Is a Little Pollution Good for You?: Incorporating Societal Values in Environmental Research

Is a Little Pollution Good for You?: Incorporating Societal Values in Environmental Research

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-264

  Elliott, Kevin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

Chemical regulation; Conflict of interest; Deliberation; Environmental policy; Ethics of expertise; Hormesis; Low dose; Research ethics; Toxicology; Value judgments

Indexed keywords

EID: 84922270960     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199755622.001.0001     Document Type: Book

References (436)

1. Abelson, R., and A. Levi. 1985. Decision Making and Decision Theory. In The Handbook of Social Psychology, 3rd ed., vol. 1, ed. G. Linzey and E. Aronson, 231-310. New York: Random House.
2. Alonso-Magdalena, P., S. Morimoto, C. Ripoll, E. Fuentes, and A. Nadal. 2006. The Estrogenic Effect of Bisphenol-A Disrupts the Pancreatic ß-Cell Function in vivo and Induces Insulin Resistance. Environmental Health Perspectives 114: 106-12.
3. Als-Nielsen, B., W. Chen, C. Gluud, and L. Kjaergard. 2003. Association of Funding and Conclusions in Randomized Drug Trials. Journal of the American Medical Association 290: 921-28.
4. American Public Health Association (APHA). 2003. Supporting Legislation for Independent Post-marketing Phase IV Comparative Evaluation of Pharmaceuticals. Washington, D.C.: APHA.http://www.apha.org/advocacy/policy/policysearch/default.htm?id=1265 (accessed September 12, 2007).
5. Ames, B., and L. Gold. 1994. The Causes and Prevention of Cancer. Environmental Health Perspectives 105, suppl. 4: 865-74.
6. Ames, B., R. Magaw, and L. Gold. 1987. Ranking Possible Carcinogenic Hazards. Science 236: 271-80.
7. Anderson, E. 1995. Feminist Epistemology: An Interpretation and a Defense. Hypatia 10: 50-84.
8. Anderson, E. 2004. Uses of Value Judgments in Science: A General Argument, with Lessons from a Case Study of Feminist Research on Divorce. Hypatia 19: 1-24.
9. Angell, M. 2004a. Time for a Drug Registry. Washington Post (August 13).
10. Angell, M. 2004b. The Truth about the Drug Companies: How They Deceive Us and What to Do about It. New York: Random House.
11. Anonymous. 1996. Conclusions and Recommendations of a Workshop on Multiple Chemical Sensitivities (MCS). Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 24: S188-89.
12. Arnall, A., and D. Parr. 2005. Moving the Nanoscience and Technology (NST) Debate Forwards: Short-term Impacts, Long-term Uncertainty and the Social Constitution. Technology in Society 27: 23-38.
13. Ashford, N., and C. Miller. 1998. Chemical Exposures: Low Levels and High Stakes, 2nd ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
14. Aulerich, R., R. Ringer, and S. Iwamoto. 1973. Reproductive Failure and Mortality in Mink Fed on Great Lakes Fish. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility Supplement 19: 365-76.
15. Axelrod, D., K. Burns, D. Davis, and N. Von Larebeke. 2004. "Hormesis"-An Inappropriate Extrapolation from the Specific to the Universal. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health 10: 335-39.
16. Bailar, J. 2006. How to Distort the Scientific Record without Actually Lying:Truth and the Arts of Science. European Journal of Oncology 11: 217-24.
17. Barben, D., E. Fisher, C. Selin, and D. Guston. 2008. Anticipatory Governance of Nanotechnology: Foresight, Engagement, and Integration. In The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies, ed. E. Hackett, O. Amsterdamska, M. Lynch, and J. Wajcman, 979-1000. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
18. Barnes, D. 2000. Reference Dose (RfD): The Possible Impact of Hormesis. Journal of Applied Toxicology 20: 127-30.
19. Barnes, D. and L. Bero. 1998. Why Review Articles on the Health Effects of Passive Smoking Reach Different Conclusions. Journal of the American Medical Association 279: 1566-70.
20. Beauchamp, T., and J. Childress. 2001. Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 5th ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
21. Bechtel, W., and R. Richardson. 1993. Discovering Complexity:Decomposition and Localization as Strategies in Scientific Research. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
22. Beder, S. 2000. Global Spin, rev. ed. White River Junction, Vt.: Chelsea Green.
23. Begley, S. 2003. Scientists Revisit Idea That Little Poisons Could Be Beneficial. Wall Street Journal, December 19.
24. Beierle, T. 1999. Using Social Goals to Evaluate Public Participation in Environmental Decisions. Policy Studies Review 16: 76-103.
25. Beierle, T. 2002. The Quality of Stakeholder-based Decisions. Risk Analysis 22:739-49.
26. Bekelman, J., Y. Lee, and C. Gross. 2003. Scope and Impact of Financial Conflicts of Interest in Biomedical Research. Journal of the American Medical Association 289: 454-65.
27. Bell, I. 1996. Clinically Relevant EEG Studies and Psychophysiological Findings: Possible Neural Mechanisms for Multiple Chemical Sensitivity. Toxicology 111: 101-17.
28. Berry, W. 1986. The Unsettling of America: Culture and Agriculture. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books.
29. Biddle, J. 2006. "Socializing Science: On the Epistemic Significance of the Institutional Context of Science." PhD diss., University of Notre Dame.
30. Biello, D. 2006. Mixing It Up. Scientific American, May 10, http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=mixing-it-up (accessed April 16, 2009).
31. Boyce, N. 2004. Is There a Tonic in the Toxin? U.S. News and World Report, October 10.
32. Braun, J., K. Yolton, K. N. Dietrich, R. Hornung, Y. Xiaoyun, A. M. Calafat, and B. P. Lanphear, et al. 2009. Prenatal Bisphenol A Exposure and Early Childhood Behavior. Environmental Health Perspectives 117: 1945-52.
33. Bridgman, P. 1927. The Logic of Modern Physics. New York: Macmillan.
34. Broley, C. 1958. The Plight of the American Bald Eagle. Audubon Magazine 60: 162-63, 171.
35. Brown, H. 1977. Perception, Theory, and Commitment: The New Philosophy of Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
36. Brown, J. R. 2002. Funding, Objectivity, and the Socialization of Medical Research. Science and Engineering Ethics 8: 295-308.
37. Brown, P., and E. Mikkelsen. 1990. No Safe Place: Toxic Waste, Leukemia, and Community Action. Berkeley: University of California Press.
38. Browning, L. 2007. Makers of Artificial Sweeteners Go to Court. New York Times, April 6.
39. Bryan, C., T. Call, and K. Elliott. 2007. The Ethics of Infection Control:Philosophical Frameworks. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 28:1077-84.
40. Busenberg, G. 1999. Collaborative and Adversarial Analysis in Environmental Policy. Policy Sciences 32: 1-11.
41. Cain, D., G. Loewenstein, and D. Moore. 2005. The Shortcomings of Disclosure as a Solution to Conflicts of Interest. In Conflicts of Interest:Challenges and Solutions in Business, Law, Medicine, and Public Policy, ed. D. Moore, D. Cain, G. Loewenstein, and M. Bazerman, 104-25. New York:Cambridge University Press.
42. Calabrese, E. 1999. Evidence That Hormesis Represents an "Overcompensation" Response to a Disruption in Homeostasis. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 42: 135-37.
43. Calabrese, E. 2001. Overcompensation Stimulation: A Mechanism for Hormetic Effects. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 31: 425-70.
44. Calabrese, E. 2004. Hormesis: From Marginalization to Mainstream: A Case for Hormesis as the Default Dose-response Model in Risk Assessment. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 197: 125-36.
45. Calabrese, E. 2005. Paradigm Lost, Paradigm Found: The Re-emergence of Hormesis as a Fundamental Dose Response Model in the Toxicological Sciences. Environmental Pollution 138: 378-411.
46. Calabrese, E. 2007. Elliott's Ethics of Expertise Proposal and Application: A Dangerous Precedent. Science and Engineering Ethics 13: 139-45.
47. Calabrese, E. 2007. Threshold-Dose-Response Model-RIP: 1911 to 2006. BioEssays 29: 686-88.
48. Calabrese, E. 2008. Hormesis: Why It Is Important to Toxicology and Toxicologists. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 27: 1451-74.
49. Calabrese, E. 2009. Hormesis: A Conversation with a Critic. Environmental Health Perspectives 117: 1339-43.
50. Calabrese, E. 2010. Hormesis: Once Marginalized, Evidence Now Supports Hormesis as the Most Fundamental Dose Response. In Hormesis: A Revolution in Biology, Toxicology, and Medicine, ed. M. Mattson and E. Calabrese, 15-56. New York: Springer.
