The impact of leptin on perinatal development and psychopathology

Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy

Volumn 61, Issue , 2014, Pages 221-232

  Valleau, Jeanette C ^a   Sullivan, Elinor L ^a,b  

^a OREGON HEALTH AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PORTLAND   (United States)

Author keywords

Behavioral regulation; Inflammation; Mental health disorders; Neurodevelopment; Obesity; Pregnancy

Indexed keywords

LEPTIN; LEPTIN RECEPTOR; MESSENGER RNA; CYTOKINE; DOPAMINE; HYDROCORTISONE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; NEUROTRANSMITTER; SEROTONIN;

ADVERSE OUTCOME; AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; AUTISM; DEPRESSION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DOPAMINERGIC NERVE CELL; FETUS DEVELOPMENT; FETUS GROWTH; HORMONE BLOOD LEVEL; HORMONE SYNTHESIS; HUMAN; HYPERLEPTINEMIA; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; INFLAMMATION; MATERNAL OBESITY; MATERNAL SERUM; MENTAL DISEASE; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PERINATAL DEVELOPMENT; PLACENTA; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; RETT SYNDROME; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SEROTONINERGIC NERVE CELL; COMORBIDITY; HYDROCORTISONE RELEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SIDE EFFECT; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; WEIGHT GAIN; ANIMAL; BLOOD; BRAIN; COMPLICATION; EMBRYOLOGY; FEMALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; METABOLISM; OBESITY; PRENATAL EXPOSURE;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; FEMALE; HUMANS; LEPTIN; MENTAL DISORDERS; OBESITY; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL EXPOSURE DELAYED EFFECTS;

EID: 84916627856     PISSN: 08910618     EISSN: 18736300     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2014.05.001     Document Type: Article

References (201)

1. Abi-Dargham A., Rodenhiser J., Printz D., Zea-Ponce Y., Gil R., Kegeles L.S., Weiss R., Cooper T.B., Mann J.J., Van Heertum R.L., Gorman J.M., Laruelle M. Increased baseline occupancy of D2 receptors by dopamine in schizophrenia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2000, 97:8104-8109.
2. Acampa M., Guideri F., Hayek J., Blardi P., De Lalla A., Zappella M., Auteri A. Sympathetic overactivity and plasma leptin levels in Rett syndrome. Neurosci. Lett. 2008, 432:69-72.
3. Agrawal S., Gollapudi S., Su H., Gupta S. Leptin activates human B cells to secrete TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-10 via JAK2/STAT3 and p38MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway. J. Clin. Immunol. 2011, 31:472-478.
4. Aguiar-Nemer A.S., Toffolo M.C., da Silva C.J., Laranjeira R., Silva-Fonseca V.A. Leptin influence in craving and relapse of alcoholics and smokers. J. Clin. Med. Res. 2013, 5:164-167.
5. Aguilar-Valles A., Jung S., Poole S., Flores C., Luheshi G.N. Leptin and interleukin-6 alter the function of mesolimbic dopamine neurons in a rodent model of prenatal inflammation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012, 37:956-969.
6. Ahima R.S., Bjorbaek C., Osei S., Flier J.S. Regulation of neuronal and glial proteins by leptin: implications for brain development. Endocrinology 1999, 140:2755-2762.
7. Ahima R.S., Osei S.Y. Leptin signaling. Physiol. Behav. 2004, 81:223-241.
8. Ahima R.S., Prabakaran D., Flier J.S. Postnatal leptin surge and regulation of circadian rhythm of leptin by feeding. Implications for energy homeostasis and neuroendocrine function. J. Clin. Invest. 1998, 101:1020-1027.
9. Akerman F., Lei Z.M., Rao C.V. Human umbilical cord and fetal membranes co-express leptin and its receptor genes. Gynecol. Endocrinol.: Off. J. Int. Soc. Gynecol. Endocrinol. 2002, 16:299-306.
10. Aleffi S., Petrai I., Bertolani C., Parola M., Colombatto S., Novo E., Vizzutti F., Anania F.A., Milani S., Rombouts K., Laffi G., Pinzani M., Marra F. Upregulation of proinflammatory and proangiogenic cytokines by leptin in human hepatic stellate cells. Hepatology (Baltimore, MD) 2005, 42:1339-1348.
11. Alexander C., Cochran C.J., Gallicchio L., Miller S.R., Flaws J.A., Zacur H. Serum leptin levels, hormone levels, and hot flashes in midlife women. Fertil. Steril. 2010, 94:1037-1043.
12. Angelidou A., Asadi S., Alysandratos K.-D., Karagkouni A., Kourembanas S., Theoharides T. Perinatal stress, brain inflammation and risk of autism-review and proposal. BMC Pediatr. 2012, 12:89.
13. Arborelius L., Owens M.J., Plotsky P.M., Nemeroff C.B. The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in depression and anxiety disorders. J. Endocrinol. 1999, 160:1-12.
14. Asakawa A., Inui A., Inui T., Katsuura G., Fujino M.A., Kasuga M. Leptin treatment ameliorates anxiety in ob/ob obese mice. J. Diabetes Complications 2003, 17:105-107.
15. Ashwood P., Kwong C., Hansen R., Hertz-Picciotto I., Croen L., Krakowiak P., Walker W., Pessah I.N., Van de Water J. Brief report: plasma leptin levels are elevated in autism: association with early onset phenotype?. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 2008, 38:169-175.
16. Atmaca M., Kuloglu M., Tezcan E., Gecici O., Ustundag B. Weight gain, serum leptin and triglyceride levels in patients with schizophrenia on antipsychotic treatment with quetiapine, olanzapine and haloperidol. Schizophr. Res. 2003, 60:99-100.
17. Atmaca M., Kuloglu M., Tezcan E., Ustundag B. Serum leptin and cholesterol levels in schizophrenic patients with and without suicide attempts. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2003, 108:208-214.
18. Atmaca M., Kuloglu M., Tezcan E., Ustundag B., Bayik Y. Serum leptin and cholesterol levels in patients with bipolar disorder. Neuropsychobiology 2002, 46:176-179.
19. Atmaca M., Kuloglu M., Tezcan E., Ustundag B., Gecici O., Firidin B. Serum leptin and cholesterol values in suicide attempters. Neuropsychobiology 2002, 45:124-127.
20. Bankier B., Barajas J., Martinez-Rumayor A., Januzzi J.L. Association between C-reactive protein and generalized anxiety disorder in stable coronary heart disease patients. Eur. Heart J. 2008, 29:2212-2217.
