Development of the human cortex and the concept of "critical" or "sensitive" periods

Language Learning

Volumn 56, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2006, Pages 59-90

  Uylings, H B M ^a,b  

^a ROYAL NETHERLANDS ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES   (Netherlands)

^b NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE FOR NEUROSCIENCE   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33746429161     PISSN: 00238333     EISSN: 14679922     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9922.2006.00355.x     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (129)

1. Ader, R., Felten, D. L., & Cohen, N. (Eds.) (1991). Psychoneuroimmunology. New York: Academic Press.
2. Anderson, S. W., Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Tranel, D., & Damasio, A. R. (1999). Impairment of social and moral behavior related to early damage in human prefrontal cortex. Nature Neuroscience, 2, 1032-1037.
3. Bandstra, E. S., Vogel, A. L., Morrow, C. E., Xue, L., & Anthony, J. C. (2004). Severity of prenatal cocaine exposure and child language functioning through age seven years: A longitudinal latent growth curve analysis. Substance Use Misuse, 39, 25-59.
4. Barnea-Goraly, N., Menon, V., Eckert, M., Tamm, L., Bammer, R., Karchemskiy, A., et al. (2005). White matter development during childhood and adolescence: A cross-sectional diffusion tensor imaging study. Cerebral Cortex, 15, 1848-1854.
5. Bergan, J. F., Ro, P., Ro, D., & Knudsen, E. I. (2005). Hunting increases adaptive auditory map plasticity in adult barn owls. Journal of Neuroscience, 25, 9816-9820.
6. Bernard-Bonnin, A. C., & Psychosocial Paediatrics Committee (2004). Maternal depression and child development. Canadian Paediatric Society Position Statement PP 2004-03. Paediatric Child Health, 9, 575-583.
7. Cameron, J. L. (2004). Interrelationships between hormones, behavior, and affect during adolescence. Understanding hormonal, physical, and brain changes occurring in association with pubertal activation of the reproductive axis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1021, 110-123.
8. Chapron, C., & Duyme, M. (1989). Assessment of effects of socio-economic status of IQ in a full cross-fostering study. Nature, 340, 552-554.
9. Chugani, H. T., Behen, M. E., Muzik, O., Juhasz, C., Nagy, F., & Chugani, D. C. (2001). Local brain functional activity following early deprivation: A study of post-institutionalized Romanian orphans. NeuroImage, 14, 1290-1301.
10. Chugani, H. T., Phelps, M. E., & Mazziotta, J. C. (1987). Positron emission tomography study of human brain functional development. Annals of Neurology, 22, 487-497.
11. Cohen, D. (2002). How the child's mind develops. Hove, UK: Routledge.
12. Cooper, J. R., Bloom, F. E., & Roth, R. H. (2002). The biochemical basis of neuropharmacology. New York: Oxford University Press.
13. DeKeyser, R., & Larson-Hall, J. (2005). What does the critical period really mean? In J. F. Kroll & A. M. B. de Groot (Eds.), Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches (pp. 89-108). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
14. Delalle, I., Evers, P., Kostović, I., & Uylings, H. B. M. (1997). Laminar distribution of neuropeptide-Y immunoreactive neuron in human prefrontal cortex during development. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 379, 523-540.
15. Duyme, M., Dumaret, A. C., & Tomkiewicz, S. (1999). How can we boost IQs of "dull children"?: A late adoption study. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 96, 8790-8794.
16. Farmer, J., Zhao, X., Van Praag, H., Wodtke, K., Gage, F. H., & Christie, B. R. (2004). Effects of voluntary exercise on synaptic plasticity and gene expression in dentate gyrus of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats in vivo. Neuroscience, 124, 71-79.
17. Flechsig, P. (1920). Anatomie des menschlichen Gehirns und Rückenmarks auf myelogenetischer Grundlage. Leipzig: Georg Thieme.
18. Flege, J. E., MacKay, I. R., & Meador, D. (1999). Native Italian speakers' perception and production of English vowels. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 106, 2973-2987.
19. Frank, D. A., Rose-Jacobs, R., Beeghly, M., Wilbur, M. A., Bellinger, D., & Cabral, H. (2005). Level of prenatal cocaine exposure and 48 month IQ: Importance of preschool enrichment. Neurotoxicology & Teratology, 27, 15-28.
