal brain lesions. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 12017-12022 (2010).
37. Gold, L. & Lauritzen, M. Neuronal deactivation explains decreased cerebellar blood flow in response to focal cerebral ischemia or suppressed neocortical function. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 7699-7704 (2002).
38. Honey, C. J. & Sporns, O. Dynamical consequences of lesions in cortical networks. Hum. Brain Mapp. 29, 802-809 (2008).
39. Alstott, J., Breakspear, M., Hagmann, P., Cammoun, L. & Sporns, O. Modeling the impact of lesions in the human brain. PLoS Comp. Biol. 5, e1000408 (2009).
40. Carrera, E. & Tononi, G. Diaschisis: past, present, future. Brain 137, 2408-2422 (2014).
41. Corbetta, M., Kincade, M. J., Lewis, C., Snyder, A. Z. & Sapir, A. Neural basis and recovery of spatial attention deficits in spatial neglect. Nature Neurosci. 8, 1603-1610 (2005).
42. He, B. J. et al. Breakdown of functional connectivity in frontoparietal networks underlies behavioral deficits in spatial neglect. Neuron 53, 905-918 (2007).
43. van Meer, M. P. A. et al. Recovery of sensorimotor function after experimental stroke correlates with restoration of resting-state interhemispheric functional connectivity. J. Neurosci. 30, 3964-3972 (2010).
44. van Meer, M. P. A. et al. Extent of bilateral neuronal network reorganization and functional recovery in relation to stroke severity. J. Neurosci. 32, 4495-4507 (2012).
45. Price, C. J., Warburton, E. A., Moore, C. J., Frackowiak, R. S. & Friston, K. J. Dynamic diaschisis: anatomically remote and context-sensitive human brain lesions. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 13, 419-429 (2001).
46. Napieralski, J. A., Butler, A. K. & Chesselet, M. F. Anatomical and functional evidence for lesion-specific sprouting of corticostriatal input in the adult rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 373, 484-497 (1996).
47. Carter, A. R. et al. Resting interhemispheric functional magnetic resonance imaging connectivity predicts performance after stroke. Ann. Neurol. 67, 365-375 (2010).
48. Cowan, W. M. Contemporary Research Methods in Neuroanatomy (Springer, 1970).
49. Deller, T., Del Turco, D., Rappert, A. & Bechmann, I. in The Dentate Gyrus: A Comprehensive Guide to Structure, Function, and Clinical Implications (ed. Scharfman, H.) 501-528 (Elsevier, 2007).
50. DeGiorgio, L. A., Dibinis, C., Milner, T. A., Saji, M. & Volpe, B. T. Histological and temporal characteristics of nigral transneuronal degeneration after striatal injury. Brain Res. 795, 1-9 (1998).
51. Hubel, D. H. & Wiesel, T. N. The period of susceptibility to the physiological effects of unilateral eye closure in kittens. J. Physiol. 206, 419-436 (1970).
52. Beatty, R. M., Sadun, A. A. & Smith, L. Direct demonstration of transsynaptic degeneration in the human visual system: a comparison of retrograde and anterograde changes. J. Neurol. 45, 143-146 (1982).
53. You, Y., Gupta, V. K., Graham, S. L. & Klistorner, A. Anterograde degeneration along the visual pathway after optic nerve injury. PLoS ONE 7, e52061 (2012).
54. Herbin, M., Boire, D., Théoret, H. & Ptito, M. Transneuronal degeneration of retinal ganglion cells in early hemispherectomized monkeys. Neuroreport 10, 1447-1452 (1999).
55. Cowey, A., Stoerig, P. & Williams, C. Variance in transneuronal retrograde ganglion cell degeneration in monkeys after removal of striate cortex: effects of size of the cortical lesion. Vision Res. 39, 3642-3652 (1999).
56. Saxena, S. & Caroni, P. Selective neuronal vulnerability in neurodegenerative diseases: from stressor thresholds to degeneration. Neuron 71, 35-48 (2011).