21. Banks W.A., Coon A.B., Robinson S.M., Moinuddin A., Shultz J.M., Nakaoke R., Morley J.E. Triglycerides induce leptin resistance at the blood-brain barrier. Diabetes 2004, 53:1253-1260.
22. Banks W.A., DiPalma C.R., Farrell C.L. Impaired transport of leptin across the blood-brain barrier in obesity. Peptides 1999, 20:1341-1345.
23. Banks W.A., Farr S.A., Morley J.E. The effects of high fat diets on the blood-brain barrier transport of leptin: failure or adaptation?. Physiol. Behav. 2006, 88:244-248.
24. Bates S.H., Stearns W.H., Dundon T.A., Schubert M., Tso A.W., Wang Y., Banks A.S., Lavery H.J., Haq A.K., Maratos-Flier E., Neel B.G., Schwartz M.W., Myers M.G. STAT3 signalling is required for leptin regulation of energy balance but not reproduction. Nature 2003, 421:856-859.
25. Baumann H., Morella K.K., White D.W., Dembski M., Bailon P.S., Kim H., Lai C.F., Tartaglia L.A. The full-length leptin receptor has signaling capabilities of interleukin 6-type cytokine receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1996, 93:8374-8378.
26. Bilbo S.D., Tsang V. Enduring consequences of maternal obesity for brain inflammation and behavior of offspring. FASEB J.: Off. Publ. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 2010, 24:2104-2115.
27. Blackmore E.R., Moynihan J.A., Rubinow D.R., Pressman E.K., Gilchrist M., O'Connor T.G. Psychiatric symptoms and proinflammatory cytokines in pregnancy. Psychosom. Med. 2011, 73:656-663.
28. Blardi P., de Lalla A., Ceccatelli L., Vanessa G., Auteri A., Hayek J. Variations of plasma leptin and adiponectin levels in autistic patients. Neurosci. Lett. 2010, 479:54-57.
29. Blardi P., de Lalla A., D'Ambrogio T., Vonella G., Ceccatelli L., Auteri A., Hayek J. Long-term plasma levels of leptin and adiponectin in Rett syndrome. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 2009, 70:706-709.
30. Blardi P., de Lalla A., D'Ambrogio T., Zappella M., Cevenini G., Ceccatelli L., Auteri A., Hayek J. Rett syndrome and plasma leptin levels. J. Pediatr. 2007, 150:37-39.
31. Bluher S., Mantzoros C.S. Leptin in reproduction. Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes. 2007, 14:458-464.
32. Bouchard L., Thibault S., Guay S.-P., Santure M., Monpetit A., St-Pierre J., Perron P., Brisson D. Leptin gene epigenetic adaptation to impaired glucose metabolism during pregnancy. Diabetes Care 2010, 33:2436-2441.
33. Bouret S.G. Neurodevelopmental actions of leptin. Brain Res. 2010, 1350:2-9.
34. Brennan A.M., Fargnoli J.L., Williams C.J., Li T., Willett W., Kawachi I., Qi L., Hu F.B., Mantzoros C.S. Phobic anxiety is associated with higher serum concentrations of adipokines and cytokines in women with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009, 32:926-931.
35. Buka S.L., Tsuang M.T., Torrey E.F., Klebanoff M.A., Wagner R.L., Yolken R.H. Maternal cytokine levels during pregnancy and adult psychosis. Brain Behav. Immun. 2001, 15:411-420.
36. Burghardt P.R., Love T.M., Stohler C.S., Hodgkinson C., Shen P.-H., Enoch M.-A., Goldman D., Zubieta J.-K. Leptin regulates dopamine responses to sustained stress in humans. J. Neurosci. 2012, 32:15369-15376.
37. Caro J.F., Kolaczynski J.W., Nyce M.R., Ohannesian J.P., Opentanova I., Goldman W.H., Lynn R.B., Zhang P.L., Sinha M.K., Considine R.V. Decreased cerebrospinal-fluid/serum leptin ratio in obesity: a possible mechanism for leptin resistance. Lancet 1996, 348:159-161.
38. Castracane V.D., Hendrickx A.G., Henson M.C. Serum leptin in nonpregnant and pregnant women and in old and new world nonhuman primates. Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood, NJ) 2005, 230:251-254.
39. Cetin I., Morpurgo P.S., Radaelli T., Taricco E., Cortelazzi D., Bellotti M., Pardi G., Beck-Peccoz P. Fetal plasma leptin concentrations: relationship with different intrauterine growth patterns from 19 weeks to term. Pediatr. Res. 2000, 48:646-651.
40. Challier J., Galtier M., Bintein T., Cortez A., Lepercq J., Hauguel-de Mouzon S. Placental leptin receptor isoforms in normal and pathological pregnancies. Placenta 2003, 24:92-99.
41. Challier J.C., Basu S., Bintein T., Minium J., Hotmire K., Catalano P.M., Hauguel-de Mouzon S. Obesity in pregnancy stimulates macrophage accumulation and inflammation in the placenta. Placenta 2008, 29:274-281.
42. Chen Z., Zhao Y., Yang Y., Li Z. Leptin withdrawal after birth: a neglected factor account for cognitive deficit in offspring of GDM mother. Med. Hypotheses 2011, 77:125-127.
43. Chirinos D., Goldberg R., Gellman M., Mendez A., Gutt M., McCalla J., Llabre M., Schneiderman N. Leptin and its association with somatic depressive symptoms in patients with the metabolic syndrome. Ann. Behav. Med. 2013, 46:31-39.
44. Chugani D.C., Muzik O., Behen M., Rothermel R., Janisse J.J., Lee J., Chugani H.T. Developmental changes in brain serotonin synthesis capacity in autistic and nonautistic children. Ann. Neurol. 1999, 45:287-295.
45. Cnattingius S., Villamor E., Johansson S., Edstedt Bonamy A.K., Persson M., Wikstrom A.K., Granath F. Maternal obesity and risk of preterm delivery. JAMA 2013, 309:2362-2370.
46. Collin M., Håkansson-Ovesjö M.-L., Misane I., Ögren S.O., Meister B. Decreased 5-HT transporter mRNA in neurons of the dorsal raphe nucleus and behavioral depression in the obese leptin-deficient ob/ob mouse. Mol. Brain. Res. 2000, 81:51-61.
