Diaschisis: Past, present, future

Brain

Volumn 137, Issue 9, 2014, Pages 2408-2422

  Carrera, Emmanuel ^a,b   Tononi, Giulio ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Switzerland)

^b Department of Psychiatry ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

Brain function; Brain organization; Diaschisis; Stroke

Indexed keywords

BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; BRAIN CORTEX LESION; BRAIN DAMAGE; BRAIN ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN MAPPING; BRAIN PERFUSION; BRAIN REGION; CEREBELLUM; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CONNECTIONAL DIASCHISIS; CONNECTOMAL DIASCHISIS; CONNECTOME; DIASCHISIS; DIASCHISIS AT REST; FOCAL DIASCHISIS; FUNCTIONAL DIASCHISIS; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HUMAN; IN VIVO STUDY; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NEUROMODULATION; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; NEUROSCIENCE; NON INVASIVE PROCEDURE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SUBCORTEX; SUPPLEMENTARY MOTOR AREA; THALAMOCORTICAL TRACT; TRANSCRANIAL DIRECT CURRENT STIMULATION; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION;

BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN ORGANIZATION; DIASCHISIS; STROKE;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; ELECTRIC STIMULATION; FORECASTING; HUMANS; NERVE NET; NEURAL PATHWAYS; STROKE;

EID: 84906675411     PISSN: 00068950     EISSN: 14602156     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu101     Document Type: Review

References (123)