57. Perlson, E., Maday, S., Fu, M. M., Moughamian, A. J. & Holzbaur, E. L. F. Retrograde axonal transport: pathways to cell death? Trends Neurosci. 33, 335-344 (2010).
58. Myers, N. et al. Within-patient correspondence of amyloid-β and intrinsic network connectivity in Alzheimer's disease. Brain 137, 2052-2064 (2014).
59. Klupp, E. et al. In Alzheimer's disease, hypometabolism in low-amyloid brain regions may be a functional consequence of pathologies in connected brain regions. 4, 371-383 (2014).
60. Zhou, J., Gennatas, E. D., Kramer, J. H., Miller, B. L. & Seeley, W. W. Predicting regional neurodegeneration from the healthy brain functional connectome. Neuron 73, 1216-1227 (2012).
61. Ross, D. T. & Ebner, F. F. Thalamic retrograde degeneration following cortical injury: an excitotoxic process? Neuroscience 35, 525-550 (1990).
62. Vucic, S., Ziemann, U., Eisen, A., Hallett, M. & Kiernan, M. C. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: pathophysiological insights. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 84, 1161-1170 (2013).
63. Verstraete, E., Veldink, J. H., van den Berg, L. H. & van den Heuvel, M. P. Structural brain network imaging shows expanding disconnection of the motor system in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Hum. Brain Mapp. 35, 1351-1361 (2013).
64. Bartzokis, G. Alzheimer's disease as homeostatic responses to age-related myelin breakdown. Neurobiol. Aging 32, 1341-1371 (2011).
65. Hirokawa, N., Niwa, S. & Tanaka, Y. Molecular motors in neurons: transport mechanisms and roles in brain function, development, and disease. Neuron 68, 610-638 (2010).
66. Nave, K.-A. Myelination and the trophic support of long axons. Nature Rev. Neurosci. 11, 275-283 (2010).
67. Frost, B. & Diamond, M. I. Prion-like mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases. Nature Rev. Neurosci. 11, 155-159 (2009).
68. Buckner, R. L. et al. Molecular, structural, and functional characterization of Alzheimer's disease: evidence for a relationship between default activity, amyloid, and memory. J. Neurosci. 25, 7709-7717 (2005).
69. Seeley, W. W., Crawford, R. K., Zhou, J., Miller, B. L. & Greicius, M. D. Neurodegenerative diseases target large-scale human brain networks. Neuron 62, 42-52 (2009).
70. Li, S. C., Lindenberger, U. & Sikström, S. Aging cognition: from neuromodulation to representation. Trends Cognitive Sci. 5, 479-486 (2001).
71. Rajah, M. N. Region-specific changes in prefrontal function with age: a review of PET and fMRI studies on working and episodic memory. Brain 128, 1964-1983 (2005).
72. Rehme, A. K., Eickhoff, S. B., Wang, L. E., Fink, G. R. & Grefkes, C. Dynamic causal modeling of cortical activity from the acute to the chronic stage after stroke. NeuroImage 55, 1147-1158 (2011).
73. Grefkes, C. et al. Modulating cortical connectivity in stroke patients by rTMS assessed with fMRI and dynamic causal modeling. NeuroImage 50, 233-242 (2010).
74. Fornito, A. & Bullmore, E. T. Reconciling abnormalities of brain network structure and function in schizophrenia. Current Opin. Neurobiol. 30C, 44-50 (2014).
75. Minzenberg, M. J., Laird, A. R., Thelen, S., Carter, C. S. & Glahn, D. C. Meta-analysis of 41 functional neuroimaging studies of executive function in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 66, 811-822 (2009).
76. Winterer, G. & Weinberger, D. R. Genes, dopamine and cortical signal-to-noise ratio in schizophrenia. Trends Neurosci. 27, 683-690 (2004).
77. Fornito, A., Zalesky, A., Pantelis, C. & Bullmore, E. T. Schizophrenia, neuroimaging and connectomics. NeuroImage 62, 2296-2314 (2012).
