Region-specific changes in prefrontal function with age: A review of PET and fMRI studies on working and episodic memory

Brain

Volumn 128, Issue 9, 2005, Pages 1964-1983

  Rajah, M Natasha ^a   D'Esposito, Mark ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Ageing; Compensation; Dedifferentiation; Episodic memory; Working memory

Indexed keywords

BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN REGION; CELL AGING; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITION; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HUMAN; IMAGE ANALYSIS; META ANALYSIS; NEUROIMAGING; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SENESCENCE; WORKING MEMORY; AGING; BRAIN CIRCULATION; MEMORY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SCINTISCANNING; SHORT TERM MEMORY;

AGING; CEREBROVASCULAR CIRCULATION; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MEMORY; MEMORY, SHORT-TERM; POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PREFRONTAL CORTEX;

EID: 24344444867     PISSN: 00068950     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/brain/awh608     Document Type: Review

References (192)

1. Albert MS, Moss MB. Geriatric neuropsychology. New York: Guilford Press; 1988.
2. Andersen SL, Teicher MH. Serotonin laterality in amygdala predicts performance in the elevated plus maze in rats. Neuroreport 1999; 10: 3497-500.
3. Anderson ND, Iidaka T, Cabeza R, Kapur S., McIntosh AR, Craik FI. The effects of divided attention on encoding- and retrieval-related brain activity: a PET study of younger and older adults. J Cogn Neurosci 2000; 12: 775-92.
4. Andres P. Frontal cortex as the central executive of working memory: time to revise our view. Cortex 2003; 39: 871-95.
5. Arnsten AF, Goldman-Rakic PS. Noradrenergic mechanisms in age-related cognitive decline. J Neural Transm Suppl 1987; 24: 317-24.
6. Baltes PB, Staudinger UM, Lindenberger U. Lifespan psychology: theory and application to intellectual functioning. Annu Rev Psychol 1999; 50: 471-507.
7. Barili P, De Carolis G, Zaccheo D, Amenta F. Sensitivity to ageing of the limbic dopaminergic system: a review. Mech Ageing Dev 1998; 106: 57-92.
8. Bechara A. The role of emotion in decision-making: evidence from neurological patients with orbitofrontal damage. Brain Cogn 2004; 55: 30-40.
9. Bonin GV, Bailey P. The neocortex of the Macaca mulatta. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press; 1947.
10. Braver TS, Barch DM. A theory of cognitive control, aging cognition, and neuromodulation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2002; 26: 809-17.
11. Brodmann K. Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Großhirnrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues. Leipzig: Barth JA; 1909.
12. Brown JW, Jaffe J. Hypothesis on cerebral dominance. Neuropsychologia 1975; 13: 107-10.
13. Buckner RL. Memory and executive function in aging and AD: multiple factors that cause decline and reserve factors that compensate. Neuron 2004; 44: 195-208.
14. Buckner RL, Snyder AZ, Sanders AL, Raichle ME, Morris JC. Functional brain imaging of young, nondemented, and demented older adults. J Cogn Neurosci 2000; 12 (Suppl. 2): 24-34.
15. Cabeza R. Hemispheric asymmetry reduction in older adults: the HAROLD model. Psychol Aging 2002; 17: 85-100.
16. Cabeza R, Nyberg L. Imaging cognition II: An empirical review of 275 PET and fMRI studies. J Cogn Neurosci 2000; 12: 1-47.
17. Cabeza R, Grady CL, Nyberg L, McIntosh AR, Tulving E, Kapur S, et al. Age-related differences in neural activity during memory encoding and retrieval: a positron emission tomography study. J Neurosci 1997; 17: 391-400.
18. Cabeza R, Anderson ND, Houle S, Mangels JA, Nyberg L. Age-related differences in neural activity during item and temporal-order memory retrieval: a positron emission tomography study. J Cogn Neurosci 2000; 12: 197-206.
19. Cabeza R, Anderson ND, Locantore JK, McIntosh AR. Aging gracefully: compensatory brain activity in high-performing older adults. Neuroimage 2002; 17: 1394-402.
20. Cabeza R, Locantore JK, Anderson ND. Lateralization of prefrontal activity during episodic memory retrieval: evidence for the production- monitoring hypothesis. J Cogn Neurosci 2003; 15: 249-59.
21. Cabeza R, Daselaar SM, Dolcos F, Prince SE, Budde M, Nyberg L. Task-independent and task-specific age effects on brain activity during working memory, visual attention and episodic retrieval. Cereb Cortex 2004; 14: 364-75.