20. Giedd, J. N. (1999). Development of the human corpus callosum during childhood and adolescence: A longitudinal MRI study. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 23, 571-588.
21. Giedd, J. N., Blumenthal, J., Jeffries, N. O., Castellanos, F. X., Liu, H., Zijdenbos, A., et al. (1999). Brain development during childhood and adolescence: A longitudinal MRI study. Nature Neuroscience, 2, 861-863.
22. Glaser, D. (2000). Child abuse and neglect and the brain: A review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 97-116.
23. Goldman-Rakic, P. S., & Brown, R. M. (1982). Postnatal development of monoamine content and synthesis in the cerebral cortex of rhesus monkeys. Developmental Brain Research, 4, 339-349.
24. Gorski, R. A. (2000). Sexual differentiation of the nervous system. In E. R. Kandel, J. H. Schwartz, & T. M. Jessell (Eds.), Principles of neural science (pp. 1131-1148). New York: McGraw-Hill.
25. Gould, E., & Gross, C. G. (2002). Neurogenesis in adult mammals: Some progress and problems. Journal of Neuroscience, 22, 619-623.
26. Gould, E., Reeves, A. J., Graziano, M. S., & Gross, C. G. (1999). Neurogenesis in the neocortex of adult primates. Science, 286, 548-552.
27. Greenough, W. T., Withers, G. S., & Wallace, C. S. (1990). Morphological changes in the nervous system arising from behavioral experience: What is evidence that they are involved in learning and memory? In L. R. Squire & E. Lindenlaub (Eds.), The biology of memory (pp. 159-192). Stuttgart: Schattauer.
28. Grimshaw, G. M., Adelstein, A., Bryden, M. P., & MacKinnon, G. E. (1998). First-language acquisition in adolescence: evidence for a critical period for verbal language development. Brain and Language, 63, 237-255.
29. Harlow, H. F. (1958). The nature of love. American Psychologist, 13, 673-685.
30. Hay, D. F., Pawlby, S., Sharp, D., Asten, P., Mills, A., & Kumar, R. (2001). Intellectual problems shown by 11-year-old children whose mothers had postnatal depression. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 42, 871-889.
31. Heminger, G. R. (1999). Special challenges in the investigation of the neurobiology of mental illness. In D. S. Charney, E. J. Nestler, & B. S. Bunney (Eds.), Neurobiology of mental illness (pp. 89-99). New York: Oxford University Press.
32. Hensch, T. K. (2004). Critical period regulation. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 27, 549-579.
33. Hensch, T. K. (2005). Critical period plasticity in local cortical circuits. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6, 877-888.
34. Herlenius, E., & Lagercrantz, H. (2004). Development of neurotransmitter systems during critical periods. Experimental Neurology, 190, S8-S21.
35. Hicks, S. P., & D'Amato, C. J. (1978). Effects of ionizing radiation on developing brain and behavior. In G. Gottlieb (Ed.), Studies on the development of behavior and the nervous system (pp. 36-72). New York: Academic Press.
36. Hochstetter, F. (1919). Beiträge zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des menschlichen Gehirns. Wien: I. Deuticke.
37. Hofman, M. A., & Swaab, D. F. (1989). The sexual dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area in the human brain: A comparative morphometric study. Journal of Anatomy (London), 164, 55-72.
38. Holtmaat, A. J., Trachtenberg, J. T., Wilbrecht, L., Shepherd, G. M., Zhang, X., Knott, G. W., et al. (2005). Transient and persistent dendritic spines in the neocortex in vivo. Neuron, 45, 279-291.
39. Huttenlocher, P. R., & Dabholkar, A. S. (1997). Developmental anatomy of prefrontal cortex. In N. A. Krasnegor, G. R. Lyon, & P. S. Goldman-Rakic (Eds.), Development of the prefrontal cortex: Evolution, neurobiology, and behavior (pp. 69-83). Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.
40. Huttenlocher, P. R., de Courten, C., Garey, L. G., & Van der Loos, H. (1982). Synaptogenesis in human visual cortex: Evidence for synapse elimination during normal development. Neuroscience Letters, 33, 247-252.
41. Huttunen, M. O., & Niskanen, P. (1978). Prenatal loss of father and psychiatric disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 35, 429-431.