78. Weinberger, D. R. Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 44, 660-669 (1987).
79. Marder, E. & Goaillard, J.-M. Variability, compensation and homeostasis in neuron and network function. Nature Rev. Neurosci. 7, 563-574 (2006).
80. Saur, D. Dynamics of language reorganization after stroke. Brain 129, 1371-1384 (2006).
81. Bestmann, S. et al. The role of contralesional dorsal premotor cortex after stroke as studied with concurrent TMS-fMRI. J. Neurosci. 30, 11926-11937 (2010).
82. Riecker, A. et al. The role of the unaffected hemisphere in motor recovery after stroke. Hum. Brain Mapp. 31, 1017-1029 (2010).
83. Rehme, A. K., Eickhoff, S. B., Rottschy, C, Fink, G. R. & Grefkes, C. Activation likelihood estimation metaanalysis of motor-related neural activity after stroke. NeuroImage 59, 2771-2782 (2012).
84. O'Shea, J., Johansen-Berg, H., Trief, D., Gobel, S. & Rushworth, M. F Functionally specific reorganization in human premotor cortex. Neuron 54, 479-490 (2007).
85. Johansen-Berg, H. et al. The role of ipsilateral premotor cortex in hand movement after stroke. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 14518-14523 (2002).
86. Frost, S. B. Reorganization of remote cortical regions after ischemic brain injury: a potential substrate for stroke recovery. J. Neurophysiol. 89, 3205-3214 (2003).
87. Ward, N. S. Neural correlates of motor recovery after stroke: a longitudinal fMRI study. Brain 126, 2476-2496 (2003).
88. de Haan, W, Mott, K., van Straaten, E. C. W, Scheltens, P. & Stam, C. J. Activity dependent degeneration explains hub vulnerability in Alzheimer's disease. PLoS Comp. Biol. 8, e1002582 (2012).
89. Sperling, R. Functional MRI studies of associative encoding in normal aging, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1097, 146-155 (2007).
90. Poudel, G. R., Egan, G. F & Churchyard, A. Abnormal synchrony of resting state networks in premanifest and symptomatic Huntington disease: the IMAGE-HD study. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 39, 87-96 (2014).
91. Schoonheim, M. M. & Filippi, M. Functional plasticity in MS: friend or foe? Neurology 79, 1418-1419 (2012).
92. Grady, C. L. et al. Evidence from functional neuroimaging of a compensatory prefrontal network in Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurosci. 23, 986-993 (2003).
93. Kolb, B. & Teskey, G. C. Age, experience, injury, and the changing brain. Dev. Psychobiol. 54, 311-325 (2010).
94. Buchkremer-Ratzmann, I. & Witte, O. W Extended brain disinhibition following small photothrombotic lesions in rat frontal cortex. Neuroreport 8, 519-522 (1997).
95. Butefisch, C. M. Remote changes in cortical excitability after stroke. Brain 126, 470-481 (2003).
96. Liepert, J., Hamzei, F & Weiller, C. Motor cortex disinhibition of the unaffected hemisphere after acute stroke. Muscle Nerve 23, 1761-1763 (2000).
97. Marik, S. A., Yamahachi, H., Meyer zum Alten Borgloh, S. & Gilbert, C. D. Large-scale axonal reorganization of inhibitory neurons following retinal lesions. J. Neurosci. 34, 1625-1632 (2014).
98. Gonzalez, C. L. R. & Kolb, B. A comparison of different models of stroke on behaviour and brain morphology Eur. J. Neurosci. 18, 1950-1962 (2003).
99. Jones, T. A. & Schallert, T Use-dependent growth of pyramidal neurons after neocortical damage. J. Neurosci. 14, 2140-2152 (1994).
100. Carmichael, S. T. & Chesselet, M. F Synchronous neuronal activity is a signal for axonal sprouting after cortical lesions in the adult. J. Neurosci. 22, 6062-6070 (2002).
101. Schaechter, J. D., Moore, C. I., Connell, B. D., Rosen, B. R. & Dijkhuizen, R. M. Structural and functional plasticity in the somatosensory cortex of chronic stroke patients. Brain 129, 2722-2733 (2006).