22. Cabeza R, Nyberg L, Park DC, editors. Cognitive neuroscience of aging. New York: Oxford University Press; 2005.
23. Campisi J. Cellular senescence and apoptosis: how cellular responses might influence aging phenotypes. Exp Gerontol 2003; 38: 5-11.
24. Carmichel ST, Price JL. Connectional networks within the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex of macaque monkeys. J Comp Neurol 1996; 371: 179-207.
25. Castner SA, Goldman-Rakic PS, Williams GV. Animal models of working memory: insights for targeting cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004; 174: 111-25.
26. Cermak LS, Verfaellie M, Letourneau L, Blackford S, Weiss S, Numan B. Verbal and nonverbal right hemisphere processing by chronic alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1989; 13: 611-6.
27. Chao LL, Knight RT. Prefrontal deficits in attention and inhibitory control with aging. Cereb Cortex 1997; 7: 63-9.
28. Collins P, Roberts AC, Dias R, Everitt BJ, Robbins TW. Perseveration and strategy in a novel spatial self-ordered sequencing task for nonhuman primates: effects of excitotoxic lesions and dopamine depletions of the prefrontal cortex. J Cogn Neurosci 1998; 10: 332-54.
29. Craik FIM. Selective changes in encoding as a function of reduced processing capacity. In: Klix F, Hoffmann J, van der Meer E, editors. Cognitive research in psychology. Berlin: Deutschen Verlag der Wissenschaften; 1982. p. 152-61.
30. Craik FIM, Byrd M. Aging and cognitive deficits: The role of attentional resources. In: Craik FIM, Trehub S, editors. Aging and cognitive processes. New York: Plenum Press; 1982. p. 191-211.
31. Craik FIM, Grady CL. Aging, memory and frontal lobe functioning. In: Stuss DT, Knight RT, editors. Principles of frontal lobe function. New York City, NY: Oxford University Press; 2002. p. 528-41.
32. Craik FIM, Salthouse TA, editors. The handbook of aging and cognition, 2nd ed. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 2000.
33. Curtis C, D'Esposito M. Success and failure suppressing reflexive behaviour. J Cogn Neurosci 2003; 15: 409-18.
34. Daselaar SM, Veltman DJ, Rombouts SA, Raaijmakers JG, Jonker C. Neuroanatomical correlates of episodic encoding and retrieval in young and elderly subjects. Brain 2003; 126: 43-56.
35. de Brabander JM, Kramers RJ, Uylings HB. Layer-specific dendritic regression of pyramidal cells with ageing in the human prefrontal cortex. Eur J Neurosci 1998; 10: 1261-9.
36. de la Fuente-Fernandez R, Kishore A, Calne DB, Ruth TJ, Stoessl AJ. Nigrostriatal dopamine system and motor lateralization. Behav Brain Res 2000; 112: 63-8.
37. Della-Maggiore V, Sekuler AB, Grady CL, Bennett PJ, Sekuler R, McIntosh AR. Corticolimbic interactions associated with performance on a short-term memory task are modified by age. J Neurosci 2000; 20: 8410-16.
38. Della-Maggiore V, Grady CL, McIntosh AR. Dissecting the effect of aging on the neural substrates of memory: deterioration, preservation or functional reorganization? Rev Neurosci 2002; 13: 167-81.
39. D'Esposito M. Functional neuroimaging of cognition. Semin Neurol 2000; 20: 487-98.
40. D'Esposito M, Aguirre GK, Zarahn E, Ballard D, Shin RK, Lease J. Functional MRI studies of spatial and nonspatial working memory. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 1998; 7: 1-13.
41. D'Esposito M, Zarahn E, Aguirre GK, Rypma B. The effect of normal aging on the coupling of neural activity to the bold hemodynamic response. Neuroimage 1999a; 10: 6-14.
42. D'Esposito M, Postle BR, Ballard D, Lease J. Maintenance versus manipulation of information held in working memory: an event-related fMRI study. Brain Cogn 1999b; 41: 66-86.
43. D'Esposito M, Postle BR, Rypma B. Prefrontal cortical contributions to working memory: evidence from event-related fMRI studies. Exp Brain Res 2000; 133: 3-11.
44. D'Esposito M, Deouell LY, Gazzaley A. Alterations in the BOLD fMRI signal with ageing and disease: a challenge for neuroimaging. Nat Rev Neurosci 2003; 4: 863-72.
45. Dias R, Robbins TW, Roberts AC. Dissociation in prefrontal cortex of affective and attentional shifts. Nature 1996; 380: 69-72.