42. Hyvärinen, J. (1982). The parietal cortex of monkey and man. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
43. Innocenti, G. M., & Price, D. J. (2005). Exuberance in the development of cortical networks. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6, 955-965.
44. Johnson, J. S., & Newport, E. L. (1989). Critical period effects in second language learning: The influence of maturational state on the acquisition of English as a second language. Cognitive Psychology, 21, 60-99.
45. Johnson, J. S., & Newport, E. L. (1991). Critical period effects on universal properties of language: The status of subjacency in the acquisition of a second language. Cognition, 39, 215-258.
46. Juraska, J. M. (1991). Sex differences in "cognition" regions of the rat brain. Psychoendocrinology, 16, 105-119.
47. Kaes, T. (1907). Die Grosshirnrinde des Menschen in ihren Massen und in ihrem Fasergehalt. Ein Gehirnanatomischer Atlas. Jena: Gustav Fischer.
48. Kalsbeek, A., De Bruin, J. P. C., Feenstra, M. G. P., & Uylings, H. B. M. (1990). Age-dependent effects of lesioning the mesocortical dopamine system upon prefrontal cortex morphometry and PFC-related behaviors. Progress in Brain Research, 85, 257-283.
49. Kandel, E. R., Jessell, T. M., & Sanes, J. R. (2000). Sensory experience and the fine-tuning of synaptic connections. In E. R. Kandel, J. H. Schwartz, & T. M. Jessell (Eds.), Principles of neural science (pp. 1115-1130). New York: McGraw-Hill.
50. Kempermann, G. (2006). Adult neurogenesis: Stem cells and neuronal development in the adult brain. New York: Oxford University Press.
51. Kim-Cohen, J., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Pawlby, S. J., & Caspi, A. (2005). Maternal depression and children's antisocial behavior: Nature and nurture effects. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 173-181.
52. Kline, J., Stein, Z., & Susser, M. (1989). Conception to birth: Epidemiology of prenatal development. New York: Oxford University Press.
53. Knudsen, E. I. (2004). Sensitive periods in the development of the brain and behavior. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16, 1412-1425.
54. Koenderink, M. J. Th., & Uylings, H. B. M. (1995). Postnatal maturation of layer V pyramidal neurons in the human prefrontal cortex: A quantitative Golgi analysis. Brain Research, 678, 233-243.
55. Koenderink, M. J. Th., Uylings, H. B. M., & Mrzljak, L. (1994). Postnatal maturation of the layer III pyramidal neurons in the human prefrontal cortex: A quantitative Golgi analysis. Brain Research, 653, 173-182.
56. Kolb, B. (1999). Brain development, plasticity and behavior. American Psychologist, 44, 1203-1212.
57. Kolb, B., Forgie, M., Gibb, R., Gorny, G., & Rowntree, S. (1998). Age, experience and the changing brain. Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews, 22, 143-159.
58. Kolb, B., & Tomie, J. A. (1988). Recovery from early cortical damage in rats. IV. Effects of hemidecortication at 1, 5 or 10 days of age on cerebral anatomy and behavior. Behavioral Brain Research, 28, 259-274.
59. Kolb, B., & Whishaw, I. Q. (1990). Fundamentals of human neuropsychology. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
60. Kooistra, L., Laane, C., Vulsma, T., Schellekens, J. M. H., Van der Meere, J. J., & Kalverboer, A. F. (1994). Motor and cognitive development in children with congenital hypothyroidism: A long-term evaluation of the effects of neonatal treatment. Journal of Pediatrics, 124, 903-909.
61. Korr, H., & Schmitz, C. (1999). Facts and fictions regarding postnatal neurogenesis in the developing human cerebral cortex. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 200, 291-297.
62. Kostović, I. (1990). Structural and histochemical reorganization of the human prefrontal cortex during perinatal and postnatal life. Progress in Brain Research, 85, 223-240.
63. Kostović, I., & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1983). Transient cholinesterase staining in the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus and its connections in the developing human and monkey brain. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 219, 431-447.
64. Kostović, I., Lukinovic, N., Judáš, M., Bogdanovic, N., Mrzljak, L., Zecevic, N., et al. (1989). Structural basis of the developmental plasticity in the human cerebral cortex: The role of the transient subplate zone. Metabolic Brain Disease, 4, 17-23.