102. Tononi, G., Sporns, O. & Edelman, G. M. Measures of degeneracy and redundancy in biological networks. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 3257-3262 (1999).
103. Kitano, H. Biological robustness. Nature Rev. Genet. 5, 826-837 (2004).
104. Noppeney, U., Friston, K. J. & Price, C. J. Degenerate neuronal systems sustaining cognitive functions. J. Anat. 205, 433-442 (2004).
105. Seghier, M. L., Lee, H. L., Schofield, T., Ellis, C. L. & Price, C. J. Inter-subject variability in the use of two different neuronal networks for reading aloud familiar words. NeuroImage 42, 1226-1236 (2008).
106. Friston, K. J. & Price, C. J. Modules and brain mapping. Cognitive Neuropsychol. 28, 241-250 (2011).
107. Barulli, D. & Stern, Y. Efficiency, capacity, compensation, maintenance, plasticity: emerging concepts in cognitive reserve. Trends Cognitive Sci. 17, 502-509 (2013).
108. Valenzuela, M. J., Breakspear, M. & Sachdev, P. Complex mental activity and the aging brain: molecular, cellular and cortical network mechanisms. Brain Res. Rev. 56, 198-213 (2007).
109. Borgatti, S. P. Centrality and network flow. Social Networks 27, 55-71 (2005).
110. Barabasi, A. L. & Albert, R. Emergence of scaling in random networks. Science 286, 509-512 (1999).
111. Hagmann, P. et al. Mapping human whole-brain structural networks with diffusion MRI. PLoS ONE 2, e597 (2007).
112. Albert, R., Jeong, H. & Barabasi, A. L. Error and attack tolerance of complex networks. Nature 406, 378-382 (2000).
113. van den Heuvel, M. P. & Sporns, O. Rich-club organization of the human connectome. J. Neurosci. 31, 15775-15786 (2011).
114. Zamora-López, G. Cortical hubs form a module for multisensory integration on top of the hierarchy of cortical networks. Front. Neuroinform. 19, 4 (2010).
115. Harriger, L., van den Heuvel, M. P. & Sporns, O. Rich club organization of macaque cerebral cortex and its role in network communication. PLoS ONE 7, e46497 (2012).
116. Crossley, N. A., Mechelli, A. & Vertes, P. E. Cognitive relevance of the community structure of the human brain functional coactivation network. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 11583-11588 (2013).
117. Smith, S. M. et al. Correspondence of the brain's functional architecture during activation and rest. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 13040-13045 (2009).
118. Guimera, R. & Nunes Amaral, L. A. Functional cartography of complex metabolic networks. Nature 433, 895-900 (2005).
119. Fornito, A., Harrison, B. J., Zalesky, A. & Simons, J. S. Competitive and cooperative dynamics of large-scale brain functional networks supporting recollection. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 12788-12793 (2012).
120. Power, J. D., Schlaggar, B. L., Lessov-Schlaggar, C. N. & Petersen, S. E. Evidence for hubs in human functional brain networks. Neuron 79, 798-813 (2013).
121. Warren, D. E. et al. Network measures predict neuropsychological outcome after brain injury. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 14247-14252 (2014).
122. Kitsak, M., Gallos, L. K., Havlin, S., Liljeros, F. & Muchnik, L. Identification of influential spreaders in complex networks. Nature Phys. 6, 888-893 (2010).
123. Palop, J. J., Chin, J. & Mucke, L. A network dysfunction perspective on neurodegenerative diseases. Nature 443, 768-773 (2006).
124. Raj, A., Kuceyeski, A. & Weiner, M. A network diffusion model of disease progression in dementia. Neuron 73, 1204-1215 (2012).
125. Buckner, R. L. et al. Cortical hubs revealed by intrinsic functional connectivity: mapping, assessment of stability, and relation to Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurosci. 29, 1860-1873 (2009).
126. van den Heuvel, M. P., Kahn, R. S., Goni, J. & Sporns, O. High-cost, high-capacity backbone for global brain communication. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 11372-11377 (2012).