51. Calabrese, E. 2010. Hormesis: Calabrese Responds. Environmental Health Perspectives 118: a153-4.
52. Calabrese, E., K. A. Bachmann, A. J. Bailer, P. M. Bolger, J. Borak, L. Cai, N. Cedergreen, et al. 2007. Biological Stress Response Terminology: Integrating the Concepts of Adaptive Response and Preconditioning Stress within a Hormetic Dose-response Framework. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 222: 122-28.
53. Calabrese, E., and L. Baldwin. 1997. The Dose Determines the Stimulation (and Poison): Development of a Chemical Hormesis Database. International Journal of Toxicology 16: 545-59.
54. Calabrese, E., and L. Baldwin. 1998a. Chemical Hormesis: Scientific Foundations. College Station:Texas Institute for the Advancement of Chemical Technology.
55. Calabrese, E., and L. Baldwin. 1998b. A General Classification of U-shaped Dose-response Relationships in Toxicology and Their Mechanistic Foundations. Human and Experimental Toxicology 17: 353-64.
56. Calabrese, E., and L. Baldwin. 2000a. Chemical Hormesis: Its Historical Foundations as a Biological Hypothesis. Human and Experimental Toxicology 19: 2-31.
57. Calabrese, E., and L. Baldwin. 2000b. The Marginalization of Hormesis. Human and Experimental Toxicology 19: 32-40.
58. Calabrese, E., and L. Baldwin. 2000c. Tales of Two Similar Hypotheses: The Rise and Fall of Chemical and Radiation Hormesis. Human and Experimental Toxicology 19: 85-97.
59. Calabrese, E., and L. Baldwin. 2001a. The Frequency of U-shaped Dose Responses in the Toxicological Literature. Toxicological Sciences 62: 330-38.
60. Calabrese, E., and L. Baldwin. 2001b. Hormesis: U-shaped Dose Responses and Their Centrality in Toxicology. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 22: 285-91.
61. Calabrese, E., and L. Baldwin. 2002a. Applications of Hormesis in Toxicology, Risk Assessment, and Chemotherapeutics. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 23: 331-37.
62. Calabrese, E., and L. Baldwin. 2002b. Defining Hormesis. Human and Experimental Toxicology 21: 91-97.
63. Calabrese, E., and L. Baldwin. 2003a. Hormesis at the National Toxicology Program (NTP): Evidence of Hormetic Dose Responses in NTP Dose-range Studies. Nonlinearity in Biology, Toxicology, and Medicine 1: 455-67.
64. Calabrese, E., and L. Baldwin. 2003b. Hormesis: The Dose-response Revolution. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 43: 175-97.
65. Calabrese, E., and L. Baldwin. 2003c. The Hormetic Dose-response Model Is More Common than the Threshold Model in Toxicology. Toxicological Sciences 71: 246-50.
66. Calabrese, E., and L. Baldwin. 2003d. Toxicology Rethinks Its Central Belief. Nature 421: 691-92.
67. Calabrese, E., L. Baldwin, and C. Holland. 1999. Hormesis: A Highly Generalizable and Reproducible Phenomenon with Important Implications for Risk Assessment. Risk Analysis 19: 261-81.
68. Calabrese, E., and R. Blain. 1999. The Single Exposure Carcinogen Database:Assessing the Circumstances under Which a Single Exposure to a Carcinogen Can Cause Cancer. Toxicological Sciences 50: 169-85.
69. Calabrese, E., and M. Mattson. 2010. The Hormetic Pharmacy: The Future of Natural Products and Man-made Drugs in Disease Prevention and Treatment. In Hormesis: A Revolution in Biology, Toxicology, and Medicine, ed. M. Mattson and E. Calabrese, 177-98. New York: Springer.
70. Calabrese, E., M. McCarthy, and E. Kenyon. 1987. The Occurrence of Chemically Induced Hormesis. Health Physics 52: 531-41.
71. Calabrese, E., J. Staudenmayer, E. Stanek, and G. Hoffmann. 2006. Hormesis Outperforms Threshold Model in National Cancer Institute Antitumor Drug Screening Database. Toxicological Sciences 94: 368-78.
72. Calabrese, E., J. Staudenmayer, E. Stanek, and G. Hoffmann. 2007. Hormesis and High Throughput Studies: Crump's Analysis Lacks Credibility. Toxicological Sciences 98: 602-603.
73. Callahan, M., and J. Tercier. 2007. The Relationship of Previous Training and Experience of Journal Peer Reviewers to Subsequent Review Quality. PLOS Medicine 4: 32-40.
74. Camerer, C., and R. Hogarth. 1999. The Effects of Financial Incentives in Experiments: A Review and Capital-labor-production Framework. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 19: 7-42.
75. Capek, S. 2000. Reframing Endometriosis: From "Career Women's Disease" to Environment/Body Connections. In Illness and the Environment: A Reader in Contested Medicine, ed. S. Kroll-Smith, P. Brown, and V. Gunter, 345-63. New York: New York University Press.
76. Caress, S., and A. Steinemann. 2003. A Review of a Two-phase Population Study of Multiple Chemical Sensitivities. Environmental Health Perspectives 111: 1490-97.
77. Carey, B. 2007. Criticism of a Gender Theory, and a Scientist under Siege. New York Times, August 21.
78. Carlsen, E., A. Giwercman, N. Keiding, and N. Skakkebaek. 1992. Evidence for Decreasing Quality of Semen during the Past 50 Years. British Medical Journal 305: 609-13.
79. Chapman, P. 2002. Defining Hormesis: Comments on Calabrese and Baldwin (2002). Human and Experimental Toxicology 21: 99-101.
80. Chugh, D., M. Bazerman, and M. Banaji. 2005. Bounded Ethicality as a Psychological Barrier to Recognizing Conflicts of Interest. In Conflicts of Interest: Challenges and Solutions in Business, Law, Medicine, and Public Policy, ed. D. Moore, D. Cain, G. Loewenstein, and M. Bazerman, 74-95. New York: Cambridge University Press.
81. Churchman, C. 1948. Statistics, Pragmatics, and Induction. Philosophy of Science 15: 249-68.
82. Churchman, C. 1956. Science and Decision-making. Philosophy of Science 23: 247-49.
83. Cohen, L. J. 1992. An Essay on Belief and Acceptance. New York: Oxford University Press.
84. Colborn, T., D. Dumanoski, and J. Myers. 1996. Our Stolen Future. New York:Dutton.
85. Cole, S., J. Cole, and G. Simon. 1981. Chance and Consensus in Peer Review. Science 214: 881-86.
86. Conant, J. B. 1951. Science and Common Sense. New Haven: Yale University Press.
87. Connolly, R., and W. Lutz. 2004. Nonmonotonic Dose-response Relationships:Mechanistic Basis, Kinetic Modeling, and Implications for Risk Assessment. Toxicological Sciences 77: 151-57.
88. Cook, R., and E. Calabrese. 2006. The Importance of Hormesis to Public Health. Environmental Health Perspectives 114: 1631-35.
89. Couch, S., and S. Kroll-Smith. 2000. Environmental Movements and Expert Knowledge: Evidence for a New Populism. In Illness and the Environment: A Reader in Contested Medicine, ed. S. Kroll-Smith, P. Brown, and V. Gunter, 384-404. New York: New York University Press.
90. Crain, D., S. J. Janssen, T. M. Edwards, J. Heindel, S-M. Ho, P. Hunt, T. Iguchi, et al. 2008. Female Reproductive Disorders: The Roles of Endocrinedisrupting Compounds and Developmental Timing. Fertility and Sterility 90:911-40.
91. Cranor, C. 1990. Some Moral Issues in Risk Assessment. Ethics 101: 123-43.
92. Cranor, C. 1993. Regulating Toxic Substances: A Philosophy of Science and the Law. New York: Oxford University Press.
93. Cranor, C. 1995. The Social Benefits of Expedited Risk Assessment. Risk Analysis 15: 353-58.
94. Cranor, C. 2008. Toxic Torts: Science, Law, and the Possibility of Justice. New York:Cambridge University Press.
95. Crump, K. 2001. Evaluating the Evidence for Hormesis: A Statistical Perspective. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 31: 669-79.
96. Crump, K. 2007. Limitations in the National Cancer Institute Antitumor Drug Screening Database for Evaluating Hormesis. Toxicological Sciences 98: 599-601.
97. Daston, L., and P. Galison. 2007. Objectivity. New York: Zone.
98. Davidoff, A., and L. Fogarty. 1994. Psychogenic Origins of Multiple Chemical Sensitivities Syndrome: A Critical Review of the Research Literature. Archives of Environmental Health 49: 316-25.
99. Davidson, R. 1986. Source of Funding and Outcomes of Clinical Trials. Journal of General Internal Medicine 3: 155-58.