47. Considine R.V., Sinha M.K., Heiman M.L., Kriauciunas A., Stephens T.W., Nyce M.R., Ohannesian J.P., Marco C.C., McKee L.J., Bauer T.L., Caro J.F. Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans. N. Engl. J. Med. 1996, 334:292-295.
48. Couce M.E., Burguera B., Parisi J.E., Jensen M.D., Lloyd R.V. Localization of leptin receptor in the human brain. Neuroendocrinology 1997, 66:145-150.
49. Coupe B., Grit I., Hulin P., Randuineau G., Parnet P. Postnatal growth after intrauterine growth restriction alters central leptin signal and energy homeostasis. PLoS One 2012, 7:e30616.
50. Crespi E.J., Denver R.J. Leptin (ob gene) of the South African clawed frog xenopus laevis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2006, 103:10092-10097.
51. Dandekar M.P., Singru P.S., Kokare D.M., Subhedar N.K. Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide plays a role in the manifestation of depression: social isolation and olfactory bulbectomy models reveal unifying principles. Neuropsychopharmacol.: Off. Publ. Am. Coll. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2009, 34:1288-1300.
52. Dashti S., Aboutaleb N., Shahbazi A. The effect of leptin on prepulse inhibition in a developmental model of schizophrenia. Neurosci. Lett. 2013, 25:555-557-561.
53. de Oliveira Cravo C., Teixeira C.V., Passos M.C.F., Dutra S.C.P., de Moura E.G., Ramos C. Leptin treatment during the neonatal period is associated with higher food intake and adult body weight in rats. Horm. Metab. Res. 2002, 34:400-405.
54. Delahaye F., Breton C., Risold P.Y., Enache M., Dutriez-Casteloot I., Laborie C., Lesage J., Vieau D. Maternal perinatal undernutrition drastically reduces postnatal leptin surge and affects the development of arcuate nucleus proopiomelanocortin neurons in neonatal male rat pups. Endocrinology 2008, 149:470-475.
55. Deng J., Liu Y., Yang M., Wang S., Zhang M., Wang X., Ko K.H., Hua Z., Sun L., Cao X., Lu L. Leptin exacerbates collagen-induced arthritis via enhancement of Th17 cell response. Arthritis Rheum. 2012, 64:3564-3573.
56. Djelantik A.A., Kunst A.E., van der Wal M.F., Smit H.A., Vrijkotte T.G. Contribution of overweight and obesity to the occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes in a multi-ethnic cohort: population attributive fractions for Amsterdam. BJOG: an international. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 2012, 119:283-290.
57. Dowlati Y., Herrmann N., Swardfager W., Liu H., Sham L., Reim E.K., Lanctot K.L. A meta-analysis of cytokines in major depression. Biol. Psychiatry 2010, 67:446-457.
58. Ehrhardt R.A., Slepetis R.M., Bell A.W., Boisclair Y.R. Maternal leptin is elevated during pregnancy in sheep. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 2001, 21:85-96.
59. El-Haschimi K., Pierroz D.D., Hileman S.M., Bjorbaek C., Flier J.S. Two defects contribute to hypothalamic leptin resistance in mice with diet-induced obesity. J. Clin. Invest. 2000, 105:1827-1832.
60. Elias C.F., Aschkenasi C., Lee C., Kelly J., Ahima R.S., Bjoraek C., Flier J.S., Saper C.B., Elmquist J.K. Leptin differentially regulates NPY and POMC neurons projecting to the lateral hypothalamic area. Neuron 1999, 23:775-786.
61. Elmquist J.K., Bjoraek C., Ahima R.S., Flier J.S., Saper C.B. Distributions of leptin receptor mRNA isoforms in the rat brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 1998, 395:535-547.
62. Erkonen G.E., Hermann G.M., Miller R.L., Thedens D.L., Nopoulos P.C., Wemmie J.A., Roghair R.D. Neonatal leptin administration alters regional brain volumes and blocks neonatal growth restriction-induced behavioral and cardiovascular dysfunction in male mice. Pediatr. Res. 2011, 69:406-412.
63. Ernst A., Sharma A.N., Elased K.M., Guest P.C., Rahmoune H., Bahn S. Diabetic db/db mice exhibit central nervous system and peripheral molecular alterations as seen in neurological disorders. Transl. Psychiatry 2013, 3:e263.
64. Fallah S., Sanjary Pour M., Rabbani Chadegani A., Korani M. Adiponectin, leptin and lipid profiles evaluation in oral contraceptive pill consumers. Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 2012, 285:1747-1752.
65. Fantuzzi G., Faggioni R. Leptin in the regulation of immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis. J. Leukoc. Biol. 2000, 68:437-446.
66. Fisher S.C., Kim S.Y., Sharma A.J., Rochat R., Morrow B. Is obesity still increasing among pregnant women? Prepregnancy obesity trends in 20 states, 2003-2009. Prev. Med. 2013, 56:372-378.
67. Fraga-Marques M.C., Moura E.G., Claudio-Neto S., Trevenzoli I.H., Toste F.P., Passos M.C.F., Lisboa P.C., Manhães A.C. Neonatal hyperleptinaemia programmes anxiety-like and novelty seeking behaviours but not memory/learning in adult rats. Horm. Behav. 2009, 55:272-279.
68. Frank S., Heni M., Moss A., von Schnurbein J., Fritsche A., Häring H.-U., Farooqi S., Preissl H., Wabitsch M. Leptin therapy in a congenital leptin-deficient patient leads to acute and long-term changes in homeostatic, reward, and food-related brain areas. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2011, 96:E1283-E1287.
69. Fulton S., Pissios P., Manchon R.P., Stiles L., Frank L., Pothos E.N., Maratos-Flier E., Flier J.S. Leptin regulation of the mesoaccumbens dopamine pathway. Neuron 2006, 51:811-822.
70. Gambino Y.P., Maymo J.L., Perez-Perez A., Duenas J.L., Sanchez-Margalet V., Calvo J.C., Varone C.L. 17Beta-estradiol enhances leptin expression in human placental cells through genomic and nongenomic actions. Biol. Reprod. 2010, 83:42-51.
71. Garza J.C., Guo M., Zhang W., Lu X.Y. Leptin restores adult hippocampal neurogenesis in a chronic unpredictable stress model of depression and reverses glucocorticoid-induced inhibition of GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling. Mol. Psychiatry 2011, 17:790-808.