1. Abe O, Okubo T, Hayashi N, Saito N, Iriguchi N, Shirouzu I, et al. Temporal changes of the apparent diffusion coefficients of water and metabolites in rats with hemispheric infarction: experimental study of transhemispheric diaschisis in the contralateral hemisphere at 7 tesla. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2000; 20: 726-35.
2. Achard S, Salvador R, Whitcher B, Suckling J, Bullmore E. A resilient, low-frequency, small-world human brain functional network with highly connected association cortical hubs. J Neurosci 2006; 26: 63-72.
3. Alexander GM, Rogan SC, Abbas AI, Armbruster BN, Pei Y, Allen JA, et al. Remote control of neuronal activity in transgenic mice expressing evolved G protein-coupled receptors. Neuron 2009; 63: 27-39.
4. Alstott J, Breakspear M, Hagmann P, Cammoun L, Sporns O. Modeling the impact of lesions in the human brain. PLoS Comput Biol 2009; 5: e1000408.
5. Ameli M, Grefkes C, Kemper F, Riegg FP, Rehme AK, Karbe H, et al. Differential effects of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over ipsilesional primary motor cortex in cortical and subcortical middle cerebral artery stroke. Ann Neurol 2009; 66: 298-309.
6. Andrews RJ. Transhemispheric diaschisis-a review and comment. Stroke 1991; 22: 943-9.
7. Assenza G, Zappasodi F, Pasqualetti P, Vernieri F, Tecchio F. A contralesional EEG power increase mediated by interhemispheric disconnection provides negative prognosis in acute stroke. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2013; 31: 177-88.
8. Baron JC, Bousser MG, Comar D, Castaigne P. "Crossed cerebellar diaschisis" in human supratentorial brain infarction. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 1981; 105: 459-61.
9. Baron JC, D'Antona R, Pantano P, Serdaru M, Samson Y, Bousser MG. Effects of thalamic stroke on energy metabolism of the cerebral cortex. A positron tomography study in man. Brain 1986; 109 (Pt 6): 1243-59.
10. Baron JC, Levasseur M, Mazoyer B, Legault-Demare F, Mauguiere F, Pappata S, et al. Thalamocortical diaschisis: positron emission tomography in humans. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992; 55: 935-42.
11. Baron JC, Rougemont D, Soussaline F, Bustany P, Crouzel C, Bousser MG, et al. Local interrelationships of cerebral oxygen consumption and glucose utilization in normal subjects and in ischemic stroke patients: a positron tomography study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1984; 4: 140-9.
12. Bogousslavsky J, Regli F, Delaloye B, Delaloyebischof A, Assal G, Uske A. Loss of psychic self-activation with bithalamic infarction. Neurobehavioral, CT, MRI and SPECT correlates. Acta Neurol Scand 1991; 83: 309-16.
13. Brown-Séquard CE. Seance du 18 decembre. C R Soc Biol 1875; 424.
14. Buchkremer-Ratzmann I, August M, Hagemann G, Witte OW. Electrophysiological transcortical diaschisis after cortical photothrombosis in rat brain. Stroke 1996; 27: 1105-9; discussion 9-11.
15. Bullmore ET, Bassett DS. Brain graphs: graphical models of the human brain connectome. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2011; 7: 113-40.
16. Buzsaki G, Anastassiou CA, Koch C. The origin of extracellular fields and currents-EEG, ECoG, LFP and spikes. Nat Rev Neurosci 2012; 13: 407-20.
17. Calautti C, Baron JC. Functional neuroimaging studies of motor recovery after stroke in adults: a review. Stroke 2003; 34: 1553-66.
18. Campo P, Garrido MI, Moran RJ, Maestu F, Garcia-Morales I, Gil- Nagel A, et al. Remote effects of hippocampal sclerosis on effective connectivity during working memory encoding: a case of connectional diaschisis? Cereb Cortex 2012; 22: 1225-36.
19. Carmichael ST. Rodent models of focal stroke: size, mechanism, and purpose. NeuroRx 2005; 2: 396-409.
20. Carmichael ST, Tatsukawa K, Katsman D, Tsuyuguchi N, Kornblum HI. Evolution of diaschisis in a focal stroke model. Stroke 2004; 35: 758-63.
21. Carrera E, Bogousslavsky J. The thalamus and behavior: effects of anatomically distinct strokes. Neurology 2006; 66: 1817-23.
22. Carter AR, Astafiev SV, Lang CE, Connor LT, Rengachary J, Strube MJ, et al. Resting interhemispheric functional magnetic resonance imaging connectivity predicts performance after stroke. Ann Neurol 2010; 67: 365-75.
23. Catana C, Drzezga A, Heiss WD, Rosen BR. PET/MRI for neurologic applications. J Nucl Med 2012; 53: 1916-25.
24. Celesia GG, Polcyn RE, Holden JE, Nickles RJ, Koeppe RA, Gatley SJ. Determination of regional cerebral blood-flow in patients with cerebral infarction. Use of fluoromethane labeled with f-18 and positron emission tomography. Arch Neurol 1984; 41: 262-7.