100. Davis, D. 2003. When Smoke Ran like Water: Tales of Environmental Deception and the Battle against Pollution. New York: Basic Books.
101. Davis, D. 2007. The Secret History of the War on Cancer. New York: Basic Books.
102. Davis, J. M., and W. Farland. 1998. Biological Effects of Low-level Exposures:A Perspective from U.S. EPA Scientists. Environmental Health Perspectives 106: 380-81.
103. Davis, J. M., and D. Svendsgaard. 1990. U-shaped Dose-response Curves:Their Occurrence and Implications for Risk Assessment. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 30: 71-83.
104. Davis, J. M., and D. Svendsgaard. 1994. Nonmonotonic Dose-response Relationships in Toxicological Studies. In Biological Effects of Low Level Exposures: Dose-Response Relationships, ed. E. Calabrese, 67-85. Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis.
105. DeAngelis, C., J. Drazen, F. Frizelle, C. Haug, J. Hoey, R. Horton, S. Kotzin, et al. 2004. Clinical Trial Registration: A Statement from the International Council of Medical Journal Editors. Journal of the American Medical Association 292: 1363-64.
106. Derenzo, E. 2005. Conflict-of-interest Policy at the National Institutes of Health: The Pendulum Swings Wildly. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 45:199-208.
107. Dietz, T. 1995. Preface: Democracy and Science. In Fairness and Competence in Citizen Participation, ed. O. Renn, T. Webler, and P. Wiedemann, xvii-xix. Boston: Kluwer.
108. Donnelly, M. 2002. Consent: Bridging the Gap between Doctor and Patient. Cork: Cork University Press.
109. Dorato, M. 2004. Epistemic and Nonepistemic Values in Science. In Science, Values, and Objectivity, ed. P. Machamer and G. Wolters, 52-77. Pittsburgh:University of Pittsburgh Press.
110. Douglas, H. 2000. Inductive Risk and Values in Science. Philosophy of Science 67: 559-79.
111. Douglas, H. 2003. The Moral Responsibilities of Scientists: Tensions between Autonomy and Responsibility. American Philosophical Quarterly 40: 59-68.
112. Douglas, H. 2004. The Irreducible Complexity of Objectivity. Synthese 138: 453-73.
113. Douglas, H. 2007. Inserting the Public into Science. In Democratization of Expertise? Exploring Novel Forms of Scientific Advice in Political Decision-Making, ed. S. Maasen and P. Weingart, 153-69. New York: Springer.
114. Douglas, H. 2008a. The Role of Values in Expert Reasoning. Public Affairs Quarterly 22: 1-18.
115. Douglas, H. 2008b. Science, Hormesis, and Regulation. Human and Experimental Toxicology 27: 603-607.
116. Douglas, H. 2009. Science, Policy, and the Value-free Ideal. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
117. Dowie, M. 1998. What's Wrong with the New York Times Science Reporting? Nation, July 6, 13-14, 16-19.
118. Drazen, J., and G. Curfman. 2002. Financial Associations of Authors. New England Journal of Medicine 346: 1901-1902.
119. Dryzek, J. 2002. Deliberative Democracy and Beyond. New York: Oxford University Press.
120. Dupré, J. 2007. Fact and Value. In Value-free Science? Ideals and Illusions, ed. H. Kincaid, J. Dupré, and A. Wylie, 27-41. New York: Oxford University Press.
121. EDSTAC (Endocrine Disrupter Screening and Testing Advisory Committee). 1998. Final Report. Washington, D.C.: Environmental Protection Agency.
122. Efron, E. 1984. The Apocalyptics. New York: Simon and Schuster.
123. Einstein, A. 1998. Science and Religion. In Ideas and Opinions. New York:Bonanza.
124. Elliott, C. 2004. Pharma Goes to the Laundry: Public Relations and the Business of Medical Education. Hastings Center Report 34: 18-23.
125. Elliott, K. 2000. A Case for Caution: An Evaluation of Calabrese and Baldwin's Studies of Chemical Hormesis. Risk: Health, Safety, and Environment 11:177-96.
126. Elliott, K. 2004. Error as Means to Discovery. Philosophy of Science 71: 1-24.
127. Elliott, K. 2006. A Novel Account of Scientific Anomaly: Help for the Dispute over Low-dose Biochemical Effects. Philosophy of Science 73 (Proceedings): 790-802.
128. Elliott, K. 2008. Hormesis, Ethics, and Public Policy: An Overview. Human and Experimental Toxicology 27: 659-62.
129. Elliott, K. 2009. The Ethical Significance of Language in the Environmental Sciences: Case Studies from Pollution Research. Ethics, Place, and Environment 12: 157-73.
130. Elliott, K., and D. McKaughan. 2009. How Values in Discovery and Pursuit Alter Theory Appraisal. Philosophy of Science 76 (December): 598-611.
131. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 2000. Comments on the Use of Data from the Testing of Human Subjects: A Report by the Science Advisory Board and the FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel. Washington, D.C.: Author.
132. Epstein, S. 2000. Democracy, Expertise, and AIDS Treatment Activism. In Science, Technology, and Democracy, ed. D. Kleinman, 15-32. Albany: SUNY Press.
133. Escobar, J., C. Hoyos-Nervi, and M. Gara. 2002. Medically Unexplained Physical Symptoms in Medical Practice: A Psychiatric Perspective. Environmental Health Perspectives 110 (suppl. 4): 631-36.
134. Faden, R., and T. Beauchamp. 1986. A History and Theory of Informed Consent. New York: Oxford University Press.
135. Fagin, D., M. Lavelle, and the Center for Public Integrity. 1999. Toxic Deception, 2nd ed. Monroe, Maine: Common Courage.
136. Finkel, A. 1994. Rodent Tests Continue to Save Human Lives-Use of Rodents in Testing Possible Carcinogens. Insight on the News (December 12), http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1571/is_n50_v10/ai_15981072/? tag=content;col1 (accessed April 4, 2009).
137. Fiorino, D. 1990. Citizen Participation and Environmental Risk: A Survey of Institutional Mechanisms. Science, Technology, and Human Values 15: 226-43.
138. Fiorino, D. 1995. Regulatory Negotiation as a Form of Public Participation. In Fairness and Competence in Citizen Participation, ed. O. Renn, T. Webler, and P. Wiedemann, 223-37. Boston: Kluwer.
139. Fischer, F. 1993. Citizen Participation and the Democratization of Policy Expertise: From Theoretical Inquiry to Practical Cases. Policy Sciences 26:165-87.
140. Fishkin, J., and P. Laslett. 2003. Debating Deliberative Democracy. Oxford:Blackwell.
141. Foran, J. 1998. Regulatory Implications of Hormesis. Human and Experimental Toxicology 17: 441-43.
142. Franklin, P. 2006. EPA's Drinking Water Standards and the Shaping of Sound Science. In Shaping Science and Technology Policy: The Next Generation of Research, ed. D. Guston and D. Sarewitz, 102-23. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
143. Friedberg, M., B. Saffran, T. Stinson, W. Nelson, and C. Bennett. 1999. Evaluation of Conflict of Interest in Economic Analyses of New Drugs Used in Oncology. Journal of the American Medical Association 282: 1453-57.
144. Fujiwara, Y., T. Tomoko, Y. Toshie, and N. Fusao. 2002. Changes in Egg Size of the Diamondback Moth Plutella Xylostella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) Treated with Fenvalerate at Sublethal Doses and Viability of the Eggs. Applied Entomology and Zoology 37: 103-109.
145. Fumento, M. 1993. Science under Siege: Balancing Technology and the Environment. New York: Morrow.
146. Futrell, R. 2003. Technical Adversarialism and Participatory Collaboration in the U.S. Chemical Weapons Disposal Program. Science, Technology, and Human Values 28: 451-82.
147. Galinsky, A., and T. Mussweiler. 2001. First Offers as Anchors: The Role of Perspective-taking and Negotiator Focus. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81: 657-69.
148. GAO (General Accounting Office). 1998. Gulf War Illnesses: Federal Research Strategy Needs Reexamination. Washington, D.C.: Author, http://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/ns98104t.pdf (accessed June 22, 2007).
149. GAO (General Accounting Office). 2001. Air Pollution: EPA Should Improve Oversight of Emissions Reporting, GAO-01-46. Washington, D.C.: Author.
150. GAO (General Accounting Office). 2003. University Research: Most Federal Agencies Need to Better Protect against Financial Conflicts of Interest. Washington, D.C.: Author.
151. GAO (General Accounting Office). 2004. Gulf War Illnesses: DOD's Conclusions about U.S. Troops' Exposure Cannot Be Adequately Supported. Washington, D.C.: Author, http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d04159.pdf (accessed June 22, 2007).