46. Dias R, Robbins TW, Roberts AC. Dissociable forms of inhibitory control within prefrontal cortex with an analog of the Wisconsin Card Sort Test: restriction to novel situations and independence from 'on-line' processing. J Neurosci 1997; 17: 9285-97.
47. Dobbins IG, Foley H, Schacter DL, Wagner AD. Executive control during episodic retrieval: multiple prefrontal processes subserve source memory. Neuron 2002; 35: 989-96.
48. Dobbins IG, Rice HJ, Wagner AD, Schacter DL. Memory orientation and success: separable neurocognitive components underlying episodic recognition. Neuropsychologia 2003; 41: 318-33.
49. Dobbins IG, Simons JS, Schacter DL. fMRI evidence for separable and lateralized prefrontal memory monitoring processes. J Cogn Neurosci 2004; 16: 908-20.
50. Dolcos F, Rice HJ, Cabeza R. Hemispheric asymmetry and aging: right hemisphere decline or asymmetry reduction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2002; 26: 819-25.
51. Duncan J, Owen AM. Common regions of the human frontal lobe recruited by diverse cognitive demands. Trends Neurosci 2000; 23: 475-83.
52. Economo C, Koskinas GN. Die Cytoarchitectonik der Hirnrinde des Erwachsenen Menschen. Berlin, Germany: Verlag von Julius Springer; 1925.
53. Ellis RJ, Oscar-Berman M. Alcoholism, aging, and functional cerebral asymmetries. Psychol Bull 1989; 106: 128-47.
54. Fellows LK, Farah MJ. Ventromedial frontal cortex mediates affective shifting in humans: evidence from a reversal learning paradigm. Brain 2003; 126: 1830-37.
55. Fletcher PC, Frith CD, Rugg MD. The functional neuroanatomy of the episodic memory. Trends Neurosci 1997; 20: 213-8.
56. Friston KJ. Models of brain function in neuroimaging. Annu Rev Psychol 2005; 56: 57-87.
57. Gabrieli JD. Memory systems analyses of mnemonic disorders in aging and age-related diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 13534-40.
58. Gazzaley A, D'Esposito M. The contribution of functional brain imaging to our understanding of cognitive aging. Sci Aging Knowledge Environ 2003; 2003: PE2.
59. Gazzaniga MS. Cerebral specialization and interhemispheric communication: does the corpus callosum enable the human condition? Brain 2000; 123: 1293-326.
60. Gerhardstein P, Peterson MA, Rapcsak SZ. Age-related hemispheric asymmetry in object discrimination. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1998; 20: 174-85.
61. Gilboa A. Autobiographical and episodic memory - one and the same? Evidence from prefrontal activation in neuroimaging studies. Neuropsychologia 2004; 42: 1336-49.
62. Good CD, Johnsrude IS, Ashburner J, Henson RN, Friston KJ, Frackowiak RS. A voxel-based morphometric study of ageing in 465 normal adult human brains. Neuroimage 2001; 14: 21-36.
63. Gould RL, Brown RG, Owen AM, Ffytche DH, Howard RJ. fMRI BOLD response to increasing task difficulty during successful paired associates learning. Neuroimage 2003; 20: 1006-19.
64. Grachev ID, Apkarian AV. Aging alters regional multichemical profile of the human brain: an in vivo 1H-MRS study of young versus middle-aged subjects. J Neurochem 2001; 76: 582-93.
65. Grady CL. Age-related differences in face processing: a meta-analysis of three functional neuroimaging experiments. Can J Exp Psychol 2002; 56: 208-20.
66. Grady CL, Maisog JM, Horwitz B, Ungerleider LG, Mentis MJ, Salerno JA, et al. Age-related changes in cortical blood flow activation during visual processing effaces and location. J Neurosci 1994;14: 1450-62.
67. Grady CL, McIntosh AR, Horwitz B, Maisog JM, Ungerleider LG, Mentis MJ, et al. Age-related reductions in human recognition memory due to impaired encoding. Science 1995; 269: 218-21.
68. Grady CL, Mclntosh AR, Bookstein F, Horwitz B, Rapoport SI, Haxby JV. Age-related changes in regional cerebral blood flow during working memory for faces. Neuroimage 1998; 8: 409-25.
69. Grady CL, McIntosh AR, Rajah MN, Beig S, Craik FIM. The effects of age on the neural correlates of episodic encoding. Cereb Cortex 1999; 9: 805-14.
70. Grady CL, Bernstein LJ, Beig S, Siegenthaler AL. The effects of encoding task on age-related differences in the functional neuroanatomy of face memory. Psychol Aging 2002; 17: 7-23.
