Control of food intake via leptin receptors in the hypothalamus

Vitamins and Hormones

Volumn 59, Issue , 2000, Pages 265-304

  Meister, Björn ^a  

^a KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARRIER PROTEIN; CELL SURFACE RECEPTOR; ISOPROTEIN; LEPTIN; LEPTIN RECEPTOR;

ANIMAL; EATING; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS; MOUSE; OBESITY; PHYSIOLOGY; RAT; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANIMALS; CARRIER PROTEINS; EATING; HUMANS; HYPOTHALAMUS; LEPTIN; MICE; OBESITY; PROTEIN ISOFORMS; RATS; RECEPTORS, CELL SURFACE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 0033629843     PISSN: 00836729     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(00)59010-4     Document Type: Review

References (151)

1. R.S. Ahima D. Prabakaran C. Mantzoros D. Qu B. Lowell E. Maratos-Flier J.S. Flier Role of leptin in the neuroendocrine response to fasting Nature 382 1996 250 252
2. B.K. Anand J.R. Brobeck Localization of a “feeding center” in the hypothalamus of the rat Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 77 1951 323 324
3. A. Bado S. Levasseur S. Attoub S. Kermorgant J.P. Laigneau M.N. Bortoluzzi L. Moizo T. Lehy M. Guerre-Millo Y. Le Marchand-Brustel M.J. Lewin The stomach is a source of leptin Nature 394 1998 790 793
4. F.L. Bai M. Yamano Y. Shiotani P. Emson A.D. Smith J.F. Powell M. Tohyama An arcuato-paraventricular and dorsomedial hypothalamic neuropeptide Y-containing system which lacks noradrenaline in the rat Brain Res. 331 1985 172 175
5. W.A. Banks A.J. Kastin W. Huang J.B. Jaspan L.M. Maness Leptin enters the brain by a saturable system independent of insulin Peptides 17 1996 305 311
6. I.A. Barash C.C. Cheung D.S. Weigle H. Ren E.B. Kabigting J.L. Kuijper D.K. Clifton R.A. Steiner Leptin is a metabolic signal to the reproductive system Endocrinology 137 1996 3144 3147
7. D.G. Baskin M.W. Schwartz R.J. Seeley S.C. Woods D. Porte Jr. J.F. Breininger Z. Jonak J. Schaefer M. Krouse C. Burghardt L.A. Campfield P. Burn J.P. Kochan Leptin receptor long-form splice variant protein expression in neuron cell bodies of the brain and co-localization with neuropeptide Y mRNA in the arcuate nucleus J. Histochem. Cytochem. 47 1999 353 362
8. H. Baumann K.K. Morella D.W. White M. Dembski P.S. Bailon H.K. Kim C.F. Lai L.A. Tartaglia The full-length leptin receptor has signaling capabilities of interleukin 6-type cytokine receptors Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93 1996 8374 8378
9. S. Bi O. Gavrilova D.W. Gong M.M. Mason M. Reitman Identification of a placental enhancer for the human leptin gene J. Biol. Chem. 272 1997 30583 30588
10. C.J. Billington J.E. Briggs S. Harker M. Grace A.S. Levine Neuropeptide Y in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: A center coordinating energy metabolism Am. J. Physiol. 266 1994 R1765 R1770
11. J.C. Bittencourt F. Presse C. Arias C. Peto J. Vaughan J.L. Nahon W. Vale P.E. Sawchenko The melanin concentrating hormone system of the rat brain: An immuno- and hybridization histochemical characterization J. Comp. Neurol. 319 1992 218 245
12. C. Bjørbaek J.K. Elmquist J.D. Frantz S.E. Shoelson J.S. Flier Identification of SOCS-3 as a potential mediator of central leptin resistance Mol. Cell 1 1998 619 625
13. C. Broberger M. Landry H. Wong J.N. Walsh T. Hökfelt Subtypes YI and Y2 of the neuropeptide Y receptor are respectively expressed in pro-opiomelanocortin- and neuropeptide-Y containing neurons of the rat hypothalamic arcuate nucleus Neuroendocrinology 66 1997 393 408
14. C. Broberger J. Johansen C. Johansson M. Schalling T. Hökfelt The neuropeptide Y/agouti gene-related protein (AGRP) brain circuitry in normal, anorectic, and monosodium glutamate-treated mice Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 1998 15043 15048