72. Gavrilova O., Barr V., Marcus-Samuels B., Reitman M. Hyperleptinemia of pregnancy associated with the appearance of a circulating form of the leptin receptor. J.Biol. Chem. 1997, 272:30546-30551.
73. Ge J.-F., Qi C.-C., Zhou J.-N. Imbalance of leptin pathway and hypothalamus synaptic plasticity markers are associated with stress-induced depression in rats. Behav. Brain Res. 2013, 249:38-43.
74. Gill J.M., Saligan L., Woods S., Page G. PTSD is associated with an excess of inflammatory immune activities. Perspect. Psychiatr. Care 2009, 45:262-277.
75. Glasow A., Bornstein S.R. Leptin and the adrenal gland. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 2000, 30(Suppl. 3):39-45.
76. Gohlke B.C., Huber A., Bartmann P., Fimmers R., Hecher K., Bouret S.G., Roth C.L. Cord blood leptin and IGF-I in relation to birth weight differences and head circumference in monozygotic twins. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 2006, 19:3-9.
77. Graeff F.G. Ansiedade, pânico e o eixo hipotálamo-pituitária-adrenal. Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr. 2007, 29:S3-S6.
78. Greco R., Latini G., Chiarelli F., Iannetti P., Verrotti A. Leptin, ghrelin, and adiponectin in epileptic patients treated with valproic acid. Neurology 2005, 65:1808-1809.
79. Guo M., Huang T.-Y., Garza J.C., Chua S.C., Lu X.-Y. Selective deletion of leptin receptors in adult hippocampus induces depression-related behaviours. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013, 16:857-867.
80. Halaas J.L., Gajiwala K.S., Maffei M., Cohen S.L., Chait B.T., Rabinowitz D., Lallone R.L., Burley S.K., Friedman J.M. Weight-reducing effects of the plasma protein encoded by the obese gene. Science 1995, 269:543-546.
81. Haluzik M., Matoulek M., Svacina S., Hilgertova J., Haas T. The influence of short-term fasting on serum leptin levels, and selected hormonal and metabolic parameters in morbidly obese and lean females. Endocr. Res. 2001, 27:251-260.
82. Han Z., Yan J.Q., Luo G.G., Liu Y., Wang Y.L. Leptin receptor expression in the basolateral nucleus of amygdala of conditioned taste aversion rats. World J. Gastroenterol.: WJG 2003, 9:1034-1037.
83. Hardie L., Trayhurn P., Abramovich D., Fowler P. Circulating leptin in women: a longitudinal study in the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 1997, 47:101-106.
84. Harris R.B.S., Zhou J., Redmann S.M., Smagin G.N., Smith S.R., Rodgers E., Zachwieja J.J. A leptin dose-response study in obese (ob/ob) and lean (+/?) mice. Endocrinology 1998, 139:8-19.
85. Hassink S.G., de Lancey E., Sheslow D.V., Smith-Kirwin S.M., O'Connor D.M., Considine R.V., Opentanova I., Dostal K., Spear M.L., Leef K., Ash M., Spitzer A.R., Funanage V.L. Placental leptin: an important new growth factor in intrauterine and neonatal development?. Pediatrics 1997, 100:E1.
86. Hauguel-de Mouzon S., Lepercq J., Catalano P. The known and unknown of leptin in pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2006, 194:1537-1545.
87. Heiman M.L., Ahima R.S., Craft L.S., Schoner B., Stephens T.W., Flier J.S. Leptin inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in response to stress. Endocrinology 1997, 138:3859-3863.
88. Henson M.C., Castracane V.D., O'Neil J.S., Gimpel T., Swan K.F., Green A.E., Shi W. Serum leptin concentrations and expression of leptin transcripts in placental trophoblast with advancing baboon pregnancy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1999, 84:2543-2549.
89. Henson M.C., Swan K.F., O'Neil J.S. Expression of placental leptin and leptin receptor transcripts in early pregnancy and at term. Obstet. Gynecol. 1998, 92:1020-1028.
90. Herran A., Garcia-Unzueta M.T., Amado J.A., de La Maza M.T., Alvarez C., Vazquez-Barquero J.L. Effects of long-term treatment with antipsychotics on serum leptin levels. Br. J. Psychiatry: J. Ment. Sci. 2001, 179:59-62.
91. Himmerich H., Koethe D., Schuld A., Yassouridis A., Pollmächer T. Plasma levels of leptin and endogenous immune modulators during treatment with carbamazepine or lithium. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 2005, 179:447-451.
92. Hoge E.A., Brandstetter K., Moshier S., Pollack M.H., Wong K.K., Simon N.M. Broad spectrum of cytokine abnormalities in panic disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Depress. Anxiety 2009, 26:447-455.
93. Howes O.D., Williams M., Ibrahim K., Leung G., Egerton A., McGuire P.K., Turkheimer F. Midbrain dopamine function in schizophrenia and depression: a post-mortem and positron emission tomographic imaging study. Brain 2013, 136:3242-3251.
94. Ishikawa J., Ishikawa A., Nakamura S. Interferon-alpha reduces the density of monoaminergic axons in the rat brain. Neuroreport 2007, 18:137-140.
95. Jarskog L.F., Xiao H., Wilkie M.B., Lauder J.M., Gilmore J.H. Cytokine regulation of embryonic rat dopamine and serotonin neuronal survival in vitro. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 1997, 15:711-716.
96. Jin H., Meyer J.M., Mudaliar S., Jeste D.V. Impact of atypical antipsychotic therapy on leptin, ghrelin, and adiponectin. Schizophr. Res. 2008, 100:70-85.
97. Jin L., Burguera B.G., Couce M.E., Scheithauer B.W., Lamsan J., Eberhardt N.L., Kulig E., Lloyd R.V. Leptin and leptin receptor expression in normal and neoplastic human pituitary: evidence of a regulatory role for leptin on pituitary cell proliferation. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1999, 84:2903-2911.
98. Jockenhovel F., Blum W.F., Vogel E., Englaro P., Muller-Wieland D., Reinwein D., Rascher W., Krone W. Testosterone substitution normalizes elevated serum leptin levels in hypogonadal men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1997, 82:2510-2513.
99. Jow G.-M., Yang T.-T., Chen C.-L. Leptin and cholesterol levels are low in major depressive disorder, but high in schizophrenia. J. Affect. Disord. 2006, 90:21-27.
100. Kalra S.P. Central leptin insufficiency syndrome: an interactive etiology for obesity, metabolic and neural diseases and for designing new therapeutic interventions. Peptides 2008, 29:127-138.