152. Gardiner, S. 2004. Ethics and Global Climate Change. Ethics 114: 555-600.
153. Gerber, L., G. Williams, and S. Gray. 1999. The Nutrient-toxin Dosage Continuum in Human Evolution and Modern Health. Quarterly Review of Biology 74: 273-89.
154. Gert, B., C. Culver, and K. Clouser. 1997. Bioethics: A Return to Fundamentals. New York: Oxford University Press.
155. Gewirth, A. 1986. Professional Ethics: The Separatist Thesis. Ethics 96: 282-300.
156. Gibson, P., A. Elms, and L. Ruding. 2003. Perceived Treatment Efficacy for Conventional and Alternative Therapies Reported by Persons with Multiple Chemical Sensitivity. Environmental Health Perspectives 111: 1498-1504.
157. Giere, R. 2003. A New Program for Philosophy of Science. Philosophy of Science 70: 15-21.
158. Gieryn, T. 1999. Cultural Boundaries of Science: Credibility on the Line. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
159. Gilbert, M. 1995. Repeated Exposure to Lindane Leads to Behavioral Sensitization and Facilitates Electrical Kindling. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 17: 143-50.
160. Goldman, A. 1980. The Moral Foundations of Professional Ethics. Totowa, N.J.:Rowman and Littlefield.
161. Gore, A. 1996. Foreword. In Our Stolen Future, by T. Colborn, D. Dumanoski, and J. Myers, vii-ix. New York: Dutton.
162. Gots, R. 1996. Multiple Chemical Sensitivities: Distinguishing between Psychogenic and Toxicodynamic. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 24: S8-15.
163. Greenberg, D. 2007. Science for Sale: The Perils, Rewards, and Delusions of Campus Capitalism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
164. Guo, Y., P. C. Hsu, C. C. Hsu, and G. H. Lambert. 2000. Semen Quality after Prenatal Exposure to Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Dibenzofurans. Lancet 356: 1240-41.
165. Guston, D. 1999. Evaluating the First U.S. Consensus Conference: The Impact of the Citizen's Panel on Telecommunications and the Future of Democracy. Science, Technology, and Human Values 24: 451-82.
166. Guston, D. 2004. Forget Politicizing Science. Let's Democratize Science! Issues in Science and Technology 21: 25-28.
167. Guston, D. 2005. Institutional Design for Socially Robust Knowledge: The National Toxicology Program's Report on Carcinogens. In Democratization of Expertise? Exploring Novel Forms of Scientific Advice in Political Decision Making, ed. S. Maasen and P. Weingart, 63-79. Dordrecht: Springer.
168. Guston, D. 2008. Innovation Policy: Not Just a Jumbo Shrimp. Nature 454: 940-41.
169. Haack, S. 1996. Science as Social? Yes and No. In Feminism, Science, and the Philosophy of Science, ed. L. Hankinson Nelson and J. Nelson, 79-94. Boston:Kluwer.
170. Hansson, S. O. 2008. Ethical Principles for Hormesis Policies. Human and Experimental Toxicology 27: 609-12.
171. Hardell, L., M. Walker, B. Walhjalt, L. Friedman, and E. Richter. 2007. Secret Ties to Industry and Conflicting Interests in Cancer Research. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 50: 227-233.
172. Hardwig, J. 1994. Toward an Ethics of Expertise. In Professional Ethics and Social Responsibility, ed. D. Wueste. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield.
173. Harre, R., J. Brockmeier, and P. Muhlhauser. 1999. Greenspeak: A Study of Environmental Discourse. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.
174. Harris, G., and A. Berenson. 2005. 10 Voters on Panel Backing Pain Pills Had Industry Ties. New York Times, February 25, A1.
175. Hayes, T. 2004. There Is No Denying This: Defusing the Confusion about Atrazine. BioScience 54: 1138-39.
176. Healy, D., and D. Cattell. 2003. Interface between Authorship, Industry, and Science in the Domain of Therapeutics. British Journal of Psychiatry 183: 22-27.
177. Hempel, C. 1965. Science and Human Values. In Aspects of Scientific Explanation and Other Essays in the Philosophy of Science, 81-96. New York:Free Press.
178. Henschler, D. 2006. The Origin of Hormesis: Historical Background and Driving Forces. Human and Experimental Toxicology 25: 347-51.
179. Herbers, J. 2007. Watch Your Language! Racially Loaded Metaphors in Scientific Research. BioScience 57: 104-105.
180. Ho, S.-M., W.-Y. Tang, J. Belmonte de Frausto, and G. S. Prins. 2006. Developmental Exposure to Estradiol and Bisphenol A Increases Susceptibility to Prostate Carcinogenesis and Epigenetically Regulates Phosphodiesterase Type 4 Variant 4. Cancer Research 66: 5624-32.
181. Hoffmann, G. 2007. Letter to the Editor on Ethics of Expertise, Informed Consent, and Hormesis. Science and Engineering Ethics 13: 135-37.
182. Hoffmann, G. 2009. A Perspective on the Scientific, Philosophical, and Policy Dimensions of Hormesis. Dose-Response 7: 1-51.
183. Hoffmann, G., and W. E. Stempsey. 2008. The Hormesis Concept and Risk Assessment: Are There Unique Ethical and Policy Considerations? Human and Experimental Toxicology 27: 613-20.
184. Howard, D. 2003. Two Left Turns Make a Right: On the Curious Political Career of North-American Philosophy of Science at Mid-century. In Logical Empiricism in North America, ed. A. Richardson and G. Hardcastle, 25-93. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
185. Howard, D. 2006. Lost Wanderers in the Forest of Knowledge: Some Thoughts on the Discovery-justification Distinction. In Revisiting Discovery and Justification: Historical and Philosophical Perspectives on the Context Distinction, ed. J. Schickore and F. Steinle, 3-22. New York: Springer.
186. Hunt, G., and M. Hunt. 1977. Female-female Pairing in Western Gulls ( Larus occidentalis) in Southern California. Science 196: 1466-67.
187. Intemann, K. 2005. Feminism, Underdetermination, and Values in Science. Philosophy of Science 72: 1001-12.
188. Intersociety Working Group. 2006. Congressional Action on Research and Development in the FY 2006 Budget, http://www.aaas.org/spp/rd/ca06main.htm (accessed November 24, 2008).
189. Irvin, R., and J. Stansbury. 2004. Citizen Participation in Decision Making: Is It Worth the Effort? Public Administration Review 64: 55-65.
190. Irwin, A. 1995. Citizen Science: A Study of People, Expertise, and Sustainable Development. New York: Routledge.
191. Jamieson, D. 1996. Scientific Uncertainty: How Do We Know When to Communicate Research Findings to the Public? Science of the Total Environment 184: 103-107.
192. Jamieson, D. ed. 1999. Singer and His Critics. Oxford: Blackwell.
193. Jasanoff, S. 1990. The Fifth Branch: Science Advisors as Policymakers. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
194. Jasanoff, S. 1993. Procedural Choices in Regulatory Science. Risk: Issues in Health and Safety 4: 143-60.
195. Jasanoff, S. 2003. Technologies of Humility: Citizen Participation in Governing Science. Minerva 41: 223-44.
196. Jasanoff, S. 2005. Judgment under Siege: The Three-body Problem of Expert Legitimacy. In Democratization of Expertise? Exploring Novel Forms of Scientific Advice in Political Decision Making, ed. S. Maasen and P. Weingart, 209-24. Dordrecht: Springer.
197. Jasanoff, S., G. Markle, J. Peterson, and T. Pinch, eds. 2001. Handbook of Science and Technology Studies, rev. ed. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.
198. Jefferson, T., E. Wager, and F. Davidoff. 2002. Measuring the Quality of Editorial Peer Review. Journal of the American Medical Association 287:2786-90.
199. Jeffrey, R. 1956. Valuation and Acceptance of Scientific Hypotheses. Philosophy of Science 23: 237-46.
200. Joffres, M., T. Sampalli, and R. Fox. 2005. Physiologic and Symptomatic Responses to Low-level Substances in Individuals with and without Chemical Sensitivities: A Randomized Controlled Blinded Pilot Booth Study. Environmental Health Perspectives 113: 1178-83.
201. Johnson, A. 2004. The End of Pure Science: Science Policy from Bayh-Dole to the NNI. In Discovering the Nanoscale, ed. D. Baird, A. Nordmann, and J. Schummer, 217-30. Amsterdam: IOS Press.
202. Jonas, W. 2001. A Critique of "The Scientific Foundations of Hormesis." Critical Reviews in Toxicology 31: 625-29.
203. Joss, S., and J. Durant. 1995. Public Participation in Science: The Role of Consensus Conferences in Europe. London: Science Museum.
204. Kahan, D., P. Slovic, D. Braman, and J. Gastil. 2006. Fear of Democracy: A Cultural Evaluation of Sunstein on Risk. Harvard Law Review 119: 1071-1109.