15. C. Broberger L. de Lecea J.G. Sutcliffe T. Hökfelt Hypocretin/orexinand melanin concentrating hormone-expressing cells form distinct populations in the rodent lateral hypothalamus: Relationship to the neuropeptide Y and agouti generelated protein systems J. Comp. Neurol. 402 1998 460 474
16. L.A. Campfield F.J. Smith Y. Guisez R. Devos P. Burn Recombinant mouse OB protein: Evidence for a peripheral signal linking adiposity and central neural networks Science 269 1995 546 549
17. L.A. Campfield F.J. Smith P. Burn The OB protein (leptin) pathway: A link between adipose tissue mass and central neural networks Horm. Metab. Res. 28 1996 619 632
18. B. Carlsson K. Lindell B. Gabrielsson C. Karlsson R. Bjarnason O. Westphal U. Karlsson L. Sjöström L.M. Carlsson Obese (ob) gene defects are rare in human obesity Obes. Res. 5 1997 30 35
19. L.R. Carpenter T.J. Farruggella A. Symes M.L. Karow G.D. Yancopoulos N. Stahl Enhancing leptin response by preventing SH2-containing phosphatase 2 interaction with Ob receptor Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 1998 6061 6066
20. F. Chehab M. Lim R. Lu Correction of the sterility effect in homozygous obese female by treatment with human recombinant leptin Nat. Gen. 12 1996 318 320
21. H. Chen O. Charlat L.A. Tartaglia E.A. Woolf S.J. Ellis N.D. Lakey J. Culpepper K.J. Moore R.E. Breitbart G.M. Duyk R.I. Tepper J.P. Morgenstern Evidence that the diabetes gene encodes the leptin receptor: Iden tification of a mutation in the leptin receptor gene in db/db mice Cell 84 1996 491 495
22. C.C. Cheung D.K. Clifton R.A. Steiner Proopiomelanocortin neurons are direct targets for leptin in the hypothalamus Endocrinology 138 1997 4489 4492
23. J.A. Cioffi A.W. Shafer T.J. Zupancic J. Smith-Gbur A. Mikhail D. Platika H.R. Snodgrass Novel B219/OB receptor isoforms: Possible role of leptin in hematopoiesis and reproduction Nat. Med. 2 1996 585 589
24. J.T. Clark P.S. Kalra W.R. Crowley S.P. Kalra Neuropeptide Y and human pancreatic polypeptide stimulate feeding behaviour in rats Endocrinology 115 1984 427 429
25. K. Clement C. Vaisse N. Lahlou S. Cabrol V. Pelloux D. Cassuto M. Gourmelen C. Dina J. Chambaz J.M. Lacorte A. Basdevant P. Bougneres Y. Lebouc P. Froguel B. Guy-Grand A mutation in the human leptin receptor gene causes obesity and pituitary dysfunction Nature 392 1998 398 401
26. D.L. Coleman Effects of parabiosis of obese with diabetes and normal mice Diabetologia 9 1973 294 298
27. S. Collins C.M. Kuhn A.E. Petro A.G. Swick B.A. Chrunyk R.S. Surwit Role of leptin in fat regulation Nature 380 1996 677
28. R.V. Considine M.K. Sinha M.L. Heiman A. Kriauciunas T.W. Stephens M.R. Nyce J.P. Ohannesian C.C. Marco L.J. McKee T.L. Bauer J.F. Caru Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans N. Engl. J. Med. 334 1996 292 295
29. M.E. Couce B. Burguera J.E. Parisi M.D. Jensen R.V Lloyd Localization of leptin receptor in the human brain Neuroendocrinology 66 1997 145 150
30. J.E. Darnell STATs and gene regulation Science 277 1997 1630 1635
31. R. Dawson M.A. Pelleymounter W.J. Millard S. Liu B. Eppler Attenuation of leptin-mediated effects by monosodium glutamate-induced arcuate nucleus damage Am. J. Physiol. 1273 1997 E202 E206
32. A.F. Debons L. Silver E.P. Cronkite H.A. Johnson G. Brecher D. Tenzer I.L. Schwartz Localization of gold in mouse brain in relation to gold thioglucose obesity Am. J. Physiol. 202 1962 743 750
33. L. de Lecea T.S. Kilduff C. Peyron X.-B. Gao P.E. Foye P.E. Danielson C. Fukuhara E.L.F. Battenberg V.T. Gautvik F.S. Bartlett II W.N. Frankel A.N. van den Pol F.E. Bloom K.M. Gautvik J.G. Sutcliffe The hypocretins: Hy pothalamus-specific peptides with neuroexcitatory activity Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 1998 322 327
34. R. De Matteis S. Cinti Ultrastructural immunolocalization of leptin receptor in mouse brain Neuroendocrinology 68 1998 412 419
35. S. Diano S.P. Kalra T.L. Horvath Leptin receptor immunoreactivity is associated with the Golgi apparatus of hypothalamic neurons and glial cells J. Neuroendocrinol. 10 1998 647 650