65. Laplante, D. P., Barr, R. G., Brunet, A., Galbaud du Fort, G., Meaney, M. L., Sauchier, J. F., et al. (2004). Stress during pregnancy affects general intellectual and language functioning in human toddlers. Pediatric Research, 56, 400-410.
66. Larsen, C. C., Larsen, K. B., Bogdanovic, N., Laursen, H., Græm, N., Samuelsen, G. B., et al. (2006). Total number of cells in the human new-born telencephalic wall. Neuroscience, in press.
67. Letinic, K., Zoncu, R., & Rakic, P. (2002). Origin of GABAergic neurons in the human neocortex. Nature, 417, 645-649.
68. Lewis, D. A., & Sesack, S. R. (1997). Dopamine systems in the primate brain. In A. Bjorklund, T. Hökfelt, & F. E. Bloom (Eds.), Handbook of clinical neuroanatomy: Vol. 13. The primate nervous system, part 1 (pp. 263-375). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
69. Malanga, C. J., & Kosofsky, B. E. (2004). Effect of drugs of abuse on brain development. In D. S. Charney & E. J. Nestler (Eds.), Neurobiology of mental illness (pp. 720-739). New York: Oxford University Press.
70. Marin, O., & Rubenstein, J. L. R. (2001). A long remarkable journey: Tangential migration in the telencephalon. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2, 780-790.
71. Marin-Padilla, M. (1992). Ontogenesis of the pyramidal cell of the mammalian neocortex and developmental cytoarchitectonics: A unifying theory. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 321, 223-240.
72. McEwen, B. S. (2004). Structural and functional plasticity in the hippocampal formation: Stress, adaptation, and disease. In D. S. Charney & E. J. Nestler (Eds.), Neurobiology of mental Illness (2nd ed., pp. 558-583). New York: Oxford University Press.
73. Miller, M. W. (1987). Effect of prenatal exposure to alcohol on the distribution and time of corticospinal neurons in the rat. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 257, 372-382.
74. Morrow, C. E., Vogel, A. L., Anthony, J. C., Ofir, A. Y., Dausa, A. T., & Bandstra, E. S. (2004). Expressive and receptive language functioning in preschool children with prenatal cocaine exposure. Journal of Pediatrics, 29(7), 543-554.
75. Mrzljak, L., Uylings, H. B. M., Kostović, I., & Van Eden, C. G. (1988). The prenatal development of neurons in the human prefrontal cortex: I. A qualitative Golgi study. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 271, 355-386.
76. Mrzljak, L., Uylings, H. B. M., Kostović, I., & Van Eden, C. G. (1992). The prenatal development of neurons in the human prefrontal cortex: A quantitative Golgi study. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 316, 485-496.
77. Mrzljak, L., Uylings, H. B. M., Van Eden, C. G., & Judás̃, M. (1990). Neuronal development in human prefrontal cortex in prenatal and postnatal stages. Progress in Brain Research, 85, 185-222.
78. Neville, H. J., & Bavelier, D. (1998). Neural organization and plasticity of language. Current Opinions in Neurobiology, 8, 485-496.
79. Newton, M. (2002). Savage girls and wild boys: A history of feral children. London: Faber & Faber.
80. Nulman, I., Rovet, J., Greenbaum, R., Loebstein, M., Wolpin, J., Pace-Asciak, P., et al. (2001). Neurodevelopment of adopted children exposed in utero to cocaine: The Toronto Adoption Study. Clinical Investigation in Medicine, 24, 129-137.
81. Nuñez, J. L., Sodhi, J., & Juraska, J. M. (2002). Ovarian hormones after postnatal day 20 reduce neuron number in the rat primary visual cortex. Journal of Neurobiology, 52, 312-321.
82. O'Leary, D. D. M. (1989). Do cortical areas emerge from a protocortex? Trends in Neuroscience, 12, 400-406.
83. O'Leary, D. D. M. (1992). Development of connectional diversity and specificity in the mammalian brain by the pruning of collateral projections. Current Opinions in Neurobiology, 2, 70-77.