205. Kaiser, J. 2003. Sipping from a Poisoned Chalice. Science 302: 376-79.
206. Kantrowitz, A. 1967. Proposal for an Institution for Scientific Judgment. Science 156: 763-64.
207. Kantrowitz, A. 1976. The Science Court Experiment: An Interim Report. Science 193:653-56.
208. Kassirer, J. 2005. On the Take: How Medicine's Complicity with Big Business Endangers Your Health. New York: Oxford University Press.
209. Kerns, T. 2001. Environmentally Induced Illnesses. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland.
210. Kincaid, H., J. Dupré, and A. Wylie. 2007a. Introduction. In Value-free Science? Ideals and Illusions, ed. H. Kincaid, J. Dupré, and A. Wylie, 3-26. New York: Oxford University Press.
211. Kincaid, H., J. Dupré, and A. Wylie. eds. 2007b. Value-free Science? Ideals and Illusions. New York: Oxford University Press.
212. Kitcher, P. 1985. Vaulting Ambition. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
213. Kitcher, P. 2001. Science, Truth, and Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press.
214. Kitcher, P. 2007. Scientific Research-Who Should Govern? NanoEthics 1: 177-84.
215. Kitchin, K., and J. W. Drane. 2005. A Critique of the Use of Hormesis in Risk Assessment. BELLE Newsletter 12: 8-12.
216. Klaassen, C. 2007. Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
217. Kleinman, D. 2000. Science, Technology, and Democracy. Albany: State University of New York Press.
218. Kleinman, D. 2005. Science and Technology in Society: From Biotechnology to the Internet. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell.
219. Koertge, N. 1998. A House Built on Sand: Exposing Postmodernist Myths about Science. New York: Oxford University Press.
220. Koizumi, K. 2008. Federal R&D in the FY 2009 Budget: An Introduction. In AAAS Report XXXIII: Research and Development FY 2009, by Intersociety Working Group, http://www.aaas.org/spp/rd/rd09main.htm (accessed November 24, 2008).
221. Kolata, G. 1996. Chemicals That Mimic Hormones Spark Alarm and Debate. New York Times, March 19, C1, C10.
222. Kourany, J. 2003. A Philosophy of Science for the Twenty-first Century. Philosophy of Science 70: 1-14.
223. Krimsky, S. 2000a. Environmental Endocrine Hypothesis and Public Policy. In Illness and the Environment: A Reader in Contested Medicine, ed. S. Kroll-Smith, P. Brown, and V. Gunter, 95-107. New York: New York University Press.
224. Krimsky, S. 2000b. Hormonal Chaos: The Scientific and Social Origins of the Environmental Endocrine Hypothesis. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
225. Krimsky, S. 2003. Science in the Private Interest. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield.
226. Krimsky, S., and L. S. Rothenberg. 2001. Conflict of Interest Policies in Science and Medical Journals: Editorial Practices and Author Disclosure. Science and Engineering Ethics 7: 205-18.
227. Krimsky, S., P. Stott, and G. Kyle. 1996. Financial Interests of Authors in Scientific Journals: A Pilot Study of 14 Publications. Science and Engineering Ethics 2: 395-410.
228. Kroll-Smith, J. S., and H. Floyd. 1997. Bodies in Protest: Environmental Illness and the Struggle over Medical Knowledge. New York: New York University Press.
229. Kuhn, T. 1977. Rationality, Value Judgment, and Theory Choice. In The Essential Tension, 320-39. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
230. Lacey, H. 1999. Is Science Value Free? London: Routledge.
231. Lacey, H. 2004. Is There a Significant Distinction between Cognitive and Social Values? In Science, Values, and Objectivity, ed. P. Machamer and G. Wolters, 24-51. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
232. Lacour, M., T. Zunder, K. Schmidtke, P. Vaith, and C. Scheidt. 2005. Multiple Chemical Sensitivity Syndrome (MCS)-Suggestions for an Extension of the U.S. MCS-Case Definition. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 208: 141-51.
233. Lappé, M. 1991. Chemical Deception. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books.
234. Larson, B. 2005. The War of the Roses: Demilitarizing Invasion Biology. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3: 495-500.
235. Larson, B. 2006. The Social Resonance of Competitive and Progressive Evolutionary Metaphors. BioScience 56: 997-1004.
236. Laudan, L. 1984. Science and Values. Berkeley: University of California Press.
237. Lave, L. 2000. Hormesis: Policy Implications. Journal of Applied Toxicology 20: 141-45.
238. Lave, L. 2001. Hormesis: Implications for Public Policy regarding Toxicants. Annual Review of Public Health 22: 63-67.
239. Lave, L., and E. Seskin. 1970. Air Pollution and Human Health. Science 169:723-33.
240. Lee, J. 2003. Popular Pesticide Faulted for Frogs' Sexual Abnormalities. New York Times, June 19.
241. Leonhardt, D. 2007. A Battle over the Costs of Global Warming. New York Times, February 21, A20.
242. Longino, H. 1990. Science as Social Knowledge. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
243. Longino, H. 1994. Gender and Racial Biases in Scientific Research. In Ethics of Scientific Research, ed. K. Shrader-Frechette, 139-52. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield.
244. Longino, H. 1995. Gender, Politics, and the Theoretical Virtues. Synthese 104: 383-97.
245. Longino, H. 1997. Cognitive and Non-cognitive Values in Science: Rethinking the Dichotomy. In Feminism, Science, and the Philosophy of Science, ed. L. Hankinson Nelson and J. Nelson, 39-58. Boston: Kluwer.
246. Longino, H. 2002a. The Fate of Knowledge. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
247. Longino, H. 2002b. Science and the Common Good: Thoughts on Philip Kitcher's Science, Truth, and Democracy. Philosophy of Science 69: 560-68.
248. Lucier, G., and G. Hook. 1996. Anniversaries and Issues. Environmental Health Perspectives 104: 350.
249. Macedo, S., ed. 1999. Deliberative Politics: Essays on Democracy and Disagreement. New York: Oxford University Press.
250. Machamer, P., L. Darden, and C. Craver. 2000. Thinking about Mechanisms. Philosophy of Science 67: 1-25.
251. Machamer, P., and G. Wolters. 2004a. Introduction: Science, Values, and Objectivity. In Science, Values, and Objectivity, ed. P. Machamer and G. Wolters, 1-13. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
252. Machamer, P., L. Darden, and C. Craver. eds. 2004b. Science, Values, and Objectivity. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
253. Mackay, A. 1991. A Dictionary of Scientific Quotations. Bristol: Institute of Physics Publishing.
254. Madison, J. 1961. The Federalist No. 10. In The Federalist Papers, ed. C. Rossiter, 77-84. New York: Signet.
255. Maker, W. 1994. Scientific Autonomy, Scientific Responsibility. In Professional Ethics and Social Responsibility, ed. D. Wueste, 219-42. Lanham, Md.:Rowman and Littlefield.
256. Manson, N. 2002. Formulating the Precautionary Principle. Environmental Ethics 24: 263-74.
257. Markowitz, G., and D. Rosner. 2002. Deceit and Denial: The Deadly Politics of Industrial Pollution. Berkeley: University of California Press.
258. Marris, E. 2006. Should Conservation Biologists Push Policies? Nature 442:13.
259. Martin, E. 1996. The Egg and the Sperm: How Science Has Constructed a Romance Based on Stereotypical Male-female Roles. In Feminism and Science, ed. E. Fox Keller and H. Longino, 103-17. New York: Oxford University Press.
260. Martin, M., and R. Schinzinger. 2004. Ethics in Engineering, 4th ed. New York:McGraw-Hill.
261. Matthews, A., and B. Martinez. 2004. Emails Suggest Merck Knew Vioxx's Dangers at Early Stage. Wall Street Journal (November 1).
262. Mattson, M. 2008. Hormesis Defined. Ageing Research Review 7: 1-7.
263. Mattson, M. 2010a. The Fundamental Role of Hormesis in Evolution. In Hormesis:A Revolution in Biology, Toxicology, and Medicine, ed. M. Mattson and C. Calabrese, 57-68. New York: Springer.
264. Mattson, M. 2010b. Preface. In Hormesis: A Revolution in Biology, Toxicology, and Medicine, ed. M. Mattson and E. Calabrese, v-vii. New York: Springer.
265. Mattson, M., and E. Calabrese, eds. 2010a. Hormesis: A Revolution in Biology, Toxicology, and Medicine. New York: Springer.
266. Mattson, M., and E. Calabrese, eds. 2010b. "Hormesis: What It Is and Why It Matters. In Hormesis: A Revolution in Biology, Toxicology, and Medicine, ed. M. Mattson and E. Calabrese, 1-13. New York: Springer.