25. Chu WJ, Mason GF, Pan JW, Hetherington HP, Liu HG, San Pedro EC, et al. Regional cerebral blood flow and magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging findings in diaschisis from stroke. Stroke 2002; 33: 1243-8.
26. Clarke S, Assal G, Bogousslavsky J, Regli F, Townsend DW, Leenders KL, et al. Pure amnesia after unilateral left polar thalamic infarct: topographic and sequential neuropsychological and metabolic (PET) correlations. J Neurol Neurosur Psychiatry 1994; 57: 27-34.
27. Coomber B, Edwards D, Jones SJ, Shackleton TM, Goldschmidt J, Wallace MN, et al. Cortical inactivation by cooling in small animals. Front Syst Neurosci 2011; 5: 53.
28. De Vico Fallani F, Pichiorri F, Morone G, Molinari M, Babiloni F, Cincotti F, et al. Multiscale topological properties of functional brain networks during motor imagery after stroke. Neuroimage 2013; 83: 438-49.
29. Deuker L, Bullmore ET, Smith M, Christensen S, Nathan PJ, Rockstroh B, et al. Reproducibility of graph metrics of human brain functional networks. Neuroimage 2009; 47: 1460-8.
30. Di Piero V, Chollet F, Dolan RJ, Thomas DJ, Frackowiak R. The functional nature of cerebellar diaschisis. Stroke 1990; 21: 1365-9.
31. Domann R, Hagemann G, Kraemer M, Freund HJ, Witte OW. Electrophysiological changes in the surrounding brain tissue of photochemically induced cortical infarcts in the rat. Neurosci Lett 1993; 155: 69-72.
32. Dubovik S, Pignat JM, Ptak R, Aboulafia T, Allet L, Gillabert N, et al. The behavioral significance of coherent resting-state oscillations after stroke. Neuroimage 2012; 61: 249-57.
33. Enager P, Gold L, Lauritzen M. Impaired neurovascular coupling by transhemispheric diaschisis in rat cerebral cortex. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2004; 24: 713-9.
34. Engelborghs S, Marien P, Pickut BA, Verstraeten S, De Deyn PP. Loss of psychic self-activation after paramedian bithalamic infarction. Stroke 2000; 31: 1762-5.
35. Fair DA, Snyder AZ, Connor LT, Nardos B, Corbetta M. Task-evoked BOLD responses are normal in areas of diaschisis after stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2009; 23: 52-7.
36. Feeney DM, Baron JC. Diaschisis. Stroke 1986; 17: 817-30.
37. Fenno L, Yizhar O, Deisseroth K. The development and application of optogenetics. Annu Rev Neurosci 2011; 34: 389-412.
38. Friston KJ. Functional and effective connectivity: a review. Brain Connect 2011; 1: 13-36.
39. Friston KJ, Li B, Daunizeau J, Stephan KE. Network discovery with DCM. Neuroimage 2011; 56: 1202-21.
40. Gallos LK, Makse HA, Sigman M. A small world of weak ties provides optimal global integration of self-similar modules in functional brain networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012; 109: 2825-30.
41. Gerloff C, Bushara K, Sailer A, Wassermann EM, Chen R, Matsuoka T, et al. Multimodal imaging of brain reorganization in motor areas of the contralesional hemisphere of well recovered patients after capsular stroke. Brain 2006; 129 (Pt 3): 791-808.
42. Ginsberg MD, Castella Y, Dietrich WD, Watson BD, Busto R. Acute thrombotic infarction suppresses metabolic activation of ipsilateral somatosensory cortex: evidence for functional diaschisis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1989; 9: 329-41.
43. Giroud M, Lemesle M, Madinier G, Billiar T, Dumas R. Unilateral lenticular infarcts: radiological and clinical syndromes, aetiology, and prognosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997; 63: 611-5.
44. Gold L, Lauritzen M. Neuronal deactivation explains decreased cerebellar blood flow in response to focal cerebral ischemia or suppressed neocortical function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99: 7699-704.
45. Goni J, van den Heuvel MP, Avena-Koenigsberger A, Velez de Mendizabal N, Betzel RF, Griffa A, et al. Resting-brain functional connectivity predicted by analytic measures of network communication. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2014; 111: 833-8.
46. Gratton C, Nomura EM, Perez F, D'Esposito M. Focal brain lesions to critical locations cause widespread disruption of the modular organization of the brain. J Cogn Neurosci 2012; 24: 1275-85.
47. Grefkes C, Fink GR. Reorganization of cerebral networks after stroke: new insights from neuroimaging with connectivity approaches. Brain 2011; 134: 1264-76.
48. Grefkes C, Fink GR. Disruption of motor network connectivity poststroke and its noninvasive neuromodulation. Curr Opin Neurol 2012; 25: 670-5.
49. Grefkes C, Fink GR. Connectivity-based approaches in stroke and recovery of function. Lancet Neurol 2014; 13: 206-16.