36. J. Douglass A.A. McKinzie P. Couceyro PCR differential display identifies a rat brain mRNA that is transcriptionally regulated by cocaine and amphetamine J. Neurosci. 15 1995 2471 2481
37. C.F. Elias C. Lee J. Kelly C. Aschkenasi R.S. Ahima P. Couceyro M.J. Kuhar C.B. Saper J.K. Elmquist Leptin activates hypothalamic CART neurons projecting to the spinal cord Neuron 21 1998 1375 1385
38. C.F. Elias C.B. Saper E. Maratos-Flier N.A. Tritos C. Lee J. Kelly J.B. Tatro G.E. Hoffman M.M. Ollmann G.S. Barsh T. Sakurai M. Yanagisawa J.K. Elmquist Chemically defined projections linking the mediobasal hypothalamus and the lateral hypothalamic area J. Comp. Neural. 402 1998 442 459
39. J.K. Elmquist R.S. Ahima E. Maratos-Flier J.S. Flier C.B. Saper Leptin activates neurons in ventrobasal hypothalamus and brainstem Endocrinology 138 1997 839 842
40. J.K. Elmquist C. Bjørbaek R.S. Ahima J.S. Flier C.B. Saper Distributions of leptin receptor mRNA isoforms in the rat brain J. Comp. Neural. 395 1998 535 547
41. J.K. Elmquist R.S. Ahima C.F. Elias J.S. Flier C.B. Saper Leptin activates distinct projections from the dorsomedial and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 1998 741 746
42. J.K. Elmquist E. Maratos-Flier C.B. Saper J.S. Flier Unraveling the central nervous system pathways underlying responses to leptin Nat. Neurosci. 1 1998 445 450
43. J.K. Elmquist C.F. Elias C.B. Saper From lesions to leptin: Hypothalamic control of food intake and body weight Neuron 22 1999 221 232
44. T.A. Endo M. Masuhara M. Yokouchi R. Suzuki H. Sakamoto K. Mitsui A. Matsumoto S. Tanimura M. Ohtsubo H. Misawa T. Miyazaki N. Leonor T. Taniguchi T. Fujita Y. Kanakura S. Komiya A. Yoshimura A new protein containing an SH2 domain that inhibits JAK kinases Nature 387 1997 921 924
45. J.C. Erickson K.E. Clegg R.D. Palmiter Sensitivity to leptin and susceptibility to seizures of mice lacking neuropeptide Y Nature 381 1996 415 418
46. J.C. Erickson G. Hollopeter R.D. Palmiter Attenuation of the obesity syndrome of ob / ob mice by the loss of neuropeptide Y Science 274 1996 1704 1707
47. B.J. Everitt B. Meister T. Hökfelt, T. Melander L. Terenius Å. Rökaeus E. Theodorsson-Norheim G. Dockray J. Edwardson C. Cuello R. Elde M. Goldstein H. Hemmings C. Ouimet I. Walaas P. Greengard W. Vale E. Weber J.Y. Wu K.J. Chang The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus-median eminence complex: Immunohistochemistry of transmitters, peptides and DARPP-32 with special reference to coexistence in dopamine neurons Brain Res. Rev. 11 1986 97 155
48. W. Fan B.A. Boston R.A. Kesterson V.J. Hruby R.D. Cone Role of melanocortinergic neurons in feeding and the agouti obesity syndrome Nature 385 1997 165 168
49. H. Fei H.J. Okano C. Li G.-H. Lee C. Zhao R. Darnell J.M. Friedman Anatomic localization of alternatively spliced leptin receptors (Ob-R) in mouse brain and other tissues Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 1997 7001 7005
50. R.C. Frederich A. Hamann S. Anderson B. Lollmann B.B. Lowell J.S. Flier Leptin levels reflect body lipid content in mice: Evidence for diet-induced resistance to leptin action Nat. Med. 1 1995 1311 1314
51. J.J. Friedman J.L. Halaas Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals Nature 395 1998 763 770
52. J.M. Friedman R.L. Leibel Tackling a weighty problem Cell 69 1992 217 220
53. J.D. Gardner N.J. Rothwell G.N. Luheshi Leptin affects food intake via CRF-receptor-mediated pathways Nat. Neurosci. 1 1998 103
54. C. Gerald M.W. Walker L. Criscione E.L. Gustafson C. Batzl-Hartmann K.E. Smith P. Vaysse M.M. Durkin T.M. Laz D.L. Linemeyer A.O. Schaffhauser S. Whitebread K.G. Hofbauer R.I. Taber T.A. Branchek R.L. Weinshank A receptor subtype involved in neuropeptide-Y-induced food intake Nature 382 1996 168 171