101. Karakosta P., Georgiou V., Fthenou E., Papadopoulou E., Roumeliotaki T., Margioris A., Castanas E., Kampa M., Kogevinas M., Chatzi L. Maternal weight status, cord blood leptin and fetal growth: a prospective mother-child cohort study (rhea study). Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol. 2013, 27:461-471.
102. Kiyohara C., Yoshimasu K. Molecular epidemiology of major depressive disorder. Environ. Health Prev. Med. 2009, 14:71-87.
103. Kloiber S., Ripke S., Kohli M.A., Reppermund S., Salyakina D., Uher R., McGuffin P., Perlis R.H., Hamilton S.P., Putz B., Hennings J., Bruckl T., Klengel T., Bettecken T., Ising M., Uhr M., Dose T., Unschuld P.G., Zihl J., Binder E., Muller-Myhsok B., Holsboer F., Lucae S. Resistance to antidepressant treatment is associated with polymorphisms in the leptin gene, decreased leptin mRNA expression, and decreased leptin serum levels. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013, 23:653-662.
104. Korner J., Savontaus E., Chua S.C., Leibel R.L., Wardlaw S.L. Leptin regulation of Agrp and Npy mRNA in the rat hypothalamus. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2001, 13:959-966.
105. Korschenhausen D.A., Hampel H.J., Ackenheil M., Penning R., Muller N. Fibrin degradation products in post mortem brain tissue of schizophrenics: a possible marker for underlying inflammatory processes. Schizophr. Res. 1996, 19:103-109.
106. Kraus T., Haack M., Schuld A., Hinze-Selch D., Koethe D., Pollmächer T. Body weight, the tumor necrosis factor system, and leptin production during treatment with mirtazapine or venlafaxine. Pharmacopsychiatry 2002, 35:220-225.
107. Kraus T., Haack M., Schuld A., Hinze-Selch D., Pollmächer T. Low leptin levels but norma body mass indices in patients with depression or schizophrenia. Neuroendocrinology 2001, 73:243-247.
108. Krügel U., Schraft T., Kittner H., Kiess W., Illes P. Basal and feeding-evoked dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens is depressed by leptin. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2003, 482:185-187.
109. Ladyman S.R. Leptin resistance during pregnancy in the rat. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2008, 20:269-277.
110. Lappas M., Permezel M., Rice G.E. Leptin and adiponectin stimulate the release of proinflammatory cytokines and prostaglandins from human placenta and maternal adipose tissue via nuclear factor-κB, peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-γ and extracellularly regulated kinase 1/2. Endocrinology 2005, 146:3334-3342.
111. Lawson E.A., Miller K.K., Blum J.I., Meenaghan E., Misra M., Eddy K.T., Herzog D.B., Klibanski A. Leptin levels are associated with decreased depressive symptoms in women across the weight spectrum, independent of body fat. Clin. Endocrinol. 2012, 76:520-525.
112. Lea R.G., Howe D., Hannah L.T., Bonneau O., Hunter L., Hoggard N. Placental leptin in normal, diabetic and fetal growth-retarded pregnancies. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 2000, 6:763-769.
113. Lee G.H., Proenca R., Montez J.M., Carroll K.M., Darvishzadeh J.G., Lee J.I., Friedman J.M. Abnormal splicing of the leptin receptor in diabetic mice. Nature 1996, 379:632-635.
114. Leinninger G.M. Lateral thinking about leptin: a review of leptin action via the lateral hypothalamus. Physiol. Behav. 2011, 104:572-581.
115. Lepercq J., Cauzac M., Lahlou N., Timsit J., Girard J., Auwerx J., Hauguel-de Mouzon S. Overexpression of placental leptin in diabetic pregnancy: a critical role for insulin. Diabetes 1998, 47:847-850.
116. Leshan R.L., Opland D.M., Louis G.W., Leinninger G.M., Patterson C.M., Rhodes C.J., Munzberg H., Myers M.G. Ventral tegmental area leptin receptor neurons specifically project to and regulate cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript neurons of the extended central amygdala. J. Neurosci.: Off. J. Soc. Neurosci. 2010, 30:5713-5723.
117. Levay E.A., Paolini A.G., Govic A., Hazi A., Penman J., Kent S. Anxiety-like behaviour in adult rats perinatally exposed to maternal calorie restriction. Behav. Brain Res. 2008, 191:164-172.
118. Levin B.E., Dunn-Meynell A.A. Reduced central leptin sensitivity in rats with diet-induced obesity. Am. J. Physiol. Regul., Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2002, 283:R941-R948.
119. Liao S.-C., Lee M.-B., Lee Y.-J., Huang T.-S. Hyperleptinemia in subjects with persistent partial posttraumatic stress disorder after a major earthquake. Psychosom. Med. 2004, 66:23-28.
120. Licinio J., Mantzoros C., Negrao A.B., Cizza G., Wong M.-L., Bongiorno P.B., Chrousos G.P., Karp B., Allen C., Flier J.S., Gold P.W. Human leptin levels are pulsatile and inversely related to pituitary-ardenal function. Nat. Med. 1997, 3:575-579.
121. Lin W.H., Chen M.D., Liao W.C., Lin P.Y. Relationship between brain serotonin and calmodulin in young, genetically obese (ob/ob) mice. J. Formos. Med. Assoc.=Taiwan yi zhi 1992, 91:665-668.
122. Linnemann K., Malek A., Sager R., Blum W.F., Schneider H., Fusch C. Leptin production and release in the dually in vitro perfused human placenta. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2000, 85:4298-4301.
123. Liu Q., Dalman M., Chen Y., Akhter M., Brahmandam S., Patel Y., Lowe J., Thakkar M., Gregory A.V., Phelps D., Riley C., Londraville R.L. Knockdown of leptin A expression dramatically alters zebrafish development. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 2012, 178:562-572.
124. Loffreda S., Yang S.Q., Lin H.Z., Karp C.L., Brengman M.L., Wang D.J., Klein A.S., Bulkley G.B., Bao C., Noble P.W., Lane M.D., Diehl A.M. Leptin regulates proinflammatory immune responses. FASEB J.: Off. Publ. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 1998, 12:57-65.
125. Lord G.M., Matarese G., Howard J.K., Baker R.J., Bloom S.R., Lechler R.I. Leptin modulates the T-cell immune response and reverses starvation-induced immunosuppression. Nature 1998, 394:897-901.