50. Grefkes C, Nowak DA, Eickhoff SB, Dafotakis M, Kust J, Karbe H, et al. Cortical connectivity after subcortical stroke assessed with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Neurol 2008; 63: 236-46.
51. Grefkes C, Nowak DA, Wang LE, Dafotakis M, Eickhoff SB, Fink GR. Modulating cortical connectivity in stroke patients by rTMS assessed with fMRI and dynamic causal modeling. Neuroimage 2010; 50: 233-42.
52. Hagmann P, Cammoun L, Gigandet X, Meuli R, Honey CJ, Wedeen VJ, et al. Mapping the structural core of human cerebral cortex. PLoS Biol 2008; 6: e159.
53. He BJ, Snyder AZ, Vincent JL, Epstein A, Shulman GL, Corbetta M. Breakdown of functional connectivity in frontoparietal networks underlies behavioral deficits in spatial neglect. Neuron 2007; 53: 905-18.
54. He Y, Evans A. Graph theoretical modeling of brain connectivity. Curr Opin Neurol 2010; 23: 341-50.
55. Honey CJ, Sporns O. Dynamical consequences of lesions in cortical networks. Hum Brain Mapp 2008; 29: 802-9.
56. Honey CJ, Sporns O, Cammoun L, Gigandet X, Thiran JP, Meuli R, et al. Predicting human resting-state functional connectivity from structural connectivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009; 106: 2035-40.
57. Iglesias S, Marchal G, Rioux P, Beaudouin V, Hauttement AJ, de la Sayette V, et al. Do changes in oxygen metabolism in the unaffected cerebral hemisphere underlie early neurological recovery after stroke? A positron emission tomography study. Stroke 1996; 27: 1192-9.
58. Iglesias S, Marchal G, Viader F, Baron JC. Delayed intrahemispheric remote hypometabolism. Correlations with early recovery after stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 2000; 10: 391-402.
59. Johnston DG, Denizet M, Mostany R, Portera-Cailliau C. Chronic in vivo imaging shows no evidence of dendritic plasticity or functional remapping in the contralesional cortex after stroke. Cereb Cortex 2013; 23: 751-62.
60. Joyce KE, Hayasaka S, Laurienti PJ. The human functional brain network demonstrates structural and dynamical resilience to targeted attack. PLoS Comput Biol 2013; 9: e1002885.
61. Juhasz C, Kamondi A, Szirmai I. Spectral EEG analysis following hemispheric stroke: evidences of transhemispheric diaschisis. Acta Neurol Scand 1997; 96: 397-400.
62. Kempinski WH. Steady potential gradients in experimental cerebral vascular occlusion. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1954; 6: 375-88.
63. Kempinski WH. Spatially remote effects of focal brain injury; relation to diaschisis. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 1956; 81: 79-82.
64. Kempinski WH. Experimental study of distant effects of acute focal brain injury; a study of diaschisis. AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1958; 79: 376-89.
65. Kempinsky WH. Vascular and neural factors in diaschisis with focal cerebral ischemia. Res Publ Assoc Nerv Ment Dis 1966; 41: 92-115.
66. Kuhl DE, Phelps ME, Kowell AP, Metter EJ, Selin C, Winter J. Effects of stroke on local cerebral metabolism and perfusion - mapping by emission computed-tomography of 18FDG and 13NH3. Ann Neurol 1980; 8: 47-60.
67. Levasseur M, Baron JC, Sette G, Legault-Demare F, Pappata S, Mauguiere F, et al. Brain energy metabolism in bilateral paramedian thalamic infarcts. A positron emission tomography study. Brain 1992; 115 (Pt 3): 795-807.
68. Lewis DH, Toney LK, Baron JC. Nuclear medicine in cerebrovascular disease. Semin Nucl Med 2012; 42: 387-405.
69. Lim DH, Mohajerani MH, Ledue J, Boyd J, Chen S, Murphy TH. In vivo large-scale cortical mapping using channelrhodopsin-2 stimulation in transgenic mice reveals asymmetric and reciprocal relationships between cortical areas. Front Neural Circuits 2012; 6: 11.
70. Lotze M, Markert J, Sauseng P, Hoppe J, Plewnia C, Gerloff C. The role of multiple contralesional motor areas for complex hand movements after internal capsular lesion. J Neurosci 2006; 26: 6096-102.
71. Metter EJ, Riege WH, Hanson WR, Jackson CA, Kempler D, van Lancker D. Subcortical structures in aphasia. An analysis based on (F-18)- fluorodeoxyglucose, positron emission tomography, and computed tomography. Arch Neurol 1988; 45: 1229-34.
72. Metter EJ, Riege WH, Hanson WR, Phelps ME, Kuhl DE. Local cerebral metabolic rates of glucose in movement and language disorders from positron tomography. Am J Physiol 1984; 246 (6 Pt 2): R897-900.
73. Miranda PC, Mekonnen A, Salvador R, Ruffini G. The electric field in the cortex during transcranial current stimulation. Neuroimage 2013; 70: 48-58.
74. Mohajerani MH, Aminoltejari K, Murphy TH. Targeted mini-strokes produce changes in interhemispheric sensory signal processing that are indicative of disinhibition within minutes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108: E183-91.