84. O'Leary, D. D. M., Bicknese, A. R., De Carlos, J. A., Heffner, C. D., Koester, S. E., Kutka, L. J., et al. (1990). Target selection by cortical axons: alternative mechanisms to establish axonal connections in the developing brain. In Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology: Vol LV. The brain (pp. 453-468). Plainview, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
85. Olney, J. W. (2002). New insights and new issues in developmental neurotoxicology. Neurotoxicology, 23, 659-668.
86. Olney, J. W., Young, C., Wozniak, D. F., Jevtovic-Todorovic, V., & Ikonomidou, C. (2004). Do pediatric drugs cause developing neurons to commit suicide? Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 25, 135-139.
87. Parnavelas, J. G. (2000). The origin and migration of cortical neurones: New vistas. Trends in Neuroscience, 23, 126-131.
88. Paus, T. (2005). Mapping brain maturation and cognitive development during adolescence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 60-68.
89. Perry, B. D. (2002). Childhood experience and the expression of genetic potential: What childhood neglect tells us about Nature and Nurture. Brain and Mind, 3, 79-100.
90. Petanjek, Z., Judaš, M., Kostović, I., & Uylings, H. B. M. (in preparation). Lifespan alterations in human prefrontal cortex basal dendrites: A layer specific pattern.
91. Petitto, J. M., Cruess, D. G., Repetto, M. J., & Evans, D. L. (2004). Neuroimmunology. In D. S. Charney & E. J. Nestler (Eds.), Neurobiology of mental illness (pp. 171-179). New York: Oxford University Press.
92. Rakic, P. (1988). Specification of cerebral cortical areas. Science, 241, 170-176.
93. Rakic, P. (1995). A small step for the cell, a giant leap for mankind: A hypothesis of neocortical expansion during evolution. Trends in Neuroscience, 18, 383-388.
94. Rakic, P. (2002a). Adult neurogenesis in mammals: An evaluation of the evidence. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3, 65-71.
95. Rakic, P. (2002b). Adult neurogenesis in mammals: An identity crisis. Journal of Neuroscience, 22, 614-618.
96. Rakic, P. (2005). Less is more: Progenitor death and cortical size. Nature Neuroscience, 8, 981-982.
97. Rakic, P., & Sidman, R. L. (1968). Supravital DNA synthesis in the developing human and mouse brain. Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology, 27, 246-276.
98. Rasmussen, T., & Milner, B. (1977). The role of early left-brain injury in determining lateralization of cerebral speech functions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 299, 355-369.
99. Riva, D., & Cazzaniga, L. (1986). Late effects of unilateral brain lesions sustained before and after age one. Neuropsychologica, 24, 423-428.
100. Sakai, K. (2005). Language acquisition and brain development. Science, 310, 815-819.
101. Shankle, W. R., Landing, B. H., Rafii, M. S., Schiano, A., Chen, J. M., & Hara, J. (1998). Evidence for a postnatal doubling of neuron number in the developing human cerebral cortex between 15 months and six years. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 191, 115-140.
102. Shankle, W. R., Rafii, M. S., Landing, B. H., & Fallon, J. H. (1999). Approximate doubling of numbers of neurons in postnatal human cerebral cortex and in 35 specific cytoarchitectural areas from birth to 72 months. Pediatric Developmental Pathology, 2, 244-259.
103. Shigematsu, I., Ito, C., Kamada, N., Akiyama, M., & Sasaki, H. (1995). Effects of A-bomb radiation on the human body. Chur: Harwood.
104. Shors, T. J., Townsend, D. A., Zhao, M., Kozorovitskiy, Y., & Gould, E. (2002). Neurogenesis may relate to some but not all types of hippocampaldependent learning. Hippocampus, 12, 578-584.
105. Slotkin, T. A. (1998). Fetal nicotine or cocaine exposure: Which one is worse? Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 285, 931-945.
106. Spitz, R. A. (1946). Hospitalism: A follow-up report on investigation described in volume 1, 1945. Psychoanalytical Study of Children, 2, 113-117.
107. Stowe, L. A., & Sabourin, L. (2005). Imaging the processing of a second language: Effects of maturation and proficiency on the neural processes involved. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 43, 329-353.
108. 1/2 years. Alcohol, Clinical and Experimental Research, 14, 662-669.
109. Sur, M., & Rubenstein, J. L. R. (2005). Patterning and plasticity of the cerebral cortex. Science, 310, 805-810.
110. Susser, E., Neugebauer, R., Hoek, H., Brown, A., Lin, S., Labovitz, D., et al. (1996). Schizophrenia after prenatal famine: Further evidence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 25-31.