126. Lu X.-Y. The leptin hypothesis of depression: a potential link between mood disorders and obesity?. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 2007, 7:648-652.
127. Lu X.Y., Kim C.S., Fraser A., Zhang W. Leptin: a potential novel antidepressant. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2006, 103:1593-1598.
128. Machinal-Quelin F., Dieudonne M.N., Pecquery R., Leneveu M.C., Giudicelli Y. Direct in vitro effects of androgens and estrogens on ob gene expression and leptin secretion in human adipose tissue. Endocrine 2002, 18:179-184.
129. Machinal F., Dieudonne M.N., Leneveu M.C., Pecquery R., Giudicelli Y. In vivo and in vitro ob gene expression and leptin secretion in rat adipocytes: evidence for a regional specific regulation by sex steroid hormones. Endocrinology 1999, 140:1567-1574.
130. Masuzaki H., Ogawa Y., Sagawa N., Hosoda K., Matsumoto T., Mise H., Nishimura H., Yoshimasa Y., Tanaka I., Mori T., Nakao K. Nonadipose tissue production of leptin: leptin as a novel placenta-derived hormone in humans. Nat. Med. 1997, 3:1029-1033.
131. Matochik J.A., London E.D., Yildiz B.O., Ozata M., Caglayan S., DePaoli A.M., Wong M.L., Licinio J. Effect of leptin replacement on brain structure in genetically leptin-deficient adults. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2005, 90:2851-2854.
132. Meister B. Control of food intake via leptin receptors in the hypothalamus. Vitam. Horm. 2000, 59:265-304.
133. Mellati A.A., Mazloomzadeh S., Anjomshoaa A., Alipour M., Karimi F., Mazloomi S., Naghi Kazemi S.A. Multiple correlations between cord blood leptin concentration and indices of neonatal growth. Arch. Med. Res. 2010, 41:26-32.
134. Mesaros A., Koralov S.B., Rother E., Wunderlich F.T., Ernst M.B., Barsh G.S., Rajewsky K., Brüning J.C. Activation of Stat3 signaling in AgRP neurons promotes locomotor activity. Cell Metab. 2008, 7:236-248.
135. Milaneschi Y., Simonsick E.M., Vogelzangs N., Strotmeyer E.S., Yaffe K., Harris T.B., Tolea M.I., Ferrucci L., Penninx B.W. Leptin, abdominal obesity, and onset of depression in older men and women. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2012, 73:1205-1211.
136. Mingrone G., Manco M., Granato L., Calvani M., Scarfone A., Valera Mora E., Greco A.V., Vidal H., Castagneto M., Ferrannini E. Leptin pulsatility in formerly obese women. FASEB J. 2005, 10:1380-1382.
137. Morash B., Li A., Murphy P.R., Wilkinson M., Ur E. Leptin gene expression in the brain and pituitary gland. Endocrinology 1999, 140:5995-5998.
138. Morris A.A., Ahmed Y., Stoyanova N., Hooper W.C., De Staerke C., Gibbons G., Quyyumi A., Vaccarino V. The association between depression and leptin is mediated by adiposity. Psychosom. Med. 2012, 74:483-488.
139. Moss B.G., Chugani D.C. Increased risk of very low birth weight, rapid postnatal growth, and autism in underweight and obese mothers. Am. J. Health Promot.: AJHP 2014, 28:181-188.
140. Muhlhausler B.S., Duffield J.A., McMillen I.C. Increased maternal nutrition increases leptin expression in perirenal and subcutaneous adipose tissue in the postnatal lamb. Endocrinology 2007, 148:6157-6163.
141. Munzberg H., Myers M.G. Molecular and anatomical determinants of central leptin resistance. Nat. Neurosci. 2005, 8:566-570.
142. Ng P.C., Lam C.W.K., Lee C.H., Wong G.W.K., Fok T.F., Wong E., Ma K.C., Chan I.H.S. Leptin and metabolic hormones in infants of diabetic mothers. Arch. Dis. Child. - Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2000, 83:F193-F197.
143. O'Malley D., MacDonald N., Mizielinska S., Connolly C.N., Irving A.J., Harvey J. Leptin promotes rapid dynamic changes in hippocampal dendritic morphology. Mol. Cell Neurosci. 2007, 35:559-572.
144. Oades R.D., Lasky-Su J., Christiansen H., Faraone S.V., Sonuga-Barke E.J., Banaschewski T., Chen W., Anney R.J., Buitelaar J.K., Ebstein R.P., Franke B., Gill M., Miranda A., Roeyers H., Rothenberger A., Sergeant J.A., Steinhausen H.C., Taylor E.A., Thompson M., Asherson P. The influence of serotonin- and other genes on impulsive behavioral aggression and cognitive impulsivity in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): findings from a family-based association test (FBAT) analysis. Behav. Brain Funct.: BBF 2008, 4:48.
145. Ogden C.L., Carroll M.D., Kit Flegal B.K.K.M. Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012. JAMA 2014, 311(February (8)):806-814.
146. Ogier V., Ziegler O., Mejean L., Nicolas J.P., Stricker-Krongrad A. Obesity is associated with decreasing levels of the circulating soluble leptin receptor in humans. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord.: J. Int. Assoc. Study Obes. 2002, 26:496-503.
147. Oomura Y., Hori N., Shiraishi T., Fukunaga K., Takeda H., Tsuji M., Matsumiya T., Ishibashi M., Aou S., Li X.L., Kohno D., Uramura K., Sougawa H., Yada T., Wayner M.J., Sasaki K. Leptin facilitates learning and memory performance and enhances hippocampal CA1 long-term potentiation and CaMK II phosphorylation in rats. Peptides 2006, 27:2738-2749.
148. Oomura Y., Hori N., Shiraishi T., Fukunaga K., Takeda H., Tsuji M., Matsumiya T., Ishibashi M., Aou S., Li X.L., Kohno D., Uramura K., Sougawa H., Yada T., Wayner M.J., Sasaki K. Leptin facilitates learning and memory performance and enhances hippocampal CA1 long-term potentiation and CaMK II phosphorylation in rats. Peptides 2006, 27:2738-2749.
149. Ostlund R.E., Yang J.W., Klein S., Gingerich R. Relation between plasma leptin concentration and body fat, gender, diet age, and metabolic covariates. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1996, 81:3909-3913.
150. Otsuka R., Yatsuya H., Tamakoshi K., Matsushita K., Wada K., Toyoshima H. Perceived psychological stress and serum leptin concentrations in Japanese men. Obesity 2006, 14:1832-1838.