71. Grossman M, Cooke A, DeVita C, Alsop D, Detre J, Chen W, et al. Age-related changes in working memory during sentence comprehension: an fMRI study. Neuroimage 2002; 15: 302-17.
72. Habib R, Nyberg L, Tulving E. Hemispheric asymmetries of memory: the HERA model revisited. Trends Cogn Sci 2003; 7: 241-45.
73. 15O. Abstr Soc Neurosci 1988; 14: 750.
74. Haxby JV, Grady CL, Horwitz B, Salerno JA, Ungerleider LG, Mishkin M, et al. Dissociation of object and spatial visual processing pathways in human extrastriate cortex. In: Gulyas B, Ottoson D, Roland PE, editors. Functional organization of human visual cortex. Oxford: Pergamon Press; 1993. p. 329-40.
75. Hazlett EA, Buchsbaum MS, Mohs RC, Spiegel-Cohen J, Wei TC, Azueta R, et al. Age-related shift in brain region activity during successful memory performance. Neurobiol Aging 1998; 19: 437-45.
76. Henson RN, Rugg MD, Shallice T, Josephs O, Dolan RJ. Recollection and familiarity in recognition memory: an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Neurosci 1999; 19: 3962-72.
77. Hesselmann V, Zaro Weber O, Wedekind C, Krings T, Schulte O, Kugel H, et al. Age related signal decrease in functional magnetic resonance imaging during motor stimulation in humans. Neurosci Lett 2001; 308: 141-4.
78. Huettel SA, Singerman JD, McCarthy G. The effects of aging upon the hemodynamic response measured by functional MRI. Neuroimage 2001; 13: 161-75.
79. Iidaka T, Okada T, Murata T, Omori M, Kosaka H, Sadato N, et al. Age-related differences in the medial temporal lobe responses to emotional faces as revealed by fMRI. Hippocampus 2002; 12: 352-62.
80. Johnson MK, Mitchell KJ, Raye CL, Greene EJ. An age-related deficit in prefrontal cortical function associated with refreshing information. Psychol Sci 2004; 15: 127-32.
81. Jonides J, Marshuetz C, Smith EE, Reuter-Lorenz PA, Koeppe RA, Hartley A. Age differences in behavior and PET activation reveal differences in interference resolution in verbal working memory. J Cogn Neurosci 2000; 12: 188-96.
82. Koechlin E, Ody C, Kouneiher F. The architecture of cognitive control in the human prefrontal cortex. Science 2003; 302: 1181-5.
83. Labat-Robert J. Cell-matrix interactions, alteration with aging and age associated diseases. A review. Pathol Biol (Paris) 2001; 49: 349-52.
84. Ladislas R. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of aging and age related diseases. Pathol Oncol Res 2000; 6: 3-9.
85. Langley LK, Madden DJ. Functional neuroimaging of memory: implications for cognitive aging. Microsc Res Tech 2000; 51: 75-84.
86. Lapidot MB. Does the brain age uniformly? Evidence from effects of smooth pursuit eye movements on verbal and visual tasks. J Gerontol 1987; 42: 329-31.
87. Larisch R, Meyer W, Klimke A, Kehren F, Vosberg H, Muller-Gartner HW. Left-right asymmetry of striatal dopamine D2 receptors. Nucl Med Commun 1998; 19: 781-7.
88. Lee JM, Yoon U, Kim JJ, Kim IY, Lee DS, Kwon JS, et al. Analysis of the hemispheric asymmetry using fractal dimension of a skeletonized cerebral surface. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2004; 51; 1494-8.
89. Levine B, Stuss DT, Milberg WP, Alexander MP, Schwartz M, Macdonald R. The effects of focal and diffuse brain damage on strategy application: evidence from focal lesions, traumatic brain injury and normal aging. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 1998; 4: 247-64.
90. Li SC, Lindenberger U, Sikstrom S. Aging cognition: from neuromodulation to representation. Trends Cogn Sci 2001; 5: 479-86.
91. Lindenberger U, Scherer H, Baltes PB. The strong connection between sensory and cognitive performance in old age: not due to sensory acuity reductions operating during cognitive assessment. Psychol Aging 2001; 16: 196-205.
92. Logan JM, Sanders AL, Snyder AZ, Morris JC, Buckner RL. Underrecruitment and nonselective recruitment: dissociable neural mechanisms associated with aging. Neuron 2002; 33: 827-40.