267. Mattson, M., T. Son, and S. Camandola. 2007. Viewpoint: Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Potential of Neurohormetic Phytochemicals. Dose Response 5: 174-86.
268. May, T. 2002. Bioethics in a Liberal Society. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
269. Mayo, D. 1991. Sociological vs. Metascientific Views of Risk Assessment. In Acceptable Evidence: Science and Values in Risk Management, ed. D. Mayo and R. Hollander, 249-80. New York: Oxford University Press.
270. Mayo, D., and R. Hollander. 1991. Acceptable Evidence: Science and Values in Risk Management. New York: Oxford University Press.
271. Mayo, D., and A. Spanos. 2008. Risks to Health and Risks to Science: The Need for a Responsible "Bioevidential" Scrutiny. Human and Experimental Toxicology 27: 621-25.
272. Mazur, D. 2003. The New Medical Conversation. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield.
273. McGarity, T., and W. Wagner. 2008. Bending Science: How Special Interests Corrupt Public Health Research. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
274. McGinn, A. 2002. Reducing Our Toxic Burden. In State of the World 2002, ed. Linda Starke, 75-100. New York: Norton.
275. McKaughan, D. 2007. "Toward a Richer Vocabulary for Epistemic Attitudes:Mapping the Cognitive Landscape." PhD diss., University of Notre Dame.
276. McMullin, E. 1983. Values in Science. In PSA 1982, vol. 2, ed. P. Asquith and T. Nickles, 3-28. East Lansing: Philosophy of Science Association.
277. McMullin, E. 2000. Values in Science. In A Companion to the Philosophy of Science, ed. W. Newton-Smith, 550-60. Oxford: Blackwell.
278. Meffe, G., C. R. Carroll, and Contributors. 1997. Principles of Conservation Biology, 2nd ed. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer.
279. Menzie, C. 2001. Hormesis in Ecological Risk Assessment: A Useful Concept, a Confusing Term, and/or a Distraction? Human and Experimental Toxicology 20: 521-23.
280. Merton, R. 1942. The Sociology of Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
281. Michaels, D. 2008. Doubt Is Their Product: How Industry's Assault on Science Threatens Your Health. New York: Oxford University Press.
282. Miller, C., and H. Mitzel. 1995. Chemical Sensitivity Attributed to Pesticide Exposures versus Remodeling. Archives of Environmental Health 50: 119-29.
283. Miller, D. 2005. Commentary: Psychologically Nal{bar}ve Assumptions about the Perils of Conflicts of Interest. In Conflicts of Interest: Challenges and Solutions in Business, Law, Medicine, and Public Policy, ed. D. Moore, D. Cain, G. Loewenstein, and M. Bazerman, 126-29. New York: Cambridge University Press.
284. Milloy, S. 2001. Junk Science Judo: Self-defense against Health Scams and Scares. Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute.
285. Mitchell, S. 2004. The Prescribed and Proscribed Values in Science Policy. In Science, Values, and Objectivity, ed. P. Machamer and G. Wolters, 245-55. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
286. Moore, D., G. Loewenstein, D. Cain, and M. Bazerman. 2005. Introduction. In Conflicts of Interest: Challenges and Solutions in Business, Law, Medicine, and Public Policy, ed. D. Moore, D. Cain, G. Loewenstein, and M. Bazerman, 1-12. New York: Cambridge University Press.
287. Morris, J., ed. 2000. Rethinking Risk and the Precautionary Principle. Boston:Butterworth-Heinemann.
288. Munn Sanchez, E. 2004. The Expert's Role in Nanoscience and Technology. In Discovering the Nanoscale, ed. D. Baird, A. Nordmann, and J. Schummer, 257-68. Amsterdam: IOS Press.
289. Mushak, P. 2007. Hormesis and Its Place in Nonmonotonic Dose-response Relationships: Some Scientific Reality Checks. Environmental Health Perspectives 115: 500-506.
290. Mushak, P. 2009. Ad-hoc and Fast Forward: The Science of Hormesis Growth and Development. Environmental Health Perspectives 117: 1333-38.
291. Mushak, P. 2010. Hormesis: A Brief Reply to an Advocate. Environmental Health Perspectives 118: a153.
292. Mutz, D. 2008. Is Deliberative Democracy a Falsifiable Theory? Annual Review of Political Science 11: 521-38.
293. Myers, J., F. vom Saal, B. Akingbemi, K. Arizono, S. Belcher, T. Colborn, I. Chahoud, et al. 2009. Why Public Health Agencies Cannot Depend on Good Laboratory Practices as a Criterion for Selecting Data: The Case of Bisphenol A. Environmental Health Perspectives 117: 309-15.
294. Nagel, S., F. vom Saal, K. Thayer, M. Dhar, M. Boechler, and W. Welshons. 1997. Relative Binding Affinity-Serum Modified Access (RBA-SMA) Assay Predicts the Relative In Vivo Activity of the Xenoestrogens Bisphenol A and Octylphenol. Environmental Health Perspectives 105: 70-76.
295. Neafsey, P. J., H. Boxenbaum, D. A. Ciraulo, and D. J. Fournier. 1988. A Gompertz Age-specific Mortality Rate Model of Aging, Hormesis, and Toxicity:Fixed Dose Studies. Drug Metabolism Reviews 19: 369-401.
296. Nelson, D., R. Brownson, P. Remington, and C. Parvanta. 2002. Future Directions. In Communicating Public Health Information Effectively, ed. D. Nelson, R. Brownson, P. Remington, and C. Parvanta. Washington, D.C.:American Public Health Association.
297. Nisbet, M., and C. Mooney. 2007. Framing Science. Science 316: 56.
298. Norton, B. 2003. Searching for Sustainability. New York: Cambridge University Press.
299. Norton, B. 2005. Sustainability: A Philosophy of Adaptive Ecosystem Management. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
300. NRC (National Research Council). 1994. Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
301. NRC (National Research Council). 1996. Understanding Risk: Informing Decisions in a Democratic Society. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
302. NRC (National Research Council). 1999. Hormonally Active Agents in the Environment. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
303. NRC (National Research Council). 2005. Decision Making for the Environment. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
304. NRC (National Research Council). 2006. Health Effects from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation. BEIR VII Phase 2. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
305. NRC (National Research Council). 2008a. Phtalates and Cumulative Risk Assessment. Washington, D.C.:National Academies Press.
306. NRC (National Research Council). 2008b. Public Participation in Environmental Assessment and Decision Making. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
307. NTP (National Toxicology Program). 2001. National Toxicology Program's Report of the Endocrine Disruptors Low Dose Peer Review. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: National Toxicology Program.
308. Oleskey, C., A. Fleischman, L. Goldman, K. Hirschhorn, P. Landrigan, M. Lappé, M. F. Marhsall, et al. 2004. Pesticide Testing in Humans: Ethics and Public Policy. Environmental Health Perspectives 112: 914-19.
309. Owen, B., and R. Braeutigam. 1978. The Regulation Game. New York:HarperCollins.
310. Pall, M. 2003. Elevated Nitric Oxide/peroxynitrite Theory of Multiple Chemical Sensitivity: Central Role of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors in the Sensitivity Mechanism. Environmental Health Perspectives 111: 1461-64.
311. Parsons, P. 2001. The Hormetic Zone: An Ecological and Evolutionary Perspective Based upon Habitat Characteristics and Fitness Selection. Quarterly Review of Biology 76: 459-67.
312. Paustenbach, D. 1989. A Survey of Health Risk Assessment. In The Risk Assessment of Environmental and Human Health Hazards, ed. D. Paustenbach, 27-124. New York: Wiley.
313. Pielke, R., Jr. 2007. The Honest Broker: Making Sense of Science in Policy and Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
314. Pimple, K. 2002. Six Domains of Research Ethics: A Heuristic Framework for the Responsible Conduct of Research. Science and Engineering Ethics 8:191-205.
315. Poumadere, M. 2002. Hormesis: Public Health Policy, Organizational Safety, and Risk Communication. BELLE Newsletter 11: 33-35.
316. Pratkanis, A., A. Greenwald, M. Leippe, and M. Baumgardner. 1988. In Search of Reliable Persuasion Effects: The Sleeper Effect Is Dead: Long Live the Sleeper Effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54: 203-18.
317. Press, E., and J. Washburn. 2000. The Kept University. Atlantic Monthly, http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/2000/03/press.htm (accessed February 16, 2007).
318. Raffensperger, C., and J. Tickner. 1999. Protecting Public Health and the Environment. Washington, D.C.: Island.
319. Raloff, J. 2007. Counterintuitive Toxicology. Science News 171: 40-42.
320. Rampton, S., and J. Stauber. 2001. Trust Us, We're Experts! New York:Putnam.
321. Reiss, J., and P. Kitcher. 2008. Neglected Diseases and Well-ordered Science. Technical Report 06/08 from the LSE Centre for the Philosophy of Natural and Social Science, Contingency and Dissent in Science, http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/CPNSS/projects/ContingencyDissentInScience/DP/DPReissKitcher0608 Online.pdf (accessed April 26, 2009).