151. Ozcan L., Ergin A.S., Lu A., Chung J., Sarkar S., Nie D., Myers M.G., Ozcan U. Endoplasmic reticulum stress plays a central role in development of leptin resistance. Cell Metab. 2009, 9:35-51.
152. Pasco J.A., Jacka F.N., Williams L.J., Henry M.J., Nicholson G.C., Kotowicz M.A., Berk M. Leptin in depressed women: cross-sectional and longitudinal data from an epidemiologic study. J. Affect. Disord. 2008, 107:221-225.
153. Pessin J.E., Kwon H. Adipokines mediate inflammation and insulin resistance. Front. Endocrinol. 2013, 4:71.
154. Petersen M.B., Pedersen S.A., Greisen G., Pedersen J.F., Molsted-Pedersen L. Early growth delay in diabetic pregnancy: relation to psychomotor development at age 4. Br. Med. J. 1988, 296:598-600.
155. Piper M., Beneyto M., Burne T.H., Eyles D.W., Lewis D.A., McGrath J.J. The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia: convergent clues from epidemiology and neuropathology. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 2012, 35:571-584.
156. Prieur X., Tung Y.C., Griffin J.L., Farooqi I.S., O'Rahilly S., Coll A.P. Leptin regulates peripheral lipid metabolism primarily through central effects on food intake. Endocrinology 2008, 149:5432-5439.
157. Proulx K., Clavel S., Nault G., Richard D., Walker C.-D. High neonatal leptin exposure enhances brain gr expression and feedback efficacy on the adrenocortical axis of developing rats. Endocrinology 2001, 142:4607-4616.
158. Quinton N., Lee A., Ross R., Eastell R., Blakemore A. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the leptin receptor is associated with BMI, fat mass and leptin levels in postmenopausal Caucasian women. Hum. Genet. 2001, 108:233-236.
159. Roubos E.W., Dahmen M., Kozicz T., Xu L. Leptin and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal stress axis. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 2012, 177:28-36.
160. Saad M.F., Riad-Gabriel M.G., Khan A., Sharma A., Michael R., Jinagouda S.D., Boyadjian R., Steil G.M. Diurnal and ultradian rhythmicity of plasma leptin: effects of gender and adiposity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1998, 83:453-459.
161. Saladin R., De Vos P., Guerre-Millo M., Leturque A., Girard J., Staels B., Auwerx J. Transient increase in obese gene expression after food intake or insulin administration. Nature 1995, 377:527-529.
162. Samuelsson A.-M., Clark J., Rudyk O., Shattock M.J., Bae S.E., South T., Pombo J., Redington K., Uppal E., Coen C.W., Poston L., Taylor P.D. Experimental hyperleptinemia in neonatal rats leads to selective leptin responsiveness, hypertension, and altered myocardial function. Hypertension 2013, 62:627-633.
163. Sarandakou A., Protonotariou E., Rizos D., Malamitsi-Puchner A., Giannaki G., Phocas I., Creatsas G. Serum leptin concentrations during the perinatal period. Am. J. Perinatol. 2000, 17:325-328.
164. Sattar N., Greer I.A., Pirwani I., Gibson J., Wallace A.M. Leptin levels in pregnancy: marker for fat accumulation and mobilization?. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 1998, 77:278-283.
165. Schubring C., Englaro P., Siebler T., Blum W.F., Demirakca T., Kratzsch J., Kiess W. Longitudinal analysis of maternal serum leptin levels during pregnancy, at birth and up to six weeks after birth: relation to body mass index, skinfolds, sex steroids and umbilical cord blood leptin levels. Horm. Res. 1998, 50:276-283.
166. Schubring C., Kiess W., Englaro P., Rascher W., Dotsch J., Hanitsch S., Attanasio A., Blum W.F. Levels of leptin in maternal serum, amniotic fluid, and arterial and venous cord blood: relation to neonatal and placental weight. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1997, 82:1480-1483.
167. Senaris R., Garcia-Caballero T., Casabiell X., Gallego R., Castro R., Considine R.V., Dieguez C., Casanueva F.F. Synthesis of leptin in human placenta. Endocrinology 1997, 138:4501-4504.
168. Shanley L.J., Irving A.J., Harvey J. Leptin enhances NMDA receptor function and modulates hippocampal synaptic plasticity. J. Neurosci.: Off. J. Soc. Neurosci. 2001, 21:RC186.
169. Sharma A.N., Elased K.M., Garrett T.L., Lucot J.B. Neurobehavioral deficits in db/db diabetic mice. Physiol. Behav. 2010, 101:381-388.
170. Simon G.E., Von Korff M., Saunders K., Miglioretti D.L., Crane P.K., van Belle G., Kessler R.C. Association between obesity and psychiatric disorders in the US adult population. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2006, 63:824-830.
171. Sivan E., Whittaker P.G., Sinha D., Homko C.J., Lin M., Reece E.A., Boden G. Leptin in human pregnancy: the relationship with gestational hormones. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1998, 179:1128-1132.
172. Smith S.E., Li J., Garbett K., Mirnics K., Patterson P.H. Maternal immune activation alters fetal brain development through interleukin-6. J. Neurosci.: Off. J. Soc. Neurosci. 2007, 27:10695-10702.
173. Sobhani I., Bado A., Vissuzaine C., Buyse M., Kermorgant S., Laigneau J.-P., Attoub S., Lehy T., Henin D., Mignon M., Lewin M.J.M. Leptin secretion and leptin receptor in the human stomach. Gut 2000, 47:178-183.
174. Soderberg S., Olsson T., Eliasson M., Johnson O., Brismar K., Carlstrom K., Ahren B. A strong association between biologically active testosterone and leptin in non-obese men and women is lost with increasing (central) adiposity. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord.: J. Int. Assoc. Study Obes. 2001, 25:98-105.
175. Spindelegger C., Lanzenberger R., Wadsak W., Mien L.K., Stein P., Mitterhauser M., Moser U., Holik A., Pezawas L., Kletter K., Kasper S. Influence of escitalopram treatment on 5-HT 1A receptor binding in limbic regions in patients with anxiety disorders. Mol. Psychiatry 2009, 14:1040-1050.
176. Steppan C.M., Swick A.G. A role for leptin in brain development. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1999, 256:600-602.