111. Taupin, P. (2005). Adult neurogenesis in the mammalian central nervous system: Functionality and potential clinical interest. Medical Science Monitor, 11, 247-252.
112. Thorpe-Beeston, J. G., Nicolaides, K. H., Felton, C. V., Butler, J., & McGregor, A. M. (1991). Maturation of the secretion of thyroid hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone in the fetus. New England Journal of Medicine, 324, 532-536.
113. Trachtenberg, J. T., Chen, B. E., Knott, G. W., Feng, G., Sanes, J. R., Welker, E., et al. (2002). Long-term in vivo imaging of experience-dependent synaptic plasticity in adult cortex. Nature, 420, 788-794.
114. Tranel, D., Damasio, H., Denburg, N. L., & Bechara, A. (2005). Does gender play a role in functional asymmetry of ventromedial prefrontal cortex? Brain, 128, 2872-2881.
115. Trevarthen, C. (2001). The neurobiology of early communication: Intersubjective regulations in human brain development. In A. F. Kalverboer & A. Gramsbergen (Eds.), Handbook of brain and behaviour in human development (pp. 841-881). Amsterdam: Kluwer Academic.
116. UNSCEAR (United Nations Scientific Committee on Effects of Atomic Radiation) (1986). Genetic and somatic effects of ionizing radiation. Report to the General Assembly. New York: United Nations.
117. Uylings, H. B. M. (2001). The human cerebral cortex in development. In A. F. Kalverboer & A. Gramsbergen (Eds.), Handbook of brain and behaviour in human development (pp. 63-80). Amsterdam: Kluwer Academic.
118. Uylings, H. B. M., & Delalle, I. (1997). Morphology of neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive neurons and fibers in human prefrontal cortex during prenatal and postnatal development. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 379, 523-540.
119. Uylings, H. B. M., Delalle, I., Petanjek, Z., & Koenderink, M. J. Th. (2002). Structural and immunocytochemical differentiation of neurons in prenatal and postnatal human prefrontal cortex. Neuroembryology, 1, 176-186.
120. Uylings, H. B. M., Kuypers, K., Diamond, M. C., & Veltman, W. A. M. (1978). Effects of differential environments on plasticity of dendrites of cortical pyramidal neurons in adult rats. Experimental Neurology, 62, 658-677.
121. Uylings, H. B. M., Malofeeva, L. I., Bogolepova, I. N., Jacobsen, A. M., Amunts, K., & Zilles, K. (2005). No postnatal doubling of number of neurons in human Broca's area (BA 44 and 45)? A stereological study. Neuroscience, 136, 715-728.
122. Uylings, H. B. M., Van Pelt, J., Parnavelas, J. G., & Ruiz-Marcos, A. (1994). Geometrical and topological characteristics in the dendritic development of cortical pyramidal and non-pyramidal neurons. In J. Van Pelt, M. A. Corner, H. B. M. Uylings, & F. H. Lopes da Silva (Eds.), The self-organizing brain: From growth cones to functional networks (pp. 109-123). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
123. Weitzman, M., Gortmaker, S., & Sobol, A. (1992). Maternal smoking and behavior problems of children. Pediatrics, 90, 342-349.
124. Woods, B. T., & Teuber, H. L. (1973). Early onset of complementary specialization of cerebral hemispheres in man. Transactions of the American Neurological Association, 98, 113-117.
125. Woolley, C. S., & McEwen, B. S. (1992). Estradiol mediates fluctuation in hippocampal synapse density during the estrous cycle in the adult rat. Journal of Neuroscience, 12, 2549-2554.
126. Yakovlev, P. I., & Lecours, A. R. (1967). The myelogenetic cycles of regional maturation of the brain. In A. Minkowski (Ed.), Regional development of the brain in early life (pp. 3-70). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.
127. Yudkoff, M. (1994). Disorders of amino acid metabolism. In G. J. Siegel, B. W. Agranoff, R. W. Albers, & P. B. Molinoff (Eds.), Basic neurochemistry (pp. 824-826). New York: Raven Press.
128. Zilles, K. (1978). Ontogenesis of the visual system. Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology, 54, 1-138.
129. Zito, K., & Svoboda, K. (2002). Activity-dependent synaptogenesis in the adult mammalian cortex. Neuron, 35, 1015-1017.