322. Renn, O. 1998. Implications of the Hormesis Hypothesis for Risk Perception and Communication. BELLE Newsletter 7: 2-9.
323. Renn, O. 1999. Model for an Analytic-deliberative Process in Risk Management. Environmental Science and Technology 33: 3049-55.
324. Renn, O. 2002. Hormesis and Risk Communication. BELLE Newsletter 11: 2-24.
325. Renn, O. 2008. An Ethical Appraisal of Hormesis: Toward a Rational Discourse on the Acceptability of Risks and Benefits. Human and Experimental Toxicology 27: 627-32.
326. Renn, O., T. Webler, and P. Wiedemann, eds. 1995. Fairness and Competence in Citizen Participation. New York: Springer.
327. Renner, R. 2003. Hormesis: Nietzsche's Toxicology. Scientific American (September 28-30).
328. Resnik, D. 1996. Social Epistemology and the Ethics of Research. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 27: 565-86.
329. Resnik, D. 1998. The Ethics of Science. Routledge, London.
330. Resnik, D. 2001. Ethical Dilemmas in Communicating Medical Information to the Public. Health Policy 55: 129-49.
331. Resnik, D. 2006. The Price of Truth: How Money Affects the Norms of Science. New York: Oxford University Press.
332. Revkin, A. 2009. Hacked E-mail Is New Fodder for Climate Dispute. New York Times, November 20.
333. Roberts, S. 2001. Another View of the Scientific Foundations of Hormesis. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 31: 631-35.
334. Rodricks, J. 2003. Hormesis and Toxicological Risk Assessment. Toxicological Sciences 71: 134-36.
335. Rogers-Hayden, T., and N. Pidgeon. 2006. Reflecting upon the UK's Citizens' Jury on Nanotechnologies: Nano Jury UK. Nanotechnology Law and Business 2: 167-78.
336. Rogers-Hayden, T., and N. Pidgeon. 2008. Developments in Nanotechnology Public Engagement in the UK:"Upstream" towards Sustainability? Journal of Cleaner Production 16: 1010-13.
337. Rooney, P. 1992. On Values in Science: Is the Epistemic/non-epistemic Distinction Useful? In PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, vol. 1, ed. D. Hull, K. Okruhlik, and M. Forbes, 13-22. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
338. Ross, L., and R. Nisbett. 1991. The Person and the Situation:Perspectives of Social Psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill.
339. Roth, A., J. Dunsby, and L. Bero. 2003. Framing Processes in Public Commentary on U.S. Federal Tobacco Control Regulation. Social Studies of Science 33: 7-44.
340. Rothwell, P., and C. Martyn. 2000. Reproducibility of Peer Review in Clinical Neuroscience: Is Agreement between Reviewers Better than Would Be Expected by Chance Alone? Brain 123: 1964-69.
341. Rowe, G., and L. Frewer. 2000. Public Participation Methods: A Framework for Evaluation. Science, Technology, and Human Values 25: 3-29.
342. Rudner, R. 1953. The Scientist qua Scientist Makes Value Judgments. Philosophy of Science 20: 1-6.
343. Ruphy, S. 2006. "Empiricism All the Way Down": A Defense of the Valueneutrality of Science in Response to Helen Longino's Contextual Empiricism. Perspectives on Science 14: 189-214.
344. Safe, S. 1997. Editorial: Xenoestrogens and Breast Cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 337: 1303-1304.
345. Safe, S. 2000. Endocrine Disruptors and Human Health-Is There a Problem? An Update. Environmental Health Perspectives 108: 487-93.
346. Sandin, P. 1999. Dimensions of the Precautionary Principle. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 5: 889-907.
347. Sandin, P. 2008. The Ethics of Hormesis-No Fuss? Human and Experimental Toxicology 27: 643-46.
348. Sarewitz, D. 2004. How Science Makes Environmental Controversies Worse. Environmental Science and Policy 7: 385-403.
349. Sarewitz, D. 2009. A Tale of Two Sciences. Nature 462: 566.
350. Saul, S. 2007. Doctor Says Drug Maker Tried to Quash His Criticism of Avandia. New York Times, June 2.
351. Scanlon, T. 1998. What We Owe to Each Other. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
352. Scheufele, D., and B. Lewenstein. 2005. The Public and Nanotechnology:How Citizens Make Sense of Emerging Technologies. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 7: 659-67.
353. Schiappa, E. 1996. Towards a Pragmatic Approach to Definition: "Wetlands" and the Politics of Meaning. In Environmental Pragmatism, ed. A. Light and E. Katz, 209-230. New York: Routledge.
354. Schiappa, E. 2003. Defining Reality: Definitions and the Politics of Meaning. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
355. Sclove, R., and M. Scammell. 1999. Practicing the Principle. In Protecting Public Health and the Environment, ed. C. Raffensperger and J. Tickner, 252-65. Washington, D.C.: Island.
356. Scriven, M. 1974. The Exact Role of Value Judgments in Science. In PSA 1972, ed. K. Schaffner and R. Cohen, 219-47. Dordrecht: Reidel.
357. Shabecoff, P., and A. Shabecoff. 2008. Poisoned Profits: The Toxic Assault on Our Children. New York: Random House.
358. Shamoo, A., and D. Resnik. 2002. Responsible Conduct of Research. New York: Oxford University Press.
359. Shock, N. 1962. Biological Aspects of Aging. New York: Columbia University Press.
360. Shrader-Frechette, K. 1985. Science Policy, Ethics, and Economic Methodology. Dordrecht: Reidel.
361. Shrader-Frechette, K. 1991. Risk and Rationality: Philosophical Foundations for Populist Reforms. Berkeley: University of California Press.
362. Shrader-Frechette, K. 1993. Consent and Nuclear Waste Disposal. Public Affairs Quarterly 7:363-77.
363. Shrader-Frechette, K. 1994. The Ethics of Scientific Research. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield.
364. Shrader-Frechette, K. 1995. Evaluating the Expertise of Experts. Risk: Health, Safety, and Environment 6: 115-26.
365. Shrader-Frechette, K. 1997. Hydrogeology and Framing Questions Having Policy Consequences. Philosophy of Science 64 (suppl.): S149-60.
366. Shrader-Frechette, K. 2000. Radiobiological Hormesis, Methodological Value Judgments, and Metascience. Perspectives on Science 8: 367-79.
367. Shrader-Frechette, K. 2002. Environmental Justice: Creating Equality, Reclaiming Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press.
368. Shrader-Frechette, K. 2004. Review of Risk and Reason by Cass Sunstein. Ethics 114: 376.
369. Shrader-Frechette, K. 2007a. Nanotoxicology and Ethical Conditions for Informed Consent. Nanoethics 1: 47-56.
370. Shrader-Frechette, K. 2007b. Taking Action, Saving Lives: Our Duties to Protect Environmental and Public Health. New York: Oxford University Press.
371. Shrader-Frechette, K. 2008a. Evidentiary Standards and Animal Data. Environmental Justice 1: 1-6.
372. Shrader-Frechette, K. 2008b. Ideological Toxicology: Invalid Logic, Science, Ethics about Lowdose Pollution. Human and Experimental Toxicology 27: 647-57.
373. Shrader-Frechette, K., and E. McCoy. 1994. How the Tail Wags the Dog: How Value Judgments Determine Ecological Science. Environmental Values 3:107-20.
374. Sielken, R., Jr., and D. Stevenson. 1998. Some Implications for Quantitative Risk Assessment If Hormesis Exists. Human and Experimental Toxicology 17:259-62.
375. Silbergeld, E. 1991. Risk Assessment and Risk Management: An Uneasy Divorce. In Acceptable Evidence: Science and Evidence in Risk Assessment, ed. D. Mayo and R. Hollander, 99-114. New York: Oxford University Press.
376. Singer, P. 1972. Famine, Affluence, and Morality. Philosophy and Public Affairs 1: 229-42.
377. Smith, R. 2006. The Trouble with Medical Journals. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 99: 115-19.
378. Solomon, M. 2001. Social Empiricism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
379. Southam, C., and J. Ehrlich. 1943. Effects of Extracts of Western Red-cedar Heartwood on Certain Wood-decaying Fungi in Culture. Phytopathology 33:517-24.
380. Staudenmayer, H., K. Binkley, A. Leznoff, and S. Phillips. 2003a. Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance: Part 1: A Causation Analysis Applying Bradford Hill's Criteria to the Toxicogenic Theory. Toxicological Reviews 22: 235-46.