177. Sullivan E.L., Grayson B., Takahashi D., Robertson N., Maier A., Bethea C.L., Smith M.S., Coleman K., Grove K.L. Chronic consumption of a high-fat diet during pregnancy causes perturbations in the serotonergic system and increased anxiety-like behavior in nonhuman primate offspring. J. Neurosci.: Off. J. Soc. Neurosci. 2010, 30:3826-3830.
178. Sullivan G.M., Mann J.J., Oquendo M.A., Lo E.S., Cooper T.B., Gorman J.M. Low cerebrospinal fluid transthyretin levels in depression: correlations with suicidal ideation and low serotonin function. Biol. Psychiatry 2006, 60:500-506.
179. Takayanagi Y., Cascella N.G., Santora D., Gregory P.E., Sawa A., Eaton W.W. Relationships between serum leptin level and severity of positive symptoms in schizophrenia. Neurosci. Res. 2013, 77:97-101.
180. Tartaglia L.A., Dembski M., Weng X., Deng N., Culpepper J., Devos R., Richards G.J., Campfield L.A., Clark F.T., Deeds J., Muir C., Sanker S., Moriarty A., Moore K.J., Smutko J.S., Mays G.G., Wool E.A., Monroe C.A., Tepper R.I. Identification and expression cloning of a leptin receptor, OB-R. Cell 1995, 83:1263-1271.
181. Thomas L., Wallace J.M., Aitken R.P., Mercer J.G., Trayhurn P., Hoggard N. Circulating leptin during ovine pregnancy in relation to maternal nutrition, body composition and pregnancy outcome. J. Endocrinol. 2001, 169:465-476.
182. Thompson J.L., Borgland S.L. Presynaptic leptin action suppresses excitatory synaptic transmission onto ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons. Biol. Psychiatry 2013, 73:860-868.
183. Tome M., Lage M., Camina J., Garcia-Mayor R., Dieguez C., Casanueva F. Sex-based differences in serum leptin concentrations from umbilical cord blood at delivery. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 1997, 137:655-658.
184. Tsai M.C., Chang C.M., Liu C.Y., Chang P.Y., Huang T.L. Association of serum levels of leptin, ghrelin, and adiponectin in schizophrenic patients and healthy controls. Int. J. Psychiatry Clin. Pract. 2011, 15:106-111.
185. Udagawa J., Hashimoto R., Suzuki H., Hatta T., Sotomaru Y., Hioki K., Kagohashi Y., Nomura T., Minami Y., Otani H. The role of leptin in the development of the cerebral cortex in mouse embryos. Endocrinology 2006, 147:647-658.
186. van Aggel-Leijssen D.P., van Baak M.A., Tenenbaum R., Campfield L.A., Saris W.H. Regulation of average 24h human plasma leptin level; the influence of exercise and physiological changes in energy balance. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord.: J. Int. Assoc. Study Obes. 1999, 23:151-158.
187. Vargas D.L., Nascimbene C., Krishnan C., Zimmerman A.W., Pardo C.A. Neuroglial activation and neuroinflammation in the brain of patients with autism. Ann. Neurol. 2005, 57:67-81.
188. Visser M., Bouter L.M., McQuillan G.M., Wener M.H., Harris T.B. Elevated C-reactive protein levels in overweight and obese adults. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1999, 282:2131-2135.
189. Walker C.D., Salzmann C., Long H., Otis M., Roberge C., Gallo-Payet N. Direct inhibitory effects of leptin on the neonatal adrenal and potential consequences for brain glucocorticoid feedback. Endocr. Res. 2004, 30:837-844.
190. Wang C., Medan M.S., Shimizu K., Kojima C., Itoh M., Watanabe G., Taya K. Secretion of leptin throughout pregnancy and early postpartum period in Japanese monkeys: placenta as another potential source of leptin. Endocrine 2005, 27:75-81.
191. Wang T., Zhang J., Lu X., Xi W., Li Z. Maternal early pregnancy body mass index and risk of preterm birth. Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 2011, 284:813-819.
192. Wiesner G., Vaz M., Collier G., Seals D., Kaye D., Jennings G., Lambert G., Wilkinson D., Esler M. Leptin is released from the human brain: influence of adiposity and gender. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1999, 84:2270-2274.
193. Wilson M.E., Fisher J., Brown J. Chronic subcutaneous leptin infusion diminishes the responsiveness of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in female rhesus monkeys. Physiol. Behav. 2005, 84:449-458.
194. Wolsk E., Mygind H., Grondahl T.S., Pedersen B.K., van Hall G. Human skeletal muscle releases leptin in vivo. Cytokine 2012, 60:667-673.
195. Yadav V.K., Oury F., Suda N., Liu Z.-W., Gao X.-B., Confavreux C., Klemenhagen K.C., Tanaka K.F., Gingrich J.A., Guo X.E., Tecott L.H., Mann J.J., Hen R., Horvath T.L., Karsenty G. A serotonin-dependent mechanism explains the leptin regulation of bone mass, appetite, and energy expenditure. Cell 2009, 138:976-989.
196. Yamada N., Katsuura G., Ochi Y., Ebihara K., Kusakabe T., Hosoda K., Nakao K. Impaired CNS leptin action is implicated in depression associated with obesity. Endocrinology 2011, 152:2634-2643.
197. Yoneda N., Saito S., Kimura M., Yamada M., Iida M., Murakami T., Irahara M., Shima K., Aono T. The influence of ovariectomy on ob gene expression in rats. Horm. Metab. Res. 1998, 30:263-265.
198. Zarkesh-Esfahani H., Pockley G., Metcalfe R.A., Bidlingmaier M., Wu Z., Ajami A., Weetman A.P., Strasburger C.J., Ross R.J.M. High-dose leptin activates human leukocytes via receptor expression on monocytes. J. Immunol. 2001, 167:4593-4599.
199. Zhang F., Basinski M.B., Beals J.M., Briggs S.L., Churgay L.M., Clawson D.K., DiMarchi R.D., Furman T.C., Hale J.E., Hsiung H.M., Schoner B.E., Smith D.P., Zhang X.Y., Wery J.P., Schevitz R.W. Crystal structure of the obese protein leptin-E100. Nature 1997, 387:206-209.
200. Zhang Y., Proenca R., Maffei M., Barone M., Leopold L., Friedman J.M. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 1994, 372:425-432.
201. Zhao G., Ford E.S., Dhingra S., Li C., Strine T.W., Mokdad A.H. Depression and anxiety among US adults: associations with body mass index. Int. J. Obes. 2009, 33:257-266.