127. Liang, X., Zou, Q., He, Y. & Yang, Y. Coupling of functional connectivity and regional cerebral blood flow reveals a physiological basis for network hubs of the human brain. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 1929-1934 (2013).
128. Tomasi, D., Wang, G. J. & Volkow, N. D. Energetic cost of brain functional connectivity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 13642-13647 (2013).
129. Sporns, O., Honey, C. J. & Kotter, R. Identification and classification of hubs in brain networks. PLoS ONE 2, e1049 (2007).
130. Variano, E. A. & Lipson, H. Networks, dynamics, and modularity. Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 188701 (2004).
131. Brummitt, C. D. & D'Souza, R. M. Suppressing cascades of load in interdependent networks. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, E680-E689 (2012).
132. Kaiser, M., Gorner, M. & Hilgetag, C. C. Criticality of spreading dynamics in hierarchical cluster networks without inhibition. New J. Phys. 9, 2-13 (2007).
133. Terry, J. R., Benjamin, O. & Richardson, M. P. Seizure generation: the role of nodes and networks. Epilepsia 53, e166-e169 (2012).
134. Nepusz, T., Négyessy, L. & Bazsó, F. Fuzzy communities and the concept of bridgeness in complex networks. Physical Rev. E. 77, 016107 (2008).
135. McIntosh, A. R. Contexts and catalysts: a resolution of the localization and integration of function in the brain. Neuroinformatics 2, 175-182 (2004).
136. Wu, K. et al. The overlapping community structure of structural brain network in young healthy individuals. PLoS ONE 6, e19608 (2011).
137. Zalesky, A. & Fornito, A. A. DTI-derived measure of cortico-cortical connectivity. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 28, 1023-1036 (2009).
138. Alexander, D. C. et al. Orientationally invariant indices of axon diameter and density from diffusion MRI. NeuroImage 52, 1374-1389 (2010).
139. Seghier, M. L. & Friston, K. J. Network discovery with large DCMs. NeuroImage 68, 181-191 (2013).
140. Freyer, F., Aquino, K., Robinson, P. A., Ritter, P. & Breakspear, M. Bistability and non-Gaussian fluctuations in spontaneous cortical activity. J. Neurosci. 29, 8512-8524 (2009).
141. Friston, K. J., Kahan, J., Biswal, B. & Razi, A. A. DCM for resting state fMRI. NeuroImage 94, 396-407 (2014).
142. Zalesky, A., Fornito, A., Cocchi, L., Gollo, L. L. & Breakspear, M. Time-resolved resting-state brain networks. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 10341-10346 (2014).
143. David, O. et al. Identifying neural drivers with functional MRI: an electrophysiological validation. PLoS Biol. 6, 2683-2697 (2008).
144. Freyer, F., Roberts, J. A. & Becker, R. Biophysical mechanisms of multistability in resting-state cortical rhythms. J. Neurosci. 31, 6353-6361(2011).
145. Stephan, K. E. et al. Dynamic causal models of neural system dynamics: current state and future extensions. J. Biosci. 32, 129-144 (2007).
146. Jirsa, V. K., Sporns, O., Breakspear, M., Deco, G. & McIntosh, A. R. Towards the virtual brain: network modeling of the intact and the damaged brain. Arch. Italiennes Biol. 148, 189-205 (2010).
147. Ritter, P., Schirner, M., McIntosh, A. R. & Jirsa, V. K. The virtual brain integrates computational modeling and multimodal neuroimaging. Brain Connect. 3, 121-145 (2013).
148. Fornito, A., Zalesky, A. & Breakspear, M. Graph analysis of the human connectome: promise, progress, and pitfalls. NeuroImage 80, 426-444 (2013).
149. Yeh, F.-C., Verstynen, T. D., Wang, Y., Fernández-Miranda, J. C. & Tseng, W. Y. I. Deterministic diffusion fiber tracking improved by quantitative anisotropy. PLoS ONE 8, e80713 (2013).