75. Mohajerani MH, McVea DA, Fingas M, Murphy TH. Mirrored bilateral slow-wave cortical activity within local circuits revealed by fast bihemispheric voltage-sensitive dye imaging in anesthetized and awake mice. J Neurosci 2010; 30: 3745-51.
76. Nakashima K, Kanba M, Fujimoto K, Sato T, Takahashi K. Somatosensory evoked potentials over the non-affected hemisphere in patients with unilateral cerebrovascular lesions. J Neurol Sci 1985; 70: 117-27.
77. Nowak DA, Grefkes C, Dafotakis M, Eickhoff S, Kust J, Karbe H, et al. Effects of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the contralesional primary motor cortex on movement kinematics and neural activity in subcortical stroke. Arch Neurol 2008; 65: 741-7.
78. Obeso JA, Marti-Masso JF, Carrera N. Somatosensory evoked potentials: abnormalities with focal brain lesions remote from the primary sensorimotor area. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1980; 49: 59-65.
79. Ovadia-Caro S, Villringer K, Fiebach J, Jungehulsing GJ, van der Meer E, Margulies DS, et al. Longitudinal effects of lesions on functional networks after stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33: 1279-85.
80. Palmer LM, Schulz JM, Murphy SC, Ledergerber D, Murayama M, Larkum ME. The cellular basis of GABA(B)-mediated interhemispheric inhibition. Science 2012; 335: 989-93.
81. Pappata S, Fiorelli M, Rommel T, Hartmann A, Dettmers C, Yamaguchi T, et al. PET study of changes in local brain hemodynamics and oxygen metabolism after unilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion in baboons. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1993; 13: 416-24.
82. Paradiso S, Chemerinski E, Yazici KM, Tartaro A, Robinson RG. Frontal lobe syndrome reassessed: comparison of patients with lateral or medial frontal brain damage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999; 67: 664-7.
83. Park CH, Chang WH, Ohn SH, Kim ST, Bang OY, Pascual-Leone A, et al. Longitudinal changes of resting-state functional connectivity during motor recovery after stroke. Stroke 2011; 42: 1357-62.
84. Park HJ, Friston K. Structural and functional brain networks: from connections to cognition. Science 2013; 342: 1238411.
85. Pascual-Leone A, Walsh V, Rothwell J. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in cognitive neuroscience-virtual lesion, chronometry, and functional connectivity. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2000; 10: 232-7.
86. Petreanu L, Huber D, Sobczyk A, Svoboda K. Channelrhodopsin-2-assisted circuit mapping of long-range callosal projections. Nat Neurosci 2007; 10: 663-8.
87. Phelps ME, Huang SC, Hoffman EJ, Selin C, Sokoloff L, Kuhl DE. Tomographic measurement of local cerebral glucose metabolic rate in humans with (F-18)2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose: validation of method. Ann Neurol 1979; 6: 371-88.
88. Poulet JF, Fernandez LM, Crochet S, Petersen CC. Thalamic control of cortical states. Nat Neurosci 2012; 15: 370-2.
89. Power JD, Cohen AL, Nelson SM, Wig GS, Barnes KA, Church JA, et al. Functional network organization of the human brain. Neuron 2011; 72: 665-78.
90. Price CJ, Warburton EA, Moore CJ, Frackowiak RS, Friston KJ. Dynamic diaschisis: anatomically remote and context-sensitive human brain lesions. J Cogn Neurosci 2001; 13: 419-29.
91. Que M, Schiene K, Witte OW, Zilles K. Widespread up-regulation of Nmethyl- D-aspartate receptors after focal photothrombotic lesion in rat brain. Neurosci Lett 1999; 273: 77-80.
92. Raffin E, Siebner HR. Transcranial brain stimulation to promote functional recovery after stroke. Curr Opin Neurol 2014; 27: 54-60.
93. Raichle ME, Larson KB, Phelps ME, Grubb RL Jr, welch MJ, Ter- Pogossian MM. In vivo measurement of brain glucose transport and metabolism employing glucose-11C. Am J Physiol 1975; 228: 1936-48.
94. Redecker C, Wang W, Fritschy JM, Witte OW. Widespread and longlasting alterations in GABA(A)-receptor subtypes after focal cortical infarcts in rats: mediation by NMDA-dependent processes. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2002; 22: 1463-75.
95. Rehme AK, Fink GR, von Cramon DY, Grefkes C. The role of the contralesional motor cortex for motor recovery in the early days after stroke assessed with longitudinal FMRI. Cereb Cortex 2011; 21: 756-68.
96. Rehme AK, Grefkes C. Cerebral network disorders after stroke: evidence from imaging-based connectivity analyses of active and resting brain states in humans. J Physiol 2013; 591 (Pt 1): 17-31.
97. Rubinov M, Sporns O. Complex network measures of brain connectivity: uses and interpretations. Neuroimage 2010; 52: 1059-69.