55. N. Ghilardi R.C. Skoda The leptin receptor activates janus kinase 2 and signals for proliferation in a factor dependent cell line Mol. Endocrinol. 11 1997 393 399
56. N. Ghilardi S. Ziegler A. Wiestner R. Stoffel M.H. Heim R.C. Skoda Defective STAT signaling by the leptin receptor in diabetic mice Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93 1996 6231 6235
57. S.R. Glaum M. Hara V.P. Bindokas C.C. Lee K.S. Polonsky G.I. Bell R.J. Miller Leptin, the obese gene product, rapidly modulates synaptic transmission in the hypothalamus Mol. Pharmacol. 50 1996 230 235
58. T.M. Gunn K.A. Miller L. He R.W. Hyman R.W. Davis A. Azarani S.F. Schlossman J.S. Duke-Cohen G.S. Barsh The mouse mahogany locus encodes a transmembrane form of human attractin Nature 398 1999 152 156
59. M.M. Hagan P.A. Rushing M.W. Schwartz K.A. Yagaloff P. Burn S.C. Woods R.J. Seeley Role of the CNS melanocortin system in the response to overfeeding J. Neurosci. 19 1999 2362 2367
60. T. Hahn J. Breininger D. Baskin M. Schwartz Coexpression of Agrp and NPY in fasting-activated hypothalamic neurons Nat. Neurosci. 1 1998 271 272
61. M.-L. Håkansson B. Meister Transcription factor STAT3 in leptin target neurons of the rat hypothalamus Neuroendocrinology 68 1998 420 427
62. M.-L. Håkansson A.-L. Hulting B. Meister Expression of leptin receptor mRNA in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus: Relationship with NPY neurones NeuroReport 7 1996 3087 3092
63. M.-L. Håkansson H. Brown N. Ghilardi R. Skoda B. Meister Leptin receptor-immunoreactivity in chemically defined target neurons of the hypothalamus J. Neurosci. 18 1998 559 572
64. M.-L. Håkansson L. de Lecea J.G. Sutcliffe M. Yanagisawa B. Meister Leptin receptor- and STAT3-immunoreactivities in hypocretin/orexin neurons of the lateral hypothalamus J. Neuroendocrinol. 11 1999 653 663
65. J.L. Halaas K.S. Gajiwala M. Maffei S.L. Cohen B.T. Chalt D. Rabinowitz R.L. Lallone S.K. Vurley J.M. Friedman Weight-reducing effects of the plasma protein encoded by the obese gene Science 269 1995 543 546
66. J.L. Halaas C. Boozer J. Blair-West N. Fidahusein D.A. Denton J.M. Friedman Physiological response to long-term peripheral and central leptin infusion in lean and obese mice Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 1997 8878 8883
67. W.G. Haynes D.A. Morgan S.A. Walsh A.L. Mark W.I. Sivitz Receptor-mediated regional sympathetic nerve activation by leptin J. Clin. Invest. 100 1997 270 278
68. A.W. Hetherington S.W. Ranson Hypothalamic lesions and adiposity in the rat Anat. Rec. 78 1940 149 172
69. N. Hoggard J.G. Mercer D.V. Rayner K. Moar A. Trayhurn L.M. Williams Localization of leptin receptor mRNA splice variants in murine peripheral tissues by RT-PCR and in situ hybridization Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 232 1997 383 387
70. T.L. Horvath S. Diano A.N. van den Pol Synaptic interaction between hypocretin (orexin) and neuropeptide Y cells in the rodent and primate hypothalamus: A novel circuit implicated in metabolic and endocrine regulations J. Neurosci. 19 1999 1072 1087
71. X.F. Huang L. Koutcherov S. Lin H.Q. Wang L. Storlien Localization of leptin receptor mRNA expression in mouse brain NeuroReport 7 1996 2635 2638
72. K.P. Hummel M.M. Dickie D.L. Coleman Diabetes, a new mutation in the mouse Science 153 1966 1127 1128
73. D. Huszar C.A. Lynch V. Fairchild-Huntress J.H. Dunmore Q. Fang L.R. Berkemeier W. Gu R.A. Kesterson B.A. Boston R.D. Cone F.J. Smith L.A. Campfield P. Burn F. Lee Targeted disruption of the melanocortin-4 receptor results in obesity in mice Cell 88 1997 131 141
74. J.N. Ihle STATs: Signal transducers and activators of transcription Cell 84 1996 331 334
75. P.S. Kalra M. Norlin S.P. Kalra Neuropeptide Y stimulates β-endorphin release in the basal hypothalamus: Role of gonadal steroids Brain Res. 705 1995 353 356