93. Luria AR. Higher cortical functions in man. New York: Basic Books; 1962.
94. Lustig C, Buckner RL. Preserved neural correlates of priming in old age and dementia. Neuron 2004; 42: 865-75.
95. MacPherson SE, Phillips LH, Delia Sala S. Age, executive function, and social decision making: a dorsolateral prefrontal theory of cognitive aging. Psychol Aging 2002; 17: 598-609.
96. Madden DJ, Turkington TG, Provenzale JM, Denny LL, Hawk TC, Gottlob LR, et al. Adult age differences in the functional neuroanatomy of verbal recognition memory. Hum Brain Mapp 1999; 7: 115-35.
97. Madden DJ, Langley LK, Denny LL, Turkington TG, Provenzale JM, Hawk TC, et al. Adult age differences in visual word identification: functional neuroanatomy by positron emission tomography. Brain Cogn 2002; 49: 297-321.
98. Mangels JA. Strategic processing and memory for temporal order in patients with frontal lobe lesions. Neuropsychology 1997; 11: 207-21.
99. Mann DM. The locus coeruleus and its possible role in ageing and degenerative disease of the human central nervous system. Mech Ageing Dev 1983; 23: 73-94.
100. McDowell CL, Harrison DW, Demaree HA. Is right hemisphere decline in the perception of emotion a function of aging? Int J Neurosci 1994; 79: 1-11.
101. McGeer EG. Neurotransmitter systems in aging and senile dementia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol 1981; 5: 435-45.
102. McIntosh AR, Sekuler AB, Penpeci C, Rajah MN, Grady CL, Sekuler R, et al. Recruitment of unique neural systems to support visual memory in normal aging. Curr Biol 1999; 9: 1275-78.
103. Mesulam MM. Frontal cortex and behaviour. Ann Neurol 1986; 19: 320-5.
104. Mesulam MM. The human fronal lobes: transcending the default mode through contingent encoding. In: Stuss D, Knight RT, editors. Principles of frontal lobe function. 1st ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2002. p. 8-30.
105. Miguez JM, Aldegunde M, Paz-Valinas L, Recio J, Sanchez-Barcelo E. Selective changes in the contents of noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin in rat brain areas during aging. J Neural Transm 1999; 106: 1089-98.
106. Milner B, Petrides M. Behavioural effects of frontal lobe lesions in man. Trends Neurosci 1984; 7: 403-6.
107. Mishkin M. Memory in monkeys severely impaired by combined but not by separate removal of amygdala and hippocampus. Nature 1978; 273: 297-8.
108. Mishkin M, Manning FJ. Non-spatial memory after selective prefrontal lesions in monkeys. Brain Res 1978; 143: 313-23.
109. Mitchell KJ, Johnson MK, Raye CL, D'Esposito M. fMRI evidence of age-related hippocampal dysfunction in feature binding in working memory. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 2000; 10: 197-206.
110. Mohr C, Landis T, Bracha HS, Brugger P. Opposite turning behaviour in right-handers and non-right-handers suggests a link between handedness and cerebral dopamine asymmetries. Behav Neurosci 2003; 117: 1448-52.
111. Morcom AM, Good CD, Frackowiak RS, Rugg MD. Age effects on the neural correlates of successful memory encoding. Brain 2003; 126: 213-29.
112. Morecraft RJ, Geula C, Mesulam MM. Architecture of connectivity within a cingulo-fronto-parietal neurocognitive network for directed attention. Arch Neurol 1993; 50: 279-84.
113. Morgan DG. The dopamine and serotonin systems during aging in human and rodent brain. A brief review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1987; 11: 153-7.
114. Moscovitch M, Winocur G. The frontal cortex and working with memory. In: Stuss DT, Knight RT, editors. Principles of frontal lobe function. New York: Oxford University Press; 2002. p. 188-201.
115. Nielsen-Bohlman L, Knight RT. Prefrontal alterations during memory processing in aging. Cereb Cortex 1995; 5: 541-9.
116. Nowak G. Lateralization of neocortical dopamine receptors and dopamine level in normal Wistar rats. Pol J Pharmacol Pharm 1989; 41: 133-7.
117. Nyberg L, Marklund P, Persson J, Cabeza R, Forkstam C, Petersson KM, et al. Common prefrontal activations during working memory, episodic memory, and semantic memory. Neuropsychologia 2003; 41: 371-7.
118. O'Reilly RC, Noelle DC, Braver TS, Cohen JD. Prefrontal cortex and dynamic categorization tasks: representational organization and neuromodulatory control. Cerebral Cortex 2002; 12: 246-57.
119. Oke A, Keller R, Mefford I, Adams RN. Lateralization of norepinephrine in human thalamus. Science 1978; 200: 1411-13.