381. Staudenmayer, H., K. Binkley, A. Leznoff, and S. Phillips. 2003b. Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance: Part 2: A Causation Analysis Applying Bradford Hill's Criteria to the Psychogenic Theory. Toxicological Reviews 22: 247-61.
382. Stebbing, A. 1982. Hormesis-The Stimulation of Growth by Low Levels of Inhibitors. Science of the Total Environment 22: 213.
383. Stebbing, A. 1998. A Theory for Growth Hormesis. Mutation Research 403: 249-58.
384. Steel, D. 2010. Epistemic Values and the Argument from Inductive Risk. Philosophy of Science 77: 14-34.
385. Stelfox, H., G. Chua, K. O'Rourke, and A. Detsky. 1998. Conflict of Interest in the Debate over Calcium-channel Antagonists. New England Journal of Medicine 338: 101-106.
386. Stipp, D. 2003. A Little Poison Can Be Good for You. Fortune 147: 53-55.
387. Stokes, D. 1997. Pasteur's Quadrant. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
388. Sunstein, C. 2002. Risk and Reason. New York: Cambridge University Press.
389. Sunstein, C. 2005. Laws of Fear: Beyond the Precautionary Principle. New York:Cambridge University Press.
390. Swan, S., E. Elkin, and L. Fenster. 1997. Have Sperm Densities Declined? A Reanalysis of Global Trend Data. Environmental Health Perspectives 105:128-32.
391. Swan, S., R. L. Kruse, F. Liu, D. B. Barr, E. Z Drobnis, J. B. Redmon, C. Wang, et al. 2003. Semen Quality in Relation to Biomarkers of Pesticide Exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives 111: 1478-84.
392. Tarlo, S., N. Poonai, K. Binkley, M. Antony, and R. Swinson. 2002. Responses to Panic Induction Procedures in Subjects with Multiple Chemical Sensitivity/Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance: Understanding the Relationship with Panic Disorder. Environmental Health Perspectives 110 (suppl. 4): 669-71.
393. Task Force on Financial Conflicts of Interest in Clinical Research. 2001. Protecting Subjects, Preserving Trust, Promoting Progress: Policy and Guidelines for the Oversight of Individual Financial Interests in Human Subjects Research. Association of American Medical Colleges.
394. Task Force on Research Accountability. 2001. Report on Institutional and Individual Conflict of Interest. Association of American Universities.
395. Teeguarden, J., Y. Dragan, and H. Pitot. 1998. Implications of Hormesis on the Bioassay and Hazard Assessment of Chemical Carcinogens. Human and Experimental Toxicology 17: 254-58.
396. Teeguarden, J., Y. Dragan, and H. Pitot. 2000. Hazard Assessment of Chemical Carcinogens: The Impact of Hormesis. Journal of Applied Toxicology 20: 113-20.
397. Thayer, K., R. Melnick, K. Burns, D. Davis, and J. Huff. 2005. Fundamental Flaws of Hormesis for Public Health Decisions. Environmental Health Perspectives 113: 1271-76.
398. Thompson, D. 1993. Understanding Financial Conflicts of Interest. New England Journal of Medicine 329: 573-76.
399. Thompson, P. 1995. The Spirit of the Soil: Agriculture and Environmental Ethics. New York: Routledge.
400. Thompson, P. 1999. The Ethics of Truth Telling and the Problem of Risk. Science and Engineering Ethics 5: 489-510.
401. Tickner, J. ed. 2003. Precaution, Environmental Science, and Preventive Public Policy. Washington, DC: Island Press.
402. Toumey, C. 1996. Conjuring Science: Scientific Symbols and Cultural Meanings in American Life. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.
403. Toumey, C. 2006. Science and Democracy. Nature Nanotechnology 1: 6-7.
404. Tuller, D. 2007. Chronic Fatigue No Longer Seen as "Yuppie Flu." New York Times, July 17.
405. Turner, S. 2001. What Is the Problem with Experts? Social Studies of Science 31: 123-49.
406. Turner, S. 2003. Liberal Democracy 3.0. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.
407. Upton, A. 2002. Comments on the Article "Defining Hormesis," by EJ Calabrese and LA Baldwin. Human and Experimental Toxicology 21: 111.
408. Urbina, I. 2007. Gas May Have Harmed Troops, Scientists Say. New York Times, May 17.
409. U.S. Census Bureau. 2008. Pollution Abatement Costs and Expenditures:2005, MA200(05). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, http://www.census.gov/prod/2008pubs/ma200-05.pdf (accessed October 22, 2008).
410. van der Woude, H., G. Alink, and I. Rietjens. 2005. The Definition of Hormesis and Its Implications for In Vitro to In Vivo Extrapolation and Risk Assessment. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 35: 603-607.
411. van Fraassen, B. 1980. The Scientific Image. Oxford: Clarendon.
412. Vedantam, S. 2006. Comparison of Schizophrenia Drugs Often Favors Firm Funding Study. Washington Post, April 12, A1.
413. Vichi, P., and T. Tritton. 1989. Stimulation of Growth in Human and Murine Cells by Adriamycin. Cancer Research 49: 2679-82.
414. vom Saal, F. 2007. Hormesis Controversy. Environmental Science and Technology 41: 3.
415. vom Saal, F., S. M. Belcher, L. J. Guillette, R. Hauser, J. P. Myers, G. S. Prins, W. V. Welshons, et al. 2007. Chapel Hill Bisphenol A Expert Panel Consensus Statement: Integration of Mechanisms, Effects in Animals, and Potential to Impact Human Health at Current Levels of Exposure. Reproductive Toxicology 24: 131-38.
416. vom Saal, F., and C. Hughes. 2005. An Extensive New Literature concerning Low-dose Effects of Bisphenol A Shows the Need for a New Risk Assessment. Environmental Health Perspectives 113: 926-33.
417. Wager, E., and T. Jefferson. 2001. Shortcomings of Peer Review in Biomedical Journals. Learned Publishing 14: 257-63.
418. Wargo, J. 1996. Our Children's Toxic Legacy. New Haven: Yale University Press.
419. Wear, S. 1993. Informed Consent: Patient Autonomy and Physician Beneficence within Clinical Medicine. Boston: Kluwer.
420. Weeks, E. 2000. The Practice of Deliberative Democracy: Results from Four Large-scale Trials. Public Administration Review 60: 360-72.
421. Weiss, R. 2005. Many Scientists Admit to Misconduct. Washington Post, June 9, A3.
422. Weltje, L., F. vom Saal, and J. Oehlmann. 2005. Reproductive Stimulation by Low Doses of Xenoestrogens Contrasts with the View of Hormesis as an Adaptive Response. Human and Experimental Toxicology 24: 431-37.
423. Wetherill, Y., C. E. Petre, K. R. Monk, A. Puga, and K. E. Knudsen. 2002. The Xenoestrogen Bisphenol A Induces Inappropriate Androgen Receptor Activation and Mitogenesis in Prostatic Adenocarcinoma Cells. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 1: 515-24.
424. Whelan, E. 1993. Toxic Terror. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus.
425. Whelan, E. 2005. Ratty Test Rationale. Washington Times, January 11, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2005/jan/11/20050111-083925-7283r/(accessed April 4, 2009).
426. Wigley, D., and K. Shrader-Frechette. 1996. Environmental Justice: A Louisiana Case Study. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 9: 61-82.
427. Wilholt, T. 2006. Design Rules: Industrial Research and Epistemic Merit. Philosophy of Science 73: 66-89.
428. Wilholt, T. 2009. Bias and Values in Scientific Research. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 40: 92-101.
429. Wilkinson, T. 2001. Research, Informed Consent, and the Limits of Disclosure. Bioethics 15: 341-63.
430. Wilson, J., and R. Willis. 2004. See-through Science: Why Public Engagement Needs to Move Upstream. London: Demos.
431. Woodward, A., H. Percival, M. Jennings, and C. Moore. 1993. Low Clutch Viability of American Alligators on Lake Apopka. Florida Science 56: 52-63.
432. Wueste, D. 1994. Role Moralities and the Problem of Conflicting Obligations. In Professional Ethics and Social Responsibility, ed. D. Wueste, 103-20. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield.
433. Wynne, B. 1989. Sheep Farming after Chernobyl: A Case Study in Communicating Scientific Information. Environment 31: 10-39.
434. Zapponi, G., and I. Marcello. 2006. Low-dose Risk, Hormesis, Analogical and Logical Thinking. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1076: 839-57.
435. Zavestoski, S., P. Brown, M. Linder, S. McCormick, and B. Mayer. 2002. Science, Policy, Activism, and War: Defining the Health of Gulf War Veterans. Science, Technology, and Human Values 27: 171-205.
436. Zegart, D. 2000. Civil Warriors. New York: Delacorte.