76. C. Karlsson K. Lindell E. Svensson C. Bergh P. Lind H. Billig L.M. Carlsson B. Carlsson Expression of functional leptin receptors in the human ovary J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82 1997 4144 4148
77. E.O. Koylu P.R. Couceyro P.D. Lambert N.C. Ling E.B. DeSouza M.J. Kuhar Immunohistochemical localization of novel CART peptides in rat hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal gland J. Neuroendocrinol. 9 1997 823 833
78. E.O. Koylu P.R. Couceyro P.D. Lambert M.J. Kuhar Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide immunohistochemical localization in the rat brain J. Comp. Neural. 391 1998 115 132
79. P. Kristensen M.E. Judge L. Thim U. Ribel K.N. Christjansen B.S. Wulff J.T. Clausen P.B. Jensen O.D. Madsen N. Vrang Hypothalamic CART is a new anorectic peptide regulated by leptin Nature 393 1998 72 76
80. P.D. Lambert P.R. Couceyro E.O. Koylu N.C. Ling E.B. DeSouza M.J. Kuhar A role for novel CART peptide fragments in the central control of food intake Neuropeptides 31 1997 620 621
81. P.D. Lambert P.R. Couceyro K.M. McGirr S.E. Vechia Y. Smith M.J. Kuhar CART peptides in the central control of feeding and interactions with neuropeptide Y Synapse 29 1998 293 298
82. G.A. Laughlin S.S. Yen Hypoleptinemia in women athletes: Absence of a diurnal rhythm with amenorrhea J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82 1997 318 321
83. G.-H. Lee R. Proenca J.M. Montez K.M. Carroll J.G. Darvishzadeh J.I. Lee J.M. Friedman Abnormal splicing of the leptin receptor in diabetic mice Nature 379 1996 632 635
84. F. Lönngvist P. Arner L. Nordfors M. Schalling Overexpression of the obese (ob) gene in adipose tissue of human obese subjects Nat. Med. 1 1995 950 953
85. M. Maffei H. Fei G.H. Lee C. Dani P. Leroy Y. Zhang R. Proenca R. Negrel G. Ailhaud J.M. Friedman Increased expression in adipocytes of ob RNA in mice with lesions of the hypothalamus and with mutations at the db locus Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92 1995 6957 6960
86. M. Maffei J. Halaas E. Ravussin R.E. Pratley G.H. Lee Y. Zhang H. Fei S. Kim R. Lallone S. Ranganathan P.A. Kern J.M. Friedman Leptin levels in human and rodent: Measurement of plasma leptin and ob RNA in obese and weight-reduced subjects Nat. Med. 1 1995 1155 1161
87. D.J. Marsh G. Hollopeter K.E. Kafer R.D. Palmiter Role of the Y5 neuropeptide Y receptor in feeding and obesity Nat. Med. 4 1998 718 721
88. B. Meister Monosodium glutamate (MSG) lesions Transplantation, Lesions, and Surgical Techniques P.M. Conn Methods in Neurosciences Vol. 7 1991 Academic Press San Diego 70 89 Chap. 6
89. B. Meister Gene expression and chemical diversity in hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons Mol. Neurobiol. 7 1993 87 110
90. B. Meister S. Ceccatelli T. Hökfelt N.E. Andén M. Andén E. Theodorsson Neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and binding sites in the rat mediobasal hypothalamus: Effects of monosodium glutamate (MSG) lesions Exp. Brain Res. 76 1989 343 368
91. J.G. Mercer N. Hoggard L.M. Williams C.B. Lawrence L.T. Hannah P. Trayhurn Localization of leptin receptor mRNA and the long form splice variant (Ob-Rb) in mouse hypothalamus and adjacent brain regions by in situ hybridization FEBS Lett. 387 1996 113 116
92. J.G. Mercer N. Hoggard L.M. Williams C.B. Lawrence L.T. Hannah P.J. Morgan P. Trayhurn Coexpression of leptin receptor and preproneuropeptide Y mRNA in arcuate nucleus of mouse hypothalamus J. Neuroendocrinol. 8 1996 733 735
93. J.G. Mercer K.M. Moar D.V. Rayner P. Trayhurn N. Hoggard Regulation of leptin receptor and NPY gene expression in hypothalamus of leptin-treated obese ( ob / ob ) and cold exposed mice FEBS Lett. 402 1997 185 188
94. J.G. Mercer K.M. Moar N. Hoggard Localization of leptin receptor (ObR) messenger ribonucleic acid in the rodent hindbrain Endocrinology 139 1998 29 34