120. Ongur D, Price JL. The organization of networks within the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex of rats, monkeys and humans. Cereb Cortex 2000; 10: 206-19.
121. Ongur D, Ferry AT, Price JL. Architectonic subdivision of the human orbital and medial prefrontal cortex. J Comp Neurol 2003; 460: 425-49.
122. Orbelo DM, Testa JA, Ross ED. Age-related impairments in comprehending affective prosody with comparison to brain-damaged subjects. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2003; 16: 44-52.
123. Osiewacz HD, Hamann A. DNA reorganization and biological aging. A review. Biochemistry (Mosc) 1997; 62: 1275-84.
124. Pandya DN, Yeterian EH. Architecture and connections of cortical association areas. In: Jones EG, Peters A, editors. Cerebral cortex. Vol. 4, New York: Plenum Press; 1985. p. 3-62.
125. Park DC, Welsh RC, Marshuetz C, Gutchess AH, Mikels J, Polk TA, et al. Working memory for complex scenes: age differences in frontal and hippocampal activations. J Cogn Neurosci 2003; 15: 1122-34.
126. Park DC, Polk TA, Park R, Minnear M, Savage A, Smith M. Aging reduces neural specialization in ventral visual cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 13091-5.
127. Passingham RE. Visual discrimination learning after selective prefrontal ablations in monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Neuropsychologia 1972; 10: 27-39.
128. Passingham RE. Delayed matching after selective prefrontal lesions in monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Brain Res 1975; 92: 89-102.
129. Peters A. Structural changes in the normally aging cerebral cortex of primates. Prog Brain Res 2002; 136: 455-65.
130. Peters A, Rosene DL. In aging, is it gray or white? J Comp Neurol 2003; 462: 139-43.
131. Peters A, Sethares C, Moss MB. The effects of aging on layer 1 in area 46 of prefrontal cortex in the rhesus monkey. Cereb Cortex 1998; 8: 671-84.
132. Petrides M. Deficits in associative-learning tasks after frontal- and temporal-lobe lesions in man. Neuropsychologia 1985; 23: 601-14.
133. Petrides M. Specialized systems for the processing of mnemonic information within the primate frontal cortex. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1996; 351: 1455-61; discussion 1461-2.
134. Petrides M. Frontal lobes and working memory: Evidence from investigations of the effects of cortical excisions in nonhuman primates. In: Boller F, Grafman J, editors. Handbook of Neuropsychology. Amsterdam: Elsevier 1994; 59-82.
135. Petrides M. Dissociable roles of mid-dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior inferotemporal cortex in visual working memory. J Neurosci 2000; 20: 7496-7503.
136. Petrides M, Pandya DN. Comparative architectonic analysis of the human and the macaque frontal cortex. In: Boller F, Grafman J, editors. Handbook of neuropsychology. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1994. p. 17-57.
137. Petrides M, Pandya DN. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: comparative cytoarchitectonic analysis in the human and the macaque brain and corticocortical connection patterns. Eur J Neurosci 1999; 11: 1011-36.
138. Petrides M, Pandya DN. Comparative cytoarchitectonic analysis of the human and the macaque ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and corticocortical connection patterns in the monkey. Eur J Neurosci 2002; 16: 291-310.
139. Petrides M, Alivisatos B, Frey S. Differential activation of the human orbital, mid-ventrolateral, and mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during the processing of visual stimuli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99: 5649-54.
140. Rabbitt P, Lowe C. Patterns of cognitive ageing. Psychol Res 2000; 63: 308-16.
141. Ramnani N, Owen AM. Anterior prefrontal cortex: insights into function from anatomy and neuroimaging. Nat Rev Neurosci 2004; 5: 184-94.
142. Ranganath C, Paller KA. Frontal brain activity during episodic and semantic retrieval: insights from event-related potentials. J Cogn Neurosci 1999; 11: 598-609.
143. Ranganath C, Johnson MK, D'Esposito M. Left anterior prefrontal activation increases with demands to recall specific perceptual information. J Neurosci 2000; 20: RC108.
144. Raz N. Aging of the brain and its impact on cognitive performance: intergration of structural and functional findings. In: Craik FIM, Salthouse TA, editors. The handbook of aging and cognition. 2nd ed. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 2000. p. 1-90.
145. Raz N, Gunning FM, Head D, Dupuis JH, McQuain J, Briggs SD, et al. Selective aging of the human cerebral cortex observed in vivo: differential vulnerability of the prefrontal gray matter. Cereb Cortex 1997; 7: 268-82.