98. Ruff CC, Driver J, Bestmann S. Combining TMS and fMRI: from 'virtual lesions' to functional-network accounts of cognition. Cortex 2009; 45: 1043-9.
99. Saalmann YB, Pinsk MA, Wang L, Li X, Kastner S. The pulvinar regulates information transmission between cortical areas based on attention demands. Science 2012; 337: 753-6.
100. Sasaki K, Suzuki M, Mieda M, Tsujino N, Roth B, Sakurai T. Pharmacogenetic modulation of orexin neurons alters sleep/wakefulness states in mice. PLoS One 2011; 6: e20360.
101. Saur D, Lange R, Baumgaertner A, Schraknepper V, Willmes K, Rijntjes M, et al. Dynamics of language reorganization after stroke. Brain 2006; 129 (Pt 6): 1371-84.
102. Schiene K, Bruehl C, Zilles K, Qu M, Hagemann G, Kraemer M, et al. Neuronal hyperexcitability and reduction of GABAA-receptor expression in the surround of cerebral photothrombosis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1996; 16: 906-14.
103. Seghier ML, Friston KJ. Network discovery with large DCMs. Neuroimage 2013; 68: 181-91.
104. Sharma N, Baron JC, Rowe JB. Motor imagery after stroke: relating outcome to motor network connectivity. Ann Neurol 2009; 66: 604-16.
105. Sharma N, Cohen LG. Recovery of motor function after stroke. Dev Psychobiol 2012; 54: 254-62.
106. Shih AY, Driscoll JD, Drew PJ, Nishimura N, Schaffer CB, Kleinfeld D. Two-photon microscopy as a tool to study blood flow and neurovascular coupling in the rodent brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2012; 32: 1277-309.
107. Silvanto J, Muggleton NG. New light through old windows: moving beyond the "virtual lesion" approach to transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neuroimage 2008; 39: 549-52.
108. Sporns O. Network attributes for segregation and integration in the human brain. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2013; 23: 162-71.
109. Sporns O, Honey CJ, Kotter R. Identification and classification of hubs in brain networks. PLoS One 2007; 2: e1049.
110. Sporns O, Tononi G, Kotter R. The human connectome: a structural description of the human brain. PLoS Comput Biol 2005; 1: 245-51.
111. Takatsuru Y, Fukumoto D, Yoshitomo M, Nemoto T, Tsukada H, Nabekura J. Neuronal circuit remodeling in the contralateral cortical hemisphere during functional recovery from cerebral infarction. J Neurosci 2009; 29: 10081-6.
112. Tecchio F, Pasqualetti P, Zappasodi F, Tombini M, Lupoi D, Vernieri F, et al. Outcome prediction in acute monohemispheric stroke via magnetoencephalography. J Neurol 2007; 254: 296-305.
113. Tecchio F, Zappasodi F, Pasqualetti P, Tombini M, Salustri C, Oliviero A, et al. Rhythmic brain activity at rest from rolandic areas in acute mono-hemispheric stroke: a magnetoencephalographic study. Neuroimage 2005; 28: 72-83.
114. Teki S, Barnes GR, Penny WD, Iverson P, Woodhead ZV, Griffiths TD, et al. The right hemisphere supports but does not replace left hemisphere auditory function in patients with persisting aphasia. Brain 2013; 136 (Pt 6): 1901-12.
115. Touzani O, Young AR, Derlon JM, Beaudouin V, Marchal G, Rioux P, et al. Sequential studies of severely hypometabolic tissue volumes after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. A positron emission tomographic investigation in anesthetized baboons. Stroke 1995; 26: 2112-9.
116. Van Essen DC, Ugurbil K. The future of the human connectome. Neuroimage 2012; 62: 1299-310.
117. van Meer MP, Otte WM, van der Marel K, Nijboer CH, Kavelaars A, van der Sprenkel JW, et al. Extent of bilateral neuronal network reorganization and functional recovery in relation to stroke severity. J Neurosci 2012; 32: 4495-507.
118. van Meer MP, van der Marel K, van der Sprenkel JW, Dijkhuizen RM. MRI of bilateral sensorimotor network activation in response to direct intracortical stimulation in rats after unilateral stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2011; 31: 1583-7.
119. von Monakow C. Die Localization im Grosshirn und der Abbau der Funktion durch korticale Herde. Wiesbaden, Germany: JF Bergmann; 1914.
120. Wang L, Yu C, Chen H, Qin W, He Y, Fan F, et al. Dynamic functional reorganization of the motor execution network after stroke. Brain 2010; 133 (Pt 4): 1224-38.
121. Watts DJ, Strogatz SH. Collective dynamics of 'small-world' networks. Nature 1998; 393: 440-2.
122. Westlake KP, Hinkley LB, Bucci M, Guggisberg AG, Byl N, Findlay AM, et al. Resting state alpha-band functional connectivity and recovery after stroke. Exp Neurol 2012; 237: 160-9.
123. Westlake KP, Nagarajan SS. Functional connectivity in relation to motor performance and recovery after stroke. Front Syst Neurosci 2011; 5: 8.