95. T.M. Mizuno S.P. Kleopoulos H.T. Bergen J.L. Roberts C.A. Priest C.V Mobbs Hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA is reduced by fasting in ob / ob and db / db mice, but is stimulated by leptin Diabetes 47 1998 294 297
96. C.T. Montague I.S. Farooqi J.P. Whitehead M.A. Soos H. Rau N.J. Wareham C.P. Sewter J.E. Digby S.N. Mohammed J.A. Hurst C.H. Cheetham A.R. Earley A.H. Barnett J.B. Prins S. O'Rahilly Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans Nature 387 1997 903 908
97. K.G. Mountjoy M.T. Mortrud M.J. Low R.B. Simerly R.D. Cone Localization of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-R) in neuroendocrine and autonomic control circuits in the brain Mol. Endocrinol. 8 1994 1298 1308
98. T. Murakami T. Yamashita M. Iida M. Kuwajima K. Shima A short form of the leptin receptor performs signal transduction Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 231 1997 26 29
99. D.L. Nagle S.H. McGrail J. Vitale E.A. Woolf B.J. Dussault Jr. L. DiRocco L. Holmgren J. Mantagno P. Bork D. Huszar V. Fairchild-Huntress P. Ge J. Keilty C. Ebeling L. Baldini J. Gilchrist P. Burn G.A. Carlson K.J. Moore The mahogany protein is a receptor involved in suppression of obesity Nature 398 1999 148 152
100. T. Naka M. Narazaki M. Hirata T. Matsumoto S. Minamoto A. Aono N. Nishimoto T. Kajita T. Taga K. Yoshizaki S. Akira T. Kishimoto Structure and function of a new STAT-induced STAT inhibitor Nature 387 1997 924 929
101. K. Nonogaki A.M. Strack M.F. Dallman L.H. Tecott Leptin-independent hyperphagia and type 2 diabetes in mice with a mutated serotonin 5-HT 2, receptor gene Nat. Med. 4 1998 1152 1156
102. M.M. Ollmann B.D. Wilson Y.K. Yang J.A. Kerns Y. Chen I. Gantz G.S. Barsh Antagonism of central melanocortin receptors in vitro and in vivo by agouti-related protein Science 278 1997 135 138
103. J.W. Olney Brain lesions, obesity, and other disturbances in mice treated with monosodium glutamate Science 164 1969 719 721
104. M.A. Pelleymounter M.J. Cullen M.B. Baker R. Hecht D. Winters T. Boone F. Collins Effects of the obese gene product on body weight regulation in ob / ob mice Science 269 1995 540 543
105. C. Peyron D.K. Tighe A.N. van den Pol L. de Lecea H.C. Heller J.G. Sutcliffe T.S. Kilduff Neurons containing hypocretin (orexin) project to multiple neuronal systems J. Neurosci. 18 1998 9996 10015
106. D. Qu D.S. Ludwig S. Gammeltoft M. Piper M.A. Pelleymounter M.J. Cullen W.F. Mathes R. Przypek R. Kanarek E. Maratos-Flier A role for melaninconcentrating hormone in the central regulation of feeding behaviour Nature 380 1996 243 247
107. F. Rohner-Jeanrenaud C.D. Walker R. Greco-Perotto B. Jeanrenaud Central corticotropin-releasing factor administration prevents the excessive body weight gain of genetically obese (fa 1/4) rats Endocrinology 124 1989 733 739
108. F. Rohner-Jeanrenaud I. Cusin A. Sainsbury K.E. Zakrewska B. Jeanrenaud The loop between neuropeptide Y and leptin in normal and obese rodents Horm. Metab. Res. 28 1996 642 648
109. T. Sakurai A. Amemiya M. Ishii I. Matsuzaki R.M. Chemelli H. Tanaka S.C. Williams J.A. Richardson G.P. Kozlowski S. Wilson J.R.S. Arch R.E. Buckingham A.C. Haynes S.A. Carr R.S. Annan D.E. McNulty W-S. Liu J.A. Terrett N.A. Elshourbagy D.J. Bergsma M. Yanagisawa Orexins and orexin receptors: A family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G-protein coupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior Cell 92 1998 573 585
110. D.J. Sanger Endorphinergic mechanisms in the control of food and water intake Appetite 2 1981 193 198
111. N. Satoh Y. Ogawa G. Katsuura T. Tsuji H. Masuzaki J. Hiraoka T. Okazaki M. Tamaki M. Hayase Y. Yoshimasa S. Nishi K. Hosoda K. Nakao Pathophysiological significance of the obese gene product, leptin, in ventromedial hy pothalamus (VMH)-lesioned rats: Evidence for loss of its satiety effect in VMH-lesioned rats Endocrinology 138 1997 947 954