146. Raz N, Gunning-Dixon F, Head D, Rodrigue KM, Williamson A, Acker JD. Aging, sexual dimorphism, and hemispheric asymmetry of the cerebral cortex: replicability of regional differences in volume. Neurobiol Aging 2004; 25: 377-96.
147. Reuter-Lorenz P. New visions of the aging mind and brain. Trends Cogn Sci 2002; 6: 394.
148. Reuter-Lorenz PA, Jonides J, Smith EE, Hartley A, Miller A, Marshuetz C, et al. Age differences in the frontal lateralization of verbal and spatial working memory revealed by PET. J Cogn Neurosci 2000; 12: 174-87.
149. Riekkinen M, Aroviita L, Kivipelto M, Taskila K, Riekkinen P Jr. Depletion of serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline in aged rats decreases the therapeutic effect of nicotine, but not of tetrahydroaminoacridine. Eur J Pharmacol 1996; 308: 243-50.
150. Robbins TW. Chemical neuromodulation of frontal-executive functions in humans and other animals. Exp Brain Res 2000; 133: 130-8.
151. Roberts NA, Beer JS, Werner KH, Scabini D, Levens SM, Knight RT, Levenson RW. The impact of orbital prefrontal cortex damage on emotional activation to unanticipated and anticipated acoustic startle stimuli. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 2004; 4: 307-16.
152. Rodriguez M, Martin L, Santana C. Ontogenic development of brain asymmetry in dopaminergic neurons. Brain Res Bull 1994; 33: 163-71.
153. Rosen AC, Prull MW, O'Hara R, Race EA, Desmond JE, Glover GH, et al. Variable effects of aging on frontal lobe contributions to memory. Neuroreport 2002; 13: 2425-8.
154. Rugg MD, Otten LJ, Henson RN. The neural basis of episodic memory: evidence from functional neuroimaging. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2002; 357: 1097-110.
155. Rugg MD, Henson RN, Robb WG. Neural correlates of retrieval processing in the prefrontal cortex during recognition and exclusion tasks. Neuropsychologia 2003; 41: 40-52.
156. Rypma B, D'Esposito M. Isolating the neural mechanisms of age-related changes in human working memory. Nat Neurosci 2000; 3: 509-15.
157. Rypma B, Prabhakaran V, Desmond JE, Gabrieli JD. Age differences in prefrontal cortical activity in working memory. Psychol Aging 2001; 16: 371-84.
158. Salat DH, Buckner RL, Snyder AZ, Greve DN, Desikan RS, Busa E., et al. Thinning of the cerebral cortex in aging. Cereb Cortex 2004; 14: 721-30.
159. Schiavetto A, Kohler S, Grady CL, Winocur G, Moscovitch M. Neural correlates of memory for object identity and object location: effects of aging. Neuropsychologia 2002; 40: 1428-42.
160. Schreursa BG, Bahro M, Molchan SE, Sunderland T, McIntosh AR. Interactions of prefrontal cortex during eyeblink conditioning as a function of age. Neurobiol Aging 2001; 22: 237-46.
161. Seamans JK, Yang CR. The principal features and mechanisms of dopamine modulation in the prefrontal cortex. Prog Neurobiol 2004; 74: 1-58.
162. Shimamura AP. Memory and frontal lobe function. In: Gazzaniga MS, editor. The cognitive neurosciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 1995. p. 803-13.
163. Slopsema JS, van der Gugten J, de Bruin JP. Regional concentrations of noradrenaline and dopamine in the frontal cortex of the rat: dopaminergic innervation of the prefrontal subareas and lateralization of prefrontal dopamine. Brain Res 1982; 250: 197-200.
164. Smith EE, Geva A, Jonides J, Miller A, Reuter-Lorenz P, Koeppe RA. The neural basis of task-switching in working memory: effects of performance and aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 2095-100.
165. Sowell ER, Thompson PM, Toga AW. Mapping changes in the human cortex throughout the span of life. Neuroscientist 2004; 10: 372-92.
166. Stefanacci L, Amaral DG. Some observations on cortical inputs to the macaque monkey amygdala: an anterograde tracing study. J Comp Neurol 2002; 451: 301-23.
167. Stuss DT, Alexander MP. Executive functions and the frontal lobes: a conceptual view. Psychol Res 2000; 63: 289-98.
168. Stuss DT, Knight RT, editors. Principles of frontal lobe function. New York City, NY: Oxford University Press; 2002.
169. Stuss DT, Floden D, Alexander MP, Levine B, Katz D. Stroop performance in focal lesion patients: dissociation of processes and frontal lobe lesion location. Neuropsychologia 2001; 39: 771-86.