150. Jones, D. K., Knösche, T. R. & Turner, R. White matter integrity, fiber count, and other fallacies: the do's and don'ts of diffusion MRI. NeuroImage 73, 239-254 (2013).
151. Friston, K. J. Functional and effective connectivity in neuroimaging: a synthesis. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2, 56-78 (1994).
152. Fornito, A., Yoon, J., Zalesky, A., Bullmore, E. T. & Carter, C. S. General and specific functional connectivity disturbances in first-episode schizophrenia during cognitive control performance. Biol. Psychiatry 70, 64-72 (2011).
153. Friston, K. J., Harrison, L. & Penny, W. Dynamic causal modelling. NeuroImage 19, 1273-1302 (2003).
154. Biswal, B., Yetkin, F. Z., Haughton, V. M. & Hyde, J. S. Functional connectivity in the motor cortex of resting human brain using echo-planar MRI. Magnet. Res. Med. 34, 537-541 (1995).
155. Fox, M. D. & Raichle, M. E. Spontaneous fluctuations in brain activity observed with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Nature Rev. Neurosci. 8, 700-711 (2007).
156. Fornito, A. & Bullmore, E. T. What can spontaneous fluctuations of the blood oxygenation-level-dependent signal tell us about psychiatric disorders? Curr. Opin. Psychiatry 23, 239-249 (2010).
157. Zalesky, A., Fornito, A. & Bullmore, E. T. Network-based statistic: identifying differences in brain networks. NeuroImage 53, 1197-1207 (2010).
158. Fornito, A. et al. Genetic influences on cost-efficient organization of human cortical functional networks. J. Neurosci. 31, 3261-3270 (2011).
159. Bassett, D. S. et al. Efficient physical embedding of topologically complex information processing networks in brains and computer circuits. PLoS Comp. Biol. 6, e1000748 (2010).
160. Meunier, D., Lambiotte, R., Fornito, A., Ersche, K. D. & Bullmore, E. T. Hierarchical modularity in human brain functional networks. Front. Neuroinform 3, 37 (2009).
161. Kennard, M. A. Cortical reorganization of motor function. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry 48, 227-240 (1942).
162. Bates, E. et al. Differential effects of unilateral lesions on language production in children and adults. Brain Language 79, 223-265 (2001).
163. Anderson, V., Spencer-Smith, M. & Wood, A. Do children really recover better? Neurobehavioural plasticity after early brain insult. Brain 134, 2197-2221 (2011).
164. Hensch, T. K. Critical period regulation. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 27, 549-579 (2004).
165. Uylings, H. Development of the human cortex and the concept of 'critical' or 'sensitive' periods. Language Learn. 56, 59-90 (2006).
166. Hagmann, P. et al. White matter maturation reshapes structural connectivity in the late developing human brain. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 19067-19072 (2010).
167. Khundrakpam, B. S. et al. Developmental changes in organization of structural brain networks. Cereb. Cortex 23, 2072-2085 (2013).
168. Fair, D. A. et al. Functional brain networks develop from a 'local to distributed' organization. PLoS Comp. Biol. 5, e1000381 (2009).
169. Kolb, B., Gibb, R. & van der Kooy, D. Neonatal frontal cortical lesions in rats alter cortical structure and connectivity. Brain Res. 645, 85-97 (1994).
170. Curtiss, S. Fromkin, V., Krashen, S., Rigler, D., & Rigler, M. The linguistic development of Genie. Language 50, 528-554 (1974).
171. Lipska, B. K. & Weinberger, D. R. A neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia: neonatal disconnection of the hippocampus. Neurotox Res. 4, 469-475 (2002).
172. Tovar-Moll, F. et al. Structural and functional brain rewiring clarifies preserved interhemispheric transfer in humans born without the corpus callosum. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 7843-7848 (2014).
173. Hagmann, P. et al. Mapping the structural core of human cerebral cortex. PLoS Biol. 6, e159 (2008).
174. Honey, C. J. et al. Predicting human resting-state functional connectivity from structural connectivity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 2035-2040 (2009).