112. A. Savioz Y. Charnay C. Huguenin C. Graviou B. Greggio C. Bouras Expression of leptin receptor mRNA (long form splice variant) in the human cerebellum NeuroReport 8 1997 3123 3126
113. P.E. Sawchenko Toward a new neurobiology of energy balance, appetite, and obesity: The neuroanatomists weigh in J. Comp. Neurol. 402 1998 435 441
114. M.W. Schwartz Orexins and appetite: The big picture of energy homeostasis gets a little bigger Nat. Med. 4 1998 385 386
115. M.W. Schwartz R.J. Seeley L.A. Campfield E. Burn D.G. Baskin Identification of targets of leptin action in rat hypothalamus Clin. Invest. 98 1996 1101 1106
116. M.W. Schwartz D.G. Baskin T.R. Bukowski J.L. Kuijper D. Foster G. Lasser D.E. Prunkard D. Porte Jr. S.C. Woods R.J. Seely D.S. Weigle Specificity of leptin action on elevated blood glucose and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y gene expression in ob / ob mice Diabetes 45 1996 531 535
117. M.W. Schwartz R.J. Seeley S.C. Woods D.S. Weigle L.A. Campfield P. Burn D.G. Baskin Leptin increases hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin mRNAexpression in the rostral arcuate nucleus Diabetes 46 1997 2119 2123
118. S.W. Shaver J.J. Pang D.S. Wainman K.M. Wall P.M. Gross Morphology and function of capillary network in subregions of the rat tuber cinereum Cell Tissue Res. 267 1992 437 448
119. M. Shimada N. Tritos B.B. Lowell J.S. Flier E. Maratos-Flier Mice lacking melanin concentrating hormone are hypophagic and lean Nature 396 1998 670 674
120. I. Shimon X. Yan D.A. Magoffin T.C. Friedman S. Melmed Intact leptin receptor is selectively expressed in human fetal pituitary and pituitary adenomas and signals human fetal pituitary growth hormone secretion J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83 1998 4059 4064
121. S. Shioda H. Funahashi S. Nakajo T. Yada O. Maruta Y. Nakai Immunohistochemical localization of leptin receptor in the rat brain Neurosci. Lett. 243 1998 41 44
122. M.R. Sierra-Honigmann A.K. Nath C. Murakami G. Garcia-Cardena A. Papapetropoulos W.C. Sessa L.A. Magde J.S. Schechner M.B. Schwabb P.J. Polverini J.R. Flores-Riveros Biological action of leptin as an angiogenic factor Science 281 1998 1683 1686
123. U. Smedh M.L. Håkansson B. Meister K. Uvnäs-Moberg Leptin injected into the fourth ventricle inhibits gastric emptying NeuroReport 9 1998 297 301
124. F.J. Smith L.A. Campfield J.A. Moschera P. Bailon Feeding inhibition by neuropeptide Y Nature 381 1996 415 418
125. D. Spanswick M.A. Smith V.E. Groppi S.D. Logan M.L. Ashford Leptin inhibits hypothalamic neurons by activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels Nature 390 1997 521 525
126. B.G. Stanley S.F. Leibowitz Neuropeptide Y injected in the paraventricular hypothalamus: A powerful stimulant of feeding behavior Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82 1985 3940 3943
127. B.G. Stanley S.E. Kyrkouli S. Lampert S.F. Leibowitz Neuropeptide Y chronically injected into the hypothalamus: A powerful neurochemical inducer of hyperphagia and obesity Peptides 7 1986 1189 1192
128. R. Starr T.A. Willson E.M. Viney L.J. Murray J.R. Rayner B.J. Jenkins T.J. Gonda W.S. Alexander D. Metcalf N.A. Nicola D.J. Hilton A family of cytokine-inducible inhibitors of signaling Nature 387 1997 917 921
129. T.W. Stephens M. Basinski P.K. Bristow J.M. Bue-Vallesky S.G. Burgett L. Craft J. Hale J. Hoffmann Hm. Hsiung A. Kriauciunas W. MacKellar P.R. Rosteck Jr. B. Schoner D. Smith F.C. Tinsley X.-Y Zhang M. Heiman The role of neuropeptide Y in the antiobesity action of the obese gene product Nature 377 1995 530 532
130. A. Strobel T. Issad L. Camoin M. Ozata A.D. Strosberg A leptin missense mutation associated with hypogonadism and morbid obesity Nat. Genet. 18 1998 213 215
131. L.A. Tartaglia M. Dembski X. Weng N. Deng J. Culpepper R. Devos G.J. Richards L.A. Campfield F.T. Clark J. Deeds C. Muir S. Sanker A. Moriarty K.J. Moore J.S. Smutko G.G. Mays E.A. Woolf C.A. Monroe R.I. Tepper Identification and expression cloning of a leptin receptor, OB-R Cell 83 1995 1263 1271
