Technologies of humility: Citizen participation in governing science

Minerva

Volumn 41, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 223-244

  Jasanoff, Sheila ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 20444384978     PISSN: 00264695     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1025557512320     Document Type: Review

References (43)

1. Charles Perrow, Normal Accidents: Living with High Risk Technologies (New York: Basic Books, 1984).
2. Charles Perrow, Normal Accidents: Living with High Risk Technologies Ibid.
3. See also Diane Vaughan, The Challenger Launch Decision: Risky Technology, Culture, and Deviance at NASA (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996);
4. James F. Short and Lee Clarke (eds.), Organizations, Uncertainties, and Risk (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992);
5. and Lee Clarke, Acceptable Risk? Making Decisions in a Toxic Environment (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989).
6. Ulrich Beck, Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity (London: Sage, 1992).
7. A pre-eminent example of the calculative approach is given in John D. Graham and Jonathan B. Wiener (eds.), Risk versus Risk: Tradeoffs in Protecting Health and the Environment (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995).
8. Never far from the minds of philosophers and authors of fiction, these concerns have also been famously articulated in recent times by Bill Joy, co-founder and chief scientist of Sun Microsystems. See Joy, 'Why the Future Doesn't Need Us', Wired, http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.04/joy.html.
9. The locus classicus of this view of the right relations between knowledge and power is Don K. Price, The Scientific Estate (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1965).
10. See, in particular, Sheila Jasanoff, The Fifth Branch: Science Advisers as Policy-makers (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990).
11. United Kingdom, House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology, Third Report, Science and Society, http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/1d199900/ldselect/ldsctech/ 38/3801.htm (2000).
12. Commission of the European Communities, European Governance: A White Paper, COM (2001), 428, http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/com/cnc/2001/com2001_0428en01.pdf (Brussels, 27 July 2001), 19.
13. Vannevar Bush, Science - The Endless Frontier (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1945).
14. The creation of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to sponsor biomedical research, divided US science policy in a way not contemplated by Bush's original design. In the recent politics of science, NIH budgets have proved consistently easier to justify than appropriations for other branches of science.
15. For reviews of the extensive relevant literatures, see Sheila Jasanoff, Gerald E. Markle, James C. Petersen, and Trevor Pinch (eds.), Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995).
16. Daniel J. Kevles, The Baltimore Case: A Trial of Politics, Science, and Character (New York: Norton, 1998).
17. David H. Guston, Between Politics and Science: Assuring the Integrity and Productivity of Research (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
18. Daniel S. Greenberg, Science, Money, and Politics: Political Triumph and Ethical Erosion (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001).
19. See, for example, Sonja Boehmer-Christiansen, 'Global Climate Protection Policy: The Limits of Scientific Advice, Parts 1 and 2', Global Environmental Change, 4 (2), (1994), 140-159;
20. Sonja Boehmer-Christiansen, 'Global Climate Protection Policy: The Limits of Scientific Advice, Parts 1 and 2', Global Environmental Change, 4 (3), (1994), 185-200.
21. John E. Losey, L.S. Rayor, and M.E. Carter, 'Transgenic Pollen Harms Monarch Larvae', Nature, 399 (1999), 214.
22. Stanley W.B. Ewen and Arpad Pusztai, 'Effect of diets containing genetically modified potatoes expressing Galanthus nivalis lectin on rat small intestine', Lancet, 354 (1999), 1353-1354.
23. 'Nature Regrets Publication of Corn Study', The Washington Times, http://www.washingtontimes.com/national/20020405-9384015.htm, 5 April 2002.
24. Donald E. Stokes, Pasteur's Quadrant: Basic Science and Technological Innovation (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1997).
25. Silvio O. Funtowicz and Jerome R. Ravetz, 'Three Types of Risk Assessment and the Emergence of Post Normal Science', in Sheldon Krimsky and D. Golding (eds.), Social Theories of Risk (New York: Praeger, 1992), 251-273.
26. A problem with this analysis lies in the term 'post-normal science'. When scientific conclusions are so closely intertwined with social and normative considerations as in Funtowicz and Ravetz's outermost circle, one may just as well call the 'product' by another name, such as 'socially-relevant knowledge' or 'socio-technical knowledge'.
27. Jasanoff, op. cit. note 7.
28. Michael Gibbons, Camille Limoges, Helga Nowotny, Simon Schwartzman, Peter Scott, and Martin Trow, The New Production of Knowledge: The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies (London: Sage, 1994).
29. Ibid., 8.
30. Helga Nowotny, Peter Scott, and Michael Gibbons, Re-Thinking Science: Knowledge and the Public in an Age of Uncertainty (Cambridge: Polity, 2001), 166-178.
31. Public Law 105-277 (1998). The Office of Management and Budget in the Clinton administration controversially narrowed the scope of the law to apply not to all publicly-funded research, but only to research actually relied upon in policy-making. The issue is not completely resolved as of this writing.
32. European Commission, 1997 Communication of the European Commission on Consumer Health and Safety, COM (97), 183 fin. http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/index_en.html.
33. Simon Joss and John Durant (eds.), Public Participation in Science: The Role of Consensus Conferences in Europe (London: Science Museum, 1995).
34. In 1998, a small cotton seed company called Delta and Pine Land (D&PL) patented a technique designed to switch off the reproductive mechanism of agricultural plants, thereby rendering their seed sterile. The company hoped that this technology would help protect the intellectual property rights of agricultural biotechnology firms by taking away from farmers the capacity to re-use seed from a given year's genetically modified crops in the next planting season. While the technology was still years away from the market, rumours arose of a deal by Monsanto to acquire D&PL. This was the scenario that prompted RAFI to act. Robert F. Service, 'Seed-Sterilizing "Terminator Technology" Sows Discord', Science, 282 (1998), 850-851.
35. See, for example, Theodore M. Porter, Trust in Numbers: The Pursuit of Objectivity in Science and Public Life (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995).
36. Alan Irwin and Brian Wynne (eds.), Misunderstanding Science? The Public Reconstruction of Science and Technology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
37. Langdon Winner, 'On Not Hitting the Tar Baby', in Langdon Winner (ed.), The Whale and the Reactor: A Search for Limits in an Age of High Technology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), 138-154.
38. Jasanoff, op. cit. note 7.
39. Donald A. Schon and Martin Rein, Frame/Reflection: Toward the Resolution of Intractable Policy Controversies (New York: Basic Books, 1994).
40. Paul C. Stern and Harvey V. Fineberg (eds.), Understanding Risk: Informing Decisions in a Democratic Society (Washington, DC: National Academy of Science Press, 1996).
41. For some examples, see Irwin and Wynne, op. cit. note 32.
42. Bruce Bimber, The Politics of Expertise in Congress: The Rise and Fall of the Office of Technology Assessment (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996).
43. 'Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations', Executive Order 12298, Washington, DC, 11 February 1994.