170. Stuss DT, Alexander MP, Floden D, Binns MA, Levine B, McIntosh AR, et al. Fractionation and localization of distinct frontal lobe processes: evidence from focal lesions in humans. In: Stuss DT, Knight RT, editors. Principles of frontal lobe function. New York City, NY: Oxford University Press; 2002. p. 392-407.
171. Talairach J, Tournoux P. Co-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers Inc.; 1988.
172. Taoka T, Iwasaki S, Uchida H, Fukusumi A, Nakagawa H, Kichikawa K, et al. Age correlation of the time lag in signal change on EPI-fMRI. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1998; 22: 514-7.
173. Tisserand DJ, Jolles J. On the involvement of prefrontal networks in cognitive ageing. Cortex 2003; 39: 1107-28.
174. Tisserand DJ, Pruessner JC, Sanz Arigita EJ, van Boxtel MP, Evans AC, Jolies J, et al. Regional frontal cortical volumes decrease differentially in aging: an MRI study to compare volumetric approaches and voxel-based morph-metry. Neuroimage 2002; 17: 657-69.
175. Tisserand DJ, Van Boxtel MP, Pruessner JC, Hofman P, Evans AC, Jolles J. A voxel-based morphometric study to determine individual differences in gray matter density associated with age and cognitive change over time. Cerebral Cortex 2004; 14: 966-73.
176. Troen BR. The biology of aging. Mt Sinai J Med 2003; 70: 3-22.
177. Trott CT, Friedman D, Ritter W, Fabiani M. Item and source memory: differential age effects revealed by event-related potentials. Neuroreport 1997; 8: 3373-8.
178. Ungerleider LG, Mishkin M. Two cortical visual systems. In: Ingle DJ, Goodale MA, Mansfield RJW, editors. Analysis of visual behaviour. Cambridge: MIT Press; 1982. p. 549-86.
179. Ungerleider LG, Gaffan D, Pelak VS. Projections from inferior temporal cortex to prefrontal cortex via the uncinate fascicle in rhesus monkeys. Exp Brain Res 1989; 76: 473-84.
180. Uylings HB, de Brabander JM. Neuronal changes in normal human aging and Alzheimer's disease. Brain Cogn 2002; 49: 268-76.
181. van Dyck CH, Seibyl JP, Malison RT, Laruelle M, Wallace E, Zoghbi SS, et al. Age-related decline in striatal dopamine transporter binding with iodine-123-beta-CITSPECT. J Nucl Med 1995; 36: 1175-81.
182. van Dyck CH, Seibyl JP, Malison RT, Laruelle M, Zoghbi SS, Baldwin RM, et al. Age-related decline in dopamine transporters: analysis of striatal subregions, nonlinear effects, and hemispheric asymmetries. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002; 10: 36-43.
183. Volkow ND, Gur RC, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Moberg PJ, Ding YS, et al. Association between decline in brain dopamine activity with age and cognitive and motor impairment in healthy individuals. Am J Psychiatry 1998a; 155: 344-9.
184. Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Ding YS, Gur RC, Gatley J, et al. Parallel loss of presynaptic and postsynaptic dopamine markers in normal aging. Ann Neurol 1998b; 44: 143-7.
185. Volkow ND, Logan J, Fowler JS, Wang GJ, Gur RC, Wong C, et al. Association between age-related decline in brain dopamine activity and impairment in frontal and cingulate metabolism. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157: 75-80.
186. Wager TD, Smith EE. Neuroimaging studies of working memory: a meta-analysis. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 2003; 3: 255-74.
187. Wagner AD, Maril A, Bjork RA, Schacter DL. Prefrontal contributions to executive control: fMRI evidence for functional distinctions within lateral prefrontal cortex. Neuroimage 2001; 14: 1337-47.
188. Walker AE. A cytoarchitectural study of the prefrontal area of the macaque monkey. J Comp Neurol 1940; 73: 59-86.
189. Watkins KE, Paus T, Lerch JP, Zijdenbos A, Collins DL, Neelin P, et al. Structural asymmetries in the human brain: a voxel-based statistical analysis of 142 MRI scans. Cereb Cortex 2001; 11: 868-77.
190. Wegesin DJ, Friedman D, Varughese N, Stern Y. Age-related changes in source memory retrieval: an ERP replication and extension. Brain Res Cogn Brain
191. West R. In defense of the frontal lobe hypothesis of cognitive aging. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2000; 6: 727-9; discussion 730.
192. Wheeler ME, Buckner RL. Functional dissociation among components of remembering: control, perceived oldness, and content. J Neurosci 2003; 23: 3869-80.