132. L.H. Tecott L.M. Sun S.F. Akana A.M. Strack D.H. Lowenstein M.F. Dallman D. Julius Eating disorder and epilepsy in mice lacking 5-HT2c serotonin receptors Nature 374 1995 542 546
133. S.A. Thomas R.D. Palmiter Thermoregulatory and metabolic phenotypes of mice lacking noradrenaline and adrenaline Nature 387 1997 94 97
134. J.E. Thornton C.C. Cheung D.K. Clifton R.A. Steiner Regulation of hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA by leptin in ob / ob mice Endocrinology 138 1997 5063 5066
135. P. Trivedi H. Yu D.J. MacNeil L.H. Van der Ploeg X.M. Guan Distribution of orexin receptor mRNA in the rat brain FEBS Lett. 438 1998 71 75
136. C. Vaisse J.L. Halaas C.M. Horvath J.E. Darnell Jr. M. Stoffel J.M. Friedman Leptin activation of Stat3 in the hypothalamus of wild-type and ob / ob mice but not db / db mice Nat. Genet. 14 1996 95 97
137. C. Vaisse K. Clement B. Guy-Grand P. Froguel A frameshift mutation in human MC4R is associated with a dominant form of obesity Nat. Genet. 20 1998 113 114
138. A.N. van den Pol Hypothalamic hypocretin (orexin): Robust innervation of the spinal cord J. Neurosci. 19 1999 3171 3182
139. G. Van ijk T.E. Thiele J.C. Donahey L.A. Campfield F.J. Smith P. Burn I.L. Bernstein S.C. Woods R.J. Seeley Central infusions of leptin and GLP-1-(7–36) amide differentially stimulate c-FLI in the rat brain Am. J. Physiol. 271 1996 R1096 R1100
140. N. Vrang M. Tang-Christensen P.J. Larsen P. Kristensen Recombinant CART peptide induces c-Fos expression in central areas involved in control of feeding behaviour Brain Res. 818 1999 499 509
141. A.G. Watts L.W. Swanson G. Sanchez-Watts Efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus: I. Studies using anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin in the rat J. Comp. Neurol. 258 1987 204 229
142. D.W. White D.W. Wang S.C. Chua Jr. J.P. Morgenstern R.L. Leibel H. Baumann L.A. Tartaglia Constitutive and impaired signaling of leptin receptors containing the Gln → Pro extracellular domain fatty mutation Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 1997 10657 10662
143. D.W. White K.K. Kuropatwinski R. Devos H. Baumann L.A. Tartaglia Leptin receptor (OB-R) signaling. Cytoplasmic domain mutational analysis and evidence for receptor homo-oligomerization J. Biol. Chem. 272 1997 4065 4071
144. A.J. Woods M.J. Stock Leptin activation in hypothalamus Nature 381 1996 745
145. Y. Yamamoto Y. Ueta Y. Date M. Nakazato Y. Hara R. Serino M. Nomura I. Shibuya S. Matsukura H. Yamashita Down regulation of the prepro-orexin gene expression in genetically obese mice Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 65 1999 14 22
146. D.O. Yarnell D.S. Knight K. Hamilton O. Tulp P. Tso Localization of leptin receptor immunoreactivity in the lean and obese Zucker rat brain Brain Res. 785 1998 80 90
147. G.S.H. Yeo I.S. Farooqi S. Aminian D.J. Halsall R.G. Stanhope S. O;Rahilly A frameshift mutation in MC4R associated with dominantly inherited human obesity Nat. Genet. 20 1998 111 112
148. F. Zhang M.B. Basinski J.M. Beals S.L. Briggs L.M. Churgay D.K. Clawson R.D. DiMarchi T.C. Furman J.E. Hale H.M. Hsiung B.E. Schoner D.P. Smith X.Y Zhang J.-P. Wery R.W. Schevitz Crystal structure of the obese protein leptin-E100 Nature 387 1997 206 209
149. X. Zhang L. Bao Z.Q. Xu J. Kopp U. Arvidsson R. Elde T. Hökfelt Localization of neuropeptide Y Y1 receptors in the rat nervous system with special reference to somatic receptors on small dorsal root ganglion neurons Proc. Natl. Acad. USA 91 1994 11738 11742
150. Y. Zhang R. Proenca M. Maffei M. Barone L. Leopold J.M. Friedman, Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue Nature 372 1994 425 432
151. Q.Y. Zhou R.D. Palmiter Dopamine-deficient mice are severely hypoactive, adipsic, and aphagic Cell 83 1